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<ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>East Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Other countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traditional_consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Traditional consumption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Place_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Place_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Place names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Place_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Areca nut</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="সুপারি বাদাম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সুপারি বাদাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petalnat" title="Petalnat – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Petalnat" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nou_d%27areca" title="Nou d'areca – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nou d'areca" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arekanuss" title="Arekanuss – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Arekanuss" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beetlip%C3%A4hkel" title="Beetlipähkel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Beetlipähkel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuez_de_areca" title="Nuez de areca – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nuez de areca" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betela%C4%B5o" title="Betelaĵo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Betelaĵo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%84" title="پوپل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پوپل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noix_d%27arec" title="Noix d'arec – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Noix d'arec" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%80" title="સોપારી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સોપારી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%ABnanaka" title="Pīnanaka – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Pīnanaka" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="सुपारी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सुपारी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areko" title="Areko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Areko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buah_pinang" title="Buah pinang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Buah pinang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betelhneta" title="Betelhneta – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Betelhneta" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noce_di_areca" title="Noce di areca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Noce di areca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%92%D7%95%D7%96_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="אגוז אריקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אגוז אריקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80" title="सुपाड़ी – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="सुपाड़ी" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95" title="അടയ്ക്ക – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അടയ്ക്ക" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="सुपारी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सुपारी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7" title="جوز اريكا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جوز اريكا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buah_pinang" title="Buah pinang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Buah pinang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ကွမ်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကွမ်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="सुपारी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सुपारी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beteln%C3%B8tter" title="Betelnøtter – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Betelnøtter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%86" title="ଗୁଆ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଗୁଆ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noz_de_areca" title="Noz de areca – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Noz de areca" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="पूगफलम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पूगफलम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="سوپاري – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سوپاري" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mani_ng_areka" title="Mani ng areka – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mani ng areka" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="பாக்கு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாக்கு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95" title="వక్క – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వక్క" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="سپاری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سپاری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Fruit of the areca palm chewed as a stimulant</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the practice of chewing the areca nut, see <a href="/wiki/Betel_nut_chewing" title="Betel nut chewing">Betel nut chewing</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Supari" redirects here. For the 2003 film, see <a href="/wiki/Supari_(film)" title="Supari (film)">Supari (film)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bago,_mercado_23.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Bago%2C_mercado_23.jpg/220px-Bago%2C_mercado_23.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Bago%2C_mercado_23.jpg/330px-Bago%2C_mercado_23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Bago%2C_mercado_23.jpg/440px-Bago%2C_mercado_23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Areca nuts</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Areca_catechu_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Areca_catechu_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-014.jpg/220px-Areca_catechu_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Areca_catechu_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-014.jpg/330px-Areca_catechu_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Areca_catechu_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-014.jpg/440px-Areca_catechu_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="443" data-file-height="588" /></a><figcaption>19th century drawing of the Areca palm and its nut</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arecanutconsum1.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Arecanutconsum1.PNG/300px-Arecanutconsum1.PNG" decoding="async" width="300" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Arecanutconsum1.PNG/450px-Arecanutconsum1.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Arecanutconsum1.PNG/600px-Arecanutconsum1.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="672" /></a><figcaption>Areas of the world where the use of areca nut is common</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>areca nut</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ær/: 'arr' in 'marry'">ær</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>) or <b>betel nut</b> is the fruit of the <a href="/wiki/Areca" title="Areca">areca</a> palm (<i><a href="/wiki/Areca_catechu" title="Areca catechu">Areca catechu</a></i>). The palm is originally native to the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Zumbroich2007_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zumbroich2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-powo_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-powo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was carried widely through the tropics by the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian expansion">Austronesian migrations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">trade</a> since at least 1500 BCE due to its use in <a href="/wiki/Betel_nut_chewing" title="Betel nut chewing">betel nut chewing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zumbroich2007_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zumbroich2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is widespread in cultivation and is considered naturalized in much of the tropical Pacific (<a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a>), <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, and parts of east Africa. It is not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Betel" title="Betel">betel</a> (<i>Piper betle</i>) leaves that are often used to wrap it. The practice of <a href="/wiki/Betel_nut_chewing" title="Betel nut chewing">betel nut chewing</a>, often together with other herbs as a <a href="/wiki/Stimulant_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Stimulant drug">stimulant drug</a>, dates back thousands of years, and continues to the present day in many countries. </p><p>Betel nut chewing is addictive due to the presence of the stimulant <a href="/wiki/Arecoline" title="Arecoline">arecoline</a>, and causes adverse health effects, mainly <a href="/wiki/Oral_cancer" title="Oral cancer">oral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Esophageal_cancer" title="Esophageal cancer">esophageal cancers</a>, and cardiovascular disease. When chewed with additional tobacco in its preparation (like in <a href="/wiki/Gutka" title="Gutka">gutka</a>), there is an even higher risk, especially for oral and <a href="/wiki/Oropharyngeal_cancer" title="Oropharyngeal cancer">oropharyngeal cancers</a>. With tobacco it also raises the risk of fatal <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">coronary artery disease</a>, fatal <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>, and adverse reproductive effects including <a href="/wiki/Stillbirth" title="Stillbirth">stillbirth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">premature birth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Low_birth_weight" title="Low birth weight">low birth weight</a>. </p><p>Consumption by hundreds of millions of people worldwide—mainly of South/Southeast Asian origins—has been described as a <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> emergency. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Areca_nut&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grade1bottom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Grade1bottom.jpg/220px-Grade1bottom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Grade1bottom.jpg/330px-Grade1bottom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Grade1bottom.jpg/440px-Grade1bottom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Areca nut</figcaption></figure> <p>The term <i>areca</i> originated from <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a>, cognates of which are:<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a>: <span lang="ml">അടയ്ക്ക</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Malayalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Malayalam">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Malayalam-language romanization"><i lang="ml-Latn">aṭaykka</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada language">Kannada</a>: <span lang="kn">ಅಡಿಕೆ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Kannada-language romanization"><i lang="kn-Latn">adike</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta">அடைக்காய்</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Tamil-language romanization"><i lang="ta-Latn">aḍaikkāy</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-MW_Collegiate_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MW_Collegiate-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The terms dates back to the <a href="/wiki/16th_century" title="16th century">16th century</a> when Dutch and Portuguese sailors took the nut from India to Europe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Areca_nut&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Areca_catechu_nuts_at_Kadavoor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Areca_catechu_nuts_at_Kadavoor.jpg/220px-Areca_catechu_nuts_at_Kadavoor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Areca_catechu_nuts_at_Kadavoor.jpg/330px-Areca_catechu_nuts_at_Kadavoor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Areca_catechu_nuts_at_Kadavoor.jpg/440px-Areca_catechu_nuts_at_Kadavoor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Areca fruits on a tree</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Areca_Nut_Plantation_in_Nagercoil,_Tamil_Nadu,_India._(4600092222).