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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early stage career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_stage_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_stage_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_stage_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Later stage career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_stage_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autobiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autobiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Autobiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autobiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television_and_radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television_and_radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Television and radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television_and_radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financial_difficulties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_difficulties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Financial difficulties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_difficulties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Columbia_University" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Columbia_University"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Columbia University</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Columbia_University-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_King_and_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_King_and_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span><i>The King and I</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_King_and_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_funeral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_funeral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Death and funeral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_funeral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_theatre_credits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_theatre_credits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Selected theatre credits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_theatre_credits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filmography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filmography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Filmography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filmography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Discography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Lawrence" title="Gertrude Lawrence – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gertrude Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3" title="قرترود لارنس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قرترود لارنس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Lawrence" title="Gertrude Lawrence – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gertrude Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Lawrence" title="Gertrude Lawrence – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gertrude Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Lawrence" title="Gertrude Lawrence – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gertrude Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3" title="گرترود لارنس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گرترود لارنس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Lawrence" title="Gertrude Lawrence – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gertrude Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Lawrence" title="Gertrude Lawrence – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gertrude Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B1%B0%ED%8A%B8%EB%A3%A8%EB%93%9C_%EB%A1%9C%EB%9F%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="거트루드 로런스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="거트루드 로런스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Lawrence" title="Gertrude Lawrence – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gertrude Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Lawrence" title="Gertrude Lawrence – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gertrude Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="جيرترود لورانس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيرترود لورانس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9" title="ガートルード・ローレンス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ガートルード・ローレンス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Lawrence" title="Gertrude Lawrence – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gertrude Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Lawrence" title="Gertrude Lawrence – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gertrude Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Lawrence" title="Gertrude Lawrence – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gertrude Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Lawrence" title="Gertrude Lawrence – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gertrude Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Lawrence" title="Gertrude Lawrence – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gertrude Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Lawrence" title="Gertrude Lawrence – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gertrude Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%89%B9%E9%B2%81%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%8A%B3%E4%BC%A6%E6%96%AF" title="格特鲁德·劳伦斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="格特鲁德·劳伦斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English actress, singer, dancer and musical comedy performer (1898–1952)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Gertrude Lawrence</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gertrude_Lawrence_1947.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Gertrude_Lawrence_1947.jpg/220px-Gertrude_Lawrence_1947.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Gertrude_Lawrence_1947.jpg/330px-Gertrude_Lawrence_1947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Gertrude_Lawrence_1947.jpg/440px-Gertrude_Lawrence_1947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="828" data-file-height="1034" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Lawrence in 1947</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Gertrude Alice Dagmar Klasen<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1898-07-04</span>)</span>4 July 1898<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">London, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">6 September 1952<span style="display:none">(1952-09-06)</span> (aged 54)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">New York City, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italia_Conti_Academy_of_Theatre_Arts" title="Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts">Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Actress</li><li>singer</li><li>dancer</li><li>musical comedy performer</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1916–1952</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Francis Gordon-Howley</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1917; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1927)<wbr /></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Aldrich_(producer)" title="Richard Aldrich (producer)">Richard Aldrich</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1940)<wbr /></div></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gertrude Lawrence</b> (4 July 1898 – 6 September 1952) was an English actress, singer, dancer and musical comedy performer known for her stage appearances in the <a href="/wiki/West_End_theatre" title="West End theatre">West End</a> of London and on <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a> in New York. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gertrude_Lawrence&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lawrence was born in 1898 in <a href="/wiki/Newington,_London" title="Newington, London">Newington, London</a> of English and Danish descent. Her name at birth was registered as <b>Gertrude Alice Dagmar Klasen</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-BetzBetz2002_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BetzBetz2002-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other variants of her birth name include <b>Alexandra Dagmar Lawrence-Klasen</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bowie2002_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowie2002-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <b>Gertrude Alexandra Dagmar Klasen</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-BetzBetz2002_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BetzBetz2002-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Her father was a <a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">basso profondo</a> who performed under the name Arthur Lawrence. His heavy drinking led her mother Alice to leave him soon after Gertrude's birth.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gertrude_Lawrence.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Gertrude_Lawrence.jpg/220px-Gertrude_Lawrence.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Gertrude_Lawrence.jpg/330px-Gertrude_Lawrence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Gertrude_Lawrence.jpg/440px-Gertrude_Lawrence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Gertrude Lawrence in 1917</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1904, her stepfather took the family to <a href="/wiki/Bognor" class="mw-redirect" title="Bognor">Bognor</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a> coast for the August bank holiday. While there, they attended a concert where audience members were invited to entertain. At her mother's urging, young Gertrude sang a song and was rewarded with a <a href="/wiki/Gold_sovereign" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold sovereign">gold sovereign</a> for her effort. It was her first public performance.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1908, to augment the family's meagre income, Alice accepted a job in the chorus of the Christmas pantomime at <a href="/wiki/Brixton" title="Brixton">Brixton</a> Theatre. A child who could sing and dance was needed to round out the troupe, and Alice volunteered her daughter. While working in the production Alice heard of <a href="/wiki/Italia_Conti" title="Italia Conti">Italia Conti</a>, who taught dance, elocution and the rudiments of acting. Gertrude auditioned for Conti, who thought the child was talented enough to warrant free lessons.