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<span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Chamorros" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Chamorros"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Early Chamorros</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Chamorros-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cosmogony_and_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cosmogony_and_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2.1</span> <span>Cosmogony and religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cosmogony_and_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Castes_and_classes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Castes_and_classes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2.2</span> <span>Castes and classes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Castes_and_classes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clothing_and_beauty_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clothing_and_beauty_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2.3</span> <span>Clothing and beauty practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clothing_and_beauty_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2.4</span> <span>Folklore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Spanish rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Chamorro_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Chamorro_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Modern Chamorro culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_Chamorro_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern Chamorro culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_Chamorro_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Dance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diaspora_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaspora_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Diaspora in the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diaspora_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Chamorros" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Chamorros"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable Chamorros</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Chamorros-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chamorro people</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88" title="شعب شامورو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شعب شامورو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamorro-l%C3%A2ng" title="Chamorro-lâng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chamorro-lâng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Чамора – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чамора" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Camorov%C3%A9" title="Čamorové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čamorové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estorian_Chamoru" title="Estorian Chamoru – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Estorian Chamoru" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88" title="شعب الشامورو – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="شعب الشامورو" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamorro_(Volk)" title="Chamorro (Volk) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chamorro (Volk)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_chamorro" title="Pueblo chamorro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo chamorro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88amoroj" title="Ĉamoroj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉamoroj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txamorro_(herria)" title="Txamorro (herria) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txamorro (herria)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamorros" title="Chamorros – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chamorros" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seam%C3%B3raigh" title="Seamóraigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Seamóraigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%A8%EB%AA%A8%EB%A1%9C%EC%9D%B8" title="차모로인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="차모로인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Chamorro" title="Orang Chamorro – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Chamorro" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamorro_(popolo)" title="Chamorro (popolo) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chamorro (popolo)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D_(%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98)" title="ჩამორო (ხალხი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩამორო (ხალხი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Чаморро – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Чаморро" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Чамори – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Чамори" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%C3%B4r%C3%B4_(vahoaka)" title="Samôrô (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Samôrô (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%A2%E3%83%AD%E4%BA%BA" title="チャモロ人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チャモロ人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamorro" title="Chamorro – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chamorro" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czamorro" title="Czamorro – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czamorro" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%80%D0%BE_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Чаморро (народ) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чаморро (народ)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamorro_people" title="Chamorro people – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chamorro people" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Camoroi" title="Čamoroi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Čamoroi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1amorrot" title="Tšamorrot – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tšamorrot" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87amorrolar" title="Çamorrolar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çamorrolar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Чаморро – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чаморро" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E8%8E%AB%E7%BD%97%E4%BA%BA" title="查莫罗人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="查莫罗人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolma_Chamorro" title="Jolma Chamorro – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Jolma Chamorro" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Comoro_Islands" title="Comoro Islands">Comoro Islands</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indigenous people of the Mariana Islands</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Chamorro_people" title="Special:EditPage/Chamorro people">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Chamorro+people%22">"Chamorro people"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Chamorro+people%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Chamorro+people%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Chamorro+people%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Chamorro+people%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Chamorro+people%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Chamorro<br />CHamoru</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Chamorro_performers_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Chamorro_performers_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Chamorro_performers_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Chamorro_performers_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Chamorro_performers_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Chamorro_performers_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Chamorro_performers_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1615" data-file-height="1674" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Chamorro performers at the Pacific Islander Festival Association in <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>, 2010</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">147,798 (2010 census)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Guam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Guam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Guam.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="396" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></th><td class="infobox-data">63,035 (2020 census)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="550" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12,902 (2010 census)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_language" title="Chamorro language">Chamorro</a> (native)<br /><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">English</a> (auxiliary)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Other <a href="/wiki/Micronesians" title="Micronesians">Micronesians</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Chamorro people</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>-/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also <b>CHamoru</b><sup id="cite_ref-sablan_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sablan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) are the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Oceania" title="Indigenous peoples of Oceania">Indigenous people</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a>, politically divided between the <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">United States territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> and the encompassing <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands</a> in <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, a commonwealth of the US. Today, significant Chamorro populations also exist in several U.S. states, including <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, all of which together are designated as <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Pacific Islander</a> Americans according to the U.S. Census. According to the 2000 Census, about 64,590 people of Chamorro ancestry live in <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> and another 19,000 live in the Northern Marianas.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamorro_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Precolonial society in the Marianas was based on a caste system, <i>Chamori</i> being the name of the ruling, highest caste.<sup id="cite_ref-mampol_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mampol-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Spain annexed and colonized the Marianas, the caste system eventually became extinct under Spanish rule, and all of the Indigenous residents of the archipelago eventually came to be referred to by the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a> <i>Chamorro</i>. The name <i>CHamoru</i> is an <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a> derived from the <a href="/wiki/Chamorro_language" title="Chamorro language">Indigenous orthography</a> of the Spanish exonym. The <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a> <i>ch</i> is treated as a single letter, hence both characters are capitalized at the beginning of a sentence or proper noun, much like <i><a href="/wiki/IJ_(digraph)" title="IJ (digraph)">ij</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>. </p><p>Some people theorize that Spanish definitions of the word <i>Chamorro</i> played a role in its being used to refer to the island's Indigenous inhabitants. Not only is <a href="/wiki/Chamorro_(family)" title="Chamorro (family)">"Chamorro" a Spanish surname</a>; in Spanish it also means "leg of pork", "beardless [wheat]", "bald", "close-cropped", or "shorn/shaven/[hair or wool] cut close to the surface".