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construction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design_and_construction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Design and construction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Design_and_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_characteristics_and_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_characteristics_and_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>General characteristics and features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_characteristics_and_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Collars_and_neckline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collars_and_neckline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Collars and neckline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collars_and_neckline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fasteners_and_closures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fasteners_and_closures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Fasteners and closures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fasteners_and_closures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edges_and_piping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edges_and_piping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Edges and piping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edges_and_piping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fabric_and_textile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fabric_and_textile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Fabric and textile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fabric_and_textile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Main styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Introduction_of_Manchu-style_clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introduction_of_Manchu-style_clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Introduction of Manchu-style clothing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduction_of_Manchu-style_clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birth_of_the_cheongsam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_of_the_cheongsam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Birth of the cheongsam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_of_the_cheongsam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_transformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_transformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Further transformation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_transformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_late_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_late_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>In late 20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_late_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Modern use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Workplace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Workplace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Workplace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Workplace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-School_uniform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#School_uniform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>School uniform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-School_uniform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Festivities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weddings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weddings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Weddings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weddings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lolita_fashion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lolita_fashion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Lolita fashion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lolita_fashion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_the_international_stage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_the_international_stage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>On the international stage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-On_the_international_stage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle On the international stage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-On_the_international_stage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sport-related" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport-related"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Sport-related</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-related-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_stage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_stage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Political stage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_stage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_fashion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_fashion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>International fashion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_fashion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_and_historical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_and_historical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Cultural and historical significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_and_historical_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultural and historical significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_and_historical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roles_in_Chinese_nationalism_and_women's_liberation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roles_in_Chinese_nationalism_and_women's_liberation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Roles in Chinese nationalism and women's liberation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roles_in_Chinese_nationalism_and_women's_liberation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intangible_cultural_heritage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intangible_cultural_heritage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Intangible cultural heritage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intangible_cultural_heritage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Authenticity_as_ethnic_wear" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authenticity_as_ethnic_wear"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Authenticity as ethnic wear</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authenticity_as_ethnic_wear-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appreciation_and_rejection_in_overseas_Chinese_community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appreciation_and_rejection_in_overseas_Chinese_community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Appreciation and rejection in overseas Chinese community</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appreciation_and_rejection_in_overseas_Chinese_community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies_on_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies_on_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Controversies on origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversies_on_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similar_garments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similar_garments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Similar garments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similar_garments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Cheongsam</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tn%CC%82g-sa%E2%81%BF" title="Tn̂g-saⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tn̂g-saⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B0" title="Ціпаа – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ціпаа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheongsam" title="Cheongsam – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cheongsam" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheongsam" title="Cheongsam – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cheongsam" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheongsam" title="Cheongsam – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cheongsam" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qipao" title="Qipao – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Qipao" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88ipao" title="Ĉipao – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉipao" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheongsam" title="Cheongsam – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Cheongsam" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qipao" title="Qipao – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Qipao" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%98%ED%8C%8C%EC%98%A4" title="치파오 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="치파오" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%91%D5%AB%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%B8" title="Ցիփաո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ցիփաո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congsam" title="Congsam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Congsam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheongsam" title="Cheongsam – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cheongsam" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D" title="ცი ფაო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცი ფაო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%91ngsz%C3%A1m" title="Chőngszám – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Chőngszám" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheongsam" title="Cheongsam – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cheongsam" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%82%A4%E3%83%8A%E3%83%89%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9" title="チャイナドレス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チャイナドレス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheongsam" title="Cheongsam – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Cheongsam" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/ljungpav" title="ljungpav – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="ljungpav" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pinayuanan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qipao" title="Qipao – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Qipao" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheongsam" title="Cheongsam – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cheongsam" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BE" title="Ципао – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ципао" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qipao" title="Qipao – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Qipao" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheongsam" title="Cheongsam – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cheongsam" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheongsam" title="Cheongsam – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cheongsam" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" title="กี่เพ้า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กี่เพ้า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fitted dress in Chinese culture</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the male version of the cheongsam, see <a href="/wiki/Changshan" title="Changshan">Changshan</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Qi pao" redirects here. For the Thai television series, see <a href="/wiki/Qi_Pao_(TV_series)" title="Qi Pao (TV series)">Qi Pao (TV series)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title fn">Cheongsam</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qipao_woman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Qipao_woman.jpg/230px-Qipao_woman.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Qipao_woman.jpg/345px-Qipao_woman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Qipao_woman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="645" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A woman in a cheongsam</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Dress" title="Dress">Dress</a> / female outwear</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Material</th><td class="infobox-data category">Diverse, such as silk, silk-like material, cotton<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Place of origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introduced</th><td class="infobox-data">20th century</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Cheongsam</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheongsam_(Chinese_characters).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Cheongsam_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/90px-Cheongsam_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Cheongsam_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/135px-Cheongsam_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Cheongsam_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/180px-Cheongsam_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="626" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">"Cheongsam" in Traditional (top) and Simplified (bottom) Chinese characters</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E8%A1%AB" class="extiw" title="wikt:長衫">長衫</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">长衫</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">long garment</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><i lang="yue-Latn">chángshān</i></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">ㄔㄤˊ ㄕㄢ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ʈʂʰǎŋʂán]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Shanghainese" title="Shanghainese">Shanghainese</a><br />Romanization</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Wu Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="wuu-Latn"><span>zan<sup>3</sup>se<sup>1</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn"><span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><i lang="yue-Latn">chèuhng-sāam</i></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn"><span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><i lang="yue-Latn"><span>coeng<sup>4</sup>-saam<sup>1</sup></span></i></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[tsʰœŋ˩sam˥]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">tn̂g-sann</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">tn̂g-saⁿ</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Qipao</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;">旗袍</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">banner gown</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">qípáo</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>ch'i<sup>2</sup>-p'ao<sup>2</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[tɕʰǐpʰǎʊ]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">kèih pòuh</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">kei4 pou4-2</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">kî-phâu</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">kî-phâu</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Cheongsam</b></i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span></span>(<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>)<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span>) or <i><b>zansae</b></i>, also known as the <i><b>qipao</b></i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/aʊ/: 'ou' in 'mouth'">aʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span>) and sometimes referred to as the <b>mandarin gown</b>, is a Chinese <a href="/wiki/Dress" title="Dress">dress</a> worn by women which takes inspiration from the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Qizhuang" title="Qizhuang">qizhuang</a></i></span>, the ethnic clothing of the <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (April 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The cheongsam is most often seen as a longer, figure-fitting, one piece garment with a standing collar, an asymmetric, left-over-right (<span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Garment_collars_in_Hanfu#Youren/_right_lapel" class="mw-redirect" title="Garment collars in Hanfu">youren</a></i></span>) opening and two side slits, and embellished with Chinese frog fasteners on the lapel and the collar. It was developed in the 1920s and evolved in shapes and design over years.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (April 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It was popular in China from the 1920s to 1960s, overlapping with the Republican era, and was popularized by Chinese <a href="/wiki/Socialite" title="Socialite">socialites</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_society_(social_class)" class="mw-redirect" title="High society (social class)">high society</a> women in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:19_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the cheongsam is sometimes seen as traditional <a href="/wiki/Chinese_clothing" title="Chinese clothing">Chinese clothing</a>, the cheongsam continues to evolve with times as it responds to the contemporary modern life.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (April 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheongsam&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As English <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a>, both "<i>cheongsam</i>" and "<i>qipao</i>" describe the same type of body-hugging dress worn by Chinese women, and the words could be used interchangeably.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>cheongsam</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Standard_Cantonese" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Cantonese">Cantonese</a> word <i><span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><i lang="yue-Latn">chèuhngsāam</i></span></i> (<span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E8%A1%AB" class="extiw" title="wikt:長衫">長衫</a></span>; 'long shirt/dress'), which comes from the <a href="/wiki/Shanghainese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghainese dialect">Shanghainese</a> term <i><span title="Wu Chinese-language text"><i lang="wuu-Latn">zansae</i></span></i>. In Cantonese and Shanghainese, the term is used to describe a Chinese dress popularized in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>. However, in <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">varieties of Chinese</a>, <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language text"><i lang="cmn-Latn">chángshān</i></span> (<span lang="zh-Hant">長衫</span>) refers to <a href="/wiki/Changshan" title="Changshan">an exclusively male garment</a>, and the female version is known as the <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language text"><i lang="cmn-Latn">qípáo</i></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, where many <a href="/wiki/Shanghainese_people_in_Hong_Kong" title="Shanghainese people in Hong Kong">Shanghainese</a> tailors fled after the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Revolution_(1949)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Revolution (1949)">communist revolution of 1949</a>, the word <i><span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><i lang="yue-Latn">chèuhngsāam</i></span></i> became gender-neutral, referring to both male and female garments. </p><p>The word <i>qipao</i> (<span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><i lang="yue-Latn">keipo</i></span>), which literally means "<a href="/wiki/Eight_Banners" title="Eight Banners">Bannerman</a> robe" and originally referred to a loose-fitting, trapezoidal-cut garment worn by both Manchu men and women, became a more formal term for the female <span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><i lang="yue-Latn">chèuhngsāam</i></span>. Usage of the term "<i>cheongsam</i>" in Western countries mostly followed the original Cantonese meaning and applies to the dress worn by women only.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_and_construction">Design and construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheongsam&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Design and construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Frog_(fastening)" title="Frog (fastening)">Pankou: Cheongsam fasteners, also known as frogs</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:149px;max-width:149px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:130px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CHINESE_COMMUNITY_IN_DUBLIN_CELEBRATING_THE_LUNAR_NEW_YEAR_2016_(YEAR_OF_THE_MONKEY)-111589_(24563214950).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/CHINESE_COMMUNITY_IN_DUBLIN_CELEBRATING_THE_LUNAR_NEW_YEAR_2016_%28YEAR_OF_THE_MONKEY%29-111589_%2824563214950%29.jpg/147px-CHINESE_COMMUNITY_IN_DUBLIN_CELEBRATING_THE_LUNAR_NEW_YEAR_2016_%28YEAR_OF_THE_MONKEY%29-111589_%2824563214950%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/CHINESE_COMMUNITY_IN_DUBLIN_CELEBRATING_THE_LUNAR_NEW_YEAR_2016_%28YEAR_OF_THE_MONKEY%29-111589_%2824563214950%29.jpg/221px-CHINESE_COMMUNITY_IN_DUBLIN_CELEBRATING_THE_LUNAR_NEW_YEAR_2016_%28YEAR_OF_THE_MONKEY%29-111589_%2824563214950%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/CHINESE_COMMUNITY_IN_DUBLIN_CELEBRATING_THE_LUNAR_NEW_YEAR_2016_%28YEAR_OF_THE_MONKEY%29-111589_%2824563214950%29.jpg/294px-CHINESE_COMMUNITY_IN_DUBLIN_CELEBRATING_THE_LUNAR_NEW_YEAR_2016_%28YEAR_OF_THE_MONKEY%29-111589_%2824563214950%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5676" data-file-height="5059" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Chinese community in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> wearing various styles of cheongsam, 2016</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:189px;max-width:189px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:130px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:In_the_mood_for_Pingtan_-_the_Cheongsam_exhibit_(20170204141547).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/In_the_mood_for_Pingtan_-_the_Cheongsam_exhibit_%2820170204141547%29.jpg/187px-In_the_mood_for_Pingtan_-_the_Cheongsam_exhibit_%2820170204141547%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/In_the_mood_for_Pingtan_-_the_Cheongsam_exhibit_%2820170204141547%29.jpg/281px-In_the_mood_for_Pingtan_-_the_Cheongsam_exhibit_%2820170204141547%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/In_the_mood_for_Pingtan_-_the_Cheongsam_exhibit_%2820170204141547%29.jpg/374px-In_the_mood_for_Pingtan_-_the_Cheongsam_exhibit_%2820170204141547%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2278" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">An exhibition of cheongsam worn by Suzhou pingtan performers</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The design of the cheongsam has evolved with time;<sup id="cite_ref-:11_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there are now a various styles of cheongsam.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, after decades of development, the design of cheongsam itself can be roughly categorized into the <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> style, the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> style, and the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> style. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_characteristics_and_features">General characteristics and features</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheongsam&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: General characteristics and features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cheongsam is typically a tight-fitting dress, with a pair of high side slits above the knee-level.