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>She joined Italia Conti's production of <i><a href="/wiki/Where_the_Rainbow_Ends" title="Where the Rainbow Ends">Where the Rainbow Ends</a>;</i><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Conti's training of the cast would lead her to form the <a href="/wiki/Italia_Conti_Academy_of_Theatre_Arts" title="Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts">Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts</a> in 1911.) Conti's training led to Lawrence's appearance in <a href="/wiki/Max_Reinhardt" title="Max Reinhardt">Max Reinhardt</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Miracle_(play)" title="The Miracle (play)">The Miracle</a></i> staged in London and <i>Fifinella</i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Basil_Dean" title="Basil Dean">Basil Dean</a>, for the <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Playhouse" title="Liverpool Playhouse">Liverpool Repertory Theatre</a>. At some point during this period, the child decided to adopt her father's professional surname as her own. Dean then cast her in his next production, <a href="/wiki/Gerhart_Hauptmann" title="Gerhart Hauptmann">Gerhart Hauptmann</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Assumption_of_Hannele" title="The Assumption of Hannele">Hannele</a></i>, where she first met <a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward">Noël Coward</a>. Their meeting was the start of a close and sometimes tempestuous friendship and arguably the most important professional relationship in both their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_stage_career">Early stage career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gertrude_Lawrence&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early stage career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following <i>Hannele</i>, Lawrence reconnected with her father, who was living with a chorus girl. They agreed to let her tour with them in two successive <a href="/wiki/Revue" title="Revue">revues</a>, after which Arthur announced he had signed a year-long contract with a variety show in South Africa, leaving the two young women to fend for themselves. Lawrence, now aged sixteen, opted to live at the Theatrical Girls' Club in <a href="/wiki/Soho" title="Soho">Soho</a> rather than return to her mother and stepfather. </p><p>She worked steadily with various touring companies until 1916, when she was hired by <a href="/wiki/Impresario" title="Impresario">impresario</a> <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Charlot" title="André Charlot">André Charlot</a> to understudy <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Lillie" title="Beatrice Lillie">Beatrice Lillie</a> and appear in the chorus of his latest production in London's West End.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When it closed, she assumed Lillie's role on tour, then returned to London once again to understudy the star in another Charlot production, where she met dance director Francis Gordon-Howley. Although he was twenty years her senior, the two wed and soon after had a daughter Pamela, born on 28 May 1918,<sup id="cite_ref-suffolkpainters.co.uk_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suffolkpainters.co.uk-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was Lawrence's only child. The marriage was not a success, and Lawrence took Pamela with her to her mother's home in <a href="/wiki/Clapham" title="Clapham">Clapham</a>. The couple remained separated but did not divorce until ten years later.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1918, either during Lawrence's pregnancy or shortly after she gave birth,<sup id="cite_ref-suffolkpainters.co.uk_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suffolkpainters.co.uk-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> she contracted <a href="/wiki/Lumbago" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumbago">lumbago</a>. Charlot gave her two weeks to recuperate. He saw Lawrence at an opening night party at Ivor Novello's invitation two days before she was cleared to return to work by her doctor. Charlot immediately fired her. When the apparent reason for her dismissal became common knowledge among other West End theatrical producers, she was allegedly unable to find work, according to some sources. (The veracity of this information is put in doubt by a theater program for the opening performance of Charlot's revue <i>Buzz Buzz</i> on 20 December 1918, which clearly shows that Lawrence was in the cast at that time,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there is no evidence that she could have left the cast during its 613-performance run that ended on 13 March 1920.)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 1919, Lawrence accepted a job singing at Murray's, a popular London nightclub, where she remained for the better part of the next two years. While performing there she met Captain Philip Astley, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Household_Cavalry" title="Household Cavalry">Household Cavalry</a>. He became her friend, escort, and ultimately lover, and taught her how to dress and behave in high society. </p><p>At the end of 1920, Lawrence left Murray's and began to ease her way back into the legitimate theater while touring in a music hall act as the partner of popular singer Walter Williams. In October 1921, Charlot asked her to replace an ailing Beatrice Lillie as star of his latest production, <i>A to Z</i>, opposite <a href="/wiki/Jack_Buchanan" title="Jack Buchanan">Jack Buchanan</a>. In it the two introduced the song "<a href="/wiki/Limehouse_Blues_(song)" title="Limehouse Blues (song)">Limehouse Blues</a>," which went on to become one of Lawrence's signature tunes.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coward-Lawrence-London-Calling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="young man and young woman in evening costume, seated; he is looking intently at her; she is looking away coyly" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1e/Coward-Lawrence-London-Calling.jpg/330px-Coward-Lawrence-London-Calling.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1e/Coward-Lawrence-London-Calling.jpg/495px-Coward-Lawrence-London-Calling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1e/Coward-Lawrence-London-Calling.jpg/660px-Coward-Lawrence-London-Calling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="736" /></a><figcaption>With Noël Coward in <i>London Calling!</i></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1923, <a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward">Noël Coward</a> developed his first musical revue, <i><a href="/wiki/London_Calling!" class="mw-redirect" title="London Calling!">London Calling!</a></i>, specifically for Lawrence. Charlot agreed to produce it, but brought in more experienced writers and composers to work on the book and score. One of Coward's surviving songs was "Parisian Pierrot", a tune that would be identified closely with Lawrence throughout her career. </p><p>The show's success led its producer to create <i>André Charlot's London Revue of 1924</i>, which he took to Broadway with Lawrence, Lillie, Jack Buchanan and <a href="/wiki/Constance_Carpenter" title="Constance Carpenter">Constance Carpenter</a>. It was so successful it moved to a larger Broadway theater to accommodate the demand for tickets, extending its run. After it closed, the show toured the United States and Canada, although Lawrence was forced to leave the cast when she contracted <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">double pneumonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pleurisy" title="Pleurisy">pleurisy</a> and was forced to spend fourteen weeks in a <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> hospital recuperating.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Charlot's Revue of 1926</i>, starring Lawrence, Lillie, and Jack Buchanan, opened on Broadway in late 1925. In his review, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Woollcott" title="Alexander Woollcott">Alexander Woollcott</a> singled out Lawrence, calling her "the personification of style and sophistication" and "the ideal star."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like its predecessor, it toured following the Broadway run. It proved to be Lawrence's last project with Charlot. In November 1926, she became the first British performer to star in an American musical on Broadway when she opened in <i><a href="/wiki/Oh,_Kay!" title="Oh, Kay!">Oh, Kay!</a></i>, with music by <a href="/wiki/George_Gershwin" title="George Gershwin">George Gershwin</a>, lyrics by <a href="/wiki/Ira_Gershwin" title="Ira Gershwin">Ira Gershwin</a>, and a book by <a href="/wiki/Guy_Bolton" title="Guy Bolton">Guy Bolton</a> and <a href="/wiki/P.G._Wodehouse" class="mw-redirect" title="P.G. Wodehouse">P.G. Wodehouse</a>. Following a run of 256 performances, the musical opened in London’s West End, where it ran for 213 performances.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Private-Lives-1931-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Private-Lives-1931-3.jpg/220px-Private-Lives-1931-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Private-Lives-1931-3.jpg/330px-Private-Lives-1931-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Private-Lives-1931-3.jpg/440px-Private-Lives-1931-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Gertrude Lawrence and Noël Coward in <i>Private Lives</i></figcaption></figure> <p>When Lawrence became romantically involved with <a href="/wiki/Financial_District,_Manhattan" title="Financial District, Manhattan">Wall Street</a> banker Bert Taylor in 1927, Philip Astley proposed marriage, an offer Lawrence refused because she knew Astley would expect her to leave the stage and settle in rural England.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two remained close until he married actress <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Carroll" title="Madeleine Carroll">Madeleine Carroll</a> in 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Lawrence divorced Francis Gordon-Howley, she and Taylor became engaged and remained so for two years, with each free to enjoy a social life separate from the other.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Private-Lives-1931-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Private-Lives-1931-2.jpg/220px-Private-Lives-1931-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Private-Lives-1931-2.jpg/330px-Private-Lives-1931-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Private-Lives-1931-2.jpg/440px-Private-Lives-1931-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Lawrence and <a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward">Noël Coward</a> in the Broadway production of <i>Private Lives</i> (1931)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1928, Lawrence returned to Broadway opposite <a href="/wiki/Clifton_Webb" title="Clifton Webb">Clifton Webb</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Treasure_Girl" title="Treasure Girl">Treasure Girl</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a Gershwin work she was confident would be a huge hit. Anticipating a long run, she arrived in New York with her daughter Pamela, a personal maid and two cars, and settled into a flat on <a href="/wiki/Park_Avenue" title="Park Avenue">Park Avenue</a>. Her instincts about the musical were wrong; audiences had difficulty accepting her as an avaricious woman who double-crosses her lover, and it ran for only 68 performances.