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Areca_Nut_Plantation_in_Nagercoil%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India._%284600092222%29.jpg/220px-Areca_Nut_Plantation_in_Nagercoil%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India._%284600092222%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Areca_Nut_Plantation_in_Nagercoil%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India._%284600092222%29.jpg/330px-Areca_Nut_Plantation_in_Nagercoil%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India._%284600092222%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Areca_Nut_Plantation_in_Nagercoil%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India._%284600092222%29.jpg/440px-Areca_Nut_Plantation_in_Nagercoil%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India._%284600092222%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Areca nut plantation in India</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Betel_nut_merchant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Betel_nut_merchant.jpg/220px-Betel_nut_merchant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Betel_nut_merchant.jpg/330px-Betel_nut_merchant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Betel_nut_merchant.jpg/440px-Betel_nut_merchant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="984" data-file-height="776" /></a><figcaption>Betel nut saleswoman in <a href="/wiki/Vanimo" title="Vanimo">Vanimo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>The areca nut is not a <a href="/wiki/True_nut" class="mw-redirect" title="True nut">true nut</a>, but rather the seed of a fruit categorized as a <a href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)" title="Berry (botany)">berry</a>. It is commercially available in dried, cured, and fresh forms. When the husk of the fresh fruit is green, the nut inside is soft enough to be cut with a typical knife. In the ripe fruit, the husk becomes yellow or orange, and as it dries, the fruit inside hardens to a wood-like consistency. At that stage, the areca nut can only be sliced using a special <a href="/wiki/Scissors" title="Scissors">scissors</a>-like cutter.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Usually for chewing, a few slices of the nut are wrapped in a <a href="/wiki/Betel" title="Betel">betel</a> leaf along with <a href="/wiki/Calcium_hydroxide" title="Calcium hydroxide">calcium hydroxide</a> (slaked lime) and may include <a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">clove</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">cardamom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catechu" title="Catechu">catechu</a> resin (<i>kattha</i>), or other spices for extra flavouring. Betel leaf has a fresh, peppery taste, but it can also be bitter to varying degrees depending on the variety.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Areca nuts are chewed for their effects as a mild stimulant,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> causing a warming sensation in the body and slightly heightened alertness, although the effects vary from person to person. </p><p>The first nut cultivation in the world was done in Kyasanuru Seeme area of Shimoga district in Karnataka state of India. Even today the cultivators plant the same variety here. Kyasanuru variety gives high yield. Grows wildly in all regions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In parts of India, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, and southern China, areca nuts are not only chewed along with betel leaf, but are also used in the preparation of <a href="/wiki/Ayurvedic_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayurvedic Medicine">Ayurvedic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_herbology" title="Chinese herbology">traditional Chinese medicines</a>. Powdered areca nut is used as a constituent in some <a href="/wiki/Dentifrice" title="Dentifrice">dentifrices</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhat_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhat-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other traditional uses include the removal of <a href="/wiki/Tapeworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapeworm">tapeworms</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Intestinal_parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestinal parasite">intestinal parasites</a> by swallowing a few teaspoons of powdered areca nut, drunk as a <a href="/wiki/Decoction" title="Decoction">decoction</a>, or by taking tablets containing the extracted alkaloids.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhat_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhat-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to traditional Ayurvedic medicine, chewing areca nut and betel leaf is a good remedy against <a href="/wiki/Halitosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Halitosis">bad breath</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (June 2013)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> Diplomat <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Roberts_(diplomat)" title="Edmund Roberts (diplomat)">Edmund Roberts</a> noted that Chinese people would mix areca nut with <i><a href="/wiki/Uncaria_gambir" title="Uncaria gambir">Uncaria gambir</a></i> during his visit to China in the 1830s.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After chewing a betelnut, the red residue is generally spat out. Accordingly, places have banned chewing this nut to avoid <a href="/wiki/Eyesore" title="Eyesore">eyesores</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Areca_nut&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The major <a href="/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">alkaloid</a> in betel nut is <a href="/wiki/Arecoline" title="Arecoline">arecoline</a>. There are other compounds, such as <a href="/wiki/Arecaidine" title="Arecaidine">arecaidine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guvacine" title="Guvacine">guvacine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isoguvacine" title="Isoguvacine">isoguvacine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guvacoline" title="Guvacoline">guvacoline</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid34457017_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid34457017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">Tannins</a> present in betel nut are mainly <a href="/wiki/Proanthocyanidin" title="Proanthocyanidin">proanthocyanidins</a> along with catechins and arecatannin.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid34457017_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid34457017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two new alkaloids were recently discovered and named acatechu A and acatechu B.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid31351128_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid31351128-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several non-alkaloid compounds including benzenoids, <a href="/wiki/Terpenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Terpenes">terpenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carboxylic_acid" title="Carboxylic acid">carboxylic acids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aldehyde" title="Aldehyde">aldehydes</a>, alcohols, and <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">esters</a> were also identified.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Areca_nut&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Toxicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spit_from_chewing_Areca_nut_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Spit_from_chewing_Areca_nut_02.JPG/220px-Spit_from_chewing_Areca_nut_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Spit_from_chewing_Areca_nut_02.JPG/330px-Spit_from_chewing_Areca_nut_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Spit_from_chewing_Areca_nut_02.JPG/440px-Spit_from_chewing_Areca_nut_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2116" data-file-height="2349" /></a><figcaption>Chewing betelnut produces a red residue, which is spat out</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lao_woman_chewing_paan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lao_woman_chewing_paan.jpg/250px-Lao_woman_chewing_paan.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lao_woman_chewing_paan.jpg/375px-Lao_woman_chewing_paan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lao_woman_chewing_paan.jpg/500px-Lao_woman_chewing_paan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3242" data-file-height="2161" /></a><figcaption>A woman with the characteristic red-stained teeth and gums from long term use.</figcaption></figure><p>Chewing areca nut causes multiple forms of cancer and cardiovascular disease, with or without added tobacco.<sup id="cite_ref-WHOCancer2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHOCancer2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Betel nut chewing causes an increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Head_and_neck_cancer" title="Head and neck cancer">head and neck cancers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Esophageal_cancer" title="Esophageal cancer">esophageal cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NCI2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCI2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Betel quid affects almost all parts of the human body, including the brain, heart, lungs, <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a> and reproductive organs. It can cause <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">myocardial infarction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrhythmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiac arrhythmia">cardiac arrhythmias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hepatotoxicity" title="Hepatotoxicity">liver damage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Type_II_diabetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Type II diabetes">type II diabetes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperlipidemia" title="Hyperlipidemia">hyperlipidemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_syndrome" title="Metabolic syndrome">metabolic syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypothyroidism" title="Hypothyroidism">hypothyroidism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benign_prostatic_hyperplasia" title="Benign prostatic hyperplasia">prostate hyperplasia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infertility" title="Infertility">infertility</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Garg-20143_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garg-20143-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Habitual chewing of areca nuts increases the risk of <a href="/wiki/Cirrhosis" title="Cirrhosis">cirrhosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hepatocellular_carcinoma" title="Hepatocellular carcinoma">hepatocellular carcinoma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stich_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stich-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chewing areca nuts is a cause of <a href="/wiki/Oral_submucous_fibrosis" title="Oral submucous fibrosis">oral submucous fibrosis</a>, a condition which may progress to <a href="/wiki/Mouth_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouth cancer">mouth cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ray2019_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ray2019-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been linked to <a href="/wiki/Throat_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Throat cancer">throat cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-indonesia_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indonesia-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When chewed with additional tobacco in its preparation (like in <a href="/wiki/Gutka" title="Gutka">gutka</a>), there is an even higher risk for cancer, especially for <a href="/wiki/Oral_cancer" title="Oral cancer">oral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oropharyngeal_cancer" title="Oropharyngeal cancer">oropharyngeal cancers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With tobacco it also raises the risk of fatal <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">coronary artery disease</a>, fatal <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> and non-fatal ischaemic heart disease<sup id="cite_ref-VidyasagaranSiddiqi20163_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VidyasagaranSiddiqi20163-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:22_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Women who chew areca nut formulations, such as <i>paan</i>, during pregnancy significantly increase adverse outcomes for the baby. Betel quid chewing can cause <a href="/wiki/Stillbirth" title="Stillbirth">stillbirth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">premature birth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Low_birth_weight" title="Low birth weight">low birth weight</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VidyasagaranSiddiqi201622_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VidyasagaranSiddiqi201622-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The harm caused by consumption of areca nuts worldwide was classified in 2017 as a "neglected global <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> emergency".