<sup id="cite_ref-SpanDict_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpanDict-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-YahooCham_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YahooCham-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BabyCham_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BabyCham-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 1670, a Catholic missionary reported that men were sporting a style in which their heads were shaven, save for a "finger-length" amount of hair at the crown. This hairstyle has often been portrayed in modern-day depictions of early Chamorros, but the first European descriptions of the physical appearance of the Chamorro people in the 1520s and '30s report that both sexes had long black hair, which they wore down to their waists or even further. Another description, given about 50 years later, reported that the natives at that time were tying up their hair into one or two topknots.<sup id="cite_ref-chamhair_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chamhair-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chamorro institutions on Guam advocate for the spelling <i><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_language" title="Chamorro language">CHamoru</a></i>, as reflected in the 2017 Guam Public Law 33-236.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, the Commission on the CHamoru Language and the Teaching of the History and Culture of the Indigenous People of Guam announced <i>CHamoru</i> as the preferred standardized spelling of the language and people, as opposed to the conventional spelling <i>Chamorro</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamorro_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chamorro_language" title="Chamorro language">Chamorro language</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reception_of_the_Manila_Galleon_by_the_Chamorro_in_the_Ladrones_Islands,_ca._1590.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Reception_of_the_Manila_Galleon_by_the_Chamorro_in_the_Ladrones_Islands%2C_ca._1590.jpg/320px-Reception_of_the_Manila_Galleon_by_the_Chamorro_in_the_Ladrones_Islands%2C_ca._1590.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Reception_of_the_Manila_Galleon_by_the_Chamorro_in_the_Ladrones_Islands%2C_ca._1590.jpg/480px-Reception_of_the_Manila_Galleon_by_the_Chamorro_in_the_Ladrones_Islands%2C_ca._1590.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Reception_of_the_Manila_Galleon_by_the_Chamorro_in_the_Ladrones_Islands%2C_ca._1590.jpg/640px-Reception_of_the_Manila_Galleon_by_the_Chamorro_in_the_Ladrones_Islands%2C_ca._1590.jpg 2x" data-file-width="937" data-file-height="298" /></a><figcaption>Reception of a <a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a> by the Chamorro in the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Ladrones Islands</a>, <i>circa</i> 1590 <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Codex" title="Boxer Codex">Boxer Codex</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Chamorro_language" title="Chamorro language">Chamorro language</a> is included in the <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian subgroup</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> family. Because Guam was colonized by Spain for over 300 years, Chamorro has acquired many loanwords from <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>. An example is how the traditional Chamorro number system was replaced by Spanish numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chamorro is often spoken in many homes, but this is becoming less common. However, a resurgence of interest in reviving the language has occurred, and all public schools on both Guam and the Northern Marianas are now required by law to teach the Chamorro language as part of the elementary-, middle-, and high-school curriculum.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A commonly spoken phrase in Chamorro is <i><a href="/wiki/Hafa_Adai" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafa Adai">håfa adai</a></i>, a greeting which approximates "hello" in English.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamorro_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Chamorros">Early Chamorros</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamorro_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early Chamorros"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chamorrohaus_Rekonstruktion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Chamorrohaus_Rekonstruktion.jpg/170px-Chamorrohaus_Rekonstruktion.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Chamorrohaus_Rekonstruktion.jpg/255px-Chamorrohaus_Rekonstruktion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Chamorrohaus_Rekonstruktion.jpg/340px-Chamorrohaus_Rekonstruktion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="943" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of how <a href="/wiki/Latte_stone" title="Latte stone">latte stone</a> structures may have appeared</figcaption></figure> <p>The Chamorros are commonly believed to have arrived in the Marianas Islands from the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.</a><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1,500 BC</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hung_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hung-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are most closely related to other <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian-speaking natives</a> from the Philippines, eastern <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (specifically in <a href="/wiki/Maluku_(province)" title="Maluku (province)">Maluku</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>), <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese aborigines">Taiwanese aborigines</a>, and peoples of the <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline Islands</a> to the south (in particular the outer islands of the <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a> state of <a href="/wiki/Yap" title="Yap">Yap</a>). Recent advanced DNA testing conducted on the remains of ancient Chamorros showed that the lineage of both the Unai and the Latte periods originated during the Holocene Epoch in eastern Indonesia, most likely Sulawesi, with no direct prehistoric connection to the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-Erediano_2022_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erediano_2022-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were expert seafarers and skilled craftspeople familiar with intricate weaving and detailed pottery-making. The <a href="/wiki/Latte_stone" title="Latte stone">latte stone</a>, a megalithic rock pillar topped with a hemispherical <a href="/wiki/Coping_(architecture)" title="Coping (architecture)">capstone</a>, was used by early Chamorros as foundation for buildings, and has since been appropriated as a national symbol. </p><p>Chamorro society was based on what sociologist Lawrence J. Cunningham termed the "<a href="/wiki/Matrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilineal">matrilineal</a> <a href="/wiki/Avunculism" class="mw-redirect" title="Avunculism">avuncuclan</a>", one characteristic of which is that the brother(s) of the female parent plays a more primary paternal role than biological male parent of a child.<sup id="cite_ref-siblings_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siblings-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cunning_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cunning-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamorro_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spanish colonial records show that Chamorro farmers planted seeds according to the phases of the moon. For example, farmers on Guam often plant tuber crops such as <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">yams</a> at full moon during low tide.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Guam" title="University of Guam">University of Guam (UOG)</a>, <i>Unibetsedåt Guåhan</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-UoG_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UoG-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the history of Agriculture on Guam had an outstanding number of farms reported in the year of 1940. With a high number of reports in 1975 and a decline in 2007, those involved field crop production, livestock and poultry, fish and agriculture. Based on the data, market crop sales decreased and a number of agricultural production is unrecognized.<sup id="cite_ref-UoG_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UoG-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Culture">Culture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamorro_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Cosmogony_and_religion">Cosmogony and religion</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamorro_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cosmogony and religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chamorro_fishing_for_the_village_-_Pellion_-_1819.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Chamorro_fishing_for_the_village_-_Pellion_-_1819.jpg/220px-Chamorro_fishing_for_the_village_-_Pellion_-_1819.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Chamorro_fishing_for_the_village_-_Pellion_-_1819.jpg/330px-Chamorro_fishing_for_the_village_-_Pellion_-_1819.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Chamorro_fishing_for_the_village_-_Pellion_-_1819.jpg/440px-Chamorro_fishing_for_the_village_-_Pellion_-_1819.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Chamorros fishing, 1819</figcaption></figure> <p>According to early Chamorro legend, the world was created by a twin brother and sister, Puntan and Fu'uña.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As he lay dying, Puntan instructed his sister Fu'uña to make his body into the ingredients of the universe. She used his eyes to create the Sun and Moon, his eyebrows to make rainbows, and most of the rest of his parts into various features of the Earth. Once her work was complete, she descended on an island called "<a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guåhan</a>", and transformed herself into a giant rock. This rock split, and from it emerged all human beings. Some believe that this rock was once located at the site of a church in <a href="/wiki/Agat,_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Agat, Guam">Agat</a>, while others believe it is the phallic-shaped <i>Laso de Fua</i> located in <a href="/wiki/Fouha_Bay_Site" title="Fouha Bay Site">Fouha Bay</a> in <a href="/wiki/Umatac" class="mw-redirect" title="Umatac">Umatac</a>. </p><p>Ancient Chamorros engaged in <a href="/wiki/Ancestor_veneration" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor veneration">ancestor veneration</a>, but did not practice a formal "religion" in the sense of worshiping deities. At least one account by Christoph Carl Fernberger in 1623 holds that <a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human sacrifice</a> was practiced to placate a "great fish". This claim may be related to a Chamorro legend about why the island of Guam is narrow in the middle. According to the legend, a gigantic fish was gradually eating away at the island from both sides. Although the ancient Chamorros supposedly had magical abilities, the huge creature eluded them. When the men were unsuccessful in hunting it down, the women used their hair to weave a net, which grew larger as they sang. The singing enchanted the fish, and lured it into the giant net.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Enraged that Father Diego Luis de San Vitores had baptized his child, a Chamorro man and his friend killed the priest and Filipino catechist Pedro Calungsod in April 1672, dumping their bodies in the ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Castes_and_classes">Castes and classes</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamorro_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Castes and classes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Chamorro_Society_-_Pellion_-_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Ancient_Chamorro_Society_-_Pellion_-_.jpg/220px-Ancient_Chamorro_Society_-_Pellion_-_.