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Strait</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: Sunda Strait"> <meta name="keywords" content="Sunda Strait"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="Sunda Strait"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 59</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: Sunda Strait</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">59</span> Judicial Review of Indonesia's Position as the First Archipelagic State to implement the Traffic Separation Scheme to Establish Maritime Safety and Security</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rosmini%20Yanti">Rosmini Yanti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Safira%20Aviolita"> Safira Aviolita</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marsetio"> Marsetio</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Indonesia has several straits that are very important as a shipping lane, including the Sunda Strait and the Lombok Strait, which are the part of the Indonesian Archipelagic Sea Lane (IASL). An increase in traffic on the Marine Archipelago makes the task of monitoring sea routes increasingly difficult. Indonesia has proposed the establishment of a Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS) in the Sunda Strait and the Lombok Strait and the country now has the right to be able to conceptualize the TSS as well as the obligation to regulate it. Indonesia has the right to maintain national safety and sovereignty. In setting the TSS, Indonesia needs to issue national regulations that are in accordance with international law and the general provisions of the IMO (International Maritime Organization) can then be used as guidelines for maritime safety and security in the Sunda Strait and the Lombok Strait. The research method used is a qualitative method with the concept of linguistic and visual data collection. The source of the data is the analysis of documents and regulations. The results show that the determination of TSS was justified by International Law, in accordance with article 22, article 41, and article 53 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982. The determination of TSS by the Indonesian government would be in accordance with COLREG (International Convention on Preventing Collisions at Sea) 10, which has been designed to follow IASL. Thus, TSS can provide a function as a safety and monitoring medium to minimize ship accidents or collisions, including the warship and aircraft of other countries that cross the IASL. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=archipelago%20state" title="archipelago state">archipelago state</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maritime%20law" title=" maritime law"> maritime law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maritime%20security" title=" maritime security"> maritime security</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20separation%20scheme" title=" traffic separation scheme"> traffic separation scheme</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/117844/judicial-review-of-indonesias-position-as-the-first-archipelagic-state-to-implement-the-traffic-separation-scheme-to-establish-maritime-safety-and-security" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/117844.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">128</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">58</span> Insights into Kinematics and Basin Development through Palinspastic Reconstructions in Pull-Apart Basin Sunda Strait: Implication for the Opportunity of Hydrocarbon Exploration in Fore-Arc Basin, Western Indonesia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alfathony%20Krisnabudhi">Alfathony Krisnabudhi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Syahli%20Reza%20Ananda"> Syahli Reza Ananda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Edo%20Marshal"> M. Edo Marshal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Maaruf%20Mukti"> M. Maaruf Mukti</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study investigates the kinematics and basin development of pull-apart basin Sunda Strait based on palinspastic reconstructions of new acquired seismic reflection data to unravel hydrocarbon exploration opportunity in frontier area, fore-arc basin western Indonesia. We use more than 780 km seismic reflection data that cover whole basin. Structural patterns in Sunda Strait are dominated by northwest-southeast trending planar and listric-normal faults which appear to be graben and half-graben system. The main depocentre of this basin is East Semangko graben and West Semangko graben that are formed by overstepping of Sumatra Fault Zone and Ujungkulon Fault Zone. In father east, another depocentre is recognized as the Krakatau graben. The kinematic evolution started in Middle Miocene, characterized by the initiation of basement faulting with 0% to 7.00% extension. Deposition stratigraphic unit 1 and unit 2 started at 7.00% to 10.00% extension in Late Miocene and recognized as pre-transtensional deposit. The Plio-Pleistocene unit 3 and 4 were deposited as syn-transtensional deposit with 10.00% to 17.00% extension contemporaneously with the initiation of uplift NW-SE trending ridges due to the evolution of cross-basin fault in central basin and the development of en-echelon basin margin in a transtensional system. The control of sedimentation rate and basin subsidence cause the Neogene sediment to be very thick. We suggest that both controls allow thermal and pressure to generate hydrocarbon habitats in the pre-transtensional deposits. It is reinforced by stable kinematic evolution and interpretation of the deposition environment of pre-transtensional deposits that are deposited in the marine environment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kinematics" title="kinematics">kinematics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=palinspastic" title=" palinspastic"> palinspastic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sunda%20Strait" title=" Sunda Strait"> Sunda Strait</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrocarbon%20exploration" title=" hydrocarbon exploration"> hydrocarbon exploration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fore-arc%20basin" title=" fore-arc basin"> fore-arc basin</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93385/insights-into-kinematics-and-basin-development-through-palinspastic-reconstructions-in-pull-apart-basin-sunda-strait-implication-for-the-opportunity-of-hydrocarbon-exploration-in-fore-arc-basin-western-indonesia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93385.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">182</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">57</span> Investigation of Maritime Accidents with Exploratory Data Analysis in the Strait of Çanakkale (Dardanelles)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gizem%20Kodak">Gizem Kodak</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Strait of Çanakkale, together with the Strait of Istanbul and the Sea of Marmara, form the Turkish Straits System. In other words, the Strait of Çanakkale is the southern gate of the system that connects the Black Sea countries with the other countries of the world. Due to the heavy maritime traffic, it is important to scientifically examine the accident characteristics in the region. In particular, the results indicated by the descriptive statistics are of critical importance in order to strengthen the safety of navigation. At this point, exploratory data analysis offers strategic outputs in terms of defining the problem and knowing the strengths and weaknesses against possible accident risk. The study aims to determine the accident characteristics in the Strait of Çanakkale with temporal and spatial analysis of historical data, using Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) as the research method. The study's results will reveal the general characteristics of maritime accidents in the region and form the infrastructure for future studies. Therefore, the text provides a clear description of the research goals and methodology, and the study's contributions are well-defined. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maritime%20accidents" title="maritime accidents">maritime accidents</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EDA" title=" EDA"> EDA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Strait%20of%20%C3%87anakkale" title=" Strait of Çanakkale"> Strait of Çanakkale</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=navigational%20safety" title=" navigational safety"> navigational safety</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166407/investigation-of-maritime-accidents-with-exploratory-data-analysis-in-the-strait-of-canakkale-dardanelles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166407.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">97</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">56</span> Volcanostratigraphy Reconaissance Study Using Ridge Continuity to Solve Complex Volcanic Deposit Problems, Case Study Old Sunda Volcano</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Afy%20Syahidan%20ACHMAD">Afy Syahidan ACHMAD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Astin%20NURDIANA"> Astin NURDIANA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SURYANTINI"> SURYANTINI</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In volcanic arc environment we can find multiple volcanic deposits which overlapped with another volcanic deposit so it will complicates source and distribution determination. This problem getting more difficult when we can not trace any deposit border evidences in field especially in high vegetation volcanic area, or overlapped deposit with same characteristics. Main purpose of this study is to solve complex volcanostratigraphy mapping problems trough ridge, valley, and river continuity. This method application carried out in Old Sunda Volcanic, West Java, Indonesia. Using 1:100.000 and 1:50.000 topographic map, and regional geology map, old sunda volcanic deposit was differentiated in regional level and detail level. Final product of this method is volcanostratigraphy unit determination in reconnaissance stage to simplify mapping process. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=volcanostratigraphy" title="volcanostratigraphy">volcanostratigraphy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=study" title=" study"> study</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=method" title=" method"> method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=volcanic%20deposit" title=" volcanic deposit"> volcanic deposit</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17134/volcanostratigraphy-reconaissance-study-using-ridge-continuity-to-solve-complex-volcanic-deposit-problems-case-study-old-sunda-volcano" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17134.