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She starred opposite <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Howard" title="Leslie Howard">Leslie Howard</a> in <i>Candle Light</i>, an Austrian play adapted by Wodehouse, in 1929,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1930-31 she and Noël Coward triumphed in his play <i><a href="/wiki/Private_Lives" title="Private Lives">Private Lives</a></i>, first in the UK, and later on Broadway. In 1930, <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Green" title="Johnny Green">Johnny Green</a> composed his most famous song "<a href="/wiki/Body_and_Soul_(1930_song)" title="Body and Soul (1930 song)">Body and Soul</a>" especially for Gertrude Lawrence. </p><p>While working in Manhattan, Lawrence started studying with vocal coach <a href="/wiki/Estelle_Liebling" title="Estelle Liebling">Estelle Liebling</a> to prepare for her performances on the Broadway stage.<sup id="cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lawrence continued to study with Liebling for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_stage_career">Later stage career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gertrude_Lawrence&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Later stage career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1936, Lawrence and Coward starred in <i><a href="/wiki/Tonight_at_8.30" title="Tonight at 8.30">Tonight at 8.30</a></i>, a cycle of ten one-act plays he had written specifically for the two of them. In 1937, she appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Crothers" title="Rachel Crothers">Rachel Crothers</a> drama <i><a href="/wiki/Susan_and_God" title="Susan and God">Susan and God</a></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NBC televised a performance of some scenes, with Lawrence and the Broadway cast using duplicate stage sets in its studios.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lawrence also starred in 1939's <i>Skylark</i>, a comedy by <a href="/wiki/Samson_Raphaelson" title="Samson Raphaelson">Samson Raphaelson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lawrence felt the play needed work prior to opening on Broadway, and a run at the Cape Playhouse in <a href="/wiki/Dennis,_Massachusetts" title="Dennis, Massachusetts">Dennis</a>, Massachusetts was arranged. The theatre was run by Broadway producer <a href="/wiki/Richard_Aldrich_(producer)" title="Richard Aldrich (producer)">Richard Aldrich</a>, and he and the actress became involved in a romantic relationship. The two wed on her birthday in 1940 and remained married until her death in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had homes in Dennis and in <a href="/wiki/Turtle_Bay,_Manhattan" title="Turtle Bay, Manhattan">Turtle Bay</a>, Manhattan.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1941, Lawrence's daughter Pamela married a New York doctor named William G. Cahan. The ceremony was held at the Dennis, Massachusetts home of Lawrence and Aldrich.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lawrence was friendly with her son-in-law but lost contact with him after his 1950 divorce from Pamela, according to Cahan's memoir that was published in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lawrence did not have any grandchildren during her lifetime. </p><p>Lawrence returned to the musical stage in <i><a href="/wiki/Lady_in_the_Dark" title="Lady in the Dark">Lady in the Dark</a></i> in 1941. It originally had been planned as a play with recurrent musical themes for <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Cornell" title="Katharine Cornell">Katharine Cornell</a> by <a href="/wiki/Moss_Hart" title="Moss Hart">Moss Hart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weill" title="Kurt Weill">Kurt Weill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ira_Gershwin" title="Ira Gershwin">Ira Gershwin</a>, but by the time the first act was completed it was clear it was very much a musical that Cornell agreed was beyond her capability as a performer. Soon after this, Hart met Lawrence at a rehearsal for a revue designed to raise funds for <a href="/wiki/British_War_Relief_Society" title="British War Relief Society">British War Relief</a>, and he offered her the role of Liza Elliott, a magazine editor undergoing <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a> to better understand why both her professional and personal lives are filled with indecision. </p><p>The show was very ambitious and stretched the star's talents for singing, dancing and acting. Her performance prompted <a href="/wiki/Richard_Watts,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Watts, Jr.">Richard Watts</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald_Tribune" title="New York Herald Tribune">New York Herald Tribune</a></i> to call her "the greatest feminine performer in the American theatre," and <a href="/wiki/Brooks_Atkinson" title="Brooks Atkinson">Brooks Atkinson</a> described her as "a goddess" in his review in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. She remained with the show throughout its Broadway run and its subsequent national tour over the next three years.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Decades later, Ira Gershwin told American songwriting historian Sheila Davis about a contribution Lawrence made to honing the lyrics of the song "My Ship" in <i>Lady in the Dark</i>. "During a <i>Lady in the Dark</i> rehearsal," Davis wrote, "Gertrude Lawrence suddenly stopped singing midline and called out to Gershwin, who was monitoring from the orchestra, 'Why does she say 'I could wait <i>four</i> years' – why not five or six?' Of course, the line was 'I could wait <i>for</i> years.' The painstaking lyricist immediately substituted <i>the</i> to clarify the aural ambiguity."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1945, Lawrence starred as <a href="/wiki/Eliza_Doolittle" title="Eliza Doolittle">Eliza Doolittle</a> opposite <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Massey" title="Raymond Massey">Raymond Massey</a> as Henry Higgins in a revival of <i><a href="/wiki/Pygmalion_(play)" title="Pygmalion (play)">Pygmalion</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>, who initially resisted the idea of Lawrence playing the role. Following the Broadway run, she toured the United States (including a stint in Washington, D.C.) and Canada in the play until May 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Autobiography">Autobiography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gertrude_Lawrence&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Autobiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1945, Lawrence published the autobiography <i>A Star Danced</i>. Her long-term friend <a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward">Noël Coward</a> later suggested it was a romanticised and less than wholly factual account of her life.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The author embarked on a cross-country tour of the United States to publicise her book, the first person to engage in such a promotion.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gertrude_Lawrence&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lawrence's second husband Richard Aldrich became a lieutenant in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, during which time Lawrence had a standing invitation to perform for British troops from the head of the UK's <a href="/wiki/Entertainments_National_Service_Association" title="Entertainments National Service Association">Entertainments National Service Association</a>. Her chief obstacle was getting from her home in <a href="/wiki/Dennis,_Massachusetts" title="Dennis, Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> to <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">Britain</a>. Aldrich was overseas at the time. In her 1945 memoir <i>A Star Danced</i>, she recalled, "After weeks of more or less patient waiting, repeated timid, pleading, urgent and finally importunate requests to the authorities who rule such matters in Washington and London, and a rapid-fire barrage of telegrams, cables and telephone calls, it had happened. At last I had permission to do what I had been wanting desperately to do for four years—go to England and do my bit on a tour for E.N.S.A."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lawrence's attorney booked the actress on a <a href="/wiki/British_Airways" title="British Airways">British Airways</a> charter flight from Washington, D.C. to an airfield near London; the flight lasted 36 hours, including two refueling stops. When Lawrence boarded the plane, she discovered that she, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a> and Beatrice Lillie were among the few passengers without diplomatic passports.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lawrence and Lillie were the only female passengers.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hours after landing near London, she performed with E.N.S.A. for British and American troops who, it turned out, had been deployed for the imminent <a href="/wiki/D-Day" class="mw-redirect" title="D-Day">D-Day</a> landings in <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>. Aldrich was in one of the squadrons of the US Navy. </p><p> Aldrich wrote in his 1954 biography of his recently deceased wife: </p><blockquote><p>She went over with the first E.N.S.A. unit to go into France, making the crossing in an <a href="/wiki/Landing_Ship,_Tank" title="Landing Ship, Tank">LST</a>). Others in the party included <a href="/wiki/Ivor_Novello" title="Ivor Novello">Ivor Novello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Rutherford" title="Margaret Rutherford">Margaret Rutherford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diana_Wynyard" title="Diana Wynyard">Diana Wynyard</a> and Bobbie Andrews. In her autobiography, <i>A Star Danced</i>, she has given a graphic account of their landing on a Normandy beach and of the progress of her unit through the wrecked towns, where there was still no water or electricity. Shows were given in shell-torn cinemas and hastily lighted casinos.</p></blockquote> <blockquote><p>The physical discomforts – the sleeping in attics, the total lack of sanitation, the scanty and poor food – Gertrude could and did take as fortunes of war. What bothered her more was the breakdown in communications with me. Always dependent upon getting frequent letters from those she loved, she chafed and worried because no mail reached her.