<sup id="cite_ref-Mehrtash-2017_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mehrtash-2017-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_pregnancy">During pregnancy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Areca_nut&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: During pregnancy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Using tobacco or areca nuts during pregnancy significantly increases <a href="/wiki/Teratogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Teratogenic">adverse</a> outcomes for the baby.<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar-2013_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar-2013-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The habit is associated with higher incidences of <a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">preterm birth</a> and low <a href="/wiki/Birth_weight" title="Birth weight">birth weight</a> and height.<sup id="cite_ref-Garg-2014_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garg-2014-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biologically, these effects may be a consequence of the arecoline that is found in areca nuts.<sup id="cite_ref-Javed-2010_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Javed-2010-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The habit also exposes the fetus to various other toxic components <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">linked to cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Garg-2014_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garg-2014-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern-day_consumption">Modern-day consumption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Areca_nut&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern-day consumption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production">Production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Areca_nut&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2017, world production of areca nut was 1.3 million <a href="/wiki/Tonnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonnes">tonnes</a>, with India providing 54% of the total. As other leading producers, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, Indonesia, Bangladesh and Taiwan combined contributed 38% of the world total.<sup id="cite_ref-faostat17_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faostat17-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable left" style="width:18em;"> <caption>Areca nut production </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">Tonnes</a><br /><small>(2017)</small> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>723,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></td> <td>147,524 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td> <td>136,837 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></td> <td>119,039 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></td> <td>102,165 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>World</b></td> <td><b>1,337,115</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><small>Source: <a href="/wiki/FAOSTAT" class="mw-redirect" title="FAOSTAT">FAOSTAT</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a><sup id="cite_ref-faostat17_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faostat17-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashoka_betel_Nut_Pack.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Ashoka_betel_Nut_Pack.JPG/220px-Ashoka_betel_Nut_Pack.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Ashoka_betel_Nut_Pack.JPG/330px-Ashoka_betel_Nut_Pack.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Ashoka_betel_Nut_Pack.JPG/440px-Ashoka_betel_Nut_Pack.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Areca nut in small packs in India</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paan_Making.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Paan_Making.jpg/220px-Paan_Making.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Paan_Making.jpg/330px-Paan_Making.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Paan_Making.jpg/440px-Paan_Making.jpg 2x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption>Shopkeeper making <i>paan</i> in an Indian store</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kullan_Koungu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Kullan_Koungu.jpg/220px-Kullan_Koungu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Kullan_Koungu.jpg/330px-Kullan_Koungu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Kullan_Koungu.jpg/440px-Kullan_Koungu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>An Areca nut dwarf variety sapling, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> state, India</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Betel_nut_palms_in_Ponda,_Goa.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Betel_nut_palms_in_Ponda%2C_Goa.jpeg/220px-Betel_nut_palms_in_Ponda%2C_Goa.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Betel_nut_palms_in_Ponda%2C_Goa.jpeg/330px-Betel_nut_palms_in_Ponda%2C_Goa.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Betel_nut_palms_in_Ponda%2C_Goa.jpeg/440px-Betel_nut_palms_in_Ponda%2C_Goa.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3552" /></a><figcaption>Areca nut palm cultivation at a spice plantation in <a href="/wiki/Curti,_Goa" title="Curti, Goa">Curti, Goa</a>, India</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Areca_nuts_in_China_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Areca_nuts_in_China_01.jpg/220px-Areca_nuts_in_China_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Areca_nuts_in_China_01.jpg/330px-Areca_nuts_in_China_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Areca_nuts_in_China_01.jpg/440px-Areca_nuts_in_China_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="454" /></a><figcaption>Areca nuts as sold in <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a>, China</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Areca_nuts_shown_at_one_store_in_Suzhou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Areca_nuts_shown_at_one_store_in_Suzhou.jpg/220px-Areca_nuts_shown_at_one_store_in_Suzhou.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Areca_nuts_shown_at_one_store_in_Suzhou.jpg/330px-Areca_nuts_shown_at_one_store_in_Suzhou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Areca_nuts_shown_at_one_store_in_Suzhou.jpg/440px-Areca_nuts_shown_at_one_store_in_Suzhou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="7296" /></a><figcaption>Areca nuts at a store in Suzhou, China</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Areca_nut&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: South Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In India (the largest consumer of areca nut) and the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, the preparation of nut with or without betel leaf is commonly referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Paan" class="mw-redirect" title="Paan">paan</a></i>. It is available practically everywhere and is sold in ready-to-chew pouches called <i>pan masala</i> or <i>supari</i>, which is the dried form of the areca nut, as a mixture of many flavours whose primary base is dried areca nut crushed into small pieces. Poor people, who may eat only every other day, use it to stave off <a href="/wiki/Hunger" title="Hunger">hunger pains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Javed-2010_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Javed-2010-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Collingham2006_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collingham2006-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Pan masala</i> with a small quantity of tobacco is called <i><a href="/wiki/Gutka" title="Gutka">gutka</a></i>. The easily discarded, small plastic <i>supari</i> or <i>gutka</i> pouches are a ubiquitous pollutant of the South Asian environment. Some of the liquid in the mouth is usually disposed of by spitting, producing bright red spots wherever the expectorate lands.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a>, areca nut chewing is very popular, but spitting is frowned upon and regarded as an unrefined, repulsive way of chewing. Usually, people prefer to chew thin slices of the dry nut, which is sometimes roasted. <i>Kili</i>, a mixture of areca nut, betel, cloves, cardamom and sugar is sold in small home-made paper pouches. Old people who have lost their teeth keep "chewing" by pounding the mixture of areca nut and betel with a small mortar and pestle.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Areca_nut&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Southeast Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Thailand, the consumption of areca nut has declined gradually in the last decades. The younger generation rarely chews the substance, especially in the cities. Most of the present-day consumption is confined to older generations, mostly people above 50. Even so, small trays of betel leaves and sliced tender areca nut are sold in markets and used as offerings in Buddhist shrines.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the northern Philippines, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Administrative_Region" title="Cordillera Administrative Region">Cordillera Administrative Region</a>, betel nut chewing remains prominent to the point that restrictions and fines have been established in urban areas such as <a href="/wiki/Baguio" title="Baguio">Baguio City</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Benguet" title="Benguet">Benguet</a> province. These restrictions were made under the idea that <i>momma</i> or <i>moma</i> (betel nut) chewing and spitting are improper during public transportation drivers' work hours and are considered stains to the city roads and sidewalks.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite these restrictions, betel nut thrives across the Cordilleran market. An example of its commerciality can be observed in <a href="/wiki/Ifugao" title="Ifugao">Ifugao</a>, one of the provinces of the Philippine Cordilleras, where betel nuts are high-demand products sourced from the province's different cities and municipalities.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Indonesia">Bahasa Indonesia</a>, the betel nut is known as <i>makan pinang</i>, while in the <a href="/wiki/Papua_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Papua Province">Papua Province</a> of Indonesia, it is known simply as <i>pinang</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-indonesia_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indonesia-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Areca_nut&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eating_Pinang_prohibited.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Eating_Pinang_prohibited.jpg/220px-Eating_Pinang_prohibited.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Eating_Pinang_prohibited.jpg/330px-Eating_Pinang_prohibited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Eating_Pinang_prohibited.jpg 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>Sign saying that chewing betel-nut is prohibited, at Sentani Airport, Jayapura, Papua Province, Indonesia</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> (PNG), betel nuts are referred to in <a href="/wiki/Tok_Pisin" title="Tok Pisin">Tok Pisin</a> as <i>buai</i>, and grow abundantly on the northern coast, in <a href="/wiki/Wewak" title="Wewak">Wewak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madang" title="Madang">Madang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-swanston2023_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swanston2023-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A controversial ban on selling and chewing betel nut in public places in <a href="/wiki/Port_Moresby" title="Port Moresby">Port Moresby</a>, introduced in 2014 by the governor, was lifted in 2017. Because the popular nut continued to be smuggled in, prices rose dramatically. Police enforced the ban rigorously, and in 2015 two betel nut sellers died in <a href="/wiki/Hanuabada" title="Hanuabada">Hanuabada</a> after police reservists fired on a crowd.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The governor of Port Moresby introduced another ban on the nut, restricted to an area in the business district of the city in July 2023. However many people make a living out of selling betel nut, so are resistant to bans in their areas.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On <a href="/wiki/Manus_Island" title="Manus Island">Manus Island</a>, young men are exposed to piracy when they use small boats to travel to the northern coast to purchase betel nuts to trade, and several have disappeared.