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The length of the cheongsam can vary; it can be either long or short.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is more often seen with short sleeves; however, it can also be sleeveless.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Collars_and_neckline">Collars and neckline</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheongsam&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Collars and neckline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Various shape of neckline</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:166px;max-width:166px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:127px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_Cheongsam_of_Xi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Chinese_Cheongsam_of_Xi.jpg/164px-Chinese_Cheongsam_of_Xi.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Chinese_Cheongsam_of_Xi.jpg/246px-Chinese_Cheongsam_of_Xi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Chinese_Cheongsam_of_Xi.jpg/328px-Chinese_Cheongsam_of_Xi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="773" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:127px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HK_Museum_of_History_Cheongsam_Qipao.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/HK_Museum_of_History_Cheongsam_Qipao.JPG/170px-HK_Museum_of_History_Cheongsam_Qipao.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/HK_Museum_of_History_Cheongsam_Qipao.JPG/255px-HK_Museum_of_History_Cheongsam_Qipao.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/HK_Museum_of_History_Cheongsam_Qipao.JPG/340px-HK_Museum_of_History_Cheongsam_Qipao.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:161px;max-width:161px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99_%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%93_%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3_-_Flickr_-_Abhisit_Vejjajiva_(17).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99_%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%93_%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3_-_Flickr_-_Abhisit_Vejjajiva_%2817%29.jpg/159px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99_%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%93_%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3_-_Flickr_-_Abhisit_Vejjajiva_%2817%29.jpg/239px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99_%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%93_%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3_-_Flickr_-_Abhisit_Vejjajiva_%2817%29.jpg/318px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5120" data-file-height="3413" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:177px;max-width:177px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_woman_in_Qipao_(neckline).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Chinese_woman_in_Qipao_%28neckline%29.jpg/175px-Chinese_woman_in_Qipao_%28neckline%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Chinese_woman_in_Qipao_%28neckline%29.jpg/263px-Chinese_woman_in_Qipao_%28neckline%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Chinese_woman_in_Qipao_%28neckline%29.jpg/350px-Chinese_woman_in_Qipao_%28neckline%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="392" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div> <p>It is typically found with the <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_collar" title="Mandarin collar">mandarin collar</a> and has asymmetric closure which runs from the central collar across the top area of the chest to the armhole curing down to the right side.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Chinese clothing culture, the overlap on the right side is known as <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Garment_collars_in_Hanfu#Youren/_right_lapel" class="mw-redirect" title="Garment collars in Hanfu">youren</a></i></span>. However, the cheongsam is not limited to the asymmetrical <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">youren</i></span> closure; there are various styles of cheongsam necklines, including a symmetrical opening in the chest area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fasteners_and_closures">Fasteners and closures</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheongsam&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fasteners and closures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fasteners uses traditional <a href="/wiki/Chinese_knotting" title="Chinese knotting">Chinese knotting</a> craftwork with the use of the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Frog_(fastening)" title="Frog (fastening)">pankou</a></i></span> fastening and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_button_knot" title="Chinese button knot">Chinese button knot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Edges_and_piping">Edges and piping</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheongsam&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Edges and piping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Edges and piping</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:126px;max-width:126px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:165px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheungsamuniform.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Cheungsamuniform.jpg/124px-Cheungsamuniform.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Cheungsamuniform.jpg/186px-Cheungsamuniform.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Cheungsamuniform.jpg/248px-Cheungsamuniform.jpg 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="604" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Cheongsam without any piping</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:165px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Lady_Style_Qipao_(pipping).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Old_Lady_Style_Qipao_%28pipping%29.jpg/210px-Old_Lady_Style_Qipao_%28pipping%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Old_Lady_Style_Qipao_%28pipping%29.jpg/315px-Old_Lady_Style_Qipao_%28pipping%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Old_Lady_Style_Qipao_%28pipping%29.jpg/420px-Old_Lady_Style_Qipao_%28pipping%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1185" data-file-height="932" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Gun piping at the collar and front overlap</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:128px;max-width:128px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:136px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Purple_qipao_at_The_Quintessence_of_Silk,_Gongmei_Emporium_(20220105183123)_(double-edged_piping).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Purple_qipao_at_The_Quintessence_of_Silk%2C_Gongmei_Emporium_%2820220105183123%29_%28double-edged_piping%29.jpg/126px-Purple_qipao_at_The_Quintessence_of_Silk%2C_Gongmei_Emporium_%2820220105183123%29_%28double-edged_piping%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Purple_qipao_at_The_Quintessence_of_Silk%2C_Gongmei_Emporium_%2820220105183123%29_%28double-edged_piping%29.jpg/189px-Purple_qipao_at_The_Quintessence_of_Silk%2C_Gongmei_Emporium_%2820220105183123%29_%28double-edged_piping%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Purple_qipao_at_The_Quintessence_of_Silk%2C_Gongmei_Emporium_%2820220105183123%29_%28double-edged_piping%29.jpg/252px-Purple_qipao_at_The_Quintessence_of_Silk%2C_Gongmei_Emporium_%2820220105183123%29_%28double-edged_piping%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="619" data-file-height="673" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Yigun yiqian: the gun is dark purple while the qian is white.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:136px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_qipao_at_The_Quintessence_of_Silk,_Gongmei_Emporium_(20220105183116)_(Triple-edged_piping).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Green_qipao_at_The_Quintessence_of_Silk%2C_Gongmei_Emporium_%2820220105183116%29_%28Triple-edged_piping%29.jpg/208px-Green_qipao_at_The_Quintessence_of_Silk%2C_Gongmei_Emporium_%2820220105183116%29_%28Triple-edged_piping%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Green_qipao_at_The_Quintessence_of_Silk%2C_Gongmei_Emporium_%2820220105183116%29_%28Triple-edged_piping%29.jpg/312px-Green_qipao_at_The_Quintessence_of_Silk%2C_Gongmei_Emporium_%2820220105183116%29_%28Triple-edged_piping%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Green_qipao_at_The_Quintessence_of_Silk%2C_Gongmei_Emporium_%2820220105183116%29_%28Triple-edged_piping%29.jpg/416px-Green_qipao_at_The_Quintessence_of_Silk%2C_Gongmei_Emporium_%2820220105183116%29_%28Triple-edged_piping%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="889" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Triple-edged piping (two-gun-one-qian)</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The cheongsam is typically edged with piping, especially at the collar and the closure.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are four traditional piping techniques used in the making of the cheongsam: <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">gun</i></span> (<span lang="zh">滚</span>; 'roll') which is a narrow strips of fabric roll around the raw edge of the garment and is the most commonly used nowadays, <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">xiang</i></span> (<span lang="zh">镶</span>) which is broad edging typically found in <a href="/wiki/Qizhuang" title="Qizhuang">Manchu clothing</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> and the early cheongsam and is now quite rare, <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">qian</i></span> (<span lang="zh">嵌</span>) is a very narrow strip of fabric which is even narrower than the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">gun</i></span>, and <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">dang</i></span> (<span lang="zh">宕</span>) is a specific type of <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">xiang</i></span> technique which uses a narrow strip of fabric which is stitched on the dress.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is also typical for the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">qian</i></span> and the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">gun</i></span> to be used together on the same dress creating a double-edged look; this technique is known as <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">yigun yiqian</i></span> (<span lang="zh">一滚一嵌</span>; 'one gun one qian').<sup id="cite_ref-:12_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other double-edged piping technique include “two-<span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">gun</i></span>-one-<span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">qian</i></span>” and the “two-<span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">gun</i></span>-two-<span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">qian</i></span>”.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">dang</i></span> can also be combined with the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">gun</i></span>; in this combination, the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">dang</i></span> and the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">gun</i></span> would be made of the same width and colour of fabric but they would run parallel to each other about two to five centimeters away from each other.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fabric_and_textile">Fabric and textile</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheongsam&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fabric and textile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_auspicious_ornaments_in_textile_and_clothing" title="Chinese auspicious ornaments in textile and clothing">Chinese auspicious ornaments in textile and clothing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_ornamental_gold_silk" title="Chinese ornamental gold silk">Chinese ornamental gold silk</a></div> <p>Different materials can be used in the making of the cheongsam, such as <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk floss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damask" title="Damask">damask</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brocade" title="Brocade">brocade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satin" title="Satin">satin</a>), or silk-like materials.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:18_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cheongsam can also be unlined or interlined.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fabric of the cheongsam can decorated with a diversity of decorative motifs, which can be embroidered on the dress.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_styles">Main styles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheongsam&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Main styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:391px;max-width:391px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:212px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Purple_qipao_at_The_Quintessence_of_Silk,_Gongmei_Emporium_(20220105183110).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Purple_qipao_at_The_Quintessence_of_Silk%2C_Gongmei_Emporium_%2820220105183110%29.jpg/150px-Purple_qipao_at_The_Quintessence_of_Silk%2C_Gongmei_Emporium_%2820220105183110%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Purple_qipao_at_The_Quintessence_of_Silk%2C_Gongmei_Emporium_%2820220105183110%29.jpg/225px-Purple_qipao_at_The_Quintessence_of_Silk%2C_Gongmei_Emporium_%2820220105183110%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Purple_qipao_at_The_Quintessence_of_Silk%2C_Gongmei_Emporium_%2820220105183110%29.jpg/300px-Purple_qipao_at_The_Quintessence_of_Silk%2C_Gongmei_Emporium_%2820220105183110%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2604" data-file-height="3678" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Beijing-style cheongsam</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:212px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_cheongsam_on_display_at_SHQ_(20180101102112).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_cheongsam_on_display_at_SHQ_%2820180101102112%29.jpg/139px-Red_cheongsam_on_display_at_SHQ_%2820180101102112%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_cheongsam_on_display_at_SHQ_%2820180101102112%29.jpg/209px-Red_cheongsam_on_display_at_SHQ_%2820180101102112%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_cheongsam_on_display_at_SHQ_%2820180101102112%29.jpg/278px-Red_cheongsam_on_display_at_SHQ_%2820180101102112%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2986" data-file-height="4548" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Shanghai-style cheongsam</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:92px;max-width:92px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:212px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:YEAR_OF_THE_MONKEY_IN_DUBLIN_(CHINESE_POETRY_ON_THE_DART_TO_CELEBRATE_THE_NEW_CHINESE_YEAR)-111430_(24150642994)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/YEAR_OF_THE_MONKEY_IN_DUBLIN_%28CHINESE_POETRY_ON_THE_DART_TO_CELEBRATE_THE_NEW_CHINESE_YEAR%29-111430_%2824150642994%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/90px-YEAR_OF_THE_MONKEY_IN_DUBLIN_%28CHINESE_POETRY_ON_THE_DART_TO_CELEBRATE_THE_NEW_CHINESE_YEAR%29-111430_%2824150642994%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/YEAR_OF_THE_MONKEY_IN_DUBLIN_%28CHINESE_POETRY_ON_THE_DART_TO_CELEBRATE_THE_NEW_CHINESE_YEAR%29-111430_%2824150642994%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/135px-YEAR_OF_THE_MONKEY_IN_DUBLIN_%28CHINESE_POETRY_ON_THE_DART_TO_CELEBRATE_THE_NEW_CHINESE_YEAR%29-111430_%2824150642994%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/YEAR_OF_THE_MONKEY_IN_DUBLIN_%28CHINESE_POETRY_ON_THE_DART_TO_CELEBRATE_THE_NEW_CHINESE_YEAR%29-111430_%2824150642994%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-YEAR_OF_THE_MONKEY_IN_DUBLIN_%28CHINESE_POETRY_ON_THE_DART_TO_CELEBRATE_THE_NEW_CHINESE_YEAR%29-111430_%2824150642994%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1241" data-file-height="2919" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Jiangnan-style Cheongsam</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The Beijing-style cheongsam originated in Beijing<sup id="cite_ref-:18_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is fairly traditional and conservative.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is typically handmade.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It maintains the traditional straight and A-line silhouette, and often has embroidery and elaborate adornments. It is also characterized by its wide piping.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Beijing-style cheongsam expresses Chinese culture in its style.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The production of a Beijing cheongsam is complex.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Frog_(fastening)" title="Frog (fastening)">pankou</a></i></span> fasteners can sometimes take several days to create, typically requiring twenty-six procedures of silk processing to be turning into silk strips which would be appropriate in the making of the fasteners of various patterns by artisans.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Shanghai-style Cheongsam originated in Shanghai and is a popular and dominant style.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Shanghai-style Cheongsam, especially, conveyed progressive messages of female body emancipation from the 1930s to 1940s; it also came to symbolize the idea of modernity in "pursuing health, fashion, and natural beauty".<sup id="cite_ref-:14_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, to deliberately create a more figure-hugging silhouette and to focus on showing off the natural curve of the female body, many elements of Western tailoring techniques can be found in the Shanghai-style cheongsam, including curved cutting, waist darts.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This act of showing the female body was a physical expression of the changes in the identities of Chinese women and their rebellion against the idealized womanhood as indicated in the <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a> ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also features high side slits and high collar.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The collars can be lapel collars, water drop collars, and lotus leaf collars; the shape of the sleeves are also diverse.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also uses lighter materials and has less elaborate embroidery or adornments; the piping is very narrow.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Jiangnan-style cheongsam, also known as Su-style cheongsam, originated in the <a href="/wiki/Jiangnan" title="Jiangnan">Jiangnan</a> <a href="/wiki/Water_town_(China)" title="Water town (China)">Water town</a>. This style of cheongsam expresses the cultural characteristics of the water town in Jiangnan and also creates a fusion between <a href="/wiki/Chinese_calligraphy" title="Chinese calligraphy">Chinese calligraphy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_painting" title="Chinese painting">Chinese painting</a>, incorporating the hand-painting art of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wumen_School_of_Painting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wumen School of Painting (page does not exist)">Wumen School of Painting</a>. It is characterized by the neckline and embroidered patterns on the edges of the cuff. The dress is also embroidered with rich pattern motifs which tend to be floral, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Prunus_mume" title="Prunus mume">plum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orchid" title="Orchid">orchid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chrysanthemum" title="Chrysanthemum">chrysanthemum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peony" title="Peony">peonies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">roses</a>. The fabrics used tend to be high-quality soft satin and plain crepe satin, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheongsam&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheongsam&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Qizhuang" title="Qizhuang">Qizhuang: Manchu clothing</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu</a> are an ethnic minority that founded the last of China's imperial dynasties, the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, which lasted from 1644 to 1911. When the dynasty was first established, dress regulations were implemented as a way of expressing their identity as a people and creating social order. They used an administrative division called the <a href="/wiki/Eight_Banner_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight Banner system">Eight Banner system</a>. Originally only the Manchu households were organized within this system, but over time <a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalized</a> <a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongols</a> and <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> were incorporated. The Manchu, and anyone living under the <a href="/wiki/Eight_Banners" title="Eight Banners">Eight Banners system</a>, wore different clothing from ordinary civilians. Thus, they became known as the <i>Banner People</i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%97%97%E4%BA%BA" class="extiw" title="wikt:旗人">旗人</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">qírén</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'banner person'). </p><p>The type of <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Qizhuang" title="Qizhuang">qizhuang</a></i></span> that both men and women typically wore consisted of long robes, which can be referred to as the Manchu <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language text"><i lang="cmn-Latn">changpao</i></span> and also categorized under the broad category of <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language text"><i lang="cmn-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Paofu" title="Paofu">changpao</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E8%A2%8D" class="extiw" title="wikt:长袍">长袍</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E8%A2%8D" class="extiw" title="wikt:長袍">長袍</a></span>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'long robe') or <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language text"><i lang="cmn-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Changshan" title="Changshan">changshan</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E8%A1%AB" class="extiw" title="wikt:长衫">长衫</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E8%A1%AB" class="extiw" title="wikt:長衫">長衫</a></span>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'long shirt').