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">402</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">55</span> Case Scenario Simulation concerning Eventual Ship Sourced Oil Spill, Expansion and Response Process in Istanbul Strait</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cihat%20A%C5%9Fan">Cihat Aşan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Istanbul Strait is a crucial and narrow waterway, not only having a role in linking two continents but also has a crossover mission for the petroleum, which is the biggest energy resource, between its supply and demand sources. Besides its substantial features, sensitivities like around 18 million populations in surroundings, military facilities, ports, oil lay down areas etc. also brings the high risk to use of Istanbul Strait. Based on the statistics of Turkish Ministry of Transportation, Maritime and Communication, although the number of vessel passage in Istanbul Strait is declining, tonnage of hazardous and flammable cargo like oil and chemical transportation is increasing and subsequently the risk of oil pollution, loss of life and property is also rising. Based on the mentioned above; it is crucial to be prepared for the initial and subsequent response to eventual ship sourced oil spill which may cause to block the Strait for an unbearable duration. In this study; preconditioned Istanbul Strait sensitive areas studies has been taken into account and possible oil spill scenario is loaded to PISCES 2 (Potential Incident Simulation Control and Evaluation System) decision support system for the determined specific sea area. Consequences of the simulation like oil expanding process, required number and types of assets to response, had in hand and evaluated. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Istanbul%20strait" title="Istanbul strait">Istanbul strait</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil%20spill" title=" oil spill"> oil spill</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PISCES%20simulator" title=" PISCES simulator"> PISCES simulator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=initial%20response" title=" initial response"> initial response</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71010/case-scenario-simulation-concerning-eventual-ship-sourced-oil-spill-expansion-and-response-process-in-istanbul-strait" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71010.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">343</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">54</span> Hypothesis on Annual Sea Level Variation and Increased Volume Transport in Korea Strait</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Young-Taeg%20Kim">Young-Taeg Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gwang%20Ho%20Seo"> Gwang Ho Seo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyungju%20Oh"> Hyungju Oh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ho%20Kyung%20Ha"> Ho Kyung Ha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kuk%20Jin%20Kim"> Kuk Jin Kim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Kim et al., hypothesized an increase in volume transport in the Korea Strait based on the concurrent increase in water temperature and mean sea level observed by the Korea Hydrographic and Oceanographic Agency (KHOA) in the vicinity of the Korea Strait from 2000 to 2009. Since then, to our best knowledge, no definitive studies have been reported on the increase in volume transport through the Korea Strait, but the observed water temperature (2000-2021) and sea level (1989-2021) in the Korea Strait and East Sea have been found to be increasing. In particular, the rapid increase rate in the mean sea level rise (2.55~3.53 mm/y) in these areas cannot be explained by only steric effect due to the increased water temperature. It is more reasonable interpretation that the sea level rise is due to an increase in the volume transport of warm and salty currents. If the increase in the volume transport is explained by the geostrophic equation without considering the sea level rise in the Korea Strait, the current velocity should increase. However, up to now, there are no reports of an increase in current velocity from direct observations using ADCP (e.g., observations of Camellia) or from various numerical models. Therefore, the increase in volume transport cannot be explained by the geostrophic equation. Another possible explanation for the increase in the volume transport is the effect of wind. Although Korea is dominated by monsoon, it is affected by winds according to El Niño and La Niña, which have a cycle of about 3 to 4 years. During El Niño (La Niña), northerly winds (southerly winds) prevail in Korea. Consequently, it is inferred that the transported volume in the Korea Strait slowly increases interannually. However, in this study, it was difficult to find a clear correlation between annually-averaged mean sea level and El Niño (or La Niña) during 1989-2021. This is probably due to the interactions of the PDO (Pacific Decadal Oscillation) and AO (Arctic Oscillation) along with the ENSO (El niño-Southern Oscillation). However, it is clear that the interannual variability of winds is affecting the volume transport in the Korean Strait. On the other hand, the effect of global sea level rise on the volume transport in the Korea Strait is small compared to the interannual variability of the volume transport, but it seems to play a constant role. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mean%20sea%20level" title="mean sea level">mean sea level</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=volume%20transport" title=" volume transport"> volume transport</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=El%20nino" title=" El nino"> El nino</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=La%20nina" title=" La nina"> La nina</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174719/hypothesis-on-annual-sea-level-variation-and-increased-volume-transport-in-korea-strait" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174719.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">87</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">53</span> Determination of Heavy Metals (Cd, Pb, Hg, Cu, Fe, Mn, Al, As, Ni and Zn) in 6 Important Commercial Fish Species in North of Hormoz Strait</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Majid%20Afkhami">Majid Afkhami</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maryam%20Ehsanpour"> Maryam Ehsanpour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zahra%20Khoshnood"> Zahra Khoshnood </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The concentrations of 10 heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Hg, Cu, Fe, Mn, Al, As, Ni, Zn) were measured in muscle, gill and liver of 6 species from Hormoz Strait in north coast of Persian Gulf in 12 months (April 2009 – March 2010). All samples were analyzed three times for Cd, Pb, Cu, Fe, Mn, Al, As, Ni, Zn by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and for Hg by LECO AMA254 Advanced Mercury Analyzer. Results of this study showed that iron had the highest concentration (total mean concentration) in all species, followed by Zn, Cu, Ni, Al, Pb, Mn, Cd, Hg and lowest concentration in three tissues was As. In addition, the accumulation of metals was species-dependent, and was higher in Scomberomorous commerson and Scomberomorous guttatus (p<0.05) and the lowest concentration was record in Pampus argenteus (p<0.05). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Persian%20Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heavy%20metals" title=" heavy metals"> heavy metals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hormoz%20strait" title=" Hormoz strait"> Hormoz strait</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Scomberomorous%20guttatus" title=" Scomberomorous guttatus"> Scomberomorous guttatus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Scomberomorous%20commerson" title=" Scomberomorous commerson"> Scomberomorous commerson</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pampus%20argenteus" title=" Pampus argenteus"> Pampus argenteus</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14326/determination-of-heavy-metals-cd-pb-hg-cu-fe-mn-al-as-ni-and-zn-in-6-important-commercial-fish-species-in-north-of-hormoz-strait" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14326.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">659</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">52</span> A Comparison between the Results of Hormuz Strait Wave Simulations Using WAVEWATCH-III and MIKE21-SW and Satellite Altimetry Observations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatemeh%20Sadat%20Sharifi">Fatemeh Sadat Sharifi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the present study, the capabilities of WAVEWATCH-III and MIKE21-SW for predicting the characteristics of wind waves in Hormuz Strait are evaluated. The GFS wind data (Global Forecast System) were derived. The bathymetry of gride with 2 arc-minute resolution, also were extracted from the ETOPO1. WAVEWATCH-III findings illustrate more valid prediction of wave features comparing to the MIKE-21 SW in deep water. Apparently, in shallow area, the MIKE-21 provides more uniformities with altimetry measurements. This may be due to the merits of the unstructured grid which are used in MIKE-21, leading to better representations of the coastal area. The findings on the direction of waves generated by wind in the modeling area indicate that in some regions, despite the increase in wind speed, significant wave height stays nearly unchanged. This is fundamental because of swift changes in wind track over the Strait of Hormuz. After discussing wind-induced waves in the region, the impact of instability of the surface layer on wave growth has been considered. For this purpose, the average monthly mean air temperature has been used. The results in cold months, when the surface layer is unstable, indicates an acceptable increase in the accuracy of prediction of the indicator wave height. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20modeling" title="numerical modeling">numerical modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=WAVEWATCH-III" title=" WAVEWATCH-III"> WAVEWATCH-III</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Strait%20of%20Hormuz" title=" Strait of Hormuz"> Strait of Hormuz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MIKE21-SW" title=" MIKE21-SW "> MIKE21-SW </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77494/a-comparison-between-the-results-of-hormuz-strait-wave-simulations-using-wavewatch-iii-and-mike21-sw-and-satellite-altimetry-observations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77494.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">207</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">51</span> Fuzzy Inference System for Determining Collision Risk of Ship in Madura Strait Using Automatic Identification System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emmy%20Pratiwi">Emmy Pratiwi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ketut%20B.%20Artana"> Ketut B. Artana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20A.%20B.