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>As Allied forces scored more victories in the <a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South Pacific</a> later that year, Lawrence endured long plane rides and dangerous conditions to perform for troops there.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Aldrich book includes a photograph of Lawrence and two unidentified performers standing next to a military plane in <a href="/wiki/Angaur" title="Angaur">Angaur</a> that had just transported them there from <a href="/wiki/Ulithi" title="Ulithi">Ulithi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Professional_and_personal_connection_to_Daphne_du_Maurier">Professional and personal connection to Daphne du Maurier</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gertrude_Lawrence&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Professional and personal connection to Daphne du Maurier"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1948, Lawrence returned to the United Kingdom to star in <i>September Tide</i>, a play written specifically for her by <a href="/wiki/Daphne_du_Maurier" title="Daphne du Maurier">Daphne du Maurier</a>. Her role was that of a middle-aged <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornish</a> woman whose son-in-law, a bohemian artist, falls in love with her. The playwright had intended her to open the play on Broadway, but Lawrence's husband thought it was too British for the American market. </p><p>London newspapers and magazines paid little attention to her return to the stage, and she was distressed to discover that in a country struggling to recover from the effects of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the public no longer was as interested in the careers or private lives of stage stars as it once had been.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to opening in the West End, the play toured <a href="/wiki/Blackpool" title="Blackpool">Blackpool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, where the frequently sparse audiences consisted primarily of elderly people who remembered Lawrence from her heyday. While on the road, she underwent erratic mood swings and frequently clashed with her fellow cast members, including actors <a href="/wiki/Michael_Gough" title="Michael Gough">Michael Gough</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Forbes" title="Bryan Forbes">Bryan Forbes</a>, and the crew.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The play opened in London in mid-December 1948. </p><p>Writing in <i><a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)">Punch</a></i>, Eric Keown called her return "an occasion for rejoicing" but dismissed the play as "an artificial piece of conventional sentiment which leaves the actress's talents unused." She remained with the play until July 1949, then returned to the United States, where she performed her role for one week at her husband's theater in Dennis, Massachusetts.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 1993 biography of author-playwright du Maurier by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Forster" title="Margaret Forster">Margaret Forster</a>, Lawrence and du Maurier became close friends during the London production of <i>September Tide</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Daphne_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daphne-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nature of their relationship remained unclear following the 1989 death of du Maurier. Forster quotes du Maurier as saying the following about Lawrence circa 1949, "To be blatantly vulgar, anyone with a spice of imagination would prefer a divan with Gertrude to a double-bed with her."<sup id="cite_ref-Daphne_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daphne-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lawrence biographer <a href="/wiki/Sheridan_Morley" title="Sheridan Morley">Sheridan Morley</a> interviewed du Maurier for his 1981 book <i>Gertrude Lawrence</i>. Du Maurier was quoted as saying she called Lawrence by the nickname "Cinders," short for <a href="/wiki/Cinderella" title="Cinderella">Cinderella</a>. Either while negotiating to appear in <i>September Tide</i> or rehearsing it, Lawrence stayed in "a flat in London somewhere," according to what du Maurier told Morley decades later.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boiling water in her tea kettle for a visitor was stressful for Lawrence.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Du Maurier also told the biographer that she had forgotten all the dialogue she had written for <i>September Tide</i> and that shortly before her interview with Morley she had "been searching my shelves for a copy of the play. ... I cannot remember how Cinders looked, what she wore, far less what she said."<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Du Maurier's contribution to the Morley biography of Lawrence consists of little more than that. </p><p> Nothing about a personal connection between Gertrude Lawrence and Daphne du Maurier was published during Lawrence's lifetime. Two years after Lawrence's death, her widower Richard Aldrich had this to say in a best-selling biography of his late wife, <i>Gertrude Lawrence as Mrs. A.</i>:</p><blockquote><p>All her ingenuous traits, which could be annoying as well as endearing, would be swept away by her courage, her clear perception of truth, and the divine compassion which could flood her heart and lift her to the heights of nobility. </p><p>I am sure that she was frequently bewildered by the rapidity and mutability of her own impulses. Possessed, as she was, of an intuitive rather than an analytical intelligence, I doubt that she really understood herself clearly, any more than did most of those who thought they knew her intimately. An exception in this regard was Daphne du Maurier. </p><p>During those months in England [when <i>September Tide</i> was in production], Gertrude and Daphne formed a warm friendship, which continued unbroken after Gertrude's return to America. Daphne later returned the visit by being Gertrude's guest in New York. Daphne's subsequent best-selling novel <i>Mary Anne</i> was originally planned as a possible starring vehicle for Gertrude. </p><p> It was chiefly from comments made later by Daphne that I was able to reconstruct the full picture of Gertrude's inner conflict during her stay in London. Daphne spoke of Gertrude's moodiness, her variability, her sense of vague self-dissatisfaction. To other English friends, Gertrude talked wistfully of wanting to remain in England, "where I belong."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Film_career">Film career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gertrude_Lawrence&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Film career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 1929 and 1950, Lawrence appeared in only nine films. She made her screen debut in 1929 in <i>The Battle of Paris</i>, which featured two songs by Cole Porter. <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Pictures</a> offered her the film shortly after the Broadway production of <i>Treasure Girl</i> unexpectedly closed and, with no prospects of stage work in the immediate future, she accepted the offer. The film, co-starring <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Treacher" title="Arthur Treacher">Arthur Treacher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ruggles" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Ruggles">Charles Ruggles</a>, was shot in Paramount's <a href="/wiki/Astoria_Studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Astoria Studio">Astoria Studio</a> complex in <a href="/wiki/Astoria,_Queens" title="Astoria, Queens">Astoria, Queens</a>. Lawrence was cast as Georgie, an artist living in pre-<a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> Paris, who becomes a <a href="/wiki/Cabaret" title="Cabaret">cabaret</a> singer and falls in love with an American soldier. Publicity for the film emphasised Lawrence's songs and costumes rather than the story, which was so weak that director <a href="/wiki/Robert_Florey" title="Robert Florey">Robert Florey</a> had threatened to resign midway through filming. Described by one critic as a "floperetta," it was not a success.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1932, she appeared in three features: an adaptation of the <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Lonsdale" title="Frederick Lonsdale">Frederick Lonsdale</a> play <i><a href="/wiki/Aren%27t_We_All%3F" title="Aren't We All?">Aren't We All?</a></i> directed by <a href="/wiki/Harry_Lachman" title="Harry Lachman">Harry Lachman</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/Lord_Camber%27s_Ladies" title="Lord Camber's Ladies">Lord Camber's Ladies</a></i>, produced by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Alfred Hitchcock</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Benn_W._Levy" class="mw-redirect" title="Benn W. Levy">Benn W. Levy</a>, and co-starring <a href="/wiki/Gerald_du_Maurier" title="Gerald du Maurier">Gerald du Maurier</a>; and <i>No Funny Business</i> with <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a>. In 1935, she appeared in <i>Mimi</i>, based on <i><a href="/wiki/La_Vie_de_Boh%C3%A8me" class="mw-redirect" title="La Vie de Bohème">La Vie de Bohème</a></i>. The following year she was cast opposite <a href="/wiki/Charles_Laughton" title="Charles Laughton">Charles Laughton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elsa_Lanchester" title="Elsa Lanchester">Elsa Lanchester</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Rembrandt_(1936_film)" title="Rembrandt (1936 film)">Rembrandt</a></i> and co-starred with <a href="/wiki/Rex_Harrison" title="Rex Harrison">Rex Harrison</a> in <i>Men are Not Gods</i>, both produced by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Korda" title="Alexander Korda">Alexander Korda</a>. </p><p>Lawrence's best-known American film role was that of Amanda Wingfield, the overbearing mother in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Glass_Menagerie_(1950_film)" title="The Glass Menagerie (1950 film)">The Glass Menagerie</a></i> (1950), which both <a href="/wiki/Bette_Davis" title="Bette Davis">Bette Davis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tallulah_Bankhead" title="Tallulah Bankhead">Tallulah Bankhead</a> had sought. The role required her to wear padding and affect a <a href="/wiki/Southern_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern American">Southern American</a> accent, and friends and critics questioned her decision to accept it. <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams">Tennessee Williams</a>, who had written the play, thought casting Lawrence was "a dismal error" and, after the film's release, called it the worst adaptation of his work he had seen thus far. <a href="/wiki/Bosley_Crowther" title="Bosley Crowther">Bosley Crowther</a> of <i>The New York Times</i> called her Amanda "a farcically exaggerated shrew with the zeal of a burlesque comedienne" and "a perfect imitation of a nervous Mama in domestic comedy". Writing about her performance in <i><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Review_(US_magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturday Review (US magazine)">Saturday Review</a></i>, Richard Griffith was generous in his praise, saying "Not since <a href="/wiki/Greta_Garbo" title="Greta Garbo">Garbo</a> has there been anything like the naked eloquence of her face, with its amazing play of thought and emotion."