<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Manchu men wore a <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language text"><i lang="cmn-Latn">changpao</i></span>, which were designed for horseback riding, known as <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language text"><i lang="cmn-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Qizhuang#Ordinary_dress_(Changfu)/_casual_dress_(Bianfu)" title="Qizhuang">neitao</a></i></span>, which was characterized by two pair of slits (one slit on each side, one slit on the back, and one slit on the front) which increased ease of movement when mounting and dismounting horses, a <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language text"><i lang="cmn-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Garment_collars_in_Hanfu#Pipa-shaped_collar" class="mw-redirect" title="Garment collars in Hanfu">pianjin</a></i></span> collar (a collar which curved like the alphabet《S》), and the sleeve cuffs known as <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language text"><i lang="cmn-Latn"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matixiu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matixiu (page does not exist)">matixiu</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">马蹄袖</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">mǎtíxiù</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'horse hoof cuff').<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 27">: 27 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center">Manchu changpao of women</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:90px;max-width:90px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:129px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%AD%9D%E8%8E%8A%E6%96%87%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%E5%AD%9D%E8%8E%8A%E6%96%87%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E.jpg/88px-%E5%AD%9D%E8%8E%8A%E6%96%87%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%E5%AD%9D%E8%8E%8A%E6%96%87%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E.jpg/132px-%E5%AD%9D%E8%8E%8A%E6%96%87%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%E5%AD%9D%E8%8E%8A%E6%96%87%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E.jpg/176px-%E5%AD%9D%E8%8E%8A%E6%96%87%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E.jpg 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="986" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">changfupao</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:88px;max-width:88px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:129px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%AF%BF%E5%AE%89%E5%AF%BF%E6%81%A9%E4%B8%A4%E5%85%AC%E4%B8%BB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/%E5%AF%BF%E5%AE%89%E5%AF%BF%E6%81%A9%E4%B8%A4%E5%85%AC%E4%B8%BB.jpg/86px-%E5%AF%BF%E5%AE%89%E5%AF%BF%E6%81%A9%E4%B8%A4%E5%85%AC%E4%B8%BB.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/%E5%AF%BF%E5%AE%89%E5%AF%BF%E6%81%A9%E4%B8%A4%E5%85%AC%E4%B8%BB.jpg/129px-%E5%AF%BF%E5%AE%89%E5%AF%BF%E6%81%A9%E4%B8%A4%E5%85%AC%E4%B8%BB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/%E5%AF%BF%E5%AE%89%E5%AF%BF%E6%81%A9%E4%B8%A4%E5%85%AC%E4%B8%BB.jpg/172px-%E5%AF%BF%E5%AE%89%E5%AF%BF%E6%81%A9%E4%B8%A4%E5%85%AC%E4%B8%BB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1078" data-file-height="1624" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">changyi</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:108px;max-width:108px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:129px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%AD%9D%E6%85%8E%E6%88%90%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/%E5%AD%9D%E6%85%8E%E6%88%90%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E.jpg/106px-%E5%AD%9D%E6%85%8E%E6%88%90%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/%E5%AD%9D%E6%85%8E%E6%88%90%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E.jpg/159px-%E5%AD%9D%E6%85%8E%E6%88%90%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/%E5%AD%9D%E6%85%8E%E6%88%90%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E.jpg/212px-%E5%AD%9D%E6%85%8E%E6%88%90%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E.jpg 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="880" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">chenyi</div></div></div></div></div> <p>On the other hand, some imperial Manchu women wore a <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language text"><i lang="cmn-Latn">changfu</i></span> (<span lang="zh">常服</span>), informal dress, which looked similar to the men's <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language text"><i lang="cmn-Latn">neitao</i></span> known as the <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language text"><i lang="cmn-Latn">changfupao</i></span> (<span lang="zh">常服袍</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were also two styles of <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language text"><i lang="cmn-Latn">changpao</i></span> for the imperial consorts, known as <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language text"><i lang="cmn-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Qizhuang#Ordinary_dress_(Changfu)/_casual_dress_(Bianfu)" title="Qizhuang">chenyi</a></i></span> and <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language text"><i lang="cmn-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Qizhuang#Ordinary_dress_(Changfu)/_casual_dress_(Bianfu)" title="Qizhuang">changyi</a></i></span>, which became popular.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (April 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language text"><i lang="cmn-Latn">chenyi</i></span> and the <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language text"><i lang="cmn-Latn">changyi</i></span> differed in terms of structure: the <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language text"><i lang="cmn-Latn">changyi</i></span> had two high side slits which allowed for greater ease of movements while the <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language text"><i lang="cmn-Latn">chenyi</i></span> had no side slits.<sup id="cite_ref-:37_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:37-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language text"><i lang="cmn-Latn">chenyi</i></span> and <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language text"><i lang="cmn-Latn">changyi</i></span> differed from the <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language text"><i lang="cmn-Latn">changfupao</i></span> lacking the <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language text"><i lang="cmn-Latn">matixiu</i></span> cuffs.<sup id="cite_ref-:37_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:37-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language text"><i lang="cmn-Latn">chenyi</i></span> and <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language text"><i lang="cmn-Latn">changyi</i></span> were also the <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language text"><i lang="cmn-Latn">changfu</i></span> of the Manchu women; they also both became popular during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Emperor Qianlong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also theorized that the cheongsam was derived from the Manchu women's <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language text"><i lang="cmn-Latn">chenyi</i></span> although the <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language text"><i lang="cmn-Latn">chenyi</i></span> shows the absence of slits.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (April 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introduction_of_Manchu-style_clothing">Introduction of Manchu-style clothing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheongsam&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Introduction of Manchu-style clothing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tifayifu" title="Tifayifu">Tifayifu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_collar" title="Mandarin collar">Mandarin collar</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hanfu" title="Hanfu">Hanfu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruqun" title="Ruqun">Ruqun</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center">Chinese changshan and Manchu neitao</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:221px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%9F%A5%E6%85%8E%E8%A1%8C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/%E6%9F%A5%E6%85%8E%E8%A1%8C.jpg/139px-%E6%9F%A5%E6%85%8E%E8%A1%8C.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/%E6%9F%A5%E6%85%8E%E8%A1%8C.jpg/209px-%E6%9F%A5%E6%85%8E%E8%A1%8C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/%E6%9F%A5%E6%85%8E%E8%A1%8C.jpg/278px-%E6%9F%A5%E6%85%8E%E8%A1%8C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:221px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hongzhou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Hongzhou.jpg/145px-Hongzhou.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Hongzhou.jpg/218px-Hongzhou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Hongzhou.jpg/290px-Hongzhou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="917" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center">Differences between the Chinese Changshan (left) and Manchu Neitao (right), Qing dynasty</div></div></div></div> <p>Throughout China's multicultural history, clothing has been shaped through an intermingling of primarily <a href="/wiki/Hanfu" title="Hanfu">Han clothing styles</a>, the Han Chinese being the dominant ethnicity, and the styles of various ethnic groups. Some examples include the standing collar of the cheongsam, which has been found in relics from the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>, ruled by the Han Chinese, and was subsequently adopted in the Qing dynasty as Manchu clothing items. Manchu robes were initially collarless. The Manchu also adopted the right closure from the Han Chinese as they initially closed their robes on the left side.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center">Han Chinese women's attire and Manchu women's robe</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:133px;max-width:133px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:248px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_embroidered_silk_lady%27s_jacket_and_pleated_skirt,_c._1900,_East-West_Center.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Chinese_embroidered_silk_lady%27s_jacket_and_pleated_skirt%2C_c._1900%2C_East-West_Center.JPG/131px-Chinese_embroidered_silk_lady%27s_jacket_and_pleated_skirt%2C_c._1900%2C_East-West_Center.JPG" decoding="async" width="131" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Chinese_embroidered_silk_lady%27s_jacket_and_pleated_skirt%2C_c._1900%2C_East-West_Center.JPG/197px-Chinese_embroidered_silk_lady%27s_jacket_and_pleated_skirt%2C_c._1900%2C_East-West_Center.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Chinese_embroidered_silk_lady%27s_jacket_and_pleated_skirt%2C_c._1900%2C_East-West_Center.JPG/262px-Chinese_embroidered_silk_lady%27s_jacket_and_pleated_skirt%2C_c._1900%2C_East-West_Center.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1295" data-file-height="2460" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Han Chinese's women <a href="/wiki/Ruqun" title="Ruqun">aoqun</a>, Qing dynasty</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:155px;max-width:155px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:248px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%88%B1%E6%96%B0%E8%A7%89%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E6%81%92%E9%A6%99.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/%E7%88%B1%E6%96%B0%E8%A7%89%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E6%81%92%E9%A6%99.jpg/153px-%E7%88%B1%E6%96%B0%E8%A7%89%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E6%81%92%E9%A6%99.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/%E7%88%B1%E6%96%B0%E8%A7%89%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E6%81%92%E9%A6%99.jpg/230px-%E7%88%B1%E6%96%B0%E8%A7%89%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E6%81%92%E9%A6%99.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/%E7%88%B1%E6%96%B0%E8%A7%89%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E6%81%92%E9%A6%99.jpg/306px-%E7%88%B1%E6%96%B0%E8%A7%89%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E6%81%92%E9%A6%99.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="814" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Chenyi, a one-piece Manchu women's robe, Qing dynasty.</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center">Left: A Qing-style <a href="/wiki/Ruqun" title="Ruqun">aoqun</a>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Hanfu" title="Hanfu">Hanfu</a> worn by Han women around the 19th to 20th centuries. Below their upper garment, this <a href="/wiki/Qun" title="Qun">qun</a>, skirt, is a <a href="/wiki/Mamianqun" title="Mamianqun">mamianqun</a>, a style which was inherited from the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> and continued to develop in the Qing dynasty. Right: Lady Aisin-Gioro Hengxiang, the birth mother of Wanrong, wearing the traditional Manchu one-piece robe, a chenyi, that later inspired the cheongsam.</div></div></div></div> <p>Under the dynastic laws of <a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Ming_to_Qing" title="Transition from Ming to Qing">transition from Ming to Qing</a>, all Han Chinese were forced to adopt the Manchu male <a href="/wiki/Queue_(hairstyle)" title="Queue (hairstyle)">queue</a> hairstyle and adopt <a href="/wiki/Qizhuang" title="Qizhuang">Manchu clothing</a> under the <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language text"><i lang="cmn-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tifayifu" title="Tifayifu">Tifayifu</a></i></span> (<span lang="zh-Hans">剃发易服</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">剃髮易服</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">tìfàyìfú</span></i>) policy instead of being found wearing the traditional <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language text"><i lang="cmn-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hanfu" title="Hanfu">Hanfu</a></i></span>, under the threat of death penalty. However, the order for ordinary non-Banner Han civilians to wear Manchu clothing was lifted, and only those Han who served as officials or scholars were required to wear them. Over time though, some Han civilian men voluntarily adopted the <a href="/wiki/Changshan" title="Changshan">changshan</a>. By the late Qing, not only officials and scholars, but a great many Han commoners wore Manchu-style male attire.<sup id="cite_ref-Rhoads2000_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhoads2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Twitchett,_Denis_2008_p87-88_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twitchett,_Denis_2008_p87-88-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, until 1911, the Manchu <i>changpao</i> was required clothing for Chinese men of a certain class.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>What is now known as the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Changshan" title="Changshan">changshan</a> was developed by the Han Chinese during the Qing dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 129">: 129 </span></sup> Han Chinese started to wear the Qing dynasty Chinese changshan after the Manchu conquest; the Chinese changshan was a modified version of the changshan worn in the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> (1368–1644 AD), the dynasty preceding the Qing dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 129">: 129 </span></sup> The Qing dynasty Chinese changshan was modeled after the Manchu's men's robe.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (April 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It thus adopted certain Manchu elements, such as slimming their changshan, adopting the <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language text"><i lang="cmn-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Garment_collars_in_Hanfu#Pipa-shaped_collar" class="mw-redirect" title="Garment collars in Hanfu">pianjin</a></i></span> collar of the Manchu, and using buttons and loops at the neck and sides.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 129">: 129 </span></sup> The Chinese changshan differed from the Manchu men's neitao as it only had two slits on the sides, lacking the central front and back slits, and lacked the presence of the <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language text"><i lang="cmn-Latn"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matixiu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matixiu (page does not exist)">matixiu</a></i></span> cuffs; the sleeves were also longer than the ones found in the neitao.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 129">: 129 </span></sup> </p><p>For women, Manchu and Han systems of clothing coexisted.<sup id="cite_ref-Yang2004_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yang2004-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the Qing dynasty, Han civilian women could wear traditional Han clothing from the Ming dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Ming dynasty style clothing was preserved to an extent in China until the <a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhai Revolution">Xinhai Revolution</a> of 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_of_the_cheongsam">Birth of the cheongsam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheongsam&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Birth of the cheongsam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 1910s, after the overthrow of the Qing dynasty and the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>, women began to partake in the education system. They wore an early form of the cheongsam, which quickly became the regular outfit of urban women in metropolitan cities like Beijing and Shanghai. Cheongsam of the late 1910s and early 1920s had relatively loose cutting with long, wide sleeves.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tct_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tct-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the earliest cheongsams was A-line with wide three-quarter sleeves and would fall just below the knee level.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the Western influences of wearing shorter dresses in 1928, the length of the cheongsam became shorter.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1929, the cheongsam was chosen by the Republic of China government to be one of the country's national dresses.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 48">: 48 </span></sup> With the designation of "national dress", the Republic of China government also promulgated the new <i>Clothing Regulations of 1929</i>, which specified the cheongsam should be worn with trousers and be calf-length. However, even before the <i>Clothing Regulations of 1929</i>, women had already stopped wearing <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ku_(trousers)" title="Ku (trousers)">ku</a></i></span> trousers in favor of <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> <a href="/wiki/Stocking" title="Stocking">stockings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese women held no respect to the rule, as it was seen as an attempt by the Republican government to control individual rights and woman's liberty.<sup id="cite_ref-feminism_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feminism-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 1920s onwards, the cheongsam was quickly popularized by celebrities, <a href="/wiki/Socialites" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialites">socialites</a>, and politicians in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>. Former <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="First Lady of the Republic of China">First Lady of China</a> <a href="/wiki/Oei_Hui-lan" title="Oei Hui-lan">Madame Wellington Koo</a> (Oei Hui-lan) was a prominent figure among them.<sup id="cite_ref-Koo_&_Van_Rensselaer_Thayer_(1943)_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koo_&_Van_Rensselaer_Thayer_(1943)-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nee_Hao_Magazine_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nee_Hao_Magazine-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voted several times by <i><a href="/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)" title="Vogue (magazine)">Vogue</a></i> into its lists of the world's best-dressed women, Madame Wellington Koo was much admired for her adaptations of the traditional Manchu fashion, which she wore with lace trousers and jade necklaces.<sup id="cite_ref-Koo_&_Van_Rensselaer_Thayer_(1943)_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koo_&_Van_Rensselaer_Thayer_(1943)-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nee_Hao_Magazine_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nee_Hao_Magazine-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cheongsam dresses at the time had been decorously slit a few inches up the sides, but Madame Koo slashed hers to the knee, 'with lace pantelettes just visible to the ankle'.<sup id="cite_ref-Nee_Hao_Magazine_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nee_Hao_Magazine-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike other Asian socialites, Madame Koo also insisted on local Chinese silks, which she thought were of superior quality.<sup id="cite_ref-Koo_&_Van_Rensselaer_Thayer_(1943)_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koo_&_Van_Rensselaer_Thayer_(1943)-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nee_Hao_Magazine_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nee_Hao_Magazine-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_transformation">Further transformation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheongsam&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further transformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qipao1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Qipao1.jpg/150px-Qipao1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Qipao1.jpg/225px-Qipao1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Qipao1.jpg/300px-Qipao1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Two women wearing cheongsam and high-heel shoes in a 1930s Shanghai advertisement</figcaption></figure> <p>Starting from the early 1930s, there was a further transformation of the qipao as it became increasingly shorter, tighter, and body-hugging, with side slits that reached up to the thigh.<sup id="cite_ref-tct_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tct-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, numerous distinct cheongsams designs emerged, with experimental changes on fastenings, pipings, collars, fur-lined cuffs, various length of sleeves, or simply sleeveless.<sup id="cite_ref-tct_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tct-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Consumer culture rose as Western and Chinese merchants cooperated to move towards early capitalism. People eagerly sought a more modernized dress style and transformed the old cheongsam to suit new tastes. Newer forms featured slender and tight-fitting pencil cuts and deep necks, which is different from the early cheongsam. High-class <a href="/wiki/Courtesan" title="Courtesan">courtesans</a> and celebrities in the city welcomed the tight-fitting cheongsam. It was at this time the word cheongsam became well known in English. In <a href="/wiki/Shanghainese" title="Shanghainese">Shanghainese</a>, it was first known as <span title="Wu Chinese-language text"><i lang="wuu-Latn">zansae</i></span> for 'long dress', rendered in Mandarin as <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language text"><i lang="cmn-Latn">chángshān</i></span> and in Cantonese as <span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><i lang="yue-Latn">chèuhngsāam</i></span>. Then, the spoken Cantonese renditions of <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">長衫</span></span> was borrowed into English as "cheongsam".