%20Dinariyana"> A. A. B. Dinariyana</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Madura Strait is considered as one of the busiest shipping channels in Indonesia. High vessel traffic density in Madura Strait gives serious threat due to navigational safety in this area, i.e. ship collision. This study is necessary as an attempt to enhance the safety of marine traffic. Fuzzy inference system (FIS) is proposed to calculate risk collision of ships. Collision risk is evaluated based on ship domain, Distance to Closest Point of Approach (DCPA), and Time to Closest Point of Approach (TCPA). Data were collected by utilizing Automatic Identification System (AIS). This study considers several ships’ domain models to give the characteristic of marine traffic in the waterways. Each encounter in the ship domain is analyzed to obtain the level of collision risk. Risk level of ships, as the result in this study, can be used as guidance to avoid the accident, providing brief description about safety traffic in Madura Strait and improving the navigational safety in the area. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=automatic%20identification%20system" title="automatic identification system">automatic identification system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=collision%20risk" title=" collision risk"> collision risk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DCPA" title=" DCPA"> DCPA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuzzy%20inference%20system" title=" fuzzy inference system"> fuzzy inference system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TCPA" title=" TCPA"> TCPA</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61809/fuzzy-inference-system-for-determining-collision-risk-of-ship-in-madura-strait-using-automatic-identification-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61809.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">549</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">50</span> Effects of PAHs on Blood Thyroidal Hormones of Liza klunzingeri in the Northern Part of Hormuz Strait (Persian Gulf)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fateme%20Afkhami">Fateme Afkhami</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohsen%20Ehsanpour"> Mohsen Ehsanpour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maryam%20Ehsanpour"> Maryam Ehsanpour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Majid%20Afkhami"> Majid Afkhami</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study was conducted to determine the effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on thyroidal hormones of Liza klunzingeri and to monitor marine pollution from northern part of Hormuz strait (Persian Gulf). Results showed the highest total PAHs levels (268.56 µg/kg) were in the fish samples and the lowest are obtained from water samples (3.12 µg/kg). Also, highest of PAHs levels in fish, sediment and water were found in St3. There was a positive correlation between T3 and T4, with PAHs results. T4 had a significant positive correlation (P<0.05). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PAHs" title="PAHs">PAHs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thyroidal%20hormones" title=" thyroidal hormones"> thyroidal hormones</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Liza%20klunzingeri" title=" Liza klunzingeri"> Liza klunzingeri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hormuz%20Strait" title=" Hormuz Strait"> Hormuz Strait</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Persian%20Gulf" title=" Persian Gulf"> Persian Gulf</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14334/effects-of-pahs-on-blood-thyroidal-hormones-of-liza-klunzingeri-in-the-northern-part-of-hormuz-strait-persian-gulf" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14334.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">703</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">49</span> Indigenous Pre-Service Teacher Education: Developing, Facilitating, and Maintaining Opportunities for Retention and Graduation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Karen%20Trimmer">Karen Trimmer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Raelene%20Ward"> Raelene Ward</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Linda%20Wondunna-Foley"> Linda Wondunna-Foley</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Within Australian tertiary institutions, the subject of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander education has been a major concern for many years. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander teachers are significantly under-represented in Australian schools and universities. High attrition rates in teacher education and in the teaching industry have contributed to a minimal growth rate in the numbers of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander teachers in previous years. There was an increase of 500 Indigenous teachers between 2001 and 2008 but these numbers still only account for one percent of teaching staff in government schools who identified as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians (Ministerial Council for Education, Early Childhood Development and Youth Affairs 2010). Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander teachers are paramount in fostering student engagement and improving educational outcomes for Indigenous students. Increasing the numbers of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander teachers is also a key factor in enabling all students to develop understanding of and respect for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander histories, cultures, and language. An ambitious reform agenda to improve the recruitment and retention of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander teachers will be effective only through national collaborative action and co-investment by schools and school authorities, university schools of education, professional associations, and Indigenous leaders and community networks. Whilst the University of Southern Queensland currently attracts Indigenous students to its teacher education programs (61 students in 2013 with an average of 48 enrollments each year since 2010) there is significant attrition during pre-service training. The annual rate of exiting before graduation remains high at 22% in 2012 and was 39% for the previous two years. These participation and retention rates are consistent with other universities across Australia. Whilst aspirations for a growing number of Indigenous people to be trained as teachers is present, there is a significant loss of students during their pre-service training and within the first five years of employment as a teacher. These trends also reflect the situation where Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander teachers are significantly under-represented, making up less than 1% of teachers in schools across Australia. Through a project conducted as part the nationally funded More Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Teachers Initiative (MATSITI) we aim to gain an insight into the reasons that impact Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander student’s decisions to exit their program. Through the conduct of focus groups and interviews with two graduating cohorts of self-identified Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students, rich data has been gathered to gain an understanding of the barriers and enhancers to the completion of pre-service qualification and transition to teaching. Having a greater understanding of these reasons then allows the development of collaborative processes and procedures to increase retention and completion rates of new Indigenous teachers. Analysis of factors impacting on exit decisions and transitions has provided evidence to support change of practice, redesign and enhancement of relevant courses and development of policy/procedures to address identified issues. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=graduation" title="graduation">graduation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=indigenous" title=" indigenous"> indigenous</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pre-service%20teacher%20education" title=" pre-service teacher education"> pre-service teacher education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=retention" title=" retention"> retention</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18288/indigenous-pre-service-teacher-education-developing-facilitating-and-maintaining-opportunities-for-retention-and-graduation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18288.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">468</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">48</span> Investigation of Mangrove Area Effects on Hydrodynamic Conditions of a Tidal Dominant Strait Near the Strait of Hormuz</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maryam%20Hajibaba">Maryam Hajibaba</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohsen%20Soltanpour"> Mohsen Soltanpour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehrnoosh%20Abbasian"> Mehrnoosh Abbasian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Abbas%20Haghshenas"> S. Abbas Haghshenas</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper aims to evaluate the main role of mangroves forests on the unique hydrodynamic characteristics of the Khuran Strait (KS) in the Persian Gulf. Investigation of hydrodynamic conditions of KS is vital to predict and estimate sedimentation and erosion all over the protected areas north of Qeshm Island. KS (or Tang-e-Khuran) is located between Qeshm Island and the Iranian mother land and has a minimum width of approximately two kilometers. Hydrodynamics of the strait is dominated by strong tidal currents of up to 2 m/s. The bathymetry of the area is dynamic and complicated as 1) strong currents do exist in the area which lead to seemingly sand dune movements in the middle and southern parts of the strait, and 2) existence a vast area with mangrove coverage next to the narrowest part of the strait. This is why ordinary modeling schemes with normal mesh resolutions are not capable for high accuracy estimations of current fields in the KS. A comprehensive set of measurements were carried out with several components, to investigate the hydrodynamics and morpho-dynamics of the study area, including 1) vertical current profiling at six stations, 2) directional wave measurements at four stations, 3) water level measurements at six stations, 4) wind measurements at one station, and 5) sediment grab sampling at 100 locations. Additionally, a set of periodic hydrographic surveys was included in the program. The numerical simulation was carried out by using Delft3D – Flow Module. Model calibration was done by comparing water levels and depth averaged velocity of currents against available observational data. The results clearly indicate that observed data and simulations only fit together if a realistic perspective of the mangrove area is well captured by the model bathymetry data. Generating unstructured grid by using RGFGRID and QUICKIN, the flow model was driven with water level time-series at open boundaries. Adopting the available field data, the key role of mangrove area on the hydrodynamics of the study area can be studied. The results show that including the accurate geometry of the mangrove area and consideration of its sponge-like behavior are the key aspects through which a realistic current field can be simulated in the KS. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khuran%20Strait" title="Khuran Strait">Khuran Strait</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Persian%20Gulf" title=" Persian Gulf"> Persian Gulf</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tide" title=" tide"> tide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=current" title=" current"> current</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Delft3D" title=" Delft3D "> Delft3D </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/128945/investigation-of-mangrove-area-effects-on-hydrodynamic-conditions-of-a-tidal-dominant-strait-near-the-strait-of-hormuz" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/128945.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">210</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">47</span> Forecasting the Sea Level Change in Strait of Hormuz</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamid%20Goharnejad">Hamid Goharnejad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amir%20Hossein%20Eghbali"> Amir Hossein Eghbali</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recent investigations have demonstrated the global sea level rise due to climate change impacts. In this study climate changes study the effects of increasing water level in the strait of Hormuz. The probable changes of sea level rise should be investigated to employ the adaption strategies. The climatic output data of a GCM (General Circulation Model) named CGCM3 under climate change scenario of A1b and A2 were used. Among different variables simulated by this model, those of maximum correlation with sea level changes in the study region and least redundancy among themselves were selected for sea level rise prediction by using stepwise regression. One models of Discrete Wavelet artificial Neural Network (DWNN) was developed to explore the relationship between climatic variables and sea level changes. In these models, wavelet was used to disaggregate the time series of input and output data into different components and then ANN was used to relate the disaggregated components of predictors and predictands to each other. The results showed in the Shahid Rajae Station for scenario A1B sea level rise is among 64 to 75 cm and for the A2 Scenario sea level rise is among 90 to 105 cm. Furthermore the result showed a significant increase of sea level at the study region under climate change impacts, which should be incorporated in coastal areas management. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=climate%20change%20scenarios" title="climate change scenarios">climate change scenarios</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sea-level%20rise" title=" sea-level rise"> sea-level rise</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strait%20of%20Hormuz" title=" strait of Hormuz"> strait of Hormuz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forecasting" title=" forecasting"> forecasting</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35842/forecasting-the-sea-level-change-in-strait-of-hormuz" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35842.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">271</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">46</span> Mainland China and Taiwan’s Strategies for Overcoming the Middle/High Income Trap: Domestic Consensus-Building and the Foundations of Cross-Strait Interactions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mingke%20Ma">Mingke Ma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The recent discovery of the High-Income Trap phenomena and the established Middle-Income Trap literature have identified the similarity of the structural challenges that both Mainland China and Taiwan have been facing since the simultaneous growth slowdown from the 2000s. Mainland China and Taiwan’s ineffectiveness in productivity growth weakened their overall competitiveness in Global Value Chains. With the subsequent decline of industrial profitability, social compression from late development persists and jeopardises the social cohesion. From Ma Ying-jeou’s ‘633’ promise and Tsai Ing-wen’s ‘5+2’ industrial framework to Mainland China’s 11th to 14th Five-Year Plans, leaderships across the Strait have been striving to constitute new models for inclusive and sustainable development through policy responses. This study argues that social consensuses that have been constructed by the domestic political processes define the feasibility of the reform strategies, which further construct the conditions for Cross-Strait interactions. Based on the existing literature of New Institutional Economics, Middle/High Income Trap, and Compressed Development, this study adopts a Historical Institutionalist analytical framework to identify how the historical path-dependency contributes to the contemporary growth constraints in both economies and the political difficulty on navigating the institutional and Organisational change. It continues by tracing the political process of economic reform to examine the sustainability and resilience of the manifested social consensus that had empowered the proposed policy frameworks. Afterwards, it examines how the political outcomes in such a simultaneous process shared by both Mainland China and Taiwan construct the social, economic, institutional, and political foundations of contemporary Cross-Strait engagement. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=historical%20institutionalism" title="historical institutionalism">historical institutionalism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20economy" title=" political economy"> political economy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cross-strait%20relations" title=" cross-strait relations"> cross-strait relations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high%2Fmiddle%20income%20trap" title=" high/middle income trap"> high/middle income trap</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143225/mainland-china-and-taiwans-strategies-for-overcoming-the-middlehigh-income-trap-domestic-consensus-building-and-the-foundations-of-cross-strait-interactions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143225.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">195</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">45</span> Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Pollution Effects on Blood Metabolic Factors of Periophthalmus waltoni from Northern Coast of the Persian Gulf</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Majid%20Afkhami">Majid Afkhami</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maryam%20Ehsanpour"> Maryam Ehsanpour</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present study provides information about the nature of adverse effects on fish and the ecological impact that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollutant are having in the northern coast of Hormuz Strait. The glucose and cholesterol levels were higher in fish from the St3 than in Walton's mudskipper from other stations however St3 samples had lowest total proteins levels. There was a significant positive correlation between glucose and cholesterol with PAHs concentrations in sediment and tissue samples (P<0.05). However, total proteins had adverse significant correlation with PAHs concentrations (P>0.05). The adverse correlation was seen between length and body weight of fish samples with PAHs concentrations. According to the results of this study, the monitoring of contaminants bioaccumulation in the northern part of Hormuz Strait is necessary, because this will give an indication of the temporal and spatial extent of the process, as well as an assessment of the potential impact on aquatic organisms health. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PAHs" title="PAHs">PAHs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blood%20metabolic%20factors" title=" blood metabolic factors"> blood metabolic factors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Periophthalmus%20waltoni" title=" Periophthalmus waltoni"> Periophthalmus waltoni</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hormuz%20Strait" title=" Hormuz Strait"> Hormuz Strait</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50807/assessment-of-polycyclic-aromatic-hydrocarbons-pahs-pollution-effects-on-blood-metabolic-factors-of-periophthalmus-waltoni-from-northern-coast-of-the-persian-gulf" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50807.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">332</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">44</span> The Geochemical Characteristic and Tectonic Setting of Mezoic-Cenozoic Volcanic and Granitic Rocks in Southern Sumatra, Indonesia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Syahrir%20Andi%20Mangga">Syahrir Andi Mangga</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> During 1989–1993, the Geological Research and Development Center (recent Geological Survey Institute) Geological Agency, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia was the collaboration with British Geological Survey, the United Kingdom to do technical assistance in order to collect data of geology in Sumatra Island. The overall corporation of technical programs was larger concern in stratigraphy, geochemical and age-dating studies. Availability of new data has been stimulated to reassessment of tectonic evolution of Sumatra Island. The study area located in Southern Sumatra within at latitudes 0°-6° S and 99°40’-106’00 E longitudes. The study tectonic is situated within along South Western margin of Sunda land, The Southeast Asia Continental extension arc of the Eurasian Plate and formed as part of Sunda Arc. The oceanic crust of Indian-Australian plate recently is being oblique subduction along the Sunda Trench off the West coast Sumatra. The Mesozoic-Cenozoic of the volcanic and granitic rocks can be divided into northern and southern plutons, defining a series subparallel, controlled by fault, northwest-southeast trending belts, some of the plutons are deformed and under-formed. They are widely exposed along the south-eastern side of the Barisan mountain. Based on the characteristic of minerals and crystallography, rocks found in this study area were granite, granitic, monzogranite and andesitic-Basaltic Volcanic Rock. It belongs to calc Alkaline was predominantly metalumina, I-Type Granite, Volcanic arc granites, Syncollisonal Granites (Syn_COLG) and tholeiitic basalt. It was formed since 169±5 to 20±1 Ma. The origin of magmas in interpreted to be derived from partial melting of igneous rock. The occurrence of the gratoid and volcanic rocks supposed to be closely related to the subduction of the Australian-Hindia oceanic crust beneath the Eurasia/Sunda land Continental Crust as Volcanic arc or continental margin granitic and shown youngest to the southwest. The subduction process having probably been different in position between one terrane to others led to the occurrence of segmentation subduction system. The positional discontinuities of the subduction are probably caused by the difference in time of emplacement and mechanism of volcanic and granitic rock between segments. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tectonic%20setting" title="tectonic setting">tectonic setting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I-type%20granitic" title=" I-type granitic"> I-type granitic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=subduction" title=" subduction"> subduction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Southern%20Sumatra" title=" Southern Sumatra"> Southern Sumatra</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60668/the-geochemical-characteristic-and-tectonic-setting-of-mezoic-cenozoic-volcanic-and-granitic-rocks-in-southern-sumatra-indonesia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60668.