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Ancient_Chamorro_Society_-_Pellion_-_.jpg/330px-Ancient_Chamorro_Society_-_Pellion_-_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Ancient_Chamorro_Society_-_Pellion_-_.jpg/440px-Ancient_Chamorro_Society_-_Pellion_-_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="745" /></a><figcaption>Village scene depicting caste differences, 1819. Apart from the man at the far left, all men and women are depicted as fully nude.</figcaption></figure> <p>Chamorro society was divided into two main <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">castes</a>, and continued to be so for well over a century after the Spanish first arrived. According to historical records provided by Europeans, such as Father <a href="/wiki/Charles_Le_Gobien" title="Charles Le Gobien">Charles Le Gobien</a>, apparent racial differences existed between the subservient <i>Manachang</i> caste, and the higher <i>Chamor[r]i</i>, the Manachang being described as shorter, darker-skinned, and physically less hardy than the Chamori. The Chamori caste was further subdivided into the upper-middle class <i>Achoti</i>/<i>Acha'ot</i> and the highest, the ruling <i>Matua</i>/<i>Matao</i> class. Achoti could gain status as Matua, and Matua could be reduced to Achoti, but Manachang were born and died as such and had no recourse to improve their station. Members of the Manachang and the Chamori were not permitted to intermingle. All three classes performed physical labor, but had specifically different duties.<sup id="cite_ref-mampol_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mampol-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MatAch_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MatAch-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Le Gobien theorized that Chamorro society comprised the geographical convergence of peoples of different ethnic origins. This idea may be supportable by the evidence of linguistic characteristics of the Chamorro language and social customs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Clothing_and_beauty_practices">Clothing and beauty practices</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamorro_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Clothing and beauty practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to Spanish contact, Chamorro boys and men wore no clothing and went about fully nude at all times. Chamorro girls went nude until around the age of eight to ten, at which point they began to wear a small genital covering made either of bark, one or more leaves, a piece of a turtle shell or in some cases matting. Both sexes at times wore hats of woven leaves to protect themselves from the sun.<sup id="cite_ref-chamhair_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chamhair-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Father Pierre Coomans wrote of the practice among Chamorro women of teeth blackening/dental lacquering (also a widespread custom in ancient <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohaguro" title="Ohaguro">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_China" title="East China">Southeastern China</a>, and parts of <a href="/wiki/Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina">Indochina</a>), which they considered beautiful as a distinction apart from animals. Fernberger wrote in his account of the Chamorros that "<a href="/wiki/Genital_piercing" title="Genital piercing">penis pins</a>" were employed as a chastity measure for young males, a type of genital piercing similar to those employed by inhabitants of precolonial maritime Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Wernhart_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wernhart-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Folklore">Folklore</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamorro_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Folklore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Latte_stones_in_Hagatna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Latte_stones_in_Hagatna.jpg/220px-Latte_stones_in_Hagatna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Latte_stones_in_Hagatna.jpg/330px-Latte_stones_in_Hagatna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Latte_stones_in_Hagatna.jpg/440px-Latte_stones_in_Hagatna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Taotaomona are believed to live near Latte stones</figcaption></figure> <p>The Chamorro creation story revolves around two celestial siblings named Puntan and Fu'una. In time, this creation story underwent a series of modifications due to the complications in passing the story along from generation to generation. In this Chamorro creation story, Puntan and Fu'una create the world with their body parts and souls. Puntan's various body parts were turned into the land, his chest into the sky, his eyebrows into rainbows, and his eyes into the sun and moon. Fu’una having the ability to give life, brought the sun, soil, and waters to life, and with a final transformation, she turned into stone and gave birth to the Chamorro people. Evidence supporting this creation story can be seen through the names of the villages on Guam as they are named after body parts. Barrigada translates to flank, Tiyan translates to stomach, Hagatna translates to blood and Mongmong translates to a heartbeat.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Taotaomo'na are spirits of ancient Chamorros. Birak is a broader term that may refer not only to the undead, but also to demons or general <a href="/wiki/Elemental" title="Elemental">elemental</a> types. Taotaomona essentially translates to "people of early times," referring to the ancestors of the Chamorro peoples. The Taotaomona is a supernatural ancestral spirit that Chamorros and some neighboring islanders from Rota and Saipan believe in. The Taotaomona possess a strength that far exceeds man and has the ability to cause sickness and death to those who offend them. The appearance of a Taotaomona can vary as they can be a female or male and can take an attractive form or a monstrous form.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_rule">Spanish rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamorro_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Spanish rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:248px;max-width:248px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ladrones_-_Hunter_from_Marianas_-Boxer_Codex_(1590).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hunter 1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ladrones_-_Hunter_from_Marianas_-Boxer_Codex_%281590%29.jpg/120px-Ladrones_-_Hunter_from_Marianas_-Boxer_Codex_%281590%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ladrones_-_Hunter_from_Marianas_-Boxer_Codex_%281590%29.jpg/180px-Ladrones_-_Hunter_from_Marianas_-Boxer_Codex_%281590%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ladrones_-_Hunter_from_Marianas_-Boxer_Codex_%281590%29.jpg/240px-Ladrones_-_Hunter_from_Marianas_-Boxer_Codex_%281590%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="898" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hunter_from_Marianas_2_-_Boxer_Codex_(1590).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hunter 2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hunter_from_Marianas_2_-_Boxer_Codex_%281590%29.jpg/120px-Hunter_from_Marianas_2_-_Boxer_Codex_%281590%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hunter_from_Marianas_2_-_Boxer_Codex_%281590%29.jpg/180px-Hunter_from_Marianas_2_-_Boxer_Codex_%281590%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hunter_from_Marianas_2_-_Boxer_Codex_%281590%29.jpg/240px-Hunter_from_Marianas_2_-_Boxer_Codex_%281590%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="898" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Chamorro hunters, <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Codex" title="Boxer Codex">Boxer Codex</a> (c. 1590)</div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chamorro_girls_in_1930s.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chamorro_girls_in_1930s.JPG/220px-Chamorro_girls_in_1930s.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chamorro_girls_in_1930s.JPG/330px-Chamorro_girls_in_1930s.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chamorro_girls_in_1930s.JPG/440px-Chamorro_girls_in_1930s.JPG 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="565" /></a><figcaption>Chamorro girls in the 1930s</figcaption></figure> <p>On March 6, 1521, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a> and his men, after having crossed the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>, had encountered the first "Indios" since leaving South America.<sup id="cite_ref-bergreen_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bergreen-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later Spanish visitors named the inhabitants "Chamurres", derived from a local term for the upper caste; this was then converted to "Chamorros", an old Spanish term for "bald", perhaps in reference to the local habit to shave.<sup id="cite_ref-bergreen_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bergreen-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the centuries, the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a> have been occupied by several foreign countries (Spain, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>), and present-day Chamorro society is almost entirely multiethnic, with the inhabitants of Luta/<a href="/wiki/Rota_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rota (island)">Rota</a> being the least so. The Chamorros are primarily of Austronesian ancestry, but began to significantly interact with Spanish and <a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipinos</a> during the Spanish colonial era (1521–1898 AD). Primarily since the late 19th century onward, many Chamorros have intermarried with other Pacific Islanders, mainland Americans, Filipinos, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a>. </p><p>During the Spanish era, the Spaniards focused their efforts on converting the natives to <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>. Father Frances X. Hezel stated that Chamorros caught or reported engaging in <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan</a> "sorcery" were publicly punished. Through this, they were given <a href="/wiki/Spanish_naming_customs" title="Spanish naming customs">Spanish surnames</a> through <a href="/wiki/Alphabetical_Catalog_of_Surnames" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphabetical Catalog of Surnames"><i> Catálogo Alfabético de Apellidos</i> or Alphabetic Catalog of Surnames</a>. Spanish soldiers settled in Guam and all Chamorro have Spanish ancestry.