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trousers had completely fallen out of use, replaced by different types of <a href="/wiki/Hosiery" title="Hosiery">hosiery</a>. <a href="/wiki/High-heeled_shoe" title="High-heeled shoe">High-heeled shoes</a> were popularized in the Shanghai fashion scene in the 1930s. Stockings and High-heeled shoes became an essential part of the cheongsam fashion set, which spawned new side slits designs reaching the hip line, intended to display the hosiery and heels. As Western fashions evolved, so did the cheongsam design, introducing high-necked sleeveless dresses, bell-like sleeves, and the black lace frothing at the hem of a ball gown.<sup id="cite_ref-shanghai_qipao_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shanghai_qipao-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1940s, cheongsam came in a wide variety of fabrics with an equal variety of accessories.<sup id="cite_ref-shanghai_qipao_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shanghai_qipao-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_late_20th_century">In late 20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheongsam&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In late 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cheongsams were worn by celebrities, societies, and students of prestigious missionary schools in the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 247">: 247 </span></sup> As a result, the cheongsam-style uniform was regarded as an icon of the wealthy class and was perceived as <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois">Bourgeois</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Communist-controlled_China_(1927%E2%80%931949)" title="Communist-controlled China (1927–1949)">Communist China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 247">: 247 </span></sup> From the 1950s to the 1970s, with the <a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">destroying Four Olds</a> movements and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Cultural_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Cultural Revolution">Chinese Cultural Revolution</a> (1966–1976), China pushed for egalitarian ideology and wearing cheongsam could result in punishment. For example, in 1963, when Chinese President <a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a> visited four neighbouring countries in South Asia, the first lady <a href="/wiki/Wang_Guangmei" title="Wang Guangmei">Wang Guangmei</a> wore a cheongsam. She was later declared guilty in the Cultural Revolution for wearing it, due to its historical ties and symbolism. <sup id="cite_ref-:13_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 247">: 247 </span></sup> </p><p>In other Chinese communities, such as <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, the cheongsam remained popular after the war. It became everyday wear in the <a href="/wiki/British_colony_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="British colony of Hong Kong">British colony of Hong Kong</a> in the 1950s, and leather clutch, high heels, and white gloves were common pairing accessories. However, the popularity ultimately declined in the 1970s, giving way for cheaper and mass-produced Western-style clothing.<sup id="cite_ref-tct_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tct-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 1980s, with the trend of reevaluation of Chinese traditional culture, people in mainland China started to pay attention to the cheongsam again. The cheongsam is gaining popularity in films, beauty pageants, and fashion shows in both China and other countries all over the world. In 1984, the cheongsam was specified as the formal attire of female diplomatic agents by the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 148.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 146.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%AD%9D%E6%85%8E%E6%88%90%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Daoguang Period (1821–1850) Empress Xiaoshen"><img alt="Daoguang Period (1821–1850) Empress Xiaoshen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/%E5%AD%9D%E6%85%8E%E6%88%90%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E.jpg/220px-%E5%AD%9D%E6%85%8E%E6%88%90%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/%E5%AD%9D%E6%85%8E%E6%88%90%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E.jpg/329px-%E5%AD%9D%E6%85%8E%E6%88%90%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/%E5%AD%9D%E6%85%8E%E6%88%90%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E.jpg/439px-%E5%AD%9D%E6%85%8E%E6%88%90%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E.jpg 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="880" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Daoguang Period</b><br />(1821–1850)<br /><i><a href="/wiki/Empress_Xiaoshen" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Xiaoshen">Empress Xiaoshen</a></i></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 171.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 169.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E3%80%8A%E5%96%9C%E6%BA%A2%E7%A7%8B%E5%BA%AD%E5%9B%BE%E3%80%8B%E9%9D%99%E8%B4%B5%E5%A6%83%E9%83%A8%E5%88%86.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Daoguang Period (1821–1850) Empress Xiaojingcheng"><img alt="Daoguang Period (1821–1850) Empress Xiaojingcheng" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/%E3%80%8A%E5%96%9C%E6%BA%A2%E7%A7%8B%E5%BA%AD%E5%9B%BE%E3%80%8B%E9%9D%99%E8%B4%B5%E5%A6%83%E9%83%A8%E5%88%86.jpg/254px-%E3%80%8A%E5%96%9C%E6%BA%A2%E7%A7%8B%E5%BA%AD%E5%9B%BE%E3%80%8B%E9%9D%99%E8%B4%B5%E5%A6%83%E9%83%A8%E5%88%86.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/%E3%80%8A%E5%96%9C%E6%BA%A2%E7%A7%8B%E5%BA%AD%E5%9B%BE%E3%80%8B%E9%9D%99%E8%B4%B5%E5%A6%83%E9%83%A8%E5%88%86.jpg/381px-%E3%80%8A%E5%96%9C%E6%BA%A2%E7%A7%8B%E5%BA%AD%E5%9B%BE%E3%80%8B%E9%9D%99%E8%B4%B5%E5%A6%83%E9%83%A8%E5%88%86.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/%E3%80%8A%E5%96%9C%E6%BA%A2%E7%A7%8B%E5%BA%AD%E5%9B%BE%E3%80%8B%E9%9D%99%E8%B4%B5%E5%A6%83%E9%83%A8%E5%88%86.jpg/508px-%E3%80%8A%E5%96%9C%E6%BA%A2%E7%A7%8B%E5%BA%AD%E5%9B%BE%E3%80%8B%E9%9D%99%E8%B4%B5%E5%A6%83%E9%83%A8%E5%88%86.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="956" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Daoguang Period</b><br />(1821–1850)<br /><i><a href="/wiki/Empress_Xiaojingcheng" title="Empress Xiaojingcheng">Empress Xiaojingcheng</a></i></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 142px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%AF%93%E6%9C%97%E8%B4%9D%E5%8B%92%E7%A6%8F%E6%99%8B.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Guangxu Period (1875–1908) Lady Heseri"><img alt="Guangxu Period (1875–1908) Lady Heseri" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/%E6%AF%93%E6%9C%97%E8%B4%9D%E5%8B%92%E7%A6%8F%E6%99%8B.jpg/210px-%E6%AF%93%E6%9C%97%E8%B4%9D%E5%8B%92%E7%A6%8F%E6%99%8B.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/%E6%AF%93%E6%9C%97%E8%B4%9D%E5%8B%92%E7%A6%8F%E6%99%8B.jpg/315px-%E6%AF%93%E6%9C%97%E8%B4%9D%E5%8B%92%E7%A6%8F%E6%99%8B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/%E6%AF%93%E6%9C%97%E8%B4%9D%E5%8B%92%E7%A6%8F%E6%99%8B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="530" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Guangxu Period</b><br />(1875–1908)<br /><i>Lady Heseri</i></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Soong_Ching-ling_wear_cheongsam.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Republican Period (1912–1949) Soong Ching-ling 1925"><img alt="Republican Period (1912–1949) Soong Ching-ling 1925" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Soong_Ching-ling_wear_cheongsam.jpg/201px-Soong_Ching-ling_wear_cheongsam.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Soong_Ching-ling_wear_cheongsam.jpg/302px-Soong_Ching-ling_wear_cheongsam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Soong_Ching-ling_wear_cheongsam.jpg/403px-Soong_Ching-ling_wear_cheongsam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="670" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Republican Period</b><br />(1912–1949)<br /><i><a href="/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling" title="Soong Ching-ling">Soong Ching-ling</a></i> 1925</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 171.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 169.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tan_Yulin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Republican Period (1912–1949) Noble Consort Mingxian 1937"><img alt="Republican Period (1912–1949) Noble Consort Mingxian 1937" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Tan_Yulin.jpg/254px-Tan_Yulin.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Tan_Yulin.jpg/381px-Tan_Yulin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Tan_Yulin.jpg/509px-Tan_Yulin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="637" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Republican Period</b><br />(1912–1949)<br /><i><a href="/wiki/Noble_Consort_Mingxian" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble Consort Mingxian">Noble Consort Mingxian</a></i> 1937</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 123.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhou_Xuan_by_C.H.Wong_Photo_Studio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Republican Period (1912–1949) Actress Zhou Xuan late 1930s"><img alt="Republican Period (1912–1949) Actress Zhou Xuan late 1930s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Zhou_Xuan_by_C.H.Wong_Photo_Studio.jpg/185px-Zhou_Xuan_by_C.H.Wong_Photo_Studio.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Zhou_Xuan_by_C.H.Wong_Photo_Studio.jpg/277px-Zhou_Xuan_by_C.H.Wong_Photo_Studio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Zhou_Xuan_by_C.H.Wong_Photo_Studio.jpg/370px-Zhou_Xuan_by_C.H.Wong_Photo_Studio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="730" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Republican Period</b><br />(1912–1949)<br /><i>Actress <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Xuan" title="Zhou Xuan">Zhou Xuan</a></i> late 1930s</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 123.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 121.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Morning_Chang_wearing_red_qipao,_front_view_20211120a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Post-War Period (1949-) Modern Qipao 2016"><img alt="Post-War Period (1949-) Modern Qipao 2016" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Morning_Chang_wearing_red_qipao%2C_front_view_20211120a.jpg/182px-Morning_Chang_wearing_red_qipao%2C_front_view_20211120a.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Morning_Chang_wearing_red_qipao%2C_front_view_20211120a.jpg/273px-Morning_Chang_wearing_red_qipao%2C_front_view_20211120a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Morning_Chang_wearing_red_qipao%2C_front_view_20211120a.jpg/364px-Morning_Chang_wearing_red_qipao%2C_front_view_20211120a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1679" data-file-height="2492" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Post-War Period</b><br />(1949-)<br />Modern Qipao 2016</div></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_use">Modern use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheongsam&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Modern use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Workplace">Workplace</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheongsam&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Workplace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shanghai_inaugural_flight_(28388765279).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Shanghai_inaugural_flight_%2828388765279%29.jpg/180px-Shanghai_inaugural_flight_%2828388765279%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Shanghai_inaugural_flight_%2828388765279%29.jpg/270px-Shanghai_inaugural_flight_%2828388765279%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Shanghai_inaugural_flight_%2828388765279%29.jpg/360px-Shanghai_inaugural_flight_%2828388765279%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>The uniform of <a href="/wiki/Hainan_Airlines" title="Hainan Airlines">Hainan Airlines</a> cabin attendants based on cheongsam debuted in 2017, with a coat worn outside.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some airlines in Mainland China and Taiwan, such as <a href="/wiki/China_Airlines" title="China Airlines">China Airlines</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Hainan_Airlines" title="Hainan Airlines">Hainan Airlines</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have cheongsam uniforms for their women flight attendants and ground workers. These uniform cheongsams are in a plain color, hemmed just above the knee, with a close-fitting wool suit jacket of the same color as the cheongsam. It is also common for these uniforms to only borrow certain elements, such as the standing collar and frog clasps, without adopting the whole design.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce" title="Women in the workforce">women in the workforce</a> in Hong Kong started to wear more functional cheongsam made of wool, twill, and other materials. Most were tailor fitted and often came with a matching jacket. The dresses were a fusion of Chinese tradition with modern styles. Cheongsam was commonly replaced by more comfortable clothing such as sweaters, jeans, business suits, and skirts. Due to its restrictive nature, it is now mainly worn as <a href="/wiki/Formal_wear" title="Formal wear">formal wear</a> for important occasions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They are sometimes worn by politicians and film artists in Taiwan and Hong Kong. They are shown in some Chinese movies, such as in the 1960s film <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_of_Suzie_Wong_(film)" title="The World of Suzie Wong (film)">The World of Suzie Wong</a></i>, where actress <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Kwan" title="Nancy Kwan">Nancy Kwan</a> made the cheongsam briefly fashionable in Western culture. They are also commonly seen in beauty contests, along with <a href="/wiki/Swimsuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Swimsuits">swimsuits</a>. Today, cheongsam is only commonly worn day to day as a uniform by people like restaurant hostesses and serving staff at luxury hotels.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="School_uniform">School uniform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheongsam&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: School uniform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheungsamuniform.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Cheungsamuniform.jpg/150px-Cheungsamuniform.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Cheungsamuniform.jpg/225px-Cheungsamuniform.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Cheungsamuniform.jpg/300px-Cheungsamuniform.jpg 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption>Cheongsam as a Hong Kong school uniform. Note- uniform is plain - markings are <a href="/wiki/Signatures" class="mw-redirect" title="Signatures">signatures</a> of owner's classmates.</figcaption></figure> <p>Before <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, it was customary for girl students who attended schools run by Western missionaries societies to wear cheongsam as their school uniforms; on the other hand, there were very few indigenous Chinese schools that were using the cheongsam as a school uniform.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 247">: 247 </span></sup> </p><p>A few primary schools and some secondary schools in Hong Kong, especially older schools established by Christian missionaries, use a plain-rimmed sky-blue cotton and/or dark blue velvet (for winter) cheongsam with the metal school badge right under the stand-up collar to be closed with a metal hook and eye as the official uniform for their female students. The schools which use this standard include <a href="/wiki/True_Light_Girls%27_College" title="True Light Girls' College">True Light Girls' College</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Co-educational_College" title="St. Paul's Co-educational College">St. Paul's Co-educational College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heep_Yunn_School" title="Heep Yunn School">Heep Yunn School</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Girls%27_College" title="St. Stephen's Girls' College">St. Stephen's Girls' College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ying_Wa_Girls%27_School" title="Ying Wa Girls' School">Ying Wa Girls' School</a>, etc. These cheongsams are usually straight, with no waist shaping, and the cheongsam hem must reach mid-thigh. The cheongsam fit closely to the neck, and the stiff collar is hooked closed, despite the tropical humid and hot weather. Although the skirts have short slits, they are too narrow to allow students to walk in long strides. The seams above the slits often split when walking and are repeatedly sewn. Many schools also require underskirts to be worn with the cheongsam. The underskirt is a white cotton full slip, hemmed slightly shorter than the cheongsam, and has slits at the sides like the cheongsam, although the slits are deeper. A white cotton undershirt is often worn underneath the cheongsam. The cheongsam's length, styling, color, and sleeve length vary between schools. Many students feel it is an ordeal, yet it is a visible manifestation of the strict discipline that is the hallmark of prestigious secondary schools in Hong Kong, and many students and their parents like that. Some rebellious students express dissatisfaction with this tradition by wearing their uniform with the stand-up collar intentionally left unhooked or hemmed above their knees. The Ying Wa and True Light Schools have sent questionnaires to their students about uniform reforms but have not altered their policies.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Madam Lau Kam Lung Secondary School of Miu Fat Buddhist Monastery ended their cheongsam uniform in 1990 after receiving suggestions from its student union.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivities">Festivities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheongsam&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Festivities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CHINESE_COMMUNITY_IN_DUBLIN_CELEBRATING_THE_LUNAR_NEW_YEAR_2016_(YEAR_OF_THE_MONKEY)-111586_(24563213410).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/CHINESE_COMMUNITY_IN_DUBLIN_CELEBRATING_THE_LUNAR_NEW_YEAR_2016_%28YEAR_OF_THE_MONKEY%29-111586_%2824563213410%29.jpg/180px-CHINESE_COMMUNITY_IN_DUBLIN_CELEBRATING_THE_LUNAR_NEW_YEAR_2016_%28YEAR_OF_THE_MONKEY%29-111586_%2824563213410%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/CHINESE_COMMUNITY_IN_DUBLIN_CELEBRATING_THE_LUNAR_NEW_YEAR_2016_%28YEAR_OF_THE_MONKEY%29-111586_%2824563213410%29.jpg/270px-CHINESE_COMMUNITY_IN_DUBLIN_CELEBRATING_THE_LUNAR_NEW_YEAR_2016_%28YEAR_OF_THE_MONKEY%29-111586_%2824563213410%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/CHINESE_COMMUNITY_IN_DUBLIN_CELEBRATING_THE_LUNAR_NEW_YEAR_2016_%28YEAR_OF_THE_MONKEY%29-111586_%2824563213410%29.jpg/360px-CHINESE_COMMUNITY_IN_DUBLIN_CELEBRATING_THE_LUNAR_NEW_YEAR_2016_%28YEAR_OF_THE_MONKEY%29-111586_%2824563213410%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7952" data-file-height="5121" /></a><figcaption>Women in Dublin Chinese community celebrating Chinese New Year in various styles of Qipao, 2016</figcaption></figure> <p>Cheongsams are a popular outfit choice for festive seasons like <a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In countries with significant Chinese populations, such as Malaysia, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Taiwan, it is common for women to have new cheongsams tailored in preparation for the New Year.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cheongsams are also popular outfits for older women on formal occasions or family reunions.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upmarket fashion labels such as <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Tang" title="Shanghai Tang">Shanghai Tang</a> specialize in modern versions of the cheongsam as occasion wear. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weddings">Weddings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheongsam&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Weddings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_wedding_dress" title="Traditional Chinese wedding dress">Traditional Chinese wedding dress</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_Chinese_wedding_ceremony.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Traditional_Chinese_wedding_ceremony.jpg/220px-Traditional_Chinese_wedding_ceremony.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Traditional_Chinese_wedding_ceremony.jpg/330px-Traditional_Chinese_wedding_ceremony.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Traditional_Chinese_wedding_ceremony.jpg/440px-Traditional_Chinese_wedding_ceremony.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2528" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A bride wearing a red wedding cheongsam covering her face with a <a href="/wiki/Honggaitou" title="Honggaitou">honggaitou</a> (a red veil).</figcaption></figure> <p>In Western <a href="/wiki/Wedding" title="Wedding">weddings</a>, Chinese brides or brides marrying into a Chinese family will often wear cheongsam for a portion of the wedding day. It is common for many brides to have both a traditional white <a href="/wiki/Wedding_dress" title="Wedding dress">wedding dress</a> and a cheongsam or a <a href="/wiki/Qungua" title="Qungua">guaqun</a> (another kind of wedding attire) to be worn during the <a href="/wiki/Tea_ceremony" class="mw-redirect" title="Tea ceremony">tea ceremony</a>. Cheongsam styles have also evolved to be more modern, from mermaid silhouettes to semi-traditional styles that feature a cheongsam top with softer details like lace and a looser skirt.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lolita_fashion">Lolita fashion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheongsam&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Lolita fashion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lolita_fashion" title="Lolita fashion">Lolita fashion</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:126px;max-width:126px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:220px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qi_Lolita.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Qi_Lolita.jpg/124px-Qi_Lolita.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Qi_Lolita.jpg/186px-Qi_Lolita.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Qi_Lolita.jpg/248px-Qi_Lolita.jpg 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="1229" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Dark blue Qi Lolita dress without mandarin collar.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:220px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Light_blue_Qi_Lolita_outfit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Light_blue_Qi_Lolita_outfit.jpg/110px-Light_blue_Qi_Lolita_outfit.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Light_blue_Qi_Lolita_outfit.jpg/165px-Light_blue_Qi_Lolita_outfit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Light_blue_Qi_Lolita_outfit.jpg/220px-Light_blue_Qi_Lolita_outfit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="878" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Light blue Qi Lolita dress with mandarin collar.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Lolita_dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Lolita dress">Lolita dresses</a> are styled like cheongsam. The dresses or jumper skirts are designed after traditional Chinese dresses. This style of Lolita fashion is called <i>Qi Lolita</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="On_the_international_stage">On the international stage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheongsam&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: On the international stage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport-related">Sport-related</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheongsam&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sport-related"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2008_Summer_Olympics_-_Opening_Ceremony_-_Beijing,_China_%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AA%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C_%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AA%E6%A2%A6%E6%83%B3_-_U.S._Army_World_Class_Athlete_Program_-_FMWRC_(4928949580).