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Television_and_radio">Television and radio</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gertrude_Lawrence&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Television and radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On Tuesday night, 7 June 1938, the Broadway theatre that featured <i>Susan and God</i> went dark for one night so that Lawrence and her fellow cast members could perform the play for <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>'s emerging television audience, which then consisted mostly of "company executives and engineers" of NBC's parent company <a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a>, according to a <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life (magazine)</a> report of the historic television broadcast.<sup id="cite_ref-TVBroadway_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TVBroadway-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of television receivers that could pick up the telecast, all of them in or very close to New York City, was not estimated by the <i>Life</i> magazine writer. </p><p>The text of the <i>Life</i> article says the following about the few <i>Susan and God</i> viewers who were not employed by RCA: ". . . amateurs [sic] interested in television today generally <i>construct their own receiving sets</i> at home . . ." (emphasis added).<sup id="cite_ref-TVBroadway_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TVBroadway-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, RCA did not yet have an already-constructed television set available for purchase at a store. </p><p>Viewers not employed by RCA or able to build television sets are described as "drama critics and radio columnists" who "witnessed the performance on sets many floors above the studios where" the <i>Susan and God</i> cast performed.<sup id="cite_ref-TVBroadway_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TVBroadway-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building is referred to by the <i>Life</i> writer as "New York's Radio City," apparently <a href="/wiki/30_Rockefeller_Plaza" title="30 Rockefeller Plaza">30 Rockefeller Plaza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TVBroadway_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TVBroadway-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A caption for one of the still photos of the live telecast indicates that a view of the exterior of the "30 Rock" building was the final image that viewers saw while a <a href="/wiki/Voice-over" title="Voice-over">voice-over</a> identified it as the origin of the television broadcast.<sup id="cite_ref-TVBroadway_50-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TVBroadway-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many still photos from the live telecast were featured in the <i>Life</i> article, which was published almost two weeks later in the edition dated 20 June 1938. The event was newsworthy because it was the first full-length play live-broadcast on television. The text of the article says that technology required the actors to perform in a studio at 30 Rockefeller Plaza that RCA engineers had designed, during construction of the skyscraper five years earlier, for the anticipated medium of television.<sup id="cite_ref-TVBroadway_50-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TVBroadway-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Primitive television cameras and lighting could not function properly inside a Broadway theatre. </p><p>In 1943, Lawrence hosted a weekly series of American radio shows, some of them featuring discussions with guests and others adaptations of Hollywood hit films. In 1947, she returned to NBC for a production of the 1913 Shaw play <i>The Great Catherine</i>. </p><p>To promote <i>The King and I</i>, Lawrence appeared on various television programs, including the <a href="/wiki/Ed_Sullivan" title="Ed Sullivan">Ed Sullivan</a>-hosted <i><a href="/wiki/Toast_of_the_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Toast of the Town">Toast of the Town</a></i>, with Rodgers and Hammerstein joining her to perform selections from the show. </p><p>Additionally, she appeared on several <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio" title="BBC Radio">BBC Radio</a> interview and variety shows before and after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Financial_difficulties">Financial difficulties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gertrude_Lawrence&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Financial difficulties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout her adult life, except during World War II, Lawrence spent far more than she earned. Philip Astley had persuaded her to place £1,000 in a trust fund for her daughter,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but aside from that she had no savings of her own. During her engagement to Bert Taylor he managed her finances and encouraged her to invest in the productions in which she starred. Although she earned a considerable amount of money from <i>Private Lives</i>, she still was deeply in debt, at one point owing fashion entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Hattie_Carnegie" title="Hattie Carnegie">Hattie Carnegie</a> more than $10,000.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She opened accounts with dozens of shop owners but assumed she had unlimited credit and paid little attention to the invoices they sent. </p><p>Finally, two London laundry owners, whose bills totalled just under £50, filed a writ demanding she declare bankruptcy if she was unable to settle her accounts, and Lawrence's financial affairs came under the scrutiny of the <a href="/wiki/Official_Receiver" class="mw-redirect" title="Official Receiver">Official Receiver</a>. On 26 February 1935, the <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mirror" title="Daily Mirror">Daily Mirror</a></i> reported her assets were valued at £1,879 but her liabilities were nearly £35,000, with an additional £10,000 owed to the <a href="/wiki/Inland_Revenue" title="Inland Revenue">Inland Revenue</a> on her earnings in the United States. </p><p>Later in 1935, Lawrence's flat, cars, clothing, and jewellery were seized by the "London bankruptcy court" (words used by the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-news.google.com_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news.google.com-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Lawrence, her maid and her dog were forced to move into a flat owned by her agent.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 8 November 1935, accused of "gross extravagance," she was ordered "to pay £50 weekly from the proceeds of her present [nightclub] engagement, and 25 per cent of anything earned any other way should the engagement end," according to the same Associated Press report.<sup id="cite_ref-news.google.com_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news.google.com-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was later discovered that Lawrence had never paid American taxes, either.<sup id="cite_ref-Morley,_pp._118–22_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morley,_pp._118–22-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her attorney Fanny Holtzmann worked out an agreement whereby $150 would be deducted from her salary each week she worked in the United States until her American tax debt was settled. </p><p>Refusing to lower her standard of living, she decided to take film work during the day, appear on stage at night, and perform in late-night cabarets to support her spending habits. Much to the distress of her agent, she purchased a country house and farm in <a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire" title="Buckinghamshire">Buckinghamshire</a>, then left it vacant while she remained in the United States for a lengthy stay. When her agent questioned the wisdom of such a move, she replied asking him to investigate the cost of installing a swimming pool on the property.<sup id="cite_ref-Morley,_pp._118–22_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morley,_pp._118–22-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Columbia_University">Columbia University</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gertrude_Lawrence&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Columbia University"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Early in September [1951 during the Broadway run of <i><a href="/wiki/The_King_and_I" title="The King and I">The King and I</a></i>]", wrote Lawrence's widower Richard Aldrich, "she calmly announced that she had accepted an appointment to the Faculty of Columbia University, in the School of Dramatic Arts, of which Dr. Milton Smith was Director. Her particular post was to conduct Class 107 in the Study of Roles and Scenes. The class met on Thursday afternoons in the Brander Matthews Theatre on Morningside Heights."<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated383_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated383-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"I shall be teaching an advanced, not an elementary course," Aldrich quoted her as saying in 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated383_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated383-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Dr. Smith and I have screened all the students. They've had preliminary work in voice, speech and pantomime. Many of them are already working professionally in radio and television. But, more than that, if I can find one person of real talent and encourage and train him, I'll feel that I've done something worthwhile."<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated383_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated383-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> reported on 28 September 1951 that Lawrence "suffered an attack of stage fright yesterday and refused to let reporters observe her in her new role of teacher at Columbia University."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She taught the class again in the spring 1952 semester at Columbia, this time allowing a <i>New York Times</i> reporter and photographer to attend and take pictures.