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>, the United States <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Guam" title="Capture of Guam">captured Guam</a> on June 21, 1898. Under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris</a>, signed on December 10, 1898, Spain ceded Guam to the United States effective April 11, 1899. Guam is among the 17 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_list_of_non-self-governing_territories" title="United Nations list of non-self-governing territories">nonself-governing territories listed by the United Nations</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamorro_people&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Group_of_Chamorros_on_Guam,_1944-1947_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Group_of_Chamorros_on_Guam%2C_1944-1947_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Group_of_Chamorros_on_Guam%2C_1944-1947_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Group_of_Chamorros_on_Guam%2C_1944-1947_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Group_of_Chamorros_on_Guam%2C_1944-1947_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Group_of_Chamorros_on_Guam%2C_1944-1947_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Group_of_Chamorros_on_Guam%2C_1944-1947_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1288" data-file-height="1054" /></a><figcaption>Group of Chamorros on Guam in the mid-1940s</figcaption></figure> <p>Before <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, five American jurisdictions were in the Pacific Ocean: Guam and <a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a> in Micronesia, <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> in Polynesia, and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> in Southeast Asia. On December 8, 1941, hours after the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a>, Japanese forces from the Marianas launched an <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">invasion of Guam</a>. Chamorros from the Northern Marianas, who had been under Japanese rule for more than 20 years, were brought to Guam to assist the Japanese administration. This, combined with the harsh treatment of Chamorros during the two-and-a-half-year occupation, created a rift that would become the main reason Chamorros rejected <a href="/wiki/1969_Guamanian_unification_with_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands_referendum" title="1969 Guamanian unification with the Northern Mariana Islands referendum">the referendum</a> on reunification approved by the Northern Marianas in the 1960s. During the occupation, Chamorros were subjected to forced labor, incarceration, torture, and execution. <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">American forces recaptured the island</a> on July 21, 1944; <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day" title="Liberation Day">Liberation Day</a> commemorates the victory. </p><p>After World War II, the <a href="/wiki/Guam_Organic_Act_of_1950" title="Guam Organic Act of 1950">Guam Organic Act of 1950</a> established Guam as an <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">unincorporated organized territory of the United States</a>, provided for the structure of the island's civilian government, and granted the people U.S. citizenship. The governor of Guam was federally appointed until 1968 when the <a href="/wiki/Guam_Elective_Governor_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Guam Elective Governor Act">Guam Elective Governor Act</a> provided for the office's popular election. Since Guam is not a U.S. state, U.S. citizens residing in Guam are not allowed to vote for president and their congressional representative is a nonvoting member. They do, however, get to vote for party delegates in presidential primaries. </p><p>The increasing numbers of Chamorros, especially Chamorro youth, relocating to the U.S. mainland, has complicated both the definition and preservation of Chamorro identity. On Guam, a Chamorro rights movement has developed since the United States gained control of the island. Leaders of the movement seek to return ancestral lands to the Chamorro people, and attain <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_Chamorro_culture">Modern Chamorro culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamorro_people&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Modern Chamorro culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Guam" title="Culture of Guam">Culture of Guam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Joseph_Church_in_Inarajan,_Guam_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Saint_Joseph_Church_in_Inarajan%2C_Guam_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Saint_Joseph_Church_in_Inarajan%2C_Guam_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Saint_Joseph_Church_in_Inarajan%2C_Guam_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Saint_Joseph_Church_in_Inarajan%2C_Guam_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Saint_Joseph_Church_in_Inarajan%2C_Guam_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Saint_Joseph_Church_in_Inarajan%2C_Guam_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1610" data-file-height="992" /></a><figcaption>Chamorros at church in <a href="/wiki/Inarajan,_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Inarajan, Guam">Inarajan, Guam</a> in the mid-1940s</figcaption></figure> <p>Chamorro culture has over the years acquired noticeable influences from Spanish, Mexican, American, Japanese, and Filipino cultures, as well as the presence of fellow Oceanic (mostly Micronesian) groups. Influence from the German era in the Northern Marianas is most visible in the form of certain given names and family surnames. </p><p>The prehistoric concept of <i>inafa'maolek</i><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ("doing good for each other", often translated as interdependence) is a core value of traditional Chamorro culture. Respect for one's family, community, and the elderly (<i>man åmko'</i>) are major components, although this varies from person to person and family to family. The culture is now strongly influenced by American customs and values, largely because the Marianas archipelago (<a href="/wiki/Partition_(politics)" title="Partition (politics)">partitioned</a> into Guam and the <a href="/wiki/CNMI" class="mw-redirect" title="CNMI">CNMI</a>) is currently possessed by the United States of America, as organized but unincorporated territories; in addition, most people of Chamorro descent now live outside of the Marianas in the United States. The <a href="/wiki/American_military" class="mw-redirect" title="American military">American military</a> has a major cultural influence among the Chamorro; enlistment rates are higher in the Marianas than in any other place in the US. On Guam, the enlistment rate is around 14 people per 10,000;<sup id="cite_ref-Military_Statistics_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Military_Statistics-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by contrast, the US state of <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, which has the highest per capita enlistment, has a rate near half that, with about eight people per 10,000. (See the <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> page for more details about this topic.) </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_A._Gumataotao_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Peter_A._Gumataotao_%282%29.jpg/170px-Peter_A._Gumataotao_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Peter_A._Gumataotao_%282%29.jpg/255px-Peter_A._Gumataotao_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Peter_A._Gumataotao_%282%29.jpg/340px-Peter_A._Gumataotao_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gumataotao" title="Peter Gumataotao">Peter Gumataotao</a> is the first Chamorro two-star flag officer in the United States military.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Cockfight" class="mw-redirect" title="Cockfight">Cockfighting</a> and cockfight-related gambling were introduced by the Spanish and have long been a significant pastime in Chamoru culture, especially among men. It is still popular among the members of older generations and with Filipino immigrants, who raise roosters for cockfighting purposes; however, <a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts" title="Mixed martial arts">mixed martial arts</a> <a href="/wiki/Combat_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat sports">fighting competitions</a> have grown in popularity as spectator sports, particularly among the members of more recent generations. Large-scale events are held throughout the year on Guam and <a href="/wiki/Saipan,_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands">Saipan</a>, which feature local competitors and guest participants from abroad. </p><p>Chamorro life has long centered on one's <a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">matriarchal</a> <a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">clan</a>. The concept of a "clan" stemming from a common female ancestor is still observed. Large extended families remain central to life in the Marianas. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">Diabetes</a> and heart disease have become increasingly common among the Indigenous population, as well as among non-Indigenous Oceanic people living in the Marianas, particularly the Carolinian <a href="/wiki/Refaluwasch" class="mw-redirect" title="Refaluwasch">Refaluwasch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-diabeetus_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diabeetus-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditional healers called <i>suruhånu</i> (or <i>suruhåna</i> for women) are still greatly respected for their knowledge of herbal treatments and spirits. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamorro_people&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most Chamorros are <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a><sup id="cite_ref-CNMI-LRC_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNMI-LRC-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and few in the Marianas still maintain some customs and beliefs from the time before the first European conquests; some residents of the Marianas will still ask permission from ancestral spirits before entering parts of jungles. </p><p>Among the 56 states and territories of the United States, the Mariana Islands have the highest rate of religious self-identification, with a combined percentage of only 1.75% of the population (Guam at 2.5% and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">CNMI</a> at just 1%) <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states,_district,_and_territories_by_irreligion_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. states, district, and territories by irreligion rate">not claiming membership in or affiliation with</a> a particular religion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dance">Dance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamorro_people&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Dance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The CHamoru dance is accountable for many cultural practices; chant, dance, and storytelling. Across the United States, many states are introduced to a <i>Guma</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and those '<i>Guma's</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> are led by Chamorro dance instructors who have been in historical Guam dance groups. The concept of <i>Guma</i> is housed by Chamorro people that is centered around providing an educational experience for those interested about vibrant culture - the land of Guam and Northern Mariana Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chamorro dance costumes were traditionally weaved and crafted. The women wore traditional <i>mestizas</i> dresses and men wore a <i>sadí</i> made from cotton or linen.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both costumes represent the people from Guam, highlighting the Spanish colonial time, and symbolizing the resilience of its people. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Official_U.S._Navy_Imagery_-_Island_dancers_perform_for_the_submarine_tender_USS_Frank_Cable..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flickr_-_Official_U.S._Navy_Imagery_-_Island_dancers_perform_for_the_submarine_tender_USS_Frank_Cable..jpg/220px-Flickr_-_Official_U.S._Navy_Imagery_-_Island_dancers_perform_for_the_submarine_tender_USS_Frank_Cable..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flickr_-_Official_U.S._Navy_Imagery_-_Island_dancers_perform_for_the_submarine_tender_USS_Frank_Cable..jpg/330px-Flickr_-_Official_U.S._Navy_Imagery_-_Island_dancers_perform_for_the_submarine_tender_USS_Frank_Cable..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flickr_-_Official_U.S._Navy_Imagery_-_Island_dancers_perform_for_the_submarine_tender_USS_Frank_Cable..jpg/440px-Flickr_-_Official_U.S._Navy_Imagery_-_Island_dancers_perform_for_the_submarine_tender_USS_Frank_Cable..jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Chamorro Dancers, 30-7-2012</figcaption></figure> <p>A significant dance move is traditionally shaped by a <a href="/wiki/Canoe" title="Canoe">canoe</a>. The Chamorro people practiced the canoe by, galaidé,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the hand movement or using traditional wooden sticks. During the ancient times, outrigger canoes were used during the war, fishing, and sailing era.