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/2008_Summer_Olympics_-_Opening_Ceremony_-_Beijing%2C_China_%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AA%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C_%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AA%E6%A2%A6%E6%83%B3_-_U.S._Army_World_Class_Athlete_Program_-_FMWRC_%284928949580%29.jpg/220px-2008_Summer_Olympics_-_Opening_Ceremony_-_Beijing%2C_China_%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AA%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C_%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AA%E6%A2%A6%E6%83%B3_-_U.S._Army_World_Class_Athlete_Program_-_FMWRC_%284928949580%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/2008_Summer_Olympics_-_Opening_Ceremony_-_Beijing%2C_China_%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AA%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C_%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AA%E6%A2%A6%E6%83%B3_-_U.S._Army_World_Class_Athlete_Program_-_FMWRC_%284928949580%29.jpg/330px-2008_Summer_Olympics_-_Opening_Ceremony_-_Beijing%2C_China_%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AA%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C_%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AA%E6%A2%A6%E6%83%B3_-_U.S._Army_World_Class_Athlete_Program_-_FMWRC_%284928949580%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/2008_Summer_Olympics_-_Opening_Ceremony_-_Beijing%2C_China_%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AA%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C_%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AA%E6%A2%A6%E6%83%B3_-_U.S._Army_World_Class_Athlete_Program_-_FMWRC_%284928949580%29.jpg/440px-2008_Summer_Olympics_-_Opening_Ceremony_-_Beijing%2C_China_%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AA%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C_%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AA%E6%A2%A6%E6%83%B3_-_U.S._Army_World_Class_Athlete_Program_-_FMWRC_%284928949580%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="4256" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> team wearing cheongsam at the 2008 Olympics.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008 Summer Olympics</a>, the medal bearers wore cheongsam. Similar attire was worn by female members of the <a href="/wiki/Sweden_at_the_Olympics" title="Sweden at the Olympics">Swedish team</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Spain_at_the_Olympics" title="Spain at the Olympics">Spanish team</a> in the opening ceremony, with the <a href="/wiki/National_colours" title="National colours">national colors</a>. </p><p>For the <a href="/wiki/2012_Hong_Kong_Sevens" title="2012 Hong Kong Sevens">2012 Hong Kong Sevens</a> tournament, sportswear brand <a href="/wiki/Kukri_Sports" title="Kukri Sports">Kukri Sports</a> teamed up with Hong Kong lifestyle retail store <a href="/wiki/Goods_of_Desire" title="Goods of Desire">G.O.D.</a> to produce merchandising, which included traditional Chinese jackets and cheongsam-inspired ladies' polo shirts.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_stage">Political stage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheongsam&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Political stage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheongsam_at_the_National_Museum_of_Singapore_-_20120406.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Cheongsam_at_the_National_Museum_of_Singapore_-_20120406.jpg/220px-Cheongsam_at_the_National_Museum_of_Singapore_-_20120406.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Cheongsam_at_the_National_Museum_of_Singapore_-_20120406.jpg/330px-Cheongsam_at_the_National_Museum_of_Singapore_-_20120406.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Cheongsam_at_the_National_Museum_of_Singapore_-_20120406.jpg/440px-Cheongsam_at_the_National_Museum_of_Singapore_-_20120406.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Cheongsam belonging to the wives of past Singaporean political leaders on display in an exhibition entitled <i>In the Mood for Cheongsam: Modernity and Singapore Women</i> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Singapore" title="National Museum of Singapore">National Museum of Singapore</a> in 2012</figcaption></figure> <p>In contemporary China, the meaning of cheongsam has been revisited again. It now embodies an identity of being ethnic Chinese and thus is used for important diplomatic occasions. </p><p>Since 2013, <a href="/wiki/Peng_Liyuan" title="Peng Liyuan">Peng Liyuan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="First Lady of China">first lady of China</a>, has worn cheongsam several times while on <a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Xi_Jinping" title="List of international trips made by Xi Jinping">foreign visits</a> with <a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">Chinese leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a>. </p><p>In November 2014, cheongsam was the official attire for the political leaders' wives in the <a href="/wiki/APEC_China_2014" title="APEC China 2014">22nd APEC meeting</a> in Beijing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_fashion">International fashion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheongsam&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: International fashion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chinoiserie_in_fashion" title="Chinoiserie in fashion">Chinoiserie in fashion</a></div> <p>With the growth of the Chinese economy, cheongsam has experienced a renewed popularity. Many Western designers have integrated elements of cheongsam into their fashion collections. French designer <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Cardin" title="Pierre Cardin">Pierre Cardin</a> once said that cheongsam was his inspiration for many of his evening dress designs.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many films and movies, cheongsam is used to make a fashion statement. The varied interpretations of this ethnic dress brings in debates of cultural appropriation and the designs being linked to Orientalism. In the 2011 movie <i><a href="/wiki/One_Day_(2011_film)" title="One Day (2011 film)">One Day</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Hathaway" title="Anne Hathaway">Anne Hathaway</a> wore a set of dark blue cheongsam as an evening dress.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many western stars such as <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor" title="Elizabeth Taylor">Elizabeth Taylor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grace_Kelly" title="Grace Kelly">Grace Kelly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicole_Kidman" title="Nicole Kidman">Nicole Kidman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris_Hilton" title="Paris Hilton">Paris Hilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emma_Watson" title="Emma Watson">Emma Watson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deepika_Padukone" title="Deepika Padukone">Deepika Padukone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Celine_Dion" title="Celine Dion">Celine Dion</a> have also made public appearances wearing cheongsam.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This dress style has also been specifically seen on more than one celebrity or figure in the early <a href="/wiki/2000s_in_fashion" title="2000s in fashion">2000's</a>. This era is often described as a "global mash up", incorporating styles, silhouettes, prints, and accessories from subcultures around the world. And with this, the qipao made a frequent appearance on the runways and in the closets from the early 2000's. In the 1998, family comedy <a href="/wiki/The_Parent_Trap_(1998_film)" title="The Parent Trap (1998 film)">The Parent Trap</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lindsey Lohan's 11 year old character has a prominent scene wearing a pink qipao, paired with a little matching fluffy pink trimmed purse, also an iconic Y2k accessory. </p><p>This heightened attention of global fashions from Asia brought to Western pop culture's wardrobe, whilst being shone in starlight with social media and tabloids fawning over these 'new' styles, also caused insensitive representation of the fashions, also known as <a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">Cultural appropriation</a>. The Cheongsam was also sold in stores as a Halloween costume for young girls and women to wear, pretending to be a person of Asian descent as their costume.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This created more conversation as more voices of minorities were heard, that this cultural dress is not appreciated when it is sold as a costume. However, as conversations of cultural appropriation increase and social awareness is spread through media platforms and social media, these racially insensitive costumes have since been left more in the past. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_and_historical_significance">Cultural and historical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheongsam&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Cultural and historical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cheongsam became a national dress of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 277">: 277 </span></sup> along with the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ruqun" title="Ruqun">aoqun</a></i></span>, a traditional clothing attire of the <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> women.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was eventually accepted by the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> as a form of <i><a href="/wiki/Hanfu" title="Hanfu">hanfu</a></i>, thus becoming transnational and representative of a generic Chinese national identity rather than an ethnic or ancestral identity.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 277">: 277 </span></sup> </p><p>The cheongsam can be worn by people of all ages and at any season.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also used as a style <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_wedding_dress" title="Traditional Chinese wedding dress">Traditional Chinese wedding dress</a> among many others. For <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">overseas Chinese</a>, the cheongsam has often used as a form of emblematic culture.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 277">: 277 </span></sup> </p><p>In the 1920s, the cheongsam was originally an embodiment of Chinese women's rebellion and a heroic gesture and a marker of Chinese feminism and Chinese <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's emancipation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roles_in_Chinese_nationalism_and_women's_liberation"><span id="Roles_in_Chinese_nationalism_and_women.27s_liberation"></span>Roles in Chinese nationalism and women's liberation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheongsam&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Roles in Chinese nationalism and women's liberation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Republican period is the golden age of the cheongsam. In exploring the reasons behind its prevalence in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>, many scholars relate it to the women's liberation movements. After the feudal Qing dynasty was overturned, Chinese feminists called for women's liberation from traditional roles. They led several movements against the Neo-Confucian gender segregation, including the termination of <a href="/wiki/Foot_binding" title="Foot binding">foot binding</a> for women, cutting off long hair, which was conventionally symbolized as women's "oriental" beauty, and encouraging women to wear men's one-piece clothing, <a href="/wiki/Changshan" title="Changshan">Changshan</a> or "changpao". </p><p>"Changpao" was traditionally taken as men's patent throughout the long history from <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> (202 BC to 220) to <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> (1616–1911). During that time, Chinese Han female's clothing gradually developed into two pieces. Women were forbidden to wear robes as men did and instead had to wear tops and bottoms known as "Liang jie yi". After the <a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhai Revolution">Xinhai Revolution of 1911</a> (which overthrew the Qing dynasty), young Chinese people began to learn Western science and cultures in order to seek a way of saving the nation. Also, the opening of several ports and ceding territories of China to Western powers imported some Western ideas to mainland China. Among all these Western thoughts, the idea of gender equality quickly gained its followers, among whom young female students became its prime advocates.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was the May Thirteenth Movement of 1925, where anti-Westernization demonstrations persisted throughout the country, that served as an important push for the qipao's institutionalization. The Republicans declared the qipao a formal dress in the Clothing Regulations of 1929. The dress was meant to assert the importance of nationalism by rejecting Western forms of dress. That being said, there were still strict rules regulating how the dress needed to be worn, including specifications about length, material, accessories, collar, buttons, and sleeves, but curiously enough, none of these were followed.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the start, there was no unifying style for the dress like the Republicans intended; Chinese women had no respect for the Clothing Regulations of 1929, which tried to control individuality. There were endless variations in style, with adaptations to length, material, hemlines, collars, fabrics, patterns, colors, and pairing accessories. It was worn by everyone from Shanghai socialites to students, housewives, and prostitutes.<sup id="cite_ref-feminism_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feminism-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The style of the qipao was often in tune with fashion cycles and was influenced by Western trends seen through women styling it with matching scarves, fur coats, and leather heels. Magazines such as LingLong also gave women access to dressmaking knowledge and normalized it for women to make their dresses in their style. The base form of the qipao is rather simple to sew, which makes it easily accessible and economical. </p><p>The style of cheongsam also varied due to Western influence. It changed from a wide and loose style to a more form-fitting and revealing cut, which put more emphasis on women's body lines. The length of the cheongsam was also reduced from the ankle reaching to above the knee. </p><p>The design of the cheongsam got various inventions like ruffled collars, bell-like sleeves, and black lace frothing. Starting from that, the priority of cheongsam moved from a political expression to an aesthetic and ornamental emphasis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intangible_cultural_heritage">Intangible cultural heritage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheongsam&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Intangible cultural heritage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to its long history dating back to the <a href="/wiki/Qizhuang" title="Qizhuang">Manchu clothing</a> of the early Qing dynasty, the Beijing-style cheongsam-making technique is listed as a city-level intangible cultural heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hongkong</a> Cheongsam-making technique is unique due to its historical background, having incorporated both Eastern and Western clothing designs before giving the Hongkong-style cheongsam its distinctive looks.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, the Hong Kong cheongsam making technique was successfully listed on the fifth National List of Intangible Cultural Heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authenticity_as_ethnic_wear">Authenticity as ethnic wear</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheongsam&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Authenticity as ethnic wear"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Western_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Western countries">Western countries</a>, the cheongsam is widely perceived as being a quintessential Chinese garment.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the cheongsam is a type of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_clothing" title="Chinese clothing">Chinese clothing</a> which was developed in the 20th century under the influences of several cultures, including <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu</a> culture, and the <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> culture.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cheongsam also had a significant impact on international fashion centers in the 1950s and 1960s, such as <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, due to its perceived <a href="/wiki/Exoticism" title="Exoticism">exoticism</a> and its slim line silhouette which was also fashionable in Europe at those times.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Descendants of Chinese immigrants or overseas Chinese in Western countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, may wear cheongsam on events such as <a href="/wiki/Wedding" title="Wedding">weddings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graduation" title="Graduation">graduation ceremonies</a>, and other occasions; however, the cheongsam is not always perceived as being traditional Chinese clothing; for example, some Canadians of Han Chinese descent still remember the use of <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ruqun" title="Ruqun">aoqun</a></i></span> as their <a href="/wiki/Hanfu" title="Hanfu">traditional Chinese dress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 100–107">: 100–107 </span></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>, the cheongsam is not only presented as being the quintessential Chinese dress but also as the authentic Chinese ethnic clothing; however, the Chinese ethnic clothing, which should have been used, is the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shanku" title="Shanku">shanku</a></i></span>, consisting of a <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ru_(upper_garment)" title="Ru (upper garment)">shan</a></i></span> (jacket) and a pair of <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ku_(trousers)" title="Ku (trousers)">ku</a></i></span> trousers, as it was the attire which was worn by the <a href="/wiki/Hakka_people" title="Hakka people">Hakka people</a> who came in Suriname as indentured laborers and chain immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 277">: 277 </span></sup> The use of cheongsam as a cultural marker of Chineseness can be thus perceived as ironic, and a cultural stereotype of Chineseness as the cheongsam is not associated with any specific ancestral clothing of Chinese immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 277">: 277 </span></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, the cheongsam has experienced acculturation from <a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">Chinese culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Indonesia" title="Culture of Indonesia">Indonesian culture</a>, one of which is the batik-patterned cheongsam which has become the main cultural identity in Indonesia. In recent years, the trend of Chinese clothing combined with local elements has started to become popular. The euphoria of acculturating Chinese and Indonesian culture is driven by local <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians" title="Chinese Indonesians">Chinese citizens</a> who want to show that they love their <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_nationalism" title="Indonesian nationalism">homeland</a>. Cheongsam clothing made from <a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">batik</a> is very attractive fashion, there are clothing models that are suitable to wear during <a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a> celebrations. Clothing that is an acculturation of Indonesian and Chinese culture is very suitable to complement the celebration.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appreciation_and_rejection_in_overseas_Chinese_community">Appreciation and rejection in overseas Chinese community</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheongsam&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Appreciation and rejection in overseas Chinese community"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cheongsam was introduced in Canada after the early 1930s with the flow of Chinese immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 83">: 83 </span></sup> However, the wearing the cheongsam is mixed amongst <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Canadians" title="Chinese Canadians">Canadians with Chinese heritage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 100">: 100 </span></sup> Some may be reluctant to wear it publicly due to their experiences of being part of a <a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">racialized group</a> and/or due to <a href="/wiki/Self-hatred" title="Self-hatred">self-loathing</a> due to the experiences of <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">marginalization</a> in various forms, such as physical attacks, <a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">ostracism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">bullying</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Peer_pressure" title="Peer pressure">social pressure</a> to integrate and/or the desire to assimilate in the dominant culture as a protective mechanism even at the expense of rejecting any aspects or association with Chinese culture, identity, and appearance in the dress.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 100–110">: 100–110 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 84">: 84 </span></sup> Others may wear the cheongsam as an attempt to reconnect with their Chinese heritage and/or to show appreciation to the dress.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some may find themselves uncomfortable or feel alienation when wearing cheongsam due to the lack of self-identification with Chinese culture and Chinese identity.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_56-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 103">: 103 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 84">: 84 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversies_on_origin">Controversies on origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheongsam&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Controversies on origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cheongsam is generally considered to be adapted from the one-piece dress of Manchu women during the Qing dynasty which survived from the 1911 Revolution surviving the political changes and improved until it has become the traditional dress for Chinese women.