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_King_and_I"><i>The King and I</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gertrude_Lawrence&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The King and I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yul_Brynner_and_Gertrude_Lawrence_in_stage_musical_The_King_and_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Yul_Brynner_and_Gertrude_Lawrence_in_stage_musical_The_King_and_I.jpg/220px-Yul_Brynner_and_Gertrude_Lawrence_in_stage_musical_The_King_and_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Yul_Brynner_and_Gertrude_Lawrence_in_stage_musical_The_King_and_I.jpg/330px-Yul_Brynner_and_Gertrude_Lawrence_in_stage_musical_The_King_and_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Yul_Brynner_and_Gertrude_Lawrence_in_stage_musical_The_King_and_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yul_Brynner" title="Yul Brynner">Yul Brynner</a> and Gertrude Lawrence in the stage musical <i>The King and I</i></figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/The_King_and_I" title="The King and I">The King and I</a></i> got started when, in 1950, Lawrence's business manager and attorney Fanny Holtzmann was looking for a new property for her client. Lawrence went to see the film <i><a href="/wiki/Anna_and_the_King_of_Siam_(film)" title="Anna and the King of Siam (film)">Anna and the King of Siam</a></i> with her mother-in-law then asked Fanny Holtzmann to look into acquiring the rights to the book. A <a href="/wiki/William_Morris_Agency" title="William Morris Agency">William Morris</a> agent sent Holtzmann a copy of the 1944 book <i><a href="/wiki/Anna_and_the_King_of_Siam_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna and the King of Siam (book)">Anna and the King of Siam</a></i>, by his client <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Landon" title="Margaret Landon">Margaret Landon</a>. Lawrence thought a musical version would be better.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lawrence wanted <a href="/wiki/Cole_Porter" title="Cole Porter">Cole Porter</a> to write the score, but when he proved to be unenthusiastic about the suggestion, Lawrence sent the book to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers" title="Richard Rodgers">Richard Rodgers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Hammerstein_II" title="Oscar Hammerstein II">Oscar Hammerstein II</a>. Rodgers initially demurred because he felt Lawrence's vocal range was limited and she had a tendency to sing flat. But he realized the story had strong potential, and the two men agreed to write what ultimately became <i><a href="/wiki/The_King_and_I" title="The King and I">The King and I</a></i>. </p><p>The musical opened on Broadway in March 1951, and in 1952, Lawrence won the <a href="/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Actress_in_a_Musical" title="Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical">Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical</a>. </p><p>Her triumph was short-lived; her health deteriorated rapidly, forcing her to miss numerous performances until she finally was hospitalized with what would be her final illness. While bedridden in <a href="/wiki/New_York_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Hospital">New York Hospital</a> on Friday afternoon, 5 September 1952, she instructed Fanny Holtzmann to arrange for co-star <a href="/wiki/Yul_Brynner" title="Yul Brynner">Yul Brynner</a>'s name to be added to the marquee of the <a href="/wiki/St._James_Theatre" title="St. James Theatre">St. James Theatre</a>, which included only Lawrence's name at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated410_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated410-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_funeral">Death and funeral</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gertrude_Lawrence&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Death and funeral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 16 August 1952, Lawrence fainted backstage after a Saturday matinee of <i>The King and I</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated406_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated406-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After "a few days at home," wrote her husband Richard Aldrich, she was admitted to what was then called New York Hospital for tests.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated406_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated406-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Doctors said she was suffering from <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis" title="Hepatitis">hepatitis</a>, and she was admitted to a room on the 16th floor.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated410_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated410-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her former son-in-law, Dr. William G. Cahan, recalled in his 1992 memoir (by then he was a globally recognised medical expert on cancer) what happened next in 1952: </p> <blockquote><p>She was admitted to New York Hospital [located across the street from the hospital where Cahan worked on the staff]. Her doctors were puzzled by what was described in the press as "a liver problem," and suspected that she might have cancer. Hearing this, and without Gertrude's knowledge, her husband [Dick Aldrich] consulted me. Not wanting to alarm her by appearing in person (she knew, of course, that by now I was a cancer specialist), I sent some of my colleagues as consultants. They, too, were puzzled, and ordered an exploratory laparotomy (abdominal operation).</p></blockquote> <blockquote><p>At dawn of the day the operation was to take place [Saturday, September 6], Dick Aldrich called [Cahan on the telephone]: Gertrude had become <a href="/wiki/Coma" title="Coma">comatose</a>; would I please come to the hospital at once? I found her surrounded by interns frantically pumping intravenous fluids and stimulants into her. As I bent over her, she opened her eyes for a second or two, looked up at me, and made a face as if to say, "What are <i>you</i> doing here?"<br /><br /> A few minutes later, she died.</p></blockquote> <blockquote><p>Concerned and curious about what had caused her death, I was present at her autopsy. This showed that she had widespread liver and abdominal cancer, the source of which was never clarified.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, 5,000 people crowded the intersection of East 55th Street and Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, while 1,800 others, including Yul Brynner, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/John_Davis_Lodge" title="John Davis Lodge">John Davis Lodge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marlene_Dietrich" title="Marlene Dietrich">Marlene Dietrich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phil_Silvers" title="Phil Silvers">Phil Silvers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luise_Rainer" title="Luise Rainer">Luise Rainer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moss_Hart" title="Moss Hart">Moss Hart</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Kitty_Carlisle" title="Kitty Carlisle">Kitty Carlisle</a>, filled <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Avenue_Presbyterian_Church" title="Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church">Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church</a> for Lawrence's funeral. </p><p>In his eulogy, <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Hammerstein_II" title="Oscar Hammerstein II">Oscar Hammerstein II</a> quoted from an essay on death written by poet and novelist <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lawrence was buried in the champagne-coloured gown designed by <a href="/wiki/Irene_Sharaff" title="Irene Sharaff">Irene Sharaff</a> and worn for the "Shall We Dance?" number in the second act of <i>The King and I</i>, and she was interred in the Aldrich family plot in Lakeview Cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Upton,_Massachusetts" title="Upton, Massachusetts">Upton, Massachusetts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was the first person for whom the <a href="/wiki/Dimming_the_lights_on_Broadway" title="Dimming the lights on Broadway">house lights were dimmed in all Broadway theaters</a> during the immediate aftermath of a beloved performer’s death.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gertrude_Lawrence&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In early 1953, Lawrence's name was included on a list of <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> professors who had died the previous year and were honoured with a memorial service and flags on the campus lowered to half-staff.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Richard Aldrich's biography of his late wife became a best-seller in late 1954 and 1955, and was purchased by <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe" title="Marilyn Monroe">Marilyn Monroe</a> at a New York bookstore.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lawrence's biographer Sheridan Morley wrote in 1981 that throughout the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, "...most traces of Gertrude Lawrence ... disappeared; she died before television had begun to immortalise its artists on (video)tape, before radio shows were regularly recorded, and though she made half a dozen films, her appearances in them are mostly undistinguished and give no clear impression of a radiance which could hold theatre audiences spellbound."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Julie_Andrews" title="Julie Andrews">Julie Andrews</a> portrayed Lawrence in the musical biographical film <i><a href="/wiki/Star!_(film)" title="Star! (film)">Star!</a></i>, released to cinemas in 1968. It was loosely based on the period of her life from her days as an unknown aspiring performer until her wedding to Richard Aldrich. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Crenna" title="Richard Crenna">Richard Crenna</a> appeared as Aldrich. The real Aldrich, who in the 1960s no longer worked in the entertainment business, was a consultant on the film. Noël Coward was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Massey_(actor)" title="Daniel Massey (actor)">Daniel Massey</a>. <i>Star!</i> was a box office failure.