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamorro_people&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Mariana_Islands" title="Cuisine of the Mariana Islands">Cuisine of the Mariana Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Guam#Cuisine" title="Culture of Guam">Culture of Guam § Cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chamorro_red_rice.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Chamorro_red_rice.png/220px-Chamorro_red_rice.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Chamorro_red_rice.png/330px-Chamorro_red_rice.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Chamorro_red_rice.png/440px-Chamorro_red_rice.png 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Chamorro red rice</figcaption></figure> <p>Chamorro cuisine is influenced by various cultures. Examples of popular foods of foreign origin include various types of sweet or savory <i><a href="/wiki/Empanada#Marianas_Islands" title="Empanada">empanada</a></i>, originally introduced by Spain, and <i><a href="/wiki/Pancit" title="Pancit">pancit</a></i>, a noodle dish from the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. The Spanish settlement in the 17th century also introduced cattle, leading to dishes like <i><a href="/wiki/Tinala%27_katne" title="Tinala' katne">tinala' katne</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guampedia_-_The_Online_Resource_About_Guam_2010_b198_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guampedia_-_The_Online_Resource_About_Guam_2010_b198-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archeological evidence from islands in the Marianas reveals that rice was cultivated there since prehistory.<sup id="cite_ref-tolentino_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tolentino-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Red rice made with <a href="/wiki/Anatto" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatto"><i>achoti</i></a> is a distinct staple food that strongly identifies Chamorro cuisine among the many dishes of fellow Pacific Island cultures. It is commonly served for special events, such as parties (<i>gupot</i> or "fiestas"), <i><a href="/wiki/Novena" title="Novena">nobenas</a></i>, and occasions such as a high-school or college graduations. The condiment <i><a href="/wiki/Fina%27denne%27" title="Fina'denne'">fina'denne'</a></i> accompanies most meals. Fruits such as <i><a href="/wiki/Breadfruit" title="Breadfruit">lemmai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">mangga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">niyok</a></i>, and<i> <a href="/wiki/Carambola" title="Carambola">bilimbines</a> </i>are consumed in various local recipes. In the Marianas, Korean, Chinese, Japanese, and American cuisine are also commonly available. Local cookies are known as <i><a href="/wiki/Guyuria" title="Guyuria">guyuria</a></i>. </p><p>Locally distinct foods include <i><a href="/wiki/Kelaguen" title="Kelaguen">kelaguen</a></i>, a dish in which meat is denatured in whole or in part by citric acid rather than heat; <i><a href="/wiki/Tinaktak" title="Tinaktak">tinaktak</a></i>, a meat dish made with coconut milk; and <i>kå'du fanihi</i> (<a href="/wiki/Flying_fox" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying fox">flying fox</a>/<a href="/wiki/Fruit_bat" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit bat">fruit bat</a> soup). Fruit bats and local birds have become scarce in modern times primarily due to the World War II-era introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Brown_tree_snake" title="Brown tree snake">brown tree snake</a>, which decimated the populations of local birds and threatens the<i> <a href="/wiki/Megabat" title="Megabat">fanihi</a></i> (fruit bat) population, as well. Illegal hunting of fruit bats also threatens existing populations.<sup id="cite_ref-fanihi_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fanihi-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Spam_(food)" title="Spam (food)">Spam</a> and other canned meats were introduced to the islands after World War II, leading to a dietary shift.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diaspora_in_the_United_States">Diaspora in the United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamorro_people&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Diaspora in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the 2010 census, 148,220 Chamorros are living in the United States, mostly from Guam, but also from the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Marianas</a> and Saipan.<sup id="cite_ref-Pacislanderam2010_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pacislanderam2010-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early Chamorros who migrated to the US were Guamanians who moved in the first decade of the 20th century. In the following decades, small groups of Guamanians emigrated to Hawaii and the Western United States, where they worked as farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-Asian_American_History_and_Culture_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asian_American_History_and_Culture-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population of Guam got the American citizenship in 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-Barkan3_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barkan3-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So, after the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, many more Guamanians emigrated to the US. Most of them were in the military or married with military people.<sup id="cite_ref-Asian_American_History_and_Culture_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asian_American_History_and_Culture-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_flag_on_Guam_-_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="First U.S. flag on the Island of Guam, 1944. Guam gained full American Citizenship in the year of 1950." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/First_flag_on_Guam_-_1944.jpg/220px-First_flag_on_Guam_-_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/First_flag_on_Guam_-_1944.jpg/330px-First_flag_on_Guam_-_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/First_flag_on_Guam_-_1944.jpg/440px-First_flag_on_Guam_-_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2435" /></a><figcaption>Guam gained full American Citizenship, 1950</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1950, the population of Guam gained the full American citizenship,<sup id="cite_ref-Pettey_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pettey-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which favoured Guamanian migration to the US. So, the first major Guamanian migration emerged and more of 160 Guamanians emigrated to the US in the '50s. Many of them moved to California.<sup id="cite_ref-Neurodegenerative_Disease_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neurodegenerative_Disease-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1952, Guamanian immigrants founded their first organization in US, the Guam Territorial Society (later renamed as the Guam Society of America), in Washington, D.C., where many worked for the Department of Defense and developing <a href="/wiki/Guam/Military" class="mw-redirect" title="Guam/Military">military</a> operations. </p><p>In the 1960s, hundreds of Guamanians migrated to the United States, when the largest numbers emigrated to this country. Most of them were fleeing the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Karen" title="Typhoon Karen">Typhoon Karen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Civil_Rights_Digest_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Civil_Rights_Digest-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the '70s, another wave of Guamanians arrived in the US. In 1986, the US acquired the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Marianas_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Marianas Islands">Northern Marianas Islands</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Nov4_1986_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nov4_1986-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which favoured migration from islands to the US. </p><p>As of 2020, <a href="/wiki/Pierce_County,_Washington" title="Pierce County, Washington">Pierce County, Washington</a>, has the largest Chamorro population with 4,931 persons or 0.62% of the total population.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pia_Mia_March_18,_2014_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Pia_Mia_March_18%2C_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Pia_Mia_March_18%2C_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Pia_Mia_March_18%2C_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Pia_Mia_March_18%2C_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Pia_Mia_March_18%2C_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Pia_Mia_March_18%2C_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2663" data-file-height="4559" /></a><figcaption>Pop singer <a href="/wiki/Pia_Mia" title="Pia Mia">Pia Mia</a> is of mixed Chamorro ancestry</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Chamorros">Notable Chamorros</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamorro_people&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notable Chamorros"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pia_Mia_Perez" class="mw-redirect" title="Pia Mia Perez">Pia Mia Perez</a> (born 1996), singer/songwriter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Santos" title="Angel Santos">Angel Santos</a> (born 1959), Chamorro Rights Advocate & former Guam Senator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Santos_Perez" title="Craig Santos Perez">Craig Santos Perez</a> (born 1980) award-winning poet, essayist, and former university professor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_H._Arriola" title="Theresa H. Arriola">Theresa H. Arriola</a>, a cultural anthropologist from the Northern Mariana Islands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zach_Banner" title="Zach Banner">Zach Banner</a> (born 1993), American NFL football offensive tackle for the Pittsburgh Steelers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacia_Bordallo_Butler" title="Ignacia Bordallo Butler">Ignacia Bordallo Butler</a> (died 1993), businesswoman and entrepreneur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manny_Crisostomo" title="Manny Crisostomo">Manny Crisostomo</a> (born 1958), Chamorro Pulitzer Prize winner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Duarte" title="Joe Duarte">Joe Duarte</a> (born 1983), mixed martial artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gumataotao" title="Peter Gumataotao">Peter Gumataotao</a>, first Chamorro two-star flag officer in the United States military</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siobhon_McManus" title="Siobhon McManus">Siobhon McManus</a>, teacher & activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Nauta" title="Walt Nauta">Walt Nauta</a>, aide to former US president Donald Trump</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Pangelinan" title="Susan Pangelinan">Susan Pangelinan</a>, Chamorro-American member of the United States Air Force</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Camacho" title="Frank Camacho">Frank Camacho</a>, martial artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Anderson_Roberto" title="Maria Anderson Roberto">Maria Anderson Roberto</a> (born 1880), chaperone for the Navy's Native Nurses program</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Sablan" title="Gregorio Sablan">Gregorio Sablan</a> (born 1955), <a href="/wiki/Delegate_(United_States_Congress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Delegate (United States Congress)">Delegate</a> to the U.S. House from the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Northern Mariana Islands's at-large congressional district">Northern Mariana Islands's at-large congressional district</a> since 2009.