<sup id="cite_ref-swanston2023_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swanston2023-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Australia, the importation, use, and sale of areca nut is banned, but it has been sold illegally in several <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cuisine" title="South Asian cuisine">South Asian</a> supermarkets.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Areca_nut&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: East Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Taiwan, bags of 20 to 40 areca nuts are purchased fresh daily by a large number of consumers. To meet the steady year-round demand, two kinds of betel-nut shops sell betel and nuts, as well as cigarettes and drinks, including beer: Small <a href="/wiki/Mom_and_pop_shop" class="mw-redirect" title="Mom and pop shop">mom and pop shops</a>, often poorly maintained and with unassuming <a href="/wiki/Facade" class="mw-redirect" title="Facade">façades</a>, and shops which will often consist of nothing more than a single, free-standing room, or booth. The latter is usually elevated one meter above the street, and measures less than 3 by 2 m. Large picture windows comprise two or more of the walls, allowing those who pass by a complete view of the interior. The interior is often painted brightly. Within such a shop, a <a href="/wiki/Sexily" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexily">sexily</a> dressed young woman, a "<a href="/wiki/Betel_nut_beauty" title="Betel nut beauty">betel nut beauty</a>", can be seen preparing betel and areca nuts. Shops are often identified by colorful (commonly green) LED lamps or <a href="/wiki/Neon_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Neon light">neon lights</a> that frame the windows or that are arranged radially above a store. Customers stop on the side of the road and wait for the girls to bring their betel and areca nut to their vehicles. The habit of chewing betel nut is often associated with blue-collar labor industries such as long-haul transportation, construction, or fishing. Workers in these labor-intensive industries use betel nut for its stimulating effect, but it also becomes a tool for socializing with coworkers. For example, studies have shown chewing betel nut is prevalent among taxi, bus and truck drivers, who rely on the stimulating effect of betel nut to cope with long work hours.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For these reasons, oral cancer has been identified as a leading cause of death in professions with high betel nut-chewing rates.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hunan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunan Province">Hunan Province</a>, China, where <a href="/wiki/Xiangtan" title="Xiangtan">Xiangtan</a> is a center of use and processing,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a wide range of old and young people consume areca nut daily. Most, though, consume the dried variety of the nut by itself, without the betel leaves. Some people also consume the areca nut in its raw, fresh form with or without the betel leaves. Betel nuts are sold mostly by old women merchants, but the dried version can be found in shops that sell tea, alcohol, and cigarettes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_countries">Other countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Areca_nut&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, areca nut is not a controlled or specially taxed substance and may be found in some Asian grocery stores. However, importation of areca nut in a form other than whole or carved kernels of nuts can be stopped at the discretion of US Customs officers on the grounds of food, agricultural, or medicinal drug violations. <sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United Kingdom the betel nut is legal. <sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Possession of areca nut or betel leaf is banned in the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">UAE</a> and is a punishable offence.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_culture">In culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Areca_nut&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_consumption">Traditional consumption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Areca_nut&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Traditional consumption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Betel_nut_chewing" title="Betel nut chewing">Betel nut chewing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paan60.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Paan60.jpg/220px-Paan60.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Paan60.jpg/330px-Paan60.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Paan60.jpg/440px-Paan60.jpg 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="610" /></a><figcaption>Display of the items usually included in a chewing session: The betel leaves are folded in different ways according to the country and most have a little <a href="/wiki/Calcium_hydroxide" title="Calcium hydroxide">calcium hydroxide</a> daubed inside. Slices of the dry areca nut are on the upper left hand and slices of the tender areca nut on the upper right. The pouch on the lower right contains tobacco, a relatively recent introduction.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Betel_box_from_the_Philippines,_Mindanao,_Maranao_people,_probably_20th_century,_copper_alloy_with_silver_inlay,_HAA.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Betel_box_from_the_Philippines%2C_Mindanao%2C_Maranao_people%2C_probably_20th_century%2C_copper_alloy_with_silver_inlay%2C_HAA.JPG/220px-Betel_box_from_the_Philippines%2C_Mindanao%2C_Maranao_people%2C_probably_20th_century%2C_copper_alloy_with_silver_inlay%2C_HAA.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Betel_box_from_the_Philippines%2C_Mindanao%2C_Maranao_people%2C_probably_20th_century%2C_copper_alloy_with_silver_inlay%2C_HAA.JPG/330px-Betel_box_from_the_Philippines%2C_Mindanao%2C_Maranao_people%2C_probably_20th_century%2C_copper_alloy_with_silver_inlay%2C_HAA.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Betel_box_from_the_Philippines%2C_Mindanao%2C_Maranao_people%2C_probably_20th_century%2C_copper_alloy_with_silver_inlay%2C_HAA.JPG/440px-Betel_box_from_the_Philippines%2C_Mindanao%2C_Maranao_people%2C_probably_20th_century%2C_copper_alloy_with_silver_inlay%2C_HAA.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2524" data-file-height="1424" /></a><figcaption>A betel nut box crafted by the <a href="/wiki/Maranao_people" title="Maranao people">Maranao people</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Betelnut-Cutter,_Indonesia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Betelnut-Cutter%2C_Indonesia.JPG/220px-Betelnut-Cutter%2C_Indonesia.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Betelnut-Cutter%2C_Indonesia.JPG/330px-Betelnut-Cutter%2C_Indonesia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Betelnut-Cutter%2C_Indonesia.JPG/440px-Betelnut-Cutter%2C_Indonesia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>Areca nut cutter from Indonesia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Betal-nut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Betal-nut.jpg/220px-Betal-nut.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Betal-nut.jpg/330px-Betal-nut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Betal-nut.jpg/440px-Betal-nut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3480" data-file-height="4640" /></a><figcaption>Areca nut plantation in the Terai region of Nepal</figcaption></figure> <p>Chewing the mixture of areca nut and betel leaf constitutes an important and popular cultural activity in many <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asian</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceanic</a> countries. Why or when the areca nut and the betel leaf were first combined into one psychoactive drug is not known. Archaeological evidence from Thailand, Indonesia, and the Philippines suggests they have been used in tandem for at least 4,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest unequivocal evidence of betel chewing is from the Philippines, specifically that of several individuals found in a burial pit in the <a href="/wiki/Duyong_Cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Duyong Cave">Duyong Cave</a> site of <a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a> island dated to around 2680±250 <a href="/wiki/BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="BCE">BCE</a>. The dentition of the skeletons is stained, typical of betel chewers. The grave also includes <i><a href="/wiki/Anadara" title="Anadara">Anadara</a></i> shells used as containers of lime, one of which still contained lime. Burial sites in <a href="/wiki/Bohol" title="Bohol">Bohol</a> dated to the first millennium CE also show the distinctive reddish stains characteristic of betel chewing. Based on linguistic evidence of how the reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Proto-Austronesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Austronesian">Proto-Austronesian</a> term <i>*buaq</i> originally meaning "fruit" came to refer to "areca nut" in <a href="/wiki/Proto-Malayo-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Malayo-Polynesian">Proto-Malayo-Polynesian</a>, it is believed that betel chewing originally developed somewhere within the Philippines shortly after the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian expansion">Austronesian expansion</a> (~3000 BCE). From the Philippines, it spread back to Taiwan, as well as onwards to the rest of <a href="/wiki/Austronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesia">Austronesia</a> and in neighboring cultures through trade and migration.<sup id="cite_ref-Zumbroich2007_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zumbroich2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Vietnam, the areca nut and the betel leaf are such important symbols of love and marriage that in <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> the phrase "matters of betel and areca" (<i>chuyện trầu cau</i>) is synonymous with marriage. The tradition of chewing areca nuts starts the talk between the groom's parents and the bride's parents about the young couple's marriage. Therefore, the leaves and juices are used ceremonially in Vietnamese weddings. The folk tale explaining the origin of this Vietnamese tradition is a good illustration of the belief that the combination of areca nut and the betel leaf is ideal to the point they are practically inseparable, like an idealized married couple.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Formerly, in both India and Sri Lanka, it was a custom of the royalty to chew areca nut with betel leaf. Kings had special attendants whose duty it was to carry a box with all the necessary ingredients for a good chewing session. There was also a custom for lovers to chew areca nut and betel leaf together, because of its breath-freshening and relaxant properties. A sexual symbolism thus became attached to the chewing of the nut and the leaf. The areca nut represented the male principle, and the betel leaf the female principle. Considered an auspicious ingredient in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and some schools of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, the areca nut is still used along with betel leaf in religious ceremonies, and also while honoring individuals in much of southern Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-rrh_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rrh-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>, as well as most of its neighbouring Northeastern states, Areca Nut is preferably consumed in its fermented form, which is supposed to make the fruit harder and sweeter. The raw nut may also be eaten during certain seasons when the fermented variety becomes unavailable, although it has more of ritual importance. Standard sized pieces of the nut and leaf are usually consumed in combination with lime and a bit of tobacco. In Assam, betel nut and leaf has indispensable cultural value; offering betel leaf and nut, (together known as <i>gua</i>) constitutes a part of social greeting and socialising. It is a tradition to offer <i>pan-tamul</i> (betel leaves and raw areca nut) to guests immediately upon arrival, and after tea or meals, served in a brass plate with stands called <i>bota</i>. In traditional Assamese societies carrying a pouch of <i>tamul-pan</i> upon one's person during journeys or during farming activities, and sharing of the same, was an essential requirement. Among the Assamese, the areca nut also has a variety of uses during religious and marriage ceremonies, where it has the role of a fertility symbol. No religious ritual is complete without the offering of <i>tamul-pan</i> to the gods and spirits as well as to the assembled guests <sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A tradition from Upper Assam is to invite guests to wedding receptions by offering a few areca nuts with betel leaves. During <a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a>, the <i>husori</i> players are offered areca nuts and betel leaves by each household while their blessings are solicited.