<sup id="cite_ref-letterboxd.com_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-letterboxd.com-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-filmsite.org_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-filmsite.org-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The Glass Menagerie</i> was Gertrude Lawrence's only film that was a box-office success and in which she worked with an American studio and an entirely American cast: <a href="/wiki/Jane_Wyman" title="Jane Wyman">Jane Wyman</a> (Laura), <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kennedy" title="Arthur Kennedy">Arthur Kennedy</a> (Tom), <a href="/wiki/Kirk_Douglas" title="Kirk Douglas">Kirk Douglas</a> (The Gentleman Caller). The director was an Englishman whose entire career was in American cinema. The movie was rarely shown on American television until 1992, however. During that year, <a href="/wiki/American_Movie_Classics" class="mw-redirect" title="American Movie Classics">American Movie Classics</a> revived it with an introduction and postscript from the channel's host, Bob Dorian. He provided information about Lawrence for American viewers who were not familiar with her. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Janet_McTeer" title="Janet McTeer">Janet McTeer</a> portrayed Lawrence opposite <a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Somerville" title="Geraldine Somerville">Geraldine Somerville</a> as Daphne du Maurier and <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Sinclair_(actor)" title="Malcolm Sinclair (actor)">Malcolm Sinclair</a> as Noël Coward in <i>Daphne</i>, a fictionalized television movie that was first broadcast by the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> in 2007. </p><p>Three years after Lawrence's death, her daughter Pamela gave birth to Benn Clatworthy, by her second husband, the sculptor <a href="/wiki/Robert_Clatworthy_(sculptor)" title="Robert Clatworthy (sculptor)">Robert Clatworthy</a>. The first of Lawrence's three grandchildren, Benn was as of 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gertrude_Lawrence&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Tenor_saxophonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenor saxophonist">tenor saxophonist</a> based in Los Angeles.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lawrence's other two grandchildren, Sarah Hunt and Tom Clatworthy, are both residents of the United Kingdom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_theatre_credits">Selected theatre credits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gertrude_Lawrence&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Selected theatre credits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><i>Some</i> (West End, 1916)</li> <li><i>Cheep!</i> (West End, 1917)</li> <li><i>A to Z</i> (West End, 1921)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/London_Calling!" class="mw-redirect" title="London Calling!">London Calling!</a></i> (West End, 1923)</li> <li><i>Andre Charlot's Revue of 1924</i> (Broadway, 1924)</li> <li><i>Charlot Revue</i> (West End, 1925)</li> <li><i>Charlot's Revue of 1926</i> (Broadway and US tour, 1925–26)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oh,_Kay!" title="Oh, Kay!">Oh, Kay!</a></i> (Broadway, 1926; West End, 1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treasure_Girl" title="Treasure Girl">Treasure Girl</a></i> (Broadway, 1928)</li> <li><i>Candle Light</i> (Broadway, 1929)</li> <li><i>The International Review</i> (Broadway, 1930)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Private_Lives" title="Private Lives">Private Lives</a></i> (West End, 1930; Broadway, 1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Can_the_Leopard...%3F" title="Can the Leopard...?">Can the Leopard...?</a> (West End, 1931)</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Behold,_We_Live" title="Behold, We Live">Behold, We Live</a></i> (West End, 1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nymph_Errant" title="Nymph Errant">Nymph Errant</a></i> (West End, 1933)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonight_at_8.30" title="Tonight at 8.30">Tonight at 8.30</a></i> (UK tour, 1935; West End and Broadway, 1936; US tour, 1947; Broadway revival, 1948)</li> <li><i>Susan and God</i> (Broadway, 1937; US tour, 1938)</li> <li><i>Skylark</i> (US tour and Broadway, 1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_in_the_Dark" title="Lady in the Dark">Lady in the Dark</a></i> (Broadway, 1941)</li> <li><i>Errand for Bernice</i> (US tour, 1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blithe_Spirit_(play)" title="Blithe Spirit (play)">Blithe Spirit</a></i> (Hawaii, 1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pygmalion_(play)" title="Pygmalion (play)">Pygmalion</a></i> (Broadway, 1945; US tour, 1946)</li> <li><i>September Tide</i> (UK tour and West End, 1948–49; Cape Cod, 1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_King_and_I" title="The King and I">The King and I</a></i> (Broadway, 1951)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filmography">Filmography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gertrude_Lawrence&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Filmography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Title </th> <th>Role </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>1929</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Paris" title="The Battle of Paris">The Battle of Paris</a></i></td> <td>Georgie</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1932</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Aren%27t_We_All%3F_(film)" title="Aren't We All? (film)">Aren't We All?</a></i></td> <td>Margot</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Lord_Camber%27s_Ladies" title="Lord Camber's Ladies">Lord Camber's Ladies</a></i></td> <td>Lady Camber</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1933</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/No_Funny_Business" title="No Funny Business">No Funny Business</a></i></td> <td>Yvonne</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1935</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Mimi_(1935_film)" title="Mimi (1935 film)">Mimi</a></i></td> <td>Mimi</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1936</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Rembrandt_(1936_film)" title="Rembrandt (1936 film)">Rembrandt</a></i></td> <td>Geertje Dirx</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Men_Are_Not_Gods" title="Men Are Not Gods">Men Are Not Gods</a></i></td> <td>Barbara Halford</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1943</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Stage_Door_Canteen_(film)" title="Stage Door Canteen (film)">Stage Door Canteen</a></i></td> <td>Herself</td> <td>Uncredited </td></tr> <tr> <td>1950</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Glass_Menagerie_(1950_film)" title="The Glass Menagerie (1950 film)">The Glass Menagerie</a></i></td> <td>Amanda Wingfield</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discography">Discography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gertrude_Lawrence&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Discography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Bright_Particular_Star&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Bright Particular Star (page does not exist)">A Bright Particular Star</a></i> (Decca Records DL-74940)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gertrude_Lawrence&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the classic <a href="/wiki/Moss_Hart" title="Moss Hart">Moss Hart</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Kaufman" class="mw-redirect" title="George Kaufman">George Kaufman</a> play <i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Came_to_Dinner" title="The Man Who Came to Dinner">The Man Who Came to Dinner</a></i>, the character Lorraine Sheldon was inspired by Gertrude Lawrence. </p><p>Lawrence's recording of the song "<a href="/wiki/Getting_to_Know_You_(song)" title="Getting to Know You (song)">Getting to Know You</a>" from <i>The King and I</i> was featured on the soundtrack of the sitcom <i><a href="/wiki/The_King_of_Queens" title="The King of Queens">The King of Queens</a></i> in the episode "Arthur, Spooner." It was originally telecast in the United States on <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> on 23 September 2002 as the season premiere. It has been repeated many times in <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_syndication" title="Broadcast syndication">syndication</a>, on <a href="/wiki/TBS_(US_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="TBS (US TV channel)">TBS (US TV channel)</a> in the United States and is available on the DVD for the Complete Fifth Season. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gertrude_Lawrence&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=5x47O%2B%2Fy%2BmFWMGSXo4sDyQ&scan=1">"Index entry"</a>. <i>FreeBMD</i>. ONS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FreeBMD&rft.atitle=Index+entry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freebmd.org.uk%2Fcgi%2Finformation.pl%3Fcite%3D5x47O%252B%252Fy%252BmFWMGSXo4sDyQ%26scan%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGertrude+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BetzBetz2002-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BetzBetz2002_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BetzBetz2002_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_F._BetzPaul_R._BetzMark_Christopher_Carnes2002" class="citation book cs1">Paul F. Betz; Paul R. Betz; Mark Christopher Carnes (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kPMpAQAAMAAJ"><i>American National Biography: Supplement 1</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 347. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515063-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515063-6"><bdi>978-0-19-515063-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+National+Biography%3A+Supplement+1&rft.pages=347&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515063-6&rft.au=Paul+F.+Betz&rft.au=Paul+R.+Betz&rft.au=Mark+Christopher+Carnes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkPMpAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGertrude+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bowie2002-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bowie2002_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngie_Bowie2002" class="citation book cs1">Angie Bowie (1 May 2002). <i>Bisexuality: The Pocket Essential Guide</i>. Summersdale Publishers Limited. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84839-695-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84839-695-1"><bdi>978-1-84839-695-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bisexuality%3A+The+Pocket+Essential+Guide&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Summersdale+Publishers+Limited&rft.date=2002-05-01&rft.isbn=978-1-84839-695-1&rft.au=Angie+Bowie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGertrude+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clarke-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_F._Clarke1977" class="citation book cs1">Joseph F. Clarke (1977). <i>Pseudonyms</i>. BCA. p. 100.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pseudonyms&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=BCA&rft.date=1977&rft.au=Joseph+F.