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Tuck" title="Jon Tuck">Jon Tuck</a>, martial artist</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guampedia.com/frank-rabon/">Francisco B. Rabon</a> (1954), Master of Chamorro Dance</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamorro_people&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guam" title="History of Guam">History of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oceania" title="History of Oceania">History of Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Pacific_Islands" title="History of the Pacific Islands">History of the Pacific Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guamanian_citizenship_and_nationality" title="Guamanian citizenship and nationality">Guamanian citizenship and nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Native Hawaiians</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamorro_people&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-12.pdf">"The Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Population: 2010"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>census.gov</i>. US Census Bureau<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fanihi%3A+Mariana+Fruit+Bat&rft.pub=Guampedia&rft.aulast=Brooke&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fguampedia.com%2Ffanihi-mariana-fruit-bat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChamorro+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBevacqua2015" class="citation journal cs1">Bevacqua, Michael Lujan web (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624022405/http://journals.kent.ac.uk/kent/index.php/transmotion/article/view/159/564">"REVIEW ESSAY: The Song Maps of Craig Santos Perez"</a>. <i>Transmotion</i>. <b>1</b> (1). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.kent.ac.uk/kent/index.php/transmotion/article/view/159/564">the original</a> on June 24, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transmotion&rft.atitle=REVIEW+ESSAY%3A+The+Song+Maps+of+Craig+Santos+Perez&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Bevacqua&rft.aufirst=Michael+Lujan+web&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.kent.ac.uk%2Fkent%2Findex.php%2Ftransmotion%2Farticle%2Fview%2F159%2F564&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChamorro+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guam.stripes.com/food-drink/spam-a-tasty-part-of-chamorro-daily-life-on-guam.html">"SPAM a tasty part of Chamorro daily life on Guam"</a>. <i>Stripes Guam</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stripes+Guam&rft.atitle=SPAM+a+tasty+part+of+Chamorro+daily+life+on+Guam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguam.stripes.com%2Ffood-drink%2Fspam-a-tasty-part-of-chamorro-daily-life-on-guam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChamorro+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pacislanderam2010-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pacislanderam2010_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-12.pdf">The Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Population: 2010 Census, 2010 Census Briefs, United States Bureau of the Census, May 2012</a> <i>www.census.gov</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Asian_American_History_and_Culture-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Asian_American_History_and_Culture_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Asian_American_History_and_Culture_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuping_LingAllan_W._Austin2010" class="citation book cs1">Huping Ling; Allan W. Austin (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0PFnBwAAQBAJ&q=guamanian+migration+to+California+and+Hawaii&pg=PA524"><i>Asian American History and Culture: An Encyclopedia. Volume one-two</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317476450" title="Special:BookSources/9781317476450"><bdi>9781317476450</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asian+American+History+and+Culture%3A+An+Encyclopedia.+Volume+one-two&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781317476450&rft.au=Huping+Ling&rft.au=Allan+W.+Austin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0PFnBwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dguamanian%2Bmigration%2Bto%2BCalifornia%2Band%2BHawaii%26pg%3DPA524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChamorro+people" class="Z3988"></span> Page 524.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barkan3-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barkan3_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarkan2013" class="citation book cs1">Barkan, Elliott Robert (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AP7QCteb0o0C&q=Historical+Samoan+American+migration+in+the+USA&pg=PA1177"><i>Immigrants in American History: Arrival, Adaptation, and Integration. Part 3</i></a>. ABC-Clio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598842197" title="Special:BookSources/9781598842197"><bdi>9781598842197</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Immigrants+in+American+History%3A+Arrival%2C+Adaptation%2C+and+Integration.+Part+3&rft.pub=ABC-Clio&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781598842197&rft.aulast=Barkan&rft.aufirst=Elliott+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAP7QCteb0o0C%26q%3DHistorical%2BSamoan%2BAmerican%2Bmigration%2Bin%2Bthe%2BUSA%26pg%3DPA1177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChamorro+people" class="Z3988"></span> Chapter: <i>Pacific Islander and Pacific Islander Americans, 1940-present</i>, written by Matthew Kester. Page 1177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pettey-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pettey_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPettey2002" class="citation book cs1">Pettey, Janice Gow (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5a6WtHIiEXkC&q=Guamanian+migration+to+the+united+states&pg=PA22"><i>Cultivating Diversity in Fundraising</i></a>. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471226017" title="Special:BookSources/9780471226017"><bdi>9780471226017</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultivating+Diversity+in+Fundraising&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780471226017&rft.aulast=Pettey&rft.aufirst=Janice+Gow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5a6WtHIiEXkC%26q%3DGuamanian%2Bmigration%2Bto%2Bthe%2Bunited%2Bstates%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChamorro+people" class="Z3988"></span> Page 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neurodegenerative_Disease-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Neurodegenerative_Disease_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Flint_BealAnthony_E._LangAlbert_C._Ludolph2005" class="citation book cs1">M. Flint Beal; Anthony E. Lang; Albert C. Ludolph (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eEG7aSJWkioC&q=Guamanian+migration+to+the+united+states&pg=PA835"><i>Neurodegenerative Diseases: Neurobiology, Pathogenesis and Therapeutics</i></a>. Cambridge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139443456" title="Special:BookSources/9781139443456"><bdi>9781139443456</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neurodegenerative+Diseases%3A+Neurobiology%2C+Pathogenesis+and+Therapeutics&rft.pub=Cambridge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781139443456&rft.au=M.+Flint+Beal&rft.au=Anthony+E.+Lang&rft.au=Albert+C.+Ludolph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeEG7aSJWkioC%26q%3DGuamanian%2Bmigration%2Bto%2Bthe%2Bunited%2Bstates%26pg%3DPA835&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChamorro+people" class="Z3988"></span> Page 835.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Civil_Rights_Digest-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Civil_Rights_Digest_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lxo5AQAAMAAJ&q=Guamanian+migration+to+the+united+states&pg=PA43">"Civil Rights Digest, Volumes 9-11"</a>. U.S. Commission on Civil Rights. 1974.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Civil+Rights+Digest%2C+Volumes+9-11&rft.pub=U.S.+Commission+on+Civil+Rights&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLxo5AQAAMAAJ%26q%3DGuamanian%2Bmigration%2Bto%2Bthe%2Bunited%2Bstates%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChamorro+people" class="Z3988"></span> Chapter: Pacific Islanders in the U.S., written by Faye Untalan Muñoz. Page 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nov4_1986-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nov4_1986_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-5564-united-states-relations-with-the-northern-mariana-islands-micronesia-and">"Proclamation 5564—United States Relations With the Northern Mariana Islands, Micronesia, and the Marshall Islands"</a>. The American Presidency Project. Retrieved September 1, 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Dam2022" class="citation news cs1">Van Dam, Andrew (September 23, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2022/09/23/american-territories-population-loss/">"People are fleeing Puerto Rico, Guam and every other U.S. territory. What gives?"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=People+are+fleeing+Puerto+Rico%2C+Guam+and+every+other+U.S.+territory.+What+gives%3F&rft.date=2022-09-23&rft.aulast=Van+Dam&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fbusiness%2F2022%2F09%2F23%2Famerican-territories-population-loss%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChamorro+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamorro_people&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chamorro_people" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chamorro people">Chamorro people</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spc.int/prism/country/gu/stats/Census/chamorros_in_us.htm">Chamorro census information</a> from the Secretariat of the Pacific Community</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mychamorroheritage.com">MyChamorroHeritage.com</a> Another resource for Chamorros and those interested in the Chamorro people and culture. Useful for Chamorros interested in genealogy.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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Americans">Pacific Islander Americans</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Melanesians" title="Melanesians">Melanesians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_Americans" title="Fijian Americans">Fijian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Micronesians" title="Micronesians">Micronesians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chamorros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_Americans" title="Marshallese Americans">Marshallese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_Americans" title="Micronesian Americans">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palauan_Americans" title="Palauan Americans">Palauan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesian_Americans" title="French Polynesian Americans">French Polynesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Americans" title="Māori Americans">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Native Hawaiians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Americans" title="Samoan Americans">Samoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_Americans" title="Tongan Americans">Tongan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Americans" title="Australian Americans">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Americans" title="New Zealand Americans">New Zealander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_Americans" title="Oceanian Americans">Oceanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander" title="Pacific Islander">Pacific Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Pacific_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Pacific American">Asian Pacific Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Culture_of_indigenous_Oceania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Oceania" title="Template:Culture of Oceania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Oceania" title="Template