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Spanish mariner <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Menda%C3%B1a_de_Neira" title="Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira">Álvaro de Mendaña</a> reported observing <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islanders</a> chewing the nut and the leaf with caustic lime, and the manner in which the habit stained their mouths red. He noted the friendly and genial chief Malope, on <a href="/wiki/Santa_Isabel_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Isabel Island">Santa Isabel Island</a>, would offer him the combination as a token of friendship every time they met.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, the areca nut is called <i>doma</i>. The soft and moist raw areca nut is very potent. When chewed it can cause <a href="/wiki/Palpitations" title="Palpitations">palpitation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vasoconstriction" title="Vasoconstriction">vasoconstriction</a>. This form is eaten in the lower regions of Bhutan and in North Bengal, where the nut is cut into half and put into a local <i>paan</i> leaf with a generous amount of lime. In the rest of Bhutan the raw nut, with the husk on, is fermented such that the husk rots and is easy to extract. The fermented doma has a putrid odour, which can be smelled from miles.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Traditionally, this fragrant nut is cut in half and placed on top of a cone made of local betel leaf, which has a dash of lime put into it. "Myth has it that the inhabitants of Bhutan traditionally known as Monyul, the land of Monpas where Buddhism did not reach lived on raw flesh, drank blood, and chewed bones. After the arrival of Guru Rinpoche in the eighth century, he stopped the people from eating flesh and drinking blood and created a substitute which is betel leaf, lime and areca nut. Today, chewing doma has become a custom. Doma is served after meals, during rituals and ceremonies. It is offered to friends and is chewed at work places by all sections of society and has become an essential part of Bhutanese life and culture."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The addition of tobacco leaf to the chewing mixture is a relatively recent innovation, as tobacco was not introduced from the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> until the colonial era. </p><p>Reasons for starting to consume areca nuts appears to involve complex <a href="/wiki/Psychosocial" title="Psychosocial">psychosocial</a> factors.<sup id="cite_ref-More-2020_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-More-2020-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Place_names">Place names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Areca_nut&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Place names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Places such as <a href="/wiki/Guwahati" title="Guwahati">Guwahati</a> in India, <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a> in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ko_Mak" title="Ko Mak">Ko Mak</a> (เกาะหมาก) in <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fua_Mulaku" class="mw-redirect" title="Fua Mulaku">Fua Mulaku</a> in <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Binlang_Islet" title="Binlang Islet">Binlang Islet</a> in Taiwan have been named after the areca nut.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Areca_nut&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_herbs_with_known_adverse_effects" title="List of herbs with known adverse effects">List of herbs with known adverse effects</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Areca_nut&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Zumbroich2007-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zumbroich2007_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zumbroich2007_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zumbroich2007_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZumbroich2007–2008" class="citation journal cs1">Zumbroich TJ (2007–2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ugp.rug.nl/eJIM/article/download/24712/22162">"The origin and diffusion of betel chewing: a synthesis of evidence from South Asia, Southeast Asia and beyond"</a>. <i>eJournal of Indian Medicine</i>. <b>1</b>: 87–140.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=eJournal+of+Indian+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+origin+and+diffusion+of+betel+chewing%3A+a+synthesis+of+evidence+from+South+Asia%2C+Southeast+Asia+and+beyond&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=87-140&rft.date=2007%2F2008&rft.aulast=Zumbroich&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fugp.rug.nl%2FeJIM%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F24712%2F22162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAreca+nut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-powo-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-powo_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:664107-1">"<i>Areca catechu</i> L."</a> <i>Plants of the World Online</i>. 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Digital dictionaries of South Asia (2 ed.). Clarendon Press. Entry 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-864326-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-864326-5"><bdi>978-0-19-864326-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Reasons for Initiation of Areca Nut and Related Products in Patients with Oral Submucous Fibrosis within an Endemic Area in Gujarat, India". <i>Substance Use & Misuse</i>. <b>55</b> (9): 1413–1421. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10826084.2019.1660678">10.1080/10826084.2019.1660678</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32569538">32569538</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219991434">219991434</a>.</cite><span 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href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_art" title="Indigenous Australian art">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Arts" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapa" title="Kapa">kapa (Hawaiʻi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lei_(garland)" title="Lei (garland)">Lei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magimagi" title="Magimagi">magimagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moai" title="Moai">moai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_art" title="New Zealand art">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:M%C4%81ori_art" title="Category:Māori art">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguzu_nguzu" title="Nguzu nguzu">nguzu nguzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_art" title="Oceanian art">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_art" title="Papua New Guinean art">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reimiro" title="Reimiro">reimiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81_moko" title="Tā moko">tā moko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabua" title="Tabua">tabua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%CA%BBovala" title="Taʻovala">taʻovala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_cloth" title="Tapa cloth">tapa ["masi" (Fiji), "ngatu" (Tonga), "siapo" (Sāmoa), " ʻuha" (Rotuma)]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattoo" title="Tattoo">tattoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%93fui" title="Tēfui">tēfui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivaevae" title="Tivaevae">tivaevae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Broad culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">areca nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kava" title="Kava">"yaqona" (Fiji), or "sakau" (Pohnpei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kava_culture" title="Kava culture">Kava culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Māori culture">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_culture" title="Polynesian culture">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa_%27ava_ceremony" class="mw-redirect" title="Samoa 'ava ceremony">Sāmoa 'ava ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wood_carving#Aboriginal" title="History of wood carving">Wood carving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geo-specific,<br />general</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians#Culture" title="Indigenous Australians">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_astronomy" title="Australian Aboriginal astronomy">Australian Aboriginal astronomy</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Culture" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Marquesas_Islands" title="Culture of the Marquesas Islands">French Polynesia's Marquesas Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia#Culture" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Nauru" title="Culture of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia#Culture" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_New_Zealand" title="Culture of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Māori culture">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue#Culture" title="Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island#Culture" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau#Culture" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Culture of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands#Culture_and_religion" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Samoan culture">Sāmoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Solomon_Islands" title="Culture of the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Tonga" title="Culture of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders#Culture" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu#Culture" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Vanuatu" title="Culture of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna#Culture" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_navigation" title="Polynesian navigation">Polynesian Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_navigation" title="Micronesian navigation">Micronesian Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshallese culture">Marshall Islands</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands_stick_chart" title="Marshall Islands stick chart">Stick charts of</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yap#Culture" title="Yap">Yap</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yap#Navigation_(sailing)" title="Yap">navigation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weriyeng" title="Weriyeng">Weriyeng navigation school</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canoes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_dugout_canoe" title="Aboriginal dugout canoe">Aboriginal dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alingano_Maisu" title="Alingano Maisu">Alingano Maisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Bangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drua" title="Drua">Drua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(boat)#Pacific_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Dugout (boat)">Dugout (boat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dk%C5%ABle%CA%BBa" title="Hōkūleʻa">Hōkūleʻa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaep" title="Kaep">Kaep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakoa" title="Karakoa">Karakoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_migration_canoes" title="Māori migration canoes">Māori migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger_canoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger canoe">Outrigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paopao_(canoe)" title="Paopao (canoe)"> Paopao (Tuvalu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraw" title="Paraw">Paraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_sailing#Polynesian_sailing_canoes" title="Canoe sailing">Polynesian sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proa" title="Proa">Proa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinta" title="Vinta">Vinta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waka_(canoe)" title="Waka (canoe)">Waka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_M%C4%81ori_waka" title="List of Māori waka">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walap" title="Walap">Walap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBAparima" title="ʻAparima">ʻAparima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cibi" title="Cibi">cibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fara_(Rotuman_festivity)" title="Fara (Rotuman festivity)">fara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_performance" title="Fire performance">fire dancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewalking" title="Firewalking">firewalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haka" title="Haka">haka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hivinau" title="Hivinau">hivinau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hula" title="Hula">hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kailao" title="Kailao">kailao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapa_haka" title="Kapa haka">kapa haka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Kiribati" title="Dance in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meke" title="Meke">meke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27ote%27a" title="'ote'a">'ote'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%27o%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Pa'o'a">pa'o'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poi_(performance_art)" title="Poi (performance art)">poi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Rotuma" title="Dance in Rotuma">Rotuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_culture#Dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Samoan culture">siva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dances_of_Tahiti" title="Category:Dances of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamure" title="Tamure">tāmūrē</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tautoga" title="Tautoga">tautoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dances_of_Tonga" title="Category:Dances of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tuvalu" title="Music of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27upa%27upa" title="'upa'upa">'upa'upa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Australia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garma_Festival_of_Traditional_Cultures" title="Garma Festival of Traditional Cultures">Garma Festival</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hawaiʻi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aloha_Festivals" title="Aloha Festivals">Aloha Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrie_Monarch_Festival" title="Merrie Monarch Festival">Merrie Monarch Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Invitational_Hula_Festival" title="World Invitational Hula Festival">World Invitational Hula Festival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Fiji" title="List of festivals in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li>New Zealand <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pasifika_Festival" title="Pasifika Festival">Pasifika Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te_Matatini" title="Te Matatini">Te Matatini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Community" title="Pacific Community">Pacific Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Festival_of_Pacific_Arts" title="Festival of Pacific Arts">Festival of Pacific Arts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Category:Festivals in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">by area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">Languages of Oceania </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Australia" title="Languages of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Fiji" title="Languages of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kiribati" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Marshall_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nauru" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_New_Zealand" title="Languages of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Palau" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Languages of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tonga" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Vanuatu" title="Languages of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states<br />of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Cook_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies<br />and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_American_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Easter_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_French_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_New_Caledonia" title="Languages of New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Norfolk_Island" title="Languages of Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tokelau" title="Languages of Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Wallis_and_Futuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">by category</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Oceania" title="Category:Languages of Oceania">Languages of Oceania</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_literature" title="Oceanian literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Literature_of_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Oceania">Literature of Oceania </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the Federated States of Micronesia (page does not exist)">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Fiji" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Kiribati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Kiribati (page does not exist)">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_Marshall_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the Marshall Islands (page does not exist)">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Nauru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Nauru (page does not exist)">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Palau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Palau (page does not exist)">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Solomon_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Solomon Islands (page does not exist)">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Tonga" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Tuvalu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Tuvalu (page does not exist)">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Vanuatu" title="Literature of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states<br />of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_the_Cook_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies<br />and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_American_Samoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of American Samoa (page does not exist)">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Easter_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Easter Island (page does not exist)">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_French_Polynesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of French Polynesia (page does not exist)">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Guam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Guam (page does not exist)">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_New_Caledonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Norfolk_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Norfolk Island (page does not exist)">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the Northern Mariana Islands (page does not exist)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the Pitcairn Islands (page does not exist)">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Tokelau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Tokelau (page does not exist)">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Wallis_and_Futuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Wallis and Futuna (page does not exist)">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Austral_Islands" title="Music of the Austral Islands">Austral Islands (French Polynesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_Australia" title="Indigenous music of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Music" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Cook_Islands" title="Music of the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Easter_Island" title="Music of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Fiji" title="Music of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guam" title="Music of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kiribati" title="Music of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lali_(drum)" title="Lali (drum)">Lali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Melanesia" title="Music of Melanesia">Melanesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nauru" title="Music of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Caledonia" title="Music of New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Zealand" title="Music of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_music" title="Māori music">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Niue" title="Music of Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Music of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Palau" title="Music of Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Music of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Polynesia" title="Music of Polynesia">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Samoa" title="Music of Samoa">Sāmoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slit_drum" title="Slit drum">Slit drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Music of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tahiti" title="Music of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tokelau" title="Music of Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tonga" title="Music of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tuvalu" title="Music of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vanuatu" title="Music of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Polynesia" title="Music of Polynesia">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aboriginal mythology">Australian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fijian_mythology" title="Category:Fijian mythology">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangarevan_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangarevan mythology">Mangarevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahiti_and_Society_Islands_mythology" title="Tahiti and Society Islands mythology">Maohi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_mythology" title="Māori mythology">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menehune" title="Menehune">Menehune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oceanian_legendary_creatures" title="Category:Oceanian legendary creatures">Oceanian legendary creatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_mythology" title="Samoan mythology">Samoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_mythology" title="Tuvaluan mythology">Tuvaluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vanuatu_mythology" title="Category:Vanuatu mythology">Vanuatuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islander_Policy_Research_Consortium" title="Asian American and Pacific Islander Policy Research Consortium">Asian American and Pacific Islander Policy Research Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau">Sama-Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_people" title="Chamorro people">Chamorro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moriori" title="Moriori">Chatham Islander (Moriori <em>or</em> Rekohu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijians" title="Fijians">Fijian (iTaukei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_people" title="Ilocano people">Ilocano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igorot" class="mw-redirect" title="Igorot">Igorot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivatan_people" title="Ivatan people">Ivatans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumad" title="Lumad">Lumad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Demographics of the Marshall Islands">Marshallese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesians" title="Melanesians">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesians" title="Micronesians">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negrito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Islanders" title="Norfolk Islanders">Norfolk Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_New_Guinea" title="Indigenous people of New Guinea">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maohi" title="Maohi">Indigenous Polynesian (Mā’ohi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_people" title="Rapa Nui people">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotumans" title="Rotumans">Rotuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoans" title="Samoans">Samoan (Tagata Māo‘i)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_people" title="Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahitians" title="Tahitians">Tahitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese aborigines">Taiwanese aborigines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelauan_people" title="Tokelauan people">Tokelauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Tonga" title="Demographics