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">246</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">43</span> Oil-Spill Monitoring in Istanbul Strait and Marmara Sea by RASAT Remote Sensing Images</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ozgun%20Oktar">Ozgun Oktar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sevilay%20Can"> Sevilay Can</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cengiz%20V.%20Ekici"> Cengiz V. Ekici</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The oil spill is a form of pollution caused by releasing of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the marine environment. Considering the growth of ship traffic, increasing of off-shore oil drilling and seaside refineries affect the risk of oil spill upward. The oil spill is easy to spread to large areas when occurs especially on the sea surface. Remote sensing technology offers the easiest way to control/monitor the area of the oil spill in a large region. It’s usually easy to detect pollution when occurs by the ship accidents, however monitoring non-accidental pollution could be possible by remote sensing. It is also needed to observe specific regions daily and continuously by satellite solutions. Remote sensing satellites mostly and effectively used for monitoring oil pollution are RADARSAT, ENVISAT and MODIS. Spectral coverage and transition period of these satellites are not proper to monitor Marmara Sea and Istanbul Strait continuously. In this study, RASAT and GOKTURK-2 are suggested to use for monitoring Marmara Sea and Istanbul Strait. RASAT, with spectral resolution 420 – 730 nm, is the first Turkish-built satellite. GOKTURK-2’s resolution can reach up to 2,5 meters. This study aims to analyze the images from both satellites and produce maps to show the regions which have potentially affected by spills from shipping traffic. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marmara%20Sea" title="Marmara Sea">Marmara Sea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=monitoring" title=" monitoring"> monitoring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil%20spill" title=" oil spill"> oil spill</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=satellite%20remote%20sensing" title=" satellite remote sensing"> satellite remote sensing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52390/oil-spill-monitoring-in-istanbul-strait-and-marmara-sea-by-rasat-remote-sensing-images" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52390.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">423</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">42</span> Economic Important of Manta Ray Watching Tourism in Dampier Strait, Raja Ampat, West Papua, Indonesia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maulita%20Sari%20Hani">Maulita Sari Hani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abraham%20B.%20Sianipar"> Abraham B. Sianipar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jamaluddin%20Jompa"> Jamaluddin Jompa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Natsir%20Nessa"> Natsir Nessa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alan%20T.%20White"> Alan T. White</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Manta ray is an icon for tourism in Raja Ampat. The tourist volume has been increased for the past ten years which up to approximately 23,000 tourists in 2017. Since 2013, Conservation International Indonesia deployed satellite and acoustic tags on manta ray in Dampier strait to track the species and identify the aggregation areas. These findings encourage the government and the local community to boost conservation through the management of marine protected areas for tourism purposes. Community in Dampier strait including the village of Arborek, Kurkapa, Kapisawar, and Sawingray involved in variety of small scale tourism business including homestay, dive shop, tour operator, and crafts. Working groups of related local businesses were established to support the local community and to ensure the sustainability of the economic viability and environmental sustainability. In order to analyze the economic benefits of manta ray tourism, this study was conducted to identify the number of local business in Dampier Strait and the economic impacts in terms of local finance security, social, humanity, individual, and physical assets. The results of this study identify 30 homestays, 2 dive shops, 10 tour operators, 30 women involved in crafts, and about 50 villagers worked for dive resorts. In addition to community assets, we confirmed the welfare of community has been improved in terms of food security, households, education for children, savings, and health insurance. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=marine%20wildlife%20tourism" title="marine wildlife tourism">marine wildlife tourism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=elasmobranch" title=" elasmobranch"> elasmobranch</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conservation" title=" conservation"> conservation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ecotourism" title=" ecotourism"> ecotourism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=co-management" title=" co-management"> co-management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20viability" title=" economic viability"> economic viability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20sustainability" title=" environmental sustainability"> environmental sustainability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/101285/economic-important-of-manta-ray-watching-tourism-in-dampier-strait-raja-ampat-west-papua-indonesia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/101285.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">217</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">41</span> Maritime English Communication Training for Japanese VTS Operators in the Congested Area Including the Narrow Channel of Akashi Strait</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kenji%20Tanaka">Kenji Tanaka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kazumi%20Sugita"> Kazumi Sugita</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuto%20Mizushima"> Yuto Mizushima</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper introduces a noteworthy form of English communication training for the officers and operators of the Osaka-Bay Marine Traffic Information Service (Osaka MARTIS) of the Japan Coast Guard working in the congested area at the Akashi Strait in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan. The authors of this paper, Marine Technical College’s (MTC) English language instructors, have been holding about forty lectures and exercises in basic and normal Maritime English (ME) for several groups of MARTIS personnel at Osaka MARTIS annually since they started the training in 2005. Trainees are expected to be qualified Maritime Third-Class Radio Operators who are responsible for providing safety information to a daily average of seven to eight hundred vessels that pass through the Akashi Strait, one of Japan’s narrowest channels. As of 2022, the instructors are conducting 55 remote lessons at MARTIS. One lesson is 90 minutes long. All 26 trainees are given oral and written assessments. The trainees need to pass the examination to become qualified operators every year, requiring them to train and maintain their linguistic levels even during the pandemic of Corona Virus Disease-19 (COVID-19). The vessel traffic information provided by Osaka MARTIS in Maritime English language is essential to the work involving the use of very high frequency (VHF) communication between MARTIS and vessels in the area. ME is the common language mainly used on board merchant, fishing, and recreational vessels, normally at sea. ME was edited and recommended by the International Maritime Organization in the 1970s, was revised in 2002, and has undergone continual revision. The vessel’s circumstances are much more serious at the strait than those at the open sea, so these vessels need ME to receive guidance from the center when passing through the narrow strait. The imminent and challenging situations at the strait necessitate that textbooks’ contents include the basics of the phrase book for seafarers as well as specific and additional navigational information, pronunciation exercises, notes on keywords and phrases, explanations about collocations, sample sentences, and explanations about the differences between synonyms especially those focusing on terminologies necessary for passing through the strait. Additionally, short Japanese-English translation quizzes about these topics, as well as prescribed readings about the maritime sector, are include in the textbook. All of these exercises have been trained in the remote education system since the outbreak of COVID-19. According to the guidelines of ME edited in 2009, the lowest level necessary for seafarers is B1 (lower individual users) of The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment (CEFR). Therefore, this vocational ME language training at Osaka MARTIS aims for its trainees to communicate at levels higher than B1. A noteworthy proof of improvement from this training is that most of the trainees have become qualified marine radio communication officers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=akashi%20strait" title="akashi strait">akashi strait</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B1%20of%20CEFR" title=" B1 of CEFR"> B1 of CEFR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maritime%20english%20communication%20training" title=" maritime english communication training"> maritime english communication training</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=osaka%20martis" title=" osaka martis"> osaka martis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155943/maritime-english-communication-training-for-japanese-vts-operators-in-the-congested-area-including-the-narrow-channel-of-akashi-strait" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155943.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">123</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">40</span> Measure Determination and Zoning of Oil Pollution (TPH) on ‎Costal Sediments of Bandar Abbas (Hormoz Strait) ‎</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maryam%20Ehsanpour">Maryam Ehsanpour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Majid%20Afkhami%20%E2%80%8E"> Majid Afkhami ‎ </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study investigated the presence of hydrocarbon pollution in industrial waste water sediments found in west coast of Bandar Abass (northern part of Hormoz strait). Therefore, six transects from west of the city were selected. Each transect consists of three stations intervals 100, 600 and 1100 meter from the low tide were sampled in both the summer and winter season (July and January 2009). Physical and chemical parameters of water, concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and soil tissue deposition were evaluated according to standard procedures of MOOPAM. Average results of dissolved oxygen were 6.42 mg/l, temperature 26.31°C, pH 8.55, EC 54.47 ms/cm and salinity 35.98 g/l respectively. Results indicate that minimum, maximum and average concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) in sediments were, 60.18, 751.83, and 229.21 µg/kg respectively which are less than comparable studies in other parts of Persian Gulf. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil%20pollution" title="oil pollution">oil pollution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bandar%20Abbas" title=" Bandar Abbas"> Bandar Abbas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=costal%20sediments" title=" costal sediments"> costal sediments</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TPH%20%E2%80%8E" title=" TPH ‎"> TPH ‎</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13330/measure-determination-and-zoning-of-oil-pollution-tph-on-costal-sediments-of-bandar-abbas-hormoz-strait" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13330.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">718</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">39</span> Views from Shores Past: Palaeogeographic Reconstructions as an Aid for Interpreting the Movement of Early Modern Humans on and between the Islands of Wallacea</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Kealy">S. Kealy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Louys"> J. Louys</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20O%E2%80%99Connor"> S. O’Connor</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The island archipelago that stretches between the continents of Sunda (Southeast Asia) and Sahul (Australia - New Guinea) and comprising much of modern-day Indonesia as well as Timor-Leste, represents the biogeographic region of Wallacea. The islands of Wallaea are significant archaeologically as they have never been connected to the mainlands of either Sunda or Sahul, and thus the colonization by early modern humans of these islands and subsequently Australia and New Guinea, would have necessitated some form of water crossings. Accurate palaeogeographic reconstructions of the Wallacean Archipelago for this time are important not only for modeling likely routes of colonization but also for reconstructing likely landscapes and hence resources available to the first colonists. Here we present five digital reconstructions of coastal outlines of Wallacea and Sahul (Australia and New Guinea) for the periods 65, 60, 55, 50, and 45,000 years ago using the latest bathometric chart and a sea-level model that is adjusted to account for the average uplift rate known from Wallacea. This data was also used to reconstructed island areal extent as well as topography for each time period. These reconstructions allowed us to determine the distance from the coast and relative elevation of the earliest archaeological sites for each island where such records exist. This enabled us to approximate how much effort exploitation of coastal resources would have taken for early colonists, and how important such resources were. These reconstructions also allowed us to estimate visibility for each island in the archipelago, and to model how intervisible each island was during the period of likely human colonisation. We demonstrate how these models provide archaeologists with an important basis for visualising this ancient landscape and interpreting how it was originally viewed, traversed and exploited by its earliest modern human inhabitants. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wallacea" title="Wallacea">Wallacea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=palaeogeographic%20reconstructions" title=" palaeogeographic reconstructions"> palaeogeographic reconstructions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=islands" title=" islands"> islands</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intervisibility" title=" intervisibility"> intervisibility</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63197/views-from-shores-past-palaeogeographic-reconstructions-as-an-aid-for-interpreting-the-movement-of-early-modern-humans-on-and-between-the-islands-of-wallacea" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63197.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">211</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">38</span> Texture Characterization and Mineralogical Composition of the 1982-1983 Second Phase Galunggung Eruption, West Java Regency, Indonesia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Hanif%20Irsyada">M. Hanif Irsyada</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rifaldy"> Rifaldy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arif%20Lutfi%20Namury"> Arif Lutfi Namury</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Syahreza%20S.%20Angkasa"> Syahreza S. Angkasa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khalid%20Rizky"> Khalid Rizky</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ricky%20Aryanto"> Ricky Aryanto</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Alfiyan%20Bagus"> M. Alfiyan Bagus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Excobar%20Arman"> Excobar Arman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fahri%20Septianto"> Fahri Septianto</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Firman%20Najib%20Wibisana"> Firman Najib Wibisana</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Galunggung Mountain is an active volcano in Indonesia, precisely on the island of Java. This area is included in the Sunda Sunda arc formed by the tendency of the Australian oceanic plate to Eurasian continental plate. This research was conducted to determine the characteristics and document the mineralogical composition of the Galunggung eruption of the second phase 1982-1983. In fragment samples, petrographic analysis is carried out under a qualitative and quantitative polarizing microscope. This sample was obtained from the second phase eruption in the Cibanjanj formation. Based on the analysis results obtained filter texture characteristics, olivine parallel growth, lamellar structure, glass inclusion, plagioclase zonation and obtained special texture in the gabbroic cummulate. The mineral composition consists of phenocryst plagioclase (41vol%), pyroxene (26vol%), olivin (4vol%) and mineral opaque (29vol%). Microlite minerals consist of plagioclase (31.95vol%), pyroxene (12.09vol%), opaque minerals (55.96vol%). This research is expected to be developed by further researchers to be able to explain in more detail related to Galunggung mountain with 3 phases of eruption that are so intense. Also, it is expected to explain the structural characteristics and mineralogical composition that can be used to determine the origin of all the results of the Galunggung eruption 1982-1983. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Galunggung%20eruption" title="Galunggung eruption">Galunggung eruption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mineralogical%20composition" title=" mineralogical composition"> mineralogical composition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=texture%20characterization" title=" texture characterization"> texture characterization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gabbroic%20cumulate" title=" gabbroic cumulate"> gabbroic cumulate</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/118356/texture-characterization-and-mineralogical-composition-of-the-1982-1983-second-phase-galunggung-eruption-west-java-regency-indonesia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/118356.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">126</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">37</span> The Development of the Geological Structure of the Bengkulu Fore Arc Basin, Western Edge of Sundaland, Sumatra, and Its Relationship to Hydrocarbon Trapping Mechanism</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lauti%20Dwita%20Santy">Lauti Dwita Santy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hermes%20Panggabean"> Hermes Panggabean</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Syahrir%20Andi%20Mangga"> Syahrir Andi Mangga</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Bengkulu Basin is part of the Sunda Arc system, which is a classic convergent type margin that occur around the southern rim of the Eurasian continental (Sundaland) plate. The basin is located between deep sea trench (Mentawai Outer Arc high) and the volvanic/ magmatic Arc of the Barisan Mountains Range. To the northwest it is bounded by Padang High, to the northest by Barisan Mountains (Sumatra Fault Zone) to the southwest by Mentawai Fault Zone and to the southeast by Semangko High/ Sunda Strait. The stratigraphic succession and tectonic development can be broadly divided into four stage/ periods, i.e Late Jurassic- Early Cretaceous, Late Eocene-Early Oligocene, Late Oligocene-Early Miocene, Middle Miocene-Late Miocene and Pliocene-Plistocene, which are mainly controlled by the development of subduction activities. The Pre Tertiary Basement consist of sedimentary and shallow water limestone, calcareous mudstone, cherts and tholeiitic volcanic rocks, with Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous in age. The sedimentation in this basin is depend on the relief of the Pre Tertiary Basement (Woyla Terrane) and occured into two stages, i.e. transgressive stage during the Latest Oligocene-Early Middle Miocene Seblat Formation, and the regressive stage during the Latest Middle Miocene-Pleistocene (Lemau, Simpangaur and Bintunan Formations). The Pre-Tertiary Faults were more intensive than the overlying cover, The Tertiary Rocks. There are two main fault trends can be distinguished, Northwest–Southwest Faults and Northeast-Southwest Faults. The NW-SE fault (Ketaun) are commonly laterally persistent, are interpreted to the part of Sumatran Fault Systems. They commonly form the boundaries to the Pre Tertiary basement highs and therefore are one of the faults elements controlling the geometry and development of the Tertiary sedimentary basins.The Northeast-Southwest faults was formed a conjugate set to the Northwest–Southeast Faults. In the earliest Tertiary and reactivated during the Plio-Pleistocene in a compressive mode with subsequent dextral displacement. The Block Faulting accross these two sets of faults related to approximate North–South compression in Paleogene time and produced a series of elongate basins separated by basement highs in the backarc and forearc region. The Bengkulu basin is interpreted having evolved from pull apart feature in the area southwest of the main Sumatra Fault System related to NW-SE trending in dextral shear.Based on Pyrolysis Yield (PY) vs Total Organic Carbon (TOC) diagram show that Seblat and Lemau Formation belongs to oil and Gas Prone with the quality of the source rocks includes into excellent and good (Lemau Formation), Fair and Poor (Seblat Formation). The fine-grained carbonaceous sediment of the Seblat dan Lemau Formations as source rocks, the coarse grained and carbonate sediments of the Seblat and Lemau Formations as reservoir rocks, claystone bed in Seblat and Lemau Formation as caprock. The source rocks maturation are late immature to early mature, with kerogen type II and III (Seblat Formation), and late immature to post mature with kerogen type I and III (Lemau Formation). The burial history show to 2500 m in depthh with paleo temperature reached 80oC. Trapping mechanism occur during Oligo–Miocene and Middle Miocene, mainly in block faulting system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fore%20arc" title="fore arc">fore arc</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bengkulu" title=" bengkulu"> bengkulu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sumatra" title=" sumatra"> sumatra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sundaland" title=" sundaland"> sundaland</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrocarbon" title=" hydrocarbon"> hydrocarbon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trapping%20mechanism" title=" trapping mechanism"> trapping mechanism</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25463/the-development-of-the-geological-structure-of-the-bengkulu-fore-arc-basin-western-edge-of-sundaland-sumatra-and-its-relationship-to-hydrocarbon-trapping-mechanism" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25463.