talk:Culture of Oceania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Oceania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Oceania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culture_of_indigenous_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_peoples#Oceania" title="List of Indigenous peoples">Culture of indigenous Oceania</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>List of resources about traditional arts and culture of Oceania</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_art" title="Oceanian art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Island#Ahu" title="Easter Island">Ahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_art" title="Indigenous Australian art">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Arts" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapa" title="Kapa">kapa (Hawaiʻi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lei_(garland)" title="Lei (garland)">Lei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magimagi" title="Magimagi">magimagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moai" title="Moai">moai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_art" title="New Zealand art">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:M%C4%81ori_art" title="Category:Māori art">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguzu_nguzu" title="Nguzu nguzu">nguzu nguzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_art" title="Oceanian art">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_art" title="Papua New Guinean art">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reimiro" title="Reimiro">reimiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81_moko" title="Tā moko">tā moko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabua" title="Tabua">tabua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%CA%BBovala" title="Taʻovala">taʻovala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_cloth" title="Tapa cloth">tapa ["masi" (Fiji), "ngatu" (Tonga), "siapo" (Sāmoa), " ʻuha" (Rotuma)]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattoo" title="Tattoo">tattoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%93fui" title="Tēfui">tēfui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivaevae" title="Tivaevae">tivaevae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Broad culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">areca nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kava" title="Kava">"yaqona" (Fiji), or "sakau" (Pohnpei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kava_culture" title="Kava culture">Kava culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Māori culture">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_culture" title="Polynesian culture">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa_%27ava_ceremony" class="mw-redirect" title="Samoa 'ava ceremony">Sāmoa 'ava ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wood_carving#Aboriginal" title="History of wood carving">Wood carving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geo-specific,<br />general</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians#Culture" title="Indigenous Australians">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_astronomy" title="Australian Aboriginal astronomy">Australian Aboriginal astronomy</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Culture" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands#People_and_culture" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline Islands</a>, <i>-<a href="/wiki/Pwo" title="Pwo">Pwo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moriori#Revival_of_culture" title="Moriori">Chatham Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands#Culture" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Island#Culture" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Fiji" title="Culture of Fiji">Fiji</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lau_Islands#Culture_and_economy" title="Lau Islands">Lau Islands</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fijian_traditions_and_ceremonies" title="Fijian traditions and ceremonies">traditions and ceremonies</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam#Culture" title="Guam">Guam</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lomilomi_massage" title="Lomilomi massage">Lomilomi massage</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kiribati" title="Culture of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Marquesas_Islands" title="Culture of the Marquesas Islands">French Polynesia's Marquesas Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia#Culture" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Nauru" title="Culture of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia#Culture" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_New_Zealand" title="Culture of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Māori culture">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue#Culture" title="Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island#Culture" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau#Culture" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Culture of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands#Culture_and_religion" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Samoan culture">Sāmoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Solomon_Islands" title="Culture of the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Tonga" title="Culture of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders#Culture" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu#Culture" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Vanuatu" title="Culture of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna#Culture" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_navigation" title="Polynesian navigation">Polynesian Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_navigation" title="Micronesian navigation">Micronesian Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshallese culture">Marshall Islands</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands_stick_chart" title="Marshall Islands stick chart">Stick charts of</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yap#Culture" title="Yap">Yap</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yap#Navigation_(sailing)" title="Yap">navigation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weriyeng" title="Weriyeng">Weriyeng navigation school</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canoes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_dugout_canoe" title="Aboriginal dugout canoe">Aboriginal dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alingano_Maisu" title="Alingano Maisu">Alingano Maisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Bangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drua" title="Drua">Drua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(boat)#Pacific_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Dugout (boat)">Dugout (boat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dk%C5%ABle%CA%BBa" title="Hōkūleʻa">Hōkūleʻa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaep" title="Kaep">Kaep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakoa" title="Karakoa">Karakoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_migration_canoes" title="Māori migration canoes">Māori migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger_canoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger canoe">Outrigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paopao_(canoe)" title="Paopao (canoe)"> Paopao (Tuvalu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraw" title="Paraw">Paraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_sailing#Polynesian_sailing_canoes" title="Canoe sailing">Polynesian sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proa" title="Proa">Proa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinta" title="Vinta">Vinta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waka_(canoe)" title="Waka (canoe)">Waka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_M%C4%81ori_waka" title="List of Māori waka">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walap" title="Walap">Walap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBAparima" title="ʻAparima">ʻAparima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cibi" title="Cibi">cibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fara_(Rotuman_festivity)" title="Fara (Rotuman festivity)">fara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_performance" title="Fire performance">fire dancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewalking" title="Firewalking">firewalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haka" title="Haka">haka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hivinau" title="Hivinau">hivinau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hula" title="Hula">hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kailao" title="Kailao">kailao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapa_haka" title="Kapa haka">kapa haka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Kiribati" title="Dance in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meke" title="Meke">meke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27ote%27a" title="'ote'a">'ote'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%27o%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Pa'o'a">pa'o'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poi_(performance_art)" title="Poi (performance art)">poi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Rotuma" title="Dance in Rotuma">Rotuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_culture#Dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Samoan culture">siva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dances_of_Tahiti" title="Category:Dances of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamure" title="Tamure">tāmūrē</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tautoga" title="Tautoga">tautoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dances_of_Tonga" title="Category:Dances of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tuvalu" title="Music of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27upa%27upa" title="'upa'upa">'upa'upa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Australia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garma_Festival_of_Traditional_Cultures" title="Garma Festival of Traditional Cultures">Garma Festival</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hawaiʻi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aloha_Festivals" title="Aloha Festivals">Aloha Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrie_Monarch_Festival" title="Merrie Monarch Festival">Merrie Monarch Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Invitational_Hula_Festival" title="World Invitational Hula Festival">World Invitational Hula Festival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Fiji" title="List of festivals in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li>New Zealand <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pasifika_Festival" title="Pasifika Festival">Pasifika Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te_Matatini" title="Te Matatini">Te Matatini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Community" title="Pacific Community">Pacific Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Festival_of_Pacific_Arts" title="Festival of Pacific Arts">Festival of Pacific Arts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Category:Festivals in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">by area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">Languages of Oceania </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Australia" title="Languages of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Fiji" title="Languages of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kiribati" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Marshall_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nauru" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_New_Zealand" title="Languages