of Tonga">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visayans" title="Visayans">Visayans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yami people">Yami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion_in_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oceania" title="Religion in Oceania">Religion in Oceania </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Fiji" title="Religion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kiribati" title="Religion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Religion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Palau" title="Religion in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Religion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Religion in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tonga" title="Religion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tuvalu" title="Religion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states<br />of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Religion in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies<br />and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_American_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Easter_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in Easter Island (page does not exist)">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_French_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Caledonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norfolk_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tokelau" title="Religion in Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wallis_and_Futuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>For other topics including Oceanian <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Oceania">cinema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shell_money_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell money in Oceania">indigenous currency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Oceanian_clothing" title="Category:History of Oceanian clothing">dress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Oceanian_folklore" title="Category:Oceanian folklore">folklore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Oceanian_cuisine" title="Category:Oceanian cuisine">cuisine</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Oceania" title="Category:Culture of Oceania">Category:Culture of Oceania</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nuts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nuts" title="Template:Nuts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nuts" title="Template talk:Nuts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nuts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nuts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nuts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nuts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">True, or <a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">botanical nuts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acorn" title="Acorn">Acorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">Beech</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fagus_grandifolia" title="Fagus grandifolia">American beech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagus_sylvatica" title="Fagus sylvatica">European beech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brosimum_alicastrum" title="Brosimum alicastrum">Breadnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleurites_moluccanus" title="Aleurites moluccanus">Candlenut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">Chestnut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castanea_sativa" class="mw-redirect" title="Castanea sativa">Sweet chestnut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">Hazelnut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corylus_americana" title="Corylus americana">American hazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corylus_cornuta" title="Corylus cornuta">Beaked hazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corylus_avellana" title="Corylus avellana">European hazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corylus_maxima" title="Corylus maxima">Filbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corylus_heterophylla" title="Corylus heterophylla">Asian hazel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kola_nut" title="Kola nut">Kola nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachychiton" title="Brachychiton">Kurrajong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachira_aquatica" title="Pachira aquatica">Malabar chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaeis_guineensis" title="Elaeis guineensis">Palm nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hicksbeachia_pinnatifolia" title="Hicksbeachia pinnatifolia">Red bopple nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beilschmiedia_bancroftii" title="Beilschmiedia bancroftii">Yellow walnut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drupe" title="Drupe">Drupes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almond" title="Almond">Almond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semecarpus_australiensis" title="Semecarpus australiensis">Australian cashew nut</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Betel nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorea" title="Shorea">Borneo tallow nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breadfruit" title="Breadfruit">Breadfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashew" title="Cashew">Cashew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gevuina" title="Gevuina">Chilean hazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durian" title="Durian">Durian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coula_edulis" title="Coula edulis">Gabon nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory" title="Hickory">Hickory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carya_tomentosa" title="Carya tomentosa">Mockernut hickory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecan" title="Pecan">Pecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carya_ovata" title="Carya ovata">Shagbark hickory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carya_laciniosa" title="Carya laciniosa">Shellbark hickory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaeocarpus_bancroftii" title="Elaeocarpus bancroftii">Johnstone River almond</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Irvingia_gabonensis" title="Irvingia gabonensis">Irvingia gabonensis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jack nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuka" title="Karuka">Karuka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pandanus_julianettii" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandanus julianettii">Planted karuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandanus_brosimos" title="Pandanus brosimos">Wild karuka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongongo" title="Mongongo">Mongongo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panda_oleosa" title="Panda oleosa">Panda oleosa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caryocar_nuciferum" title="Caryocar nuciferum">Pekea nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarium_ovatum" title="Canarium ovatum">Pili nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistachio" title="Pistachio">Pistachio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walnut" title="Walnut">Walnut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juglans_nigra" title="Juglans nigra">Black walnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juglans_cinerea" title="Juglans cinerea">Butternut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juglans_regia" title="Juglans regia">English walnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juglans_ailantifolia" title="Juglans ailantifolia">Heartnut</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Gymnosperms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycad" title="Cycad">Cycad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macrozamia" title="Macrozamia">Burrawang nut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba" title="Ginkgo biloba">Ginkgo nut</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Araucaria" title="Araucaria">Araucaria</a></i> spp. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Araucaria_bidwillii" title="Araucaria bidwillii">Bunya nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araucaria_araucana" title="Araucaria araucana">Monkey-puzzle nut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_nut" title="Pine nut">Pine nut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinus_gerardiana" title="Pinus gerardiana">Chilgoza pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinus_edulis" title="Pinus edulis">Colorado pinyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinus_koraiensis" title="Pinus koraiensis">Korean pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinus_cembroides" title="Pinus cembroides">Mexican pinyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinus_monophylla" title="Pinus monophylla">Single-leaf pinyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_pine" title="Stone pine">Stone pine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_nut" title="Brazil nut">Brazil nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macadamia" title="Macadamia">Macadamia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macadamia_tetraphylla" title="Macadamia tetraphylla">Macadamia nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macadamia_integrifolia" title="Macadamia integrifolia">Queensland macadamia nut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecythis" title="Lecythis">Paradise nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">Peanut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterculia_quadrifida" title="Sterculia quadrifida">Peanut tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">Soybean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Non-timber_forest_products" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Template:Non-timber forest products"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Template talk:Non-timber forest products"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Non-timber forest products"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Non-timber_forest_products" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">Non-timber forest products</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_product" title="Animal product">Animal products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">Furs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">Honey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pine_honey" title="Pine honey">pine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">Wild game</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berry" title="Berry">Berries</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fruit_tree" title="Fruit tree">tree fruit</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilberry" title="Bilberry">Bilberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_binucao" title="Garcinia binucao">Binukaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackberry" title="Blackberry">Blackberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueberry" title="Blueberry">Blueberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breadfruit" title="Breadfruit">Breadfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durian" title="Durian">Durian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_gummi-gutta" title="Garcinia gummi-gutta">Gambooge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huckleberry" title="Huckleberry">Huckleberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper_berry" title="Juniper berry">Juniper berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_vitis-idaea" title="Vaccinium vitis-idaea">Lingonberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raspberry" title="Raspberry">Raspberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">Strawberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">Tamarind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragaria_vesca" title="Fragaria vesca">Woodland strawberry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaf_vegetables" title="List of leaf vegetables">Edible plants</a> / <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betel" title="Betel">Betel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiddlehead" title="Fiddlehead">Fiddlehead ferns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_palm" title="Heart of palm">Heart of palm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhuca_longifolia#Mahuwa_flowers" title="Madhuca longifolia">Mahuwa flowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metroxylon_sagu" title="Metroxylon sagu">Sago palm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycas_circinalis" title="Cycas