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there has been considerable debate on the origin of the cheongsam in academic circles. The following are three common arguments on the origin of the cheongsam: </p><p>The first argument says that the cheongsam came directly from the clothing of the banner people when the Manchu ruled China during the Qing dynasty. This argument was prominently represented by Zhou Xibao (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">周锡保</span>) in his work <i>The History of Ancient Chinese Clothing and Ornaments</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second opinion holds that the cheongsam inherited some features of the <i>chángpáo</i> of Banner People in the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, but the true origin of the cheongsam dates back to a period between the <a href="/wiki/Western_Zhou" title="Western Zhou">Western Zhou dynasty</a> (1046–771 BC) and the pre-Qin era, approximately two millennia before the Qing dynasty. According to Yuan Jieying's (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">袁杰英</span>) book <i>Chinese Cheongsam</i>, the modern cheongsam<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shares many similarities with the narrow-cut straight skirt that women wore in the Western Zhou dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And Chinese Professor Bao Minxin (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">包铭新</span>) also pointed out in his book <i>A Real Record of Modern Chinese Costume</i> that the cheongsam originated from the ancient robe in the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> (206 BC-220 AD). The robe is a <a href="/wiki/Shenyi" title="Shenyi">one-piece upper and lower connected long dress</a> which was quite popular among ladies in Han.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The third argument was raised by Bian Xiangyang (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">卞向阳</span>) in his book <i>An Analysis on the Origin of Qipao</i>. Bian thinks that the cheongsam originates from neither the robe nor the <i>chángpáo</i>. It is an adaption of Western-style dress during the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%9349)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912–49)">Republic of China era</a> when people were open to the Western cultures. In his opinion, the cheongsam was a hybrid of traditional Chinese costumes and Western costumes such as the waistcoat and one-piece dress.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, according to him, Chinese women traditionally wore <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ku_(trousers)" title="Ku (trousers)">ku</a></i></span> trousers under their clothing and the use of silk stockings under the cheongsam or being bare legs is not a Chinese tradition but the result of Western influence.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similar_garments">Similar garments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheongsam&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Similar garments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/%C3%81o_d%C3%A0i" title="Áo dài">Áo dài</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ao_dai_trang_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ao_dai_trang_2.jpg/220px-Ao_dai_trang_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ao_dai_trang_2.jpg/330px-Ao_dai_trang_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ao_dai_trang_2.jpg/440px-Ao_dai_trang_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption>A girl wearing áo dài</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese</a> <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%81o_d%C3%A0i" title="Áo dài">áo dài</a></i> looks similar to the cheongsam as they both consist of a long robe with side splits on both sides of the robe with one of the main difference typically being the height of the side split.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>áo dài</i> was developed from the clothing worn in Chinese court but it could only be worn by the royalty originally.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>áo dài</i> was derived from <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%81o_ng%C5%A9_th%C3%A2n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Áo ngũ thân (page does not exist)">áo ngũ thân</a></i> (lit. 'five-panel gown') which was a Nguyễn court fashion which drew strong influences from the civil and military official clothing practices used in China;<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i>áo dài</i> also evolved from the early prototypes decreed by <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BAc_Kho%C3%A1t" title="Nguyễn Phúc Khoát">Nguyễn Phúc Khoát</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 18th century, in an attempt to separate his domain from <a href="/wiki/Tonkin" title="Tonkin">Tonkin</a> ruled by his rival <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_lords" title="Trịnh lords">Trịnh clan</a> and build an independent state, Lord Nguyễn Phúc Khoát (reigned 1738–1765) forced his subjects to wear <a href="/wiki/Hanfu" title="Hanfu">Ming dynasty style Chinese clothing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ethnic <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Kinh</a> robe (i.e. the traditional <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%81o_giao_l%C4%A9nh" title="Áo giao lĩnh">áo giao lĩnh</a></i>, a type of crossed-collar robe, which was identical to the <a href="/wiki/Paofu" title="Paofu">ones</a> worn by the <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was, therefore, replaced by a robe with Chinese-style fasteners,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was buttoned in the front,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had an upright collar.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The skirt which was worn by the Vietnamese was also replaced by trousers under his rule.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This form of new fashion became the prototype of the <i>áo dài</i>; it was a form of <i>áo ngũ thân</i> which was invented by Lord Nguyễn Phúc Khoát; the <i>áo ngũ thân</i> also had 5 flaps instead of 4 (the 5th flap was small and was found under the front garment) and 5 buttons.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_70-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another new form of fashion included a type of four-panel robe which was described by <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Qu%C3%BD_%C4%90%C3%B4n" title="Lê Quý Đôn">Lê Quý Đôn</a> as an <i>áo dài</i> which was loose fitting similarly to the <i>á</i>o giao lãnh.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_71-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng" title="Minh Mạng">Emperor Minh Mạng</a>, two new forms of <i>áo dài</i> were created from the <i>áo ngũ thân</i> regulated by Nguyễn Phúc Khoát: the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%81o_t%E1%BB%A9_th%C3%A2n" title="Áo tứ thân">áo tứ thân</a></i>, and the <i>Huế-style áo dài</i> which was created with five flaps<i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_70-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> The <i>Huế-style áo dài</i> represented royal court culture of the <i>Huế</i> and later developed influenced the modern <i>áo dài</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_70-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheongsam&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanfu" title="Hanfu">Hanfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_suit" title="Mao suit">Mao suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_clothing" title="Chinese clothing">Chinese clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qizhuang" title="Qizhuang">Qizhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinoiserie_in_fashion" title="Chinoiserie in fashion">Chinoiserie in fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qungua" title="Qungua">Qungua</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheongsam&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 154.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 152.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%BA%A5%E4%BB%AA%E5%92%8C%E5%A9%89%E5%AE%B9.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Puyi, the last emperor of China, and his wife Empress Wanrong"><img alt="Puyi, the last emperor of China, and his wife Empress Wanrong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/%E6%BA%A5%E4%BB%AA%E5%92%8C%E5%A9%89%E5%AE%B9.jpg/229px-%E6%BA%A5%E4%BB%AA%E5%92%8C%E5%A9%89%E5%AE%B9.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/%E6%BA%A5%E4%BB%AA%E5%92%8C%E5%A9%89%E5%AE%B9.jpg/344px-%E6%BA%A5%E4%BB%AA%E5%92%8C%E5%A9%89%E5%AE%B9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/%E6%BA%A5%E4%BB%AA%E5%92%8C%E5%A9%89%E5%AE%B9.jpg/458px-%E6%BA%A5%E4%BB%AA%E5%92%8C%E5%A9%89%E5%AE%B9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="764" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Puyi" title="Puyi">Puyi</a>, the last emperor of China, and his wife <a href="/wiki/Empress_Wanrong" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Wanrong">Empress Wanrong</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 153.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aminah_Cendrakasih_in_cheongsam_by_Tati_Photo_Studios,_Jakarta_(c1959).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Indonesian actress Aminah Cendrakasih in cheongsam"><img alt="Indonesian actress Aminah Cendrakasih in cheongsam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aminah_Cendrakasih_in_cheongsam_by_Tati_Photo_Studios%2C_Jakarta_%28c1959%29.jpg/230px-Aminah_Cendrakasih_in_cheongsam_by_Tati_Photo_Studios%2C_Jakarta_%28c1959%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aminah_Cendrakasih_in_cheongsam_by_Tati_Photo_Studios%2C_Jakarta_%28c1959%29.jpg/345px-Aminah_Cendrakasih_in_cheongsam_by_Tati_Photo_Studios%2C_Jakarta_%28c1959%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aminah_Cendrakasih_in_cheongsam_by_Tati_Photo_Studios%2C_Jakarta_%28c1959%29.jpg/461px-Aminah_Cendrakasih_in_cheongsam_by_Tati_Photo_Studios%2C_Jakarta_%28c1959%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2050" data-file-height="2670" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Indonesian actress <a href="/wiki/Aminah_Cendrakasih" title="Aminah Cendrakasih">Aminah Cendrakasih</a> in cheongsam</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_qipao.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Typical modern cheongsam with high-slit cuts reaching top of the thigh"><img alt="Typical modern cheongsam with high-slit cuts reaching top of the thigh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Red_qipao.jpg/200px-Red_qipao.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Red_qipao.jpg/300px-Red_qipao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Red_qipao.jpg/400px-Red_qipao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4272" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Typical modern cheongsam with high-slit cuts reaching top of the thigh</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 123.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_Cheong-sam_of_Xi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Typical modern cheongsam in short style above the knee"><img alt="Typical modern cheongsam in short style above the knee" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Chinese_Cheong-sam_of_Xi.jpg/185px-Chinese_Cheong-sam_of_Xi.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Chinese_Cheong-sam_of_Xi.jpg/278px-Chinese_Cheong-sam_of_Xi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Chinese_Cheong-sam_of_Xi.jpg/370px-Chinese_Cheong-sam_of_Xi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Typical modern cheongsam in short style above the knee</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20160915-DSC_8145_(29116412094).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A variant of qipao, taken at the Tokyo Game Show in Japan."><img alt="A variant of qipao, taken at the Tokyo Game Show in Japan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/20160915-DSC_8145_%2829116412094%29.jpg/200px-20160915-DSC_8145_%2829116412094%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/20160915-DSC_8145_%2829116412094%29.jpg/300px-20160915-DSC_8145_%2829116412094%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/20160915-DSC_8145_%2829116412094%29.jpg/400px-20160915-DSC_8145_%2829116412094%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3712" data-file-height="5568" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">A variant of qipao, taken at the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Game_Show" title="Tokyo Game Show">Tokyo Game Show</a> in Japan.</div></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheongsam&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheongsam&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWei2017" class="citation book cs1">Wei, Yulong (2017). "Research on the Evolution of Cheongsam Style in the Republican Period and Its Contemporary Application". <i>Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Culture, Education and Financial Development of Modern Society (ICCESE 2017)</i>. Atlantis Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2991%2Ficcese-17.2017.120">10.2991/iccese-17.2017.120</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-6252-330-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-6252-330-2"><bdi>978-94-6252-330-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Research+on+the+Evolution+of+Cheongsam+Style+in+the+Republican+Period+and+Its+Contemporary+Application&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+2017+International+Conference+on+Culture%2C+Education+and+Financial+Development+of+Modern+Society+%28ICCESE+2017%29&rft.pub=Atlantis+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2991%2Ficcese-17.2017.120&rft.isbn=978-94-6252-330-2&rft.aulast=Wei&rft.aufirst=Yulong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheongsam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHan2019" class="citation thesis cs1">Han, Qingxuan (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.bard.edu/senproj_f2019/37"><i>Qipao and Female Fashion in Republican China and Shanghai (1912-1937): the Discovery and Expression of Individuality</i></a> (Senior project). Bard College.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Qipao+and+Female+Fashion+in+Republican+China+and+Shanghai+%281912-1937%29%3A+the+Discovery+and+Expression+of+Individuality&rft.inst=Bard+College&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Han&rft.aufirst=Qingxuan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.bard.edu%2Fsenproj_f2019%2F37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheongsam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/110067/chi-pao">"Qipao (Ch'i-p'ao)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Qipao+%28Ch%27i-p%27ao%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F110067%2Fchi-pao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheongsam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:19-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:19_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:19_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:19_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:19_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephanieSingapore" class="citation web cs1">Stephanie, Ho; Singapore, National Library Board. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=9893f3e4-b524-4f12-ae63-5581a712be84">"Cheongsam"</a>. <i>www.nlb.gov.sg</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nlb.gov.sg&rft.atitle=Cheongsam&rft.aulast=Stephanie&rft.aufirst=Ho&rft.au=Singapore%2C+National+Library+Board&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlb.gov.sg%2Fmain%2Farticle-detail%3Fcmsuuid%3D9893f3e4-b524-4f12-ae63-5581a712be84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheongsam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNatalie_Proulx2018" class="citation web cs1">Natalie Proulx (8 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/08/learning/prom-dress-cultural-appropriation.html">"Is a Chinese-Style Prom Dress Cultural Appropriation?"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Is+a+Chinese-Style+Prom+Dress+Cultural+Appropriation%3F&rft.date=2018-05-08&rft.au=Natalie+Proulx&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F05%2F08%2Flearning%2Fprom-dress-cultural-appropriation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheongsam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jinzaoriental.com/blogs/news/all-you-need-to-know-about-chinese-traditional-clothing-and-cheongsam-qipao-dresses">"All You Need to Know About Chinese Traditional Clothing and Cheongsam"</a>. <i>Jinza Oriental Couture</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jinza+Oriental+Couture&rft.atitle=All+You+Need+to+Know+About+Chinese+Traditional+Clothing+and+Cheongsam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjinzaoriental.com%2Fblogs%2Fnews%2Fall-you-need-to-know-about-chinese-traditional-clothing-and-cheongsam-qipao-dresses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheongsam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKean2013" class="citation book cs1">McKean, Erin (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/812068649"><i>The hundred dresses : the most iconic styles of our time</i></a>. New York: Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-976-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-976-1"><bdi>978-1-60819-976-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/812068649">812068649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+hundred+dresses+%3A+the+most+iconic+styles+of+our+time&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F812068649&rft.isbn=978-1-60819-976-1&rft.aulast=McKean&rft.aufirst=Erin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F812068649&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheongsam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.chinaculture.org/library/2008-01/28/content_43933.htm">"Chinese Cheongsam"</a>. <i>en.chinaculture.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+four+techniques+of+Qipao+%28cheongsam%29+edging+%C2%AB+The+Pankou&rft.date=2017-12-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepankou.com%2Fqipao-cheongsam-edging%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheongsam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:18-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:18_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inf.news/en/culture/e8be869ae4b07c474a1250ab2afb3902.html">"Four categories of cheongsam, which one is your favorite?"</a>. <i>iNEWS</i>. 17 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iNEWS&rft.atitle=Four+categories+of+cheongsam%2C+which+one+is+your+favorite%3F&rft.date=2022-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finf.news%2Fen%2Fculture%2Fe8be869ae4b07c474a1250ab2afb3902.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheongsam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:15_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thepankou.com/difference-shanghai-style-beijing-style-qipao/">"The difference between Shanghai-style and Beijing-style qipao (海派和京派旗袍) « The Pankou"</a>. 12 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+difference+between+Shanghai-style+and+Beijing-style+qipao+%28%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%BE%E5%92%8C%E4%BA%AC%E6%B4%BE%E6%97%97%E8%A2%8D%29+%C2%AB+The+Pankou&rft.date=2017-05-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepankou.com%2Fdifference-shanghai-style-beijing-style-qipao%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheongsam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:17-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:17_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF刘冬" class="citation web cs1">刘冬. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinatoday.com.cn/ctenglish/2018/ich/202006/t20200606_800208985.html">"The Beauty of Beijing-Style Cheongsam"</a>. <i>China Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Today&rft.atitle=The+Beauty+of+Beijing-Style+Cheongsam&rft.au=%E5%88%98%E5%86%AC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinatoday.com.cn%2Fctenglish%2F2018%2Fich%2F202006%2Ft20200606_800208985.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheongsam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:14_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuangLiuYang2021" class="citation book cs1">Huang, Yunlin; Liu, Yuqing; Yang, Fangxin (24 December 2021). "Exploring the Meaning of Shanghai Cheongsam from the Perspective of the Male Gaze". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/ichess-21/125967139"><i>Proceedings of the 2021 4th International Conference on Humanities Education and Social Sciences (ICHESS 2021)</i></a>. Vol. 615. Atlantis Press. pp. 550–561. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2991%2Fassehr.k.211220.093">10.2991/assehr.k.211220.093</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-6239-495-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-6239-495-7"><bdi>978-94-6239-495-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247204263">247204263</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Exploring+the+Meaning+of+Shanghai+Cheongsam+from+the+Perspective+of+the+Male+Gaze&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+2021+4th+International+Conference+on+Humanities+Education+and+Social+Sciences+%28ICHESS+2021%29&rft.pages=550-561&rft.pub=Atlantis+Press&rft.date=2021-12-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A247204263%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2991%2Fassehr.k.211220.093&rft.isbn=978-94-6239-495-7&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=Yunlin&rft.au=Liu%2C+Yuqing&rft.au=Yang%2C+Fangxin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlantis-press.com%2Fproceedings%2Fichess-21%2F125967139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheongsam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTongYuan2015" class="citation book cs1">Tong, Ningning; Yuan, Songmei (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlantis-press.com/article/21512">"Study of the Strategies for the Digital Communication of the Manchu Costumes under the Theory of Media Extension"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Education, Management, Information and Medicine</i>. Vol. 8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2991%2Femim-15.2015.141">10.2991/emim-15.2015.141</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-62520-68-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-62520-68-4"><bdi>978-94-62520-68-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Study+of+the+Strategies+for+the+Digital+Communication+of+the+Manchu+Costumes+under+the+Theory+of+Media+Extension&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+2015+International+Conference+on+Education%2C+Management%2C+Information+and+Medicine&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2991%2Femim-15.2015.141&rft.isbn=978-94-62520-68-4&rft.aulast=Tong&rft.aufirst=Ningning&rft.au=Yuan%2C+Songmei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlantis-press.com%2Farticle%2F21512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheongsam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrett2019" class="citation book cs1">Garrett, Valery (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1281840650"><i>Chinese dress from the Qing Dynasty to the present day</i></a>. Tuttle Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8048-5256-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8048-5256-2"><bdi>978-0-8048-5256-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1281840650">1281840650</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+dress+from+the+Qing+Dynasty+to+the+present+day&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1281840650&rft.isbn=978-0-8048-5256-2&rft.aulast=Garrett&rft.aufirst=Valery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1281840650&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheongsam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:37-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:37_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:37_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hk.history.museum/documents/54401/54619/Qing%2BCour%2BAttire_Exh.pdf"><i>Guo cai chao zhang : Qing dai gong ting fu shi</i></a> [<i>The Splendours of Royal Costume: Qing Court Attire</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Xianggang: Kang le ji wen hua shi wu shu. 2013. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-7039-77-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-7039-77-8"><bdi>978-962-7039-77-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/858272582">858272582</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guo+cai+chao+zhang+%3A+Qing+dai+gong+ting+fu+shi&rft.place=Xianggang&rft.pub=Kang+le+ji+wen+hua+shi+wu+shu&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F858272582&rft.isbn=978-962-7039-77-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhk.history.museum%2Fdocuments%2F54401%2F54619%2FQing%252BCour%252BAttire_Exh.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheongsam" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.maas.museum/hsc/evrev/chinese_dress.html">"Chinese dress in the Qing dynasty"</a>. <i>archive.maas.museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2008) Cambridge History of China Volume 9 Part 1 The Ch'ing Empire to 1800, p87-88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exhibits.library.cornell.edu/chinese-traditional-dress/feature/manchu-style">"Manchu Style"</a>. <i>Chinese Traditional Dress - Online exhibitions across Cornell University Library</i>. 31 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Ashgate Publishing. pp. 209–225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6539-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6539-7"><bdi>978-0-7546-6539-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Harmony+and+Concealment%3A+How+Chinese+women+fashioned+the+Qipao+in+1930s+China.&rft.btitle=Material+Women%2C+1750%E2%80%931950%3A+Consuming+Desires+and+Collecting+Practices&rft.pages=209-225&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-6539-7&rft.aulast=Ling&rft.aufirst=Wessie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F32979136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheongsam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shanghai_qipao-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shanghai_qipao_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shanghai_qipao_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDongfang_Daily2012" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dongfang Daily (2 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fashion.ifeng.com/news/detail_2012_07/02/15705151_0.shtml?_from_ralated">"海上名媛与海上旗袍的华丽转身"</a>. <i>iFeng</i> (in Simplified Chinese). 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Cham, Switzerland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-69793-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-69793-2"><bdi>978-3-319-69793-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1029352543">1029352543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contrived+Laissez-Faireism+%3A+the+politico-economic+structure+of+British+colonialism+in+Hong+Kong&rft.place=Cham%2C+Switzerland&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1029352543&rft.isbn=978-3-319-69793-2&rft.aulast=Mizuoka&rft.aufirst=Fujio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1029352543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheongsam" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClement_Huang2015" class="citation news cs1">Clement Huang (25 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businesstraveller.com/news/2015/06/16/china-airlines-introduces-new-uniform-designs/">"China Airlines introduces new uniform designs"</a>. 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Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-485-1147-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-485-1147-1"><bdi>978-90-485-1147-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/647870387">647870387</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+new+migrants+in+Suriname+%3A+the+inevitability+of+ethnic+performing&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F647870387&rft.isbn=978-90-485-1147-1&rft.aulast=Tjon+Sie+Fat&rft.aufirst=Paul+Brendan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F647870387&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheongsam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1124593626"><i>Styling Shanghai</i></a>. 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Armida De la Garza, Ruth Doughty, Deborah Shaw (1st ed.). London. 2020. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-05688-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-05688-4"><bdi>978-1-000-05688-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1174974969">1174974969</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transnational+screens+%3A+expanding+the+borders+of+transnational+cinema&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1st&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1174974969&rft.isbn=978-1-000-05688-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1174974969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheongsam" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_56-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_56-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSim2019" class="citation book cs1">Sim, Cheryl (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1109390790"><i>Wearing the cheongsam : dress and culture in a Chinese diaspora</i></a>. London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-10987-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-10987-2"><bdi>978-1-350-10987-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1109390790">1109390790</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wearing+the+cheongsam+%3A+dress+and+culture+in+a+Chinese+diaspora&rft.place=London&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1109390790&rft.isbn=978-1-350-10987-2&rft.aulast=Sim&rft.aufirst=Cheryl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1109390790&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheongsam" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFjawapos.com2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">jawapos.com (2 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jawapos.com/lifestyle/01198494/cheongsam-rasa-batik-cantiknya-koleksi-imlek-peranakan-anne-avantie">"Cheongsam Rasa Batik, Cantiknya Koleksi Imlek Peranakan Anne Avantie"</a>. <i>jawapos.com</i> (in Indonesian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hypeabis.id&rft.atitle=Melihat+Tren+Akulturasi+Fesyen+China+dan+Indonesia+pada+Imlek+2023&rft.date=2023-01-24&rft.au=hypeabis.id&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhypeabis.id%2Fread%2F21122%2Fmelihat-tren-akulturasi-fesyen-china-dan-indonesia-pada-imlek-2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheongsam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFthephrase.id2024" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">thephrase.id (5 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thephrase.id/inspirasi-batik-cheongsam-untuk-rayakan-imlek">"Inspirasi Batik Cheongsam untuk Rayakan Imlek"</a>. <i>thephrase.id</i> (in Indonesian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thephrase.id&rft.atitle=Inspirasi+Batik+Cheongsam+untuk+Rayakan+Imlek&rft.date=2024-02-05&rft.au=thephrase.id&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthephrase.id%2Finspirasi-batik-cheongsam-untuk-rayakan-imlek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheongsam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/973044174"><i>Desire change : contemporary feminist art in Canada</i></a>. Heather M. Davis, Mentoring Artists for Women's Art. Montreal. 2017. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-5077-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-5077-3"><bdi>978-0-7735-5077-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/973044174">973044174</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Desire+change+%3A+contemporary+feminist+art+in+Canada&rft.place=Montreal&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F973044174&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-5077-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F973044174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheongsam" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF周1984" class="citation book cs1">周, 锡保 (September 1984). <i>中国古代服饰史</i>. 北京: 中国戏剧出版社. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787104003595" title="Special:BookSources/9787104003595"><bdi>9787104003595</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E6%9C%8D%E9%A5%B0%E5%8F%B2&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%88%8F%E5%89%A7%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1984-09&rft.isbn=9787104003595&rft.aulast=%E5%91%A8&rft.aufirst=%E9%94%A1%E4%BF%9D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheongsam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newhanfu.com/what-is-modern-cheongsam-chinese-qipao-dress.html">What is modern cheongsam "</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191227014221/https://www.newhanfu.com/what-is-modern-cheongsam-chinese-qipao-dress.html">Archived</a> 27 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Newhanfu</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF袁2002" class="citation book cs1">袁, 杰英 (January 2002). <i>中国旗袍</i>. 北京: 中国纺织出版社. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787506417075" title="Special:BookSources/9787506417075"><bdi>9787506417075</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%97%E8%A2%8D&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%BA%BA%E7%BB%87%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2002-01&rft.isbn=9787506417075&rft.aulast=%E8%A2%81&rft.aufirst=%E6%9D%B0%E8%8B%B1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheongsam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF包2004" class="citation book cs1">包, 铭新 (December 2004). <i>近代中国女装实录</i>. 上海: 东华大学出版社. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787810388870" title="Special:BookSources/9787810388870"><bdi>9787810388870</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A5%B3%E8%A3%85%E5%AE%9E%E5%BD%95&rft.place=%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7&rft.pub=%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%8E%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2004-12&rft.isbn=9787810388870&rft.aulast=%E5%8C%85&rft.aufirst=%E9%93%AD%E6%96%B0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheongsam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF卞2003" class="citation journal cs1">卞, 向阳 (November 2003). "论旗袍的流行起源". <i>装饰</i> (11). J523.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E8%A3%85%E9%A5%B0&rft.atitle=%E8%AE%BA%E6%97%97%E8%A2%8D%E7%9A%84%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90&rft.issue=11&rft.date=2003-11&rft.aulast=%E5%8D%9E&rft.aufirst=%E5%90%91%E9%98%B3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheongsam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vietnamonline.com/culture/ao-dai.html">"Vietnam Traditional Clothes: Ao Dai – VietnamOnline"</a>. <i>www.vietnamonline.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vietnamonline.com&rft.atitle=Vietnam+Traditional+Clothes%3A+Ao+Dai+%E2%80%93+VietnamOnline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vietnamonline.com%2Fculture%2Fao-dai.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheongsam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieu2011" class="citation book cs1">Lieu, Nhi T. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/741749415"><i>The American dream in Vietnamese</i></a>. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-7671-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-7671-2"><bdi>978-0-8166-7671-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/741749415">741749415</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+dream+in+Vietnamese&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F741749415&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-7671-2&rft.aulast=Lieu&rft.aufirst=Nhi+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F741749415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheongsam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward2016" class="citation book cs1">Howard, Michael C. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/933520702"><i>Textiles and clothing of Viet Nam : a history</i></a>. Jefferson, North Carolina. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6332-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6332-6"><bdi>978-1-4766-6332-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/933520702">933520702</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textiles+and+clothing+of+Viet+Nam+%3A+a+history&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pages=83&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F933520702&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-6332-6&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Michael+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F933520702&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheongsam" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_70-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_70-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_70-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://viethocjournal.com/2018/11/the-vietnamese-ao-dai/">"The Vietnamese "Áo dài" | Tập San Việt Học"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Vietnamese+%22%C3%81o+d%C3%A0i%22+%7C+T%E1%BA%ADp+San+Vi%E1%BB%87t+H%E1%BB%8Dc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fviethocjournal.com%2F2018%2F11%2Fthe-vietnamese-ao-dai%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheongsam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_71-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_71-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward2016" class="citation book cs1">Howard, Michael C. 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Jefferson, North Carolina. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6332-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6332-6"><bdi>978-1-4766-6332-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/933520702">933520702</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textiles+and+clothing+of+Viet+Nam+%3A+a+history&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pages=73&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F933520702&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-6332-6&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Michael+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F933520702&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheongsam" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiona" class="citation web cs1">Fiona. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vietnamvisa-easy.com/blog/a-brief-history-of-traditional-vietnamese-ao-dai/">"A Brief History of Traditional Vietnamese Ao Dai"</a>. <i>Travel information for Vietnam from local experts</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Travel+information+for+Vietnam+from+local+experts&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Traditional+Vietnamese+Ao+Dai&rft.au=Fiona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vietnamvisa-easy.com%2Fblog%2Fa-brief-history-of-traditional-vietnamese-ao-dai%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheongsam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vietnam.travel/things-to-do/ao-dai-vietnam">"All about ao dai: Vietnam's national dress"</a>. <i>Vietnam Tourism</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vietnam+Tourism&rft.atitle=All+about+ao+dai%3A+Vietnam%27s+national+dress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvietnam.travel%2Fthings-to-do%2Fao-dai-vietnam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheongsam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210622080756/https://culturemagazin.com/ao-dais-timeless-beauty/">"Áo Dài's Timeless Beauty"</a>. <i>CultureMagazin®</i>. 19 March 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://culturemagazin.com/ao-dais-timeless-beauty/">the original</a> on 22 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CultureMagazin%C2%AE&rft.atitle=%C3%81o+D%C3%A0i%27s+Timeless+Beauty&rft.date=2021-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fculturemagazin.com%2Fao-dais-timeless-beauty%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheongsam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheongsam&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBai_Yun2006" class="citation book cs1">Bai Yun (2006). <i>Zhongguo lao qipao: lao zhaopian lao guanggo jianzheng qipao de yanbian</i> [<i>The traditional qiapo of China: evidence of its [stylistic] changes in old photographs and old advertisements</i>]. Beijing: Guangming ribao chubanshe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787802061866" title="Special:BookSources/9787802061866"><bdi>9787802061866</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/123015683">123015683</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zhongguo+lao+qipao%3A+lao+zhaopian+lao+guanggo+jianzheng+qipao+de+yanbian&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=Guangming+ribao+chubanshe&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F123015683&rft.isbn=9787802061866&rft.au=Bai+Yun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheongsam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBao_MingxinMa_Li1998" class="citation book cs1">Bao Mingxin; Ma Li, eds. (1998). <i>Zhongguo Qipao</i> [<i>China's Qipao</i>]. Shanghai: Shanghai wenhua chubanshe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787805119960" title="Special:BookSources/9787805119960"><bdi>9787805119960</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51630832">51630832</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zhongguo+Qipao&rft.place=Shanghai&rft.pub=Shanghai+wenhua+chubanshe&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51630832&rft.isbn=9787805119960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheongsam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang2003" class="citation journal cs1">Chang, Eileen (Zhang Ailing) (Fall 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131115131739/http://positions.rice.edu/Content.aspx?id=187">"A Chronicle of Changing Clothes"</a>. <i>Positions: East Asia Cultures Critique</i>. <b>11</b> (2). Andrew F. Jones, trans.: 427–441. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F10679847-11-2-427">10.1215/10679847-11-2-427</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145592956">145592956</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://positions.rice.edu/Content.aspx?id=187">the original</a> on 15 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Positions%3A+East+Asia+Cultures+Critique&rft.atitle=A+Chronicle+of+Changing+Clothes&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=427-441&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F10679847-11-2-427&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145592956%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Eileen+%28Zhang+Ailing%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpositions.rice.edu%2FContent.aspx%3Fid%3D187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheongsam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2000" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Hazel (2000). <i>The Cheongsam</i>. Images of Asia. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press (China). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195909395" title="Special:BookSources/9780195909395"><bdi>9780195909395</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44876865">44876865</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cheongsam&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.series=Images+of+Asia&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+%28China%29&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44876865&rft.isbn=9780195909395&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Hazel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheongsam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinnane2007" class="citation book cs1">Finnane, Antonia (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ju3N4VeiQ28C&pg=PA139">"Chapter 6: <i>Qipao</i> China"</a>. <i>Changing Clothes in China: Fashion, History, Nation</i>. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 139–176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231143509" title="Special:BookSources/9780231143509"><bdi>9780231143509</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/84903948">84903948</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+6%3A+Qipao+China&rft.btitle=Changing+Clothes+in+China%3A+Fashion%2C+History%2C+Nation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=139-176&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F84903948&rft.isbn=9780231143509&rft.aulast=Finnane&rft.aufirst=Antonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJu3N4VeiQ28C%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheongsam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1997" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Claire, ed. (1997). <i>Evolution and Revolution: Chinese Dress 1700s–1900s</i>. Sydney: Powerhouse Pub., Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781863170673" title="Special:BookSources/9781863170673"><bdi>9781863170673</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37745658">37745658</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolution+and+Revolution%3A+Chinese+Dress+1700s%E2%80%931900s&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Powerhouse+Pub.%2C+Museum+of+Applied+Arts+and+Sciences&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37745658&rft.isbn=9781863170673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheongsam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeChung_May_Khuen2012" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Chor Lin; Chung May Khuen (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=otq-cacQxZ0C"><i>In the Mood for Cheongsam: A Social History, 1920s–Present</i></a>. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet and <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Singapore" title="National Museum of Singapore">National Museum of Singapore</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789814260923" title="Special:BookSources/9789814260923"><bdi>9789814260923</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/767566394">767566394</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Mood+for+Cheongsam%3A+A+Social+History%2C+1920s%E2%80%93Present&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Editions+Didier+Millet+and+National+Museum+of+Singapore&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F767566394&rft.isbn=9789814260923&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Chor+Lin&rft.au=Chung+May+Khuen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dotq-cacQxZ0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheongsam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitz2012" class="citation web cs1">Schmitz, Rob (2 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120623074547/http://www.marketplace.org/topics/world/street-eternal-happiness/street-eternal-happiness-tailor">"The Street of Eternal Happiness: The Tailor"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Marketplace_(radio_program)" title="Marketplace (radio program)">Marketplace</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marketplace.org/topics/world/street-eternal-happiness/street-eternal-happiness-tailor">the original</a> on 23 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marketplace&rft.atitle=The+Street+of+Eternal+Happiness%3A+The+Tailor&rft.date=2012-06-02&rft.aulast=Schmitz&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marketplace.org%2Ftopics%2Fworld%2Fstreet-eternal-happiness%2Fstreet-eternal-happiness-tailor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheongsam" class="Z3988"></span> About a tailor of cheongsam who has been in the business for nearly 80 years.