of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Palau" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Languages of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tonga" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Vanuatu" title="Languages of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states<br />of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Cook_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies<br />and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_American_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Easter_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_French_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_New_Caledonia" title="Languages of New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Norfolk_Island" title="Languages of Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tokelau" title="Languages of Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Wallis_and_Futuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">by category</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Oceania" title="Category:Languages of Oceania">Languages of Oceania</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_literature" title="Oceanian literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Literature_of_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Oceania">Literature of Oceania </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the Federated States of Micronesia (page does not exist)">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Fiji" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Kiribati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Kiribati (page does not exist)">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_Marshall_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the Marshall Islands (page does not exist)">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Nauru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Nauru (page does not exist)">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Palau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Palau (page does not exist)">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Solomon_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Solomon Islands (page does not exist)">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Tonga" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Tuvalu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Tuvalu (page does not exist)">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Vanuatu" title="Literature of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states<br />of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_the_Cook_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies<br />and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_American_Samoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of American Samoa (page does not exist)">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Easter_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Easter Island (page does not exist)">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_French_Polynesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of French Polynesia (page does not exist)">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Guam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Guam (page does not exist)">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_New_Caledonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Norfolk_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Norfolk Island (page does not exist)">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the Northern Mariana Islands (page does not exist)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the Pitcairn Islands (page does not exist)">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Tokelau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Tokelau (page does not exist)">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Wallis_and_Futuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Wallis and Futuna (page does not exist)">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Austral_Islands" title="Music of the Austral Islands">Austral Islands (French Polynesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_Australia" title="Indigenous music of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Music" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Cook_Islands" title="Music of the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Easter_Island" title="Music of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Fiji" title="Music of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guam" title="Music of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kiribati" title="Music of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lali_(drum)" title="Lali (drum)">Lali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Melanesia" title="Music of Melanesia">Melanesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nauru" title="Music of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Caledonia" title="Music of New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Zealand" title="Music of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_music" title="Māori music">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Niue" title="Music of Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Music of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Palau" title="Music of Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Music of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Polynesia" title="Music of Polynesia">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Samoa" title="Music of Samoa">Sāmoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slit_drum" title="Slit drum">Slit drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Music of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tahiti" title="Music of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tokelau" title="Music of Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tonga" title="Music of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tuvalu" title="Music of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vanuatu" title="Music of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Polynesia" title="Music of Polynesia">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aboriginal mythology">Australian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fijian_mythology" title="Category:Fijian mythology">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangarevan_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangarevan mythology">Mangarevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahiti_and_Society_Islands_mythology" title="Tahiti and Society Islands mythology">Maohi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_mythology" title="Māori mythology">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menehune" title="Menehune">Menehune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oceanian_legendary_creatures" title="Category:Oceanian legendary creatures">Oceanian legendary creatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_mythology" title="Samoan mythology">Samoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_mythology" title="Tuvaluan mythology">Tuvaluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vanuatu_mythology" title="Category:Vanuatu mythology">Vanuatuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islander_Policy_Research_Consortium" title="Asian American and Pacific Islander Policy Research Consortium">Asian American and Pacific Islander Policy Research Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau">Sama-Bajau</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chamorro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moriori" title="Moriori">Chatham Islander (Moriori <em>or</em> Rekohu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijians" title="Fijians">Fijian (iTaukei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_people" title="Ilocano people">Ilocano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igorot" class="mw-redirect" title="Igorot">Igorot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivatan_people" title="Ivatan people">Ivatans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumad" title="Lumad">Lumad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Demographics of the Marshall Islands">Marshallese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesians" title="Melanesians">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesians" title="Micronesians">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negrito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Islanders" title="Norfolk Islanders">Norfolk Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_New_Guinea" title="Indigenous people of New Guinea">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maohi" title="Maohi">Indigenous Polynesian (Mā’ohi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_people" title="Rapa Nui people">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotumans" title="Rotumans">Rotuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoans" title="Samoans">Samoan (Tagata Māo‘i)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_people" title="Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahitians" title="Tahitians">Tahitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese aborigines">Taiwanese aborigines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelauan_people" title="Tokelauan people">Tokelauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Tonga" title="Demographics of Tonga">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visayans" title="Visayans">Visayans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yami people">Yami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion_in_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oceania" title="Religion in Oceania">Religion in Oceania </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Fiji" title="Religion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kiribati" title="Religion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Religion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Palau" title="Religion in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Religion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Religion in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tonga" title="Religion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tuvalu" title="Religion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states<br />of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Religion in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies<br />and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_American_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Easter_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in Easter Island (page does not exist)">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_French_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Caledonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norfolk_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tokelau" title="Religion in Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wallis_and_Futuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>For other topics including Oceanian <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Oceania">cinema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shell_money_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell money in Oceania">indigenous currency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Oceanian_clothing" title="Category:History of Oceanian clothing">dress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Oceanian_folklore" title="Category:Oceanian folklore">folklore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Oceanian_cuisine" title="Category:Oceanian cuisine">cuisine</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Oceania" title="Category:Culture of Oceania">Category:Culture of Oceania</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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