circinalis">queen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassafras" title="Sassafras">Sassafras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fil%C3%A9_powder" title="Filé powder">filé powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_beer" title="Root beer">root beer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenoa" title="Serenoa">Saw palmetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginseng#Wild_ginseng" title="Ginseng">Wild ginseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_onion" title="Wild onion">Wild onions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_ursinum" title="Allium ursinum">Bear garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_canadense" title="Allium canadense">Canada onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_vineale" title="Allium vineale">Crow garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_bisceptrum" title="Allium bisceptrum">Twincrest onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_validum" title="Allium validum">Pacific mountain onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tricoccum" title="Allium tricoccum">Ramps</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Edible_mushroom" title="Edible mushroom">Mushrooms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russula_vesca" title="Russula vesca">Bare-toothed russula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imleria_badia" title="Imleria badia">Bay bolete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leccinum_scabrum" title="Leccinum scabrum">Birch bolete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boletus_edulis" title="Boletus edulis">Cep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantharellus" title="Cantharellus">Chanterelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armillaria_mellea" title="Armillaria mellea">Honey mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingzhi_(mushroom)" title="Lingzhi (mushroom)">Lingzhi</a> (reishi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsutake" title="Matsutake">Matsutake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agaricus_campestris" title="Agaricus campestris">Meadow mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morchella" title="Morchella">Morel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleurotus_ostreatus" title="Pleurotus ostreatus">Oyster mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrolepiota_procera" title="Macrolepiota procera">Parasol mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leccinum_aurantiacum" title="Leccinum aurantiacum">Red cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactarius_deliciosus" title="Lactarius deliciosus">Saffron milk cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suillus_luteus" title="Suillus luteus">Slippery jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truffle" title="Truffle">Truffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricholoma_equestre" title="Tricholoma equestre">Yellow knight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nuts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allspice" title="Allspice">Allspice</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Areca nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_leaf" title="Bay leaf">Bay leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">Black pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_nut" title="Brazil nut">Brazil nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">Cinnamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">Clove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">Hazelnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaphium_affine" title="Scaphium affine">Malva nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">Nutmeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_nut" title="Pine nut">Pine nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">Vanilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Oil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">waxes</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allanblackia_oil" title="Allanblackia oil">Allanblackia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babassu_oil" title="Babassu oil">Babassu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonia" title="Platonia">Bacuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candlenut_oil" title="Candlenut oil">Candlenut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobroma_grandiflorum" title="Theobroma grandiflorum">Capuacu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnauba_wax" title="Carnauba wax">Carnauba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydnocarpus_wightiana_seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydnocarpus wightiana seed oil">Chaulmoogra <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Hydnocarpus wightiana</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_butter" title="Cocoa butter">Cocoa butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptol" title="Eucalyptol">Eucalyptol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_oil" title="Eucalyptus oil">Eucalyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illipe" title="Illipe">Illipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_wax" title="Japan wax">Japan wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokum_butter" title="Kokum butter">Kokum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pycnanthus_angolensis" title="Pycnanthus angolensis">Kombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentadesma_butyracea" title="Pentadesma butyracea">Kpangnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusum_oil" title="Kusum oil">Kusum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichilia_emetica" title="Trichilia emetica">Mafura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhuca_longifolia#Oil" title="Madhuca longifolia">Mahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_oil" title="Mango oil">Mango butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum_murumuru" title="Astrocaryum murumuru">Murumuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagkesar_seed_oil" title="Nagkesar seed oil">Nagkesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palm_kernel_oil" title="Palm kernel oil">kernel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phulwara_oil" title="Phulwara oil">Phulwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilu_oil" title="Pilu oil">Pilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongamia_oil" title="Pongamia oil">Pongamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorea_robusta_seed_oil" title="Shorea robusta seed oil">Sal-seed <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Shorea robusta</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalwood_oil" title="Sandalwood oil">Sandalwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shea_butter" title="Shea butter">Shea butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamanu_oil" title="Tamanu oil">Tamanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_seed_oil" title="Tea seed oil">Tea-seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_tree_oil" title="Tea tree oil">Tea-tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum_aculeatum" title="Astrocaryum aculeatum">Tucuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ucuhuba_seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ucuhuba seed oil">Ucuuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vateria_indica_oil" title="Vateria indica oil"><i>Vateria indica</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">Resins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzoin_(resin)" title="Benzoin (resin)">Benzoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_tar" class="mw-redirect" title="Birch tar">Birch tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creosote#Wood-tar_creosote" title="Creosote">Creosote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">Frankincense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamboge" title="Gamboge">Gamboge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauri_gum" title="Kauri gum">Kauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">Lacquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastic_(plant_resin)" title="Mastic (plant resin)">Mastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">Myrrh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_tar" title="Pine tar">Pine tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosin" title="Rosin">Rosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpentine" title="Turpentine">Turpentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">Varnish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</a> / <a href="/wiki/Natural_gum" title="Natural gum">gum</a> / etc.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birch_syrup" title="Birch syrup">Birch syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicle" title="Chicle">Chicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chewing_gum" title="Chewing gum">chewing gum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_sugar" title="Coconut sugar">Coconut sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_sugar" title="Date sugar">Date sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_syrup" title="Fruit syrup">Fruit syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic">Gum arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">Gutta-percha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kino_(botany)" title="Kino (botany)">Kino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">Latex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_sugar" title="Maple sugar">Maple sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">Maple syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_sugar" title="Palm sugar">Palm sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">Palm wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akpeteshie" title="Akpeteshie">akpeteshie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogogoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogogoro">ogogoro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">Rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce_gum" title="Spruce gum">Spruce gum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amadou" title="Amadou">Amadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">Bamboo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_shoot" title="Bamboo shoot">edible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_musical_instruments" title="Bamboo musical instruments">musical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_textile" title="Bamboo textile">textiles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_bark" title="Birch bark">Birch bark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_beer" title="Birch beer">Birch beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cork_(material)" title="Cork (material)">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Ferns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forage" title="Forage">Forage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncaria" title="Uncaria">Gambier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss#Commercial" title="Moss">Moss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_dye" title="Natural dye">Natural dyes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henna" title="Henna">henna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinine" title="Quinine">Quinine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">Rattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">Shellac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">Tanbark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diospyros_melanoxylon" title="Diospyros melanoxylon">Tendu leaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatching" title="Thatching">Thatching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_ivory" title="Vegetable ivory">Vegetable ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow#Medicinal" title="Willow">Willow bark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dehesa" title="Dehesa"><i>Dehesa</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Iberian agroforestry)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest farming">Forest farming</a> / <a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_hunting" title="Honey hunting">Honey hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_produce_(India)" title="Forest produce (India)">Indian forest produce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_hunting" title="Mushroom hunting">Mushroom hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_stores" title="Naval stores">Naval stores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resin_extraction" title="Resin extraction">Resin extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_tapping" title="Rubber tapping">Rubber tapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildcrafting" title="Wildcrafting">Wildcrafting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 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