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Roojen2009" class="citation book cs1">Van Roojen, Pepin (2009). <i>Cheongsam 旗袍</i> (Book + CD-ROM). Pepin Fashion, Textiles & Patterns, no. 1. Amsterdam: Pepin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789460090011" title="Special:BookSources/9789460090011"><bdi>9789460090011</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/632704710">632704710</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cheongsam+%E6%97%97%E8%A2%8D&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.series=Pepin+Fashion%2C+Textiles+%26+Patterns%2C+no.+1&rft.pub=Pepin+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F632704710&rft.isbn=9789460090011&rft.aulast=Van+Roojen&rft.aufirst=Pepin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheongsam" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheongsam&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Qipao" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Qipao">Qipao</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chineseculture.about.com/library/weekly/aa011501a.htm">About.com entry</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110107165856/http://chineseculture.about.com/library/weekly/aa011501a.htm">Archived</a> 7 January 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on the <i>qipao</i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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4em"><a href="/wiki/Folk_costume" title="Folk costume">Folk costumes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_Africa" title="Clothing in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balgha" title="Balgha">Balgha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agbada" title="Agbada">Boubou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashiki" title="Dashiki">Dashiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djellaba" title="Djellaba">Djellaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_tie" title="Head tie">Head tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jellabiya" title="Jellabiya">Jellabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanzu" title="Kanzu">Kanzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kente_cloth" title="Kente cloth">Kente cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kufi" title="Kufi">Kufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litham" title="Litham">Litham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pareo" title="Pareo">Pareo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_kaftan" title="Senegalese kaftan">Senegalese kaftan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagelmust" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagelmust">Tagelmust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrapper_(clothing)" title="Wrapper (clothing)">Wrapper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_clothing" title="Pashtun clothing">Afghanistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakol" title="Pakol">Pakol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapan" title="Chapan">Chapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deel_(clothing)" title="Deel (clothing)">Deel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malahai" title="Malahai">Malahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranja" title="Paranja">Paranja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_clothing" title="Chinese clothing">China</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cheongsam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanfu" title="Hanfu">Hanfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_suit" title="Mao suit">Mao suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangzhuang" title="Tangzhuang">Tangzhuang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_clothing" title="Japanese clothing">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hachimaki" title="Hachimaki">Hachimaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimono" title="Kimono">Kimono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obi_(sash)" title="Obi (sash)">Obi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Korean_clothing" title="List of Korean clothing">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheopji" title="Cheopji">Cheopji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daenggi" title="Daenggi">Daenggi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gache" title="Gache">Gache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanbok" title="Hanbok">Hanbok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hwagwan" title="Hwagwan">Hwagwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jokduri" title="Jokduri">Jokduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wangjin" title="Wangjin">Manggeon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bhutan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gho" title="Gho">Gho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kira_(Bhutan)" title="Kira (Bhutan)">Kira</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhoti" title="Dhoti">Dhoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dupatta" title="Dupatta">Dupatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_India" title="Clothing in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lungi" title="Lungi">Lungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_traditional_clothing" title="Newar traditional clothing">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_clothing" title="Pakistani clothing">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathin" title="Pathin">Pathin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perak_(headdress)" title="Perak (headdress)">Perak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshawari_turban" title="Peshawari turban">Peshawari pagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sari" title="Sari">Sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalwar_kameez" title="Shalwar kameez">Shalwar kameez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherwani" title="Sherwani">Sherwani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_clothing" title="Burmese clothing">Burma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longyi" title="Longyi">Longyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaung_baung" title="Gaung baung">Gaung baung</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer clothing">Cambodia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sompot_Chong_Kben" title="Sompot Chong Kben">Chong Kben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krama" title="Krama">Krama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sompot" class="mw-redirect" title="Sompot">Sompot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sbai" title="Sbai">Sbai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_costume_of_Indonesia" title="National costume of Indonesia">Indonesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_blouse" title="Bodo blouse">Baju bodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">Batik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blangkon" title="Blangkon">Blangkon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikat" title="Ikat">Ikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebaya" title="Kebaya">Kebaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemben" title="Kemben">Kemben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupiah" title="Kupiah">Kupiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songket" title="Songket">Songket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songkok" title="Songkok">Songkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengkolok" title="Tengkolok">Tanjak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulos" title="Ulos">Ulos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Laos#Traditional_clothing" title="Culture of Laos">Laos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xout_lao" title="Xout lao">Xout lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suea_pat" title="Suea pat">Suea pat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)" title="Sinh (clothing)">Sinh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_cultural_outfits" title="Malaysian cultural outfits">Malaysia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baju_Kurung" title="Baju Kurung">Baju Kurung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baju_Melayu" title="Baju Melayu">Baju Melayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songket" title="Songket">Songket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songkok" title="Songkok">Songkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengkolok" title="Tengkolok">Tengkolok</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines" title="Fashion and clothing in the Philippines">Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barong_tagalog" title="Barong tagalog">Barong tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baro%27t_saya" title="Baro't saya">Baro't saya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buntal_hat" title="Buntal hat">Buntal hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malong" title="Malong">Malong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Clara_gown" title="Maria Clara gown">Maria Clara gown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patadyong" title="Patadyong">Patadyong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salakot" title="Salakot">Salakot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing" title="Traditional Thai clothing">Thailand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Banong" title="Traditional Thai clothing">Banong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chong_kraben" class="mw-redirect" title="Chong kraben">Chong kraben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing" title="Traditional Thai clothing">Chut Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_Thai_national_costume" title="Formal Thai national costume">Formal Chut Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Pha_khao_ma" title="Traditional Thai clothing">Pha khao ma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pha_nung" class="mw-redirect" title="Pha nung">Pha nung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_pattern" title="Raj pattern">Raj pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabai" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabai">Sabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)" title="Sinh (clothing)">Sinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suea_pat" title="Suea pat">Suea pat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Tabengman" title="Traditional Thai clothing">Tabengman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudong" title="Tudong">Tudong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing" title="Vietnamese clothing">Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81o_b%C3%A0_ba" title="Áo bà ba">Áo bà ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81o_d%C3%A0i" title="Áo dài">Áo dài</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81o_giao_l%C4%A9nh" title="Áo giao lĩnh">Áo giao lĩnh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81o_t%E1%BB%A9_th%C3%A2n" title="Áo tứ thân">Áo tứ thân</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaya" title="Abaya">Abaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agal_(accessory)" title="Agal (accessory)">Agal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian clothing">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisht_(clothing)" title="Bisht (clothing)">Bisht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boshiya" title="Boshiya">Boshiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burqa" title="Burqa">Burqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chador" title="Chador">Chador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izaar" title="Izaar">Izaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing" title="Jewish religious clothing">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kippah" title="Kippah">Kippah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheitel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheitel">Sheitel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallit" title="Tallit">Tallit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallit_katan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tallit katan">Tallit katan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefillin" title="Tefillin">Tefillin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzitzit" title="Tzitzit">Tzitzit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilb%C4%81b" title="Jilbāb">Jilbāb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keffiyeh" title="Keffiyeh">Keffiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish clothing">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niq%C4%81b" title="Niqāb">Niqāb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_costumes" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian costumes">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandama" title="Pandama">Pandama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thawb" title="Thawb">Thawb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turban" title="Turban">Turban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hejazi_turban" title="Hejazi turban">Hejazi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Balkan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Albanian_clothing" title="Traditional Albanian clothing">Traditional Albanian clothing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brez_(clothing)" title="Brez (clothing)">Brez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87orape" title="Çorape">Çorape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinga" title="Opinga">Opinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qeleshe" title="Qeleshe">Qeleshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhamadan" title="Xhamadan">Xhamadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhubleta" title="Xhubleta">Xhubleta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aromanian_traditional_clothing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aromanian traditional clothing (page does not exist)">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_national_costume" title="Croatian national costume">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fustanella" title="Fustanella">Fustanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_dress" title="Greek dress">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiton_(costume)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiton (costume)">Chiton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlamys" title="Chlamys">Chlamys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himation" title="Himation">Himation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_national_costume" title="Macedonian national costume">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian dress">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_traditional_clothing" title="Serbian traditional clothing">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_clothing_of_Kosovo" title="Traditional clothing of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British Isles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Britain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_country_clothing" title="British country clothing">Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Court uniform and dress in the United Kingdom">Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_uniform" title="Windsor uniform">Windsor uniform</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_clothing" title="Irish clothing">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_dress" title="Highland dress">Scottish highlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboyne_dress" title="Aboyne dress">Aboyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather_bonnet" title="Feather bonnet">Feather bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilt" title="Kilt">Kilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporran" title="Sporran">Sporran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Welsh_costume" title="Traditional Welsh costume">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dirndl" title="Dirndl">Dirndl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lederhosen" title="Lederhosen">Lederhosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_costumes_of_Poland" title="National costumes of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracht" title="Tracht">Tracht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_dress" title="Armenian dress">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_traditional_clothing" title="Azerbaijani traditional clothing">Azerbaijan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kelaghayi" title="Kelaghayi">Kelaghayi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_national_clothing" title="Ukrainian national clothing">Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kobeniak" title="Kobeniak">Kobeniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhukh" title="Kozhukh">Kozhukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhushanka" title="Kozhushanka">Kozhushanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochipok" title="Ochipok">Ochipok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharovary" title="Sharovary">Sharovary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyshyvanka" title="Vyshyvanka">Vyshyvanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_wreath" title="Ukrainian wreath">Ukrainian wreath</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kokoshnik" title="Kokoshnik">Kokoshnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovorotka" title="Kosovorotka">Kosovorotka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bast_shoe" title="Bast shoe">Lapti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orenburg_shawl" title="Orenburg shawl">Orenburg shawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarafan" title="Sarafan">Sarafan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Netherlands <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poffer" title="Poffer">Poffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraplap" title="Kraplap">Kraplap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oorijzer" title="Oorijzer">Oorijzer</a></li></ul></li> <li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_costume" title="Breton costume">Breton costume</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traje_de_flamenca" title="Traje de flamenca">Traje de flamenca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barretina" title="Barretina">Barretina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cachirulo" title="Cachirulo">Cachirulo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordovan_hat" title="Cordovan hat">Cordovan hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sombrero_de_catite" title="Sombrero de catite">Sombrero de catite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantilla" title="Mantilla">Mantilla</a></li></ul></li> <li>Italy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ciocia" title="Ciocia">Ciocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppola_cap" title="Coppola cap">Coppola cap</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scandinavian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunad" title="Bunad">Bunad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1kti" title="Gákti">Gákti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_national_costume" title="Icelandic national costume">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sweden#Folk_costuming" title="Culture of Sweden">Sweden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationella_dr%C3%A4kten" title="Nationella dräkten">Nationella dräkten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A4ckadr%C3%A4kten" title="Bäckadräkten">Bäckadräkten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sverigedr%C3%A4kten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sverigedräkten (page does not exist)">Sverigedräkten</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aguayo_(cloth)" title="Aguayo (cloth)">Aguayo</a></li> <li>Chile <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamanto" title="Chamanto">Chamanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_cap" title="Chilote cap">Chilote cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_poncho" title="Chilote poncho">Chilote poncho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chupalla" title="Chupalla">Chupalla</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chullo" title="Chullo">Chullo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guayabera" title="Guayabera">Guayabera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liqui_liqui" title="Liqui liqui">Liqui liqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lliklla" title="Lliklla">Lliklla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_hat" title="Panama hat">Panama hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollera" title="Pollera">Pollera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poncho" title="Poncho">Poncho</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruana" title="Ruana">Ruana</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_clothing" title="Inuit clothing">Inuit skin clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tignon" title="Tignon">Tignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceinture_fl%C3%A9ch%C3%A9e" title="Ceinture fléchée">Ceinture fléchée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_wear" title="Western wear">Western wear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolo_tie" title="Bolo tie">Bolo tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaps" title="Chaps">Chaps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huipil" title="Huipil">Huipil</a></li> <li>Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huarache_(shoe)" title="Huarache (shoe)">Huarache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_pointy_boots" title="Mexican pointy boots">Mexican pointy boots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebozo" title="Rebozo">Rebozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serape" title="Serape">Serape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sombrero" title="Sombrero">Sombrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechquemitl" title="Quechquemitl">Quechquemitl</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grass_skirt" title="Grass skirt">Grass skirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather_cloak" title="Feather cloak">Feather cloak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-sala" title="I-sala">I-sala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lap-lap" title="Lap-lap">Lap-lap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavalava" title="Lavalava">Lavalava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiekie_(clothing)" title="Kiekie (clothing)">Kiekie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pareo" title="Pareo">Pareo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulu_(skirt)" title="Sulu (skirt)">Sulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%CA%BBovala" title="Taʻovala">Taʻovala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%93fui" title="Tēfui">Tēfui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupenu" title="Tupenu">Tupenu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output 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