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">558</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">36</span> Hydro-Sedimentological Evaluation in Itajurú Channel–Araruama Lagoon-Rj, Due Superelevation of the Sea Level by Climate Change</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paulo%20Jos%C3%A9%20Siga%C3%BAque">Paulo José Sigaúque</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paulo%20Rosman"> Paulo Rosman </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Itajurú channel, located in the Eastern side of the Araruama lagoon, Rio de Janeiro state, is the one who makes the connection between Araruama lagoon and the sea. It is important to understand the hydrodynamic circulation of the location and effects of the sedimentological processes, and also estimate of the hydrodynamic and sedimentological processes in the future after the sea level change due to effects of climate change. This work presents results of a study about sediments dynamics in the Araruama lagoon focusing on the Itajurú channel region considering the present mean sea level and a foreseen sea level rise of 0.5 meters due to climate changes. The study was conducted with the aid of computer modeling for hydrodynamic and morphodynamic in SisBaHiA®. The results indicate that Araruama lagoon is composed by two hydrodynamics compartments; one is dominated by the action of the tide between the entrance of the channel and the strait of Perynas, and another one by the action of wind in narrow region between strait of Perynas and western extreme of the lagoon. With sea level rise, the magnitude of current velocities and flow rates is increased and consequently flow of sediment transport from upstream to downstream of Itajurú channel is increased and has more effect in the bridge Feliciano Sodré. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrodinamic" title="hydrodinamic">hydrodinamic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=superelevation" title=" superelevation"> superelevation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sea%20level" title=" sea level"> sea level</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=climate%20change" title=" climate change"> climate change</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10150/hydro-sedimentological-evaluation-in-itajuru-channel-araruama-lagoon-rj-due-superelevation-of-the-sea-level-by-climate-change" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10150.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">305</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">35</span> Exploring Cultural Safety for Individuals from Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Backgrounds Participating in Breast Screening</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Philippa%20Sambevski">Philippa Sambevski</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in Australian women. The incidence of breast cancer for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (ATSI) women is lower than for non-indigenous women. However, the mortality rate for ATSI women is higher. The participation rate of ATSI women in BreastScreen Australia is below the general population. In this thematic literature review, the author collates viable strategies to increase breast screening rates among culturally and linguistically diverse individuals and provide culturally competent care. Barriers to accessing BreastScreen for ATSI women include language or communication limits, isolation, and a lack of culturally sensitive information. Culturally competent strategies require healthcare workers with an appropriate cultural and social background, clear messages, and the embedding of cultural respect within healthcare organisations. Cultural safety is determined by partnering with local indigenous groups, recognising the consumer experience, and allowing people to raise their concerns. The corresponding academic poster identifies strategies for healthcare workers to provide culturally competent care in a BreastScreen setting. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=breast%20screen" title="breast screen">breast screen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=closing%20the%20gap" title=" closing the gap"> closing the gap</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Australia" title=" Australia"> Australia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cultural%20safety" title=" cultural safety"> cultural safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aboriginal%20and%20Torres%20Strait%20Islander" title=" Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander"> Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152153/exploring-cultural-safety-for-individuals-from-culturally-and-linguistically-diverse-backgrounds-participating-in-breast-screening" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152153.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">113</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">34</span> Study of the Persian Gulf’s and Oman Sea’s Numerical Tidal Currents </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatemeh%20Sadat%20Sharifi">Fatemeh Sadat Sharifi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this research, a barotropic model was employed to consider the tidal studies in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea, where the only sufficient force was the tidal force. To do that, a finite-difference, free-surface model called Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS), was employed on the data over the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. To analyze flow patterns of the region, the results of limited size model of The Finite Volume Community Ocean Model (FVCOM) were appropriated. The two points were determined since both are one of the most critical water body in case of the economy, biology, fishery, Shipping, navigation, and petroleum extraction. The OSU Tidal Prediction Software (OTPS) tide and observation data validated the modeled result. Next, tidal elevation and speed, and tidal analysis were interpreted. Preliminary results determine a significant accuracy in the tidal height compared with observation and OTPS data, declaring that tidal currents are highest in Hormuz Strait and the narrow and shallow region between Iranian coasts and Islands. Furthermore, tidal analysis clarifies that the M_2 component has the most significant value. Finally, the Persian Gulf tidal currents are divided into two branches: the first branch converts from south to Qatar and via United Arab Emirate rotates to Hormuz Strait. The secondary branch, in north and west, extends up to the highest point in the Persian Gulf and in the head of Gulf turns counterclockwise. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20model" title="numerical model">numerical model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=barotropic%20tide" title=" barotropic tide"> barotropic tide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tidal%20currents" title=" tidal currents"> tidal currents</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=OSU%20tidal%20prediction%20software" title=" OSU tidal prediction software"> OSU tidal prediction software</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=OTPS" title=" OTPS"> OTPS</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/112497/study-of-the-persian-gulfs-and-oman-seas-numerical-tidal-currents" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/112497.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">131</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">33</span> Estimating Understory Species Diversity of West Timor Tropical Savanna, Indonesia: The Basis for Planning an Integrated Management of Agricultural and Environmental Weeds and Invasive Species</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20L.%20Gaol">M. L. Gaol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20W.%20Mudita"> I. W. Mudita</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Indonesia is well known as a country covered by lush tropical rain forests, but in fact, the northeastern part of the country, within the areas geologically known as Lesser Sunda, the dominant vegetation is tropical savanna. Lesser Sunda is a chain of islands located closer to Australia than to islands in the other parts of the country. Among those of islands in the chain which is closes to Australia, and thereby most strongly affected by the hot and dry Australian climate, is the island of Timor, the western part of which belongs to Indonesia and the eastern part is a sovereign state East Timor. Regardless of being the most dominant vegetation cover, tropical savanna in West Timor, especially its understory, is rarely investigated. This research was therefore carried out to investigate the structure, composition and diversity of the understory of this tropical savanna as the basis for looking at the possibility of introducing other spesieis for various purposes. For this research, 14 terrestrial communities representing major types of the existing savannas in West Timor was selected with aid of the most recently available satellite imagery. At each community, one stand of the size of 50 m x 50 m most likely representing the community was as the site of observation for the type of savanna under investigation. At each of the 14 communities, 20 plots of 1 m x 1 m in size was placed at random to identify understory species and to count the total number of individuals and to estimate the cover of each species. Based on such counts and estimation, the important value of each species was later calculated. The results of this research indicated that the understory of savanna in West Timor consisted of 73 understory species. Of this number of species, 18 species are grasses and 55 are non-grasses. Although lower than non-grass species, grass species indeed dominated the savanna as indicated by their number of individuals (65.33 vs 34.67%), species cover (57.80 vs 42.20%), and important value (123.15 vs 76.85). Of the 14 communities, the lowest density of grass was 13.50/m2 and the highest was 417.50/m2. Of 18 grass species found, all were commonly found as agricultural weeds, whereas of 55 non-grass, 10 species were commonly found as agricultural weeds, environmental weeds, or invasive species. In terms of better managing the savanna in the region, these findings provided the basis for planning a more integrated approach in managing such agricultural and environmental weeds as well as invasive species by considering the structure, composition, and species diversity of the understory species existing in each site. These findings also provided the basis for better understanding the flora of the region as a whole and for developing a flora database of West Timor in future. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tropical%20savanna" title="tropical savanna">tropical savanna</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=understory%20species" title=" understory species"> understory species</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=integrated%20management" title=" integrated management"> integrated management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=weedy%20and%20invasive%20species" title=" weedy and invasive species"> weedy and invasive species</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/123776/estimating-understory-species-diversity-of-west-timor-tropical-savanna-indonesia-the-basis-for-planning-an-integrated-management-of-agricultural-and-environmental-weeds-and-invasive-species" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/123776.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">135</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">32</span> Impact of Marine Hydrodynamics and Coastal Morphology on Changes in Mangrove Forests (Case Study: West of Strait of Hormuz, Iran)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatemeh%20Parhizkar">Fatemeh Parhizkar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mojtaba%20Yamani"> Mojtaba Yamani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdolla%20Behboodi"> Abdolla Behboodi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Masoomeh%20Hashemi"> Masoomeh Hashemi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The mangrove forests are natural and valuable gifts that exist in some parts of the world, including Iran. Regarding the threats faced by these forests and the declining area of them all over the world, as well as in Iran, it is very necessary to manage and monitor them. The current study aimed to investigate the changes in mangrove forests and the relationship between these changes and the marine hydrodynamics and coastal morphology in the area between qeshm island and the west coast of the Hormozgan province (i.e. the coastline between Mehran river and Bandar-e Pol port) in the 49-year period. After preprocessing and classifying satellite images using the SVM, MLC, and ANN classifiers and evaluating the accuracy of the maps, the SVM approach with the highest accuracy (the Kappa coefficient of 0.97 and overall accuracy of 98) was selected for preparing the classification map of all images. The results indicate that from 1972 to 1987, the area of these forests have had experienced a declining trend, and in the next years, their expansion was initiated. These forests include the mangrove forests of Khurkhuran wetland, Muriz Deraz Estuary, Haft Baram Estuary, the mangrove forest in the south of the Laft Port, and the mangrove forests between the Tabl Pier, Maleki Village, and Gevarzin Village. The marine hydrodynamic and geomorphological characteristics of the region, such as average intertidal zone, sediment data, the freshwater inlet of Mehran river, wave stability and calmness, topography and slope, as well as mangrove conservation projects make the further expansion of mangrove forests in this area possible. By providing significant and up-to-date information on the development and decline of mangrove forests in different parts of the coast, this study can significantly contribute to taking measures for the conservation and restoration of mangrove forests. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mangrove%20forests" title="mangrove forests">mangrove forests</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=marine%20hydrodynamics" title=" marine hydrodynamics"> marine hydrodynamics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coastal%20morphology" title=" coastal morphology"> coastal morphology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=west%20of%20strait%20of%20Hormuz" title=" west of strait of Hormuz"> west of strait of Hormuz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iran" title=" Iran"> Iran</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148851/impact-of-marine-hydrodynamics-and-coastal-morphology-on-changes-in-mangrove-forests-case-study-west-of-strait-of-hormuz-iran" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148851.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">95</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">31</span> Importance of the Bali Strait for Devil Ray Reproduction </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Irianes%20C.%20Gozali">Irianes C. Gozali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Betty%20J.L.%20%20Laglbauer"> Betty J.L. Laglbauer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20%20G.%20Salim"> Muhammad G. Salim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sila%20%20K.%20Sari"> Sila K. Sari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fahmi%20Fahmi"> Fahmi Fahmi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Selvia%20Oktaviyani"> Selvia Oktaviyani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Muncar, located off the eastern coast of Java, is an important fishing port for small-scale fleets which land mobulid rays as retained bycatch, primarily in drift gillnets. Due to overlap with fishing grounds in the Bali Strait, three devil ray species are landed in Muncar, the spinetail devil ray Mobula mobular, the bentfin devil ray Mobula thurstoni, and the Chilean devil ray Mobula tarapacana, which are all listed as Endangered by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. However, despite the importance of life-history data to better manage stocks, such information is still rare or unavailable for Indonesian mobulid ray populations. Using morphometric data, reproductive assessments, and samples collected from dead specimens at fish markets from 2015-2019, we provide information on the maturity stage, reproductive periodicity, gestation, and size at parturition. A majority of immature individuals of all three devil ray species were recorded (<10% individuals in Mobula mobular to <30% individuals in Mobula thurstoni). Pregnant females of two species, Mobula mobular and Mobula thurstoni were recorded containing embryos of various developmental stages (each with a single embryo in the left functional uterus), while for Mobula tarapacana, no fetuses were found. The largest embryo recorded in M. mobular was within the range of that previously reported for neonates of the species in Indonesia (957 cm, for a 920-994 range), and represents a near-term embryo reflecting size at parturition. Low reproductive output was confirmed for the study-species. Based on this study, we infer that the Bali Straight is likely an important location for devil ray reproduction, which raises concern for the sustainability of mobulid ray populations in the face of bycatch in drift gillnets. Potential management approaches to tackle this issue are discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=devil%20ray" title="devil ray">devil ray</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mobulid" title=" mobulid"> mobulid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reproduction" title=" reproduction"> reproduction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Indonesia" title=" Indonesia"> Indonesia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/120076/importance-of-the-bali-strait-for-devil-ray-reproduction" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/120076.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">182</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">30</span> Effective Public Health Communication: Vaccine Health Messaging with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maria%20Karidakis">Maria Karidakis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Barbara%20Kelly"> Barbara Kelly</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The challenges precipitated by the advent of COVID-19 have brought to the fore the task governments and key stakeholders are faced with; ensuring public health communication is readily accessible to vulnerable populations. COVID-19 has presented challenges for the provision and reception of timely, accessible, and accurate health information pertaining to vaccine health messaging to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. The aim of this qualitative study was to explore strategies used by Aboriginal-led organisations to improve communication about COVID-19 and vaccination for their communities and to explore how these mediation and outreach strategies were received by community members. We interviewed 6 Aboriginal-led organisations and 15 community members from several states across Australian, and these interviews were analysed thematically. The findings suggest that effective public health communication is enhanced when aFirst nations-led response defines the governance that happens in First Nations communities. Pro-active and self-determining Aboriginal leadership and decision-making helps drive the response to counter a growing trend towards vaccine hesitancy. Other strategies include establishing partnerships with government departments and relevant non-governmental organisations to ensure services are implemented and culturally appropriate. The outcomes of this research will afford policymakers, stakeholders in healthcare, and cultural mediators the capacity to identify strengths and potential problems associated with pandemic health information and to subsequently implement creative and culturally specific solutions that go beyond the provision of written documentation via translation or interpreting. It will also enable governing bodies to adjust multilingual polices and to adopt mediation strategies that will improve information delivery and intercultural services on a national and international level. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intercultural%20communication" title="intercultural communication">intercultural communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=qualitative" title=" qualitative"> qualitative</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20health%20communication" title=" public health communication"> public health communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=COVID-19" title=" COVID-19"> COVID-19</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pandemic" title=" pandemic"> pandemic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mediated%20communication" title=" mediated communication"> mediated communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=first%20nations%20people" title=" first nations people"> first nations people</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144844/effective-public-health-communication-vaccine-health-messaging-with-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144844.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">160</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sunda%20Strait&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a 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