+Clarke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGertrude+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morley, Sheridan, <i>Gertrude Lawrence</i>. New York, New York: McGraw-Hill 1981; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-043149-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-043149-2">978-0-07-043149-2</a>. pp. 5–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morley, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foreword by Italia Conti to the eighteenth edition of Where the Rainbow Ends</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morley, pp. 9–12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morley, pp. 16–21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-suffolkpainters.co.uk-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-suffolkpainters.co.uk_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-suffolkpainters.co.uk_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://suffolkartists.co.uk/index.cgi?choice=painter&pid=1747">"Suffolk Artists - CLATWORTHY, Pamela Barbara May"</a>. <i>Suffolkartists.co.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Suffolkartists.co.uk&rft.atitle=Suffolk+Artists+-+CLATWORTHY%2C+Pamela+Barbara+May&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsuffolkartists.co.uk%2Findex.cgi%3Fchoice%3Dpainter%26pid%3D1747&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGertrude+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morley, pp. 24–29, 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theatre programme for the opening performance of the Charlot revue <i>Buzz Buzz</i> 20 December 1918. (On opening night the title of the revue was given as "-------- --------".)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWearing1982" class="citation book cs1">Wearing, J P (1982). <i>The London Stage 1910-1919; A Calendar of Plays and Players; Volume II : 1917-1919</i>. Metuchen & London: Scarecrow Press. p. 835.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+London+Stage+1910-1919%3B+A+Calendar+of+Plays+and+Players%3B+Volume+II+%3A+1917-1919&rft.place=Metuchen+%26+London&rft.pages=835&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Wearing&rft.aufirst=J+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGertrude+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morley, pp. 35–37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morley, pp. 44–54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morley, pp. 57–58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morley, pp. 61–9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morley, pp. 63–64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morley, pp. 32–4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morley, pp. 68–9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibdb.com/production.asp?ID=10769">"Treasure Girl – Broadway Musical – Original"</a>. <i>IBDb.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IBDb.com&rft.atitle=Treasure+Girl+%E2%80%93+Broadway+Musical+%E2%80%93+Original&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibdb.com%2Fproduction.asp%3FID%3D10769&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGertrude+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morley, pp. 70–1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibdb.com/production.php?id=10938">"Candle Light – Broadway Play – Original"</a>. <i>IBDb.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IBDb.com&rft.atitle=Candle+Light+%E2%80%93+Broadway+Play+%E2%80%93+Original&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibdb.com%2Fproduction.php%3Fid%3D10938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGertrude+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_York_Times-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1970/09/26/archives/estelle-liebling-dies-here-at-90-was-a-leading-operatic-coach.html">"Estelle Liebling Dies Here at 90; Was a Leading Operatic Coach"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 26 September 1970.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Estelle+Liebling+Dies+Here+at+90%3B+Was+a+Leading+Operatic+Coach&rft.date=1970-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1970%2F09%2F26%2Farchives%2Festelle-liebling-dies-here-at-90-was-a-leading-operatic-coach.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGertrude+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibdb.com/production.asp?ID=12299">"Susan and God – Broadway Play – Original"</a>. <i>IBDb.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IBDb.com&rft.atitle=Susan+and+God+%E2%80%93+Broadway+Play+%E2%80%93+Original&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibdb.com%2Fproduction.asp%3FID%3D12299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGertrude+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Settel, Irving and Laas, William. "A Pictorial History of Television," Grosset & Dunlap, 1969, 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibdb.com/production.asp?ID=13105">"Skylark – Broadway Play – Original"</a>. <i>IBDb.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IBDb.com&rft.atitle=Skylark+%E2%80%93+Broadway+Play+%E2%80%93+Original&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibdb.com%2Fproduction.asp%3FID%3D13105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGertrude+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Morley, pp. 134–37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cahan, William G., <i>No Stranger to Tears: A Surgeon's Story</i>. New York, New York: Random House, 1992; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0394565187" title="Special:BookSources/978-0394565187">978-0394565187</a>. pg. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cahan, William G., <i>No Stranger to Tears: A Surgeon's Story</i>. New York: Random House, 1992; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0394565187" title="Special:BookSources/978-0394565187">978-0394565187</a>. pp. 130–131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morley, pp. 142–51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, Sheila, <i>The Craft of Lyric Writing</i>. Cincinnati, Ohio: Writer's Digest Books 1985; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89879-149-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-89879-149-9">0-89879-149-9</a>. p. 283</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morley, pp. 164–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morley, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morley, p. 162</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence, Gertrude, <i>A Star Danced</i>. Garden City, New York: Garden City Publishing Company 1945, p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence, Gertrude, <i>A Star Danced</i>. Garden City, New York: Garden City Publishing Company 1945, p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kert, Bernice, <i>The Hemingway Women</i>. New York, New York: W. W. Norton & Company 1983, p. 392</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aldrich, Richard, <i>Gertrude Lawrence As Mrs. A.</i> New York: Greystone Press 1954, p. 199</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aldrich, Richard, <i>Gertrude Lawrence As Mrs. A.</i> New York: Greystone Press 1954, pp. 208–11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aldrich, Richard, <i>Gertrude Lawrence As Mrs. A.</i> New York: Greystone Press 1954, photograph visible to the left of page 223</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morley, pp. 171–2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morley, pp. 174–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morley, pp. 177–81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daphne-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Daphne_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daphne_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Forster, Margaret, <i>Daphne du Maurier: The Secret Life of the Renowned Storyteller</i>. London: Chatto & Windus 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-3699-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-3699-4">978-0-7011-3699-4</a>. pp. 237–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated3-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Morley, pp. 172–3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aldrich, Richard, <i>Gertrude Lawrence As Mrs. A.</i> New York: Greystone Press 1954, pp. 307–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morley, pp. 71–2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morley, pp. 181–2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TVBroadway-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TVBroadway_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TVBroadway_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TVBroadway_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TVBroadway_50-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TVBroadway_50-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TVBroadway_50-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xk8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA22">"Still television captures first Broadway play on amateur set"</a>. <i>Life</i>. 20 June 1938, pp. 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morley, p. 210</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morley, p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morley, p. 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-news.google.com-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-news.google.com_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-news.google.com_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1368&dat=19351109&id=Hq4VAAAAIBAJ&pg=4558,1576694&hl=en">"Gertrude Lawrence In Bankruptcy Court"</a>. <i>Milwaukee Sentinel (Wisconsin)</i>. 9 November 1935.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Milwaukee+Sentinel+%28Wisconsin%29&rft.atitle=Gertrude+Lawrence+In+Bankruptcy+Court&rft.date=1935-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1368%26dat%3D19351109%26id%3DHq4VAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D4558%2C1576694%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGertrude+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morley, pp. 109–10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morley,_pp._118–22-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morley,_pp._118–22_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morley,_pp._118–22_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Morley, pp. 118–22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated383-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated383_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated383_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated383_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aldrich, Richard, <i>Gertrude Lawrence As Mrs. A.</i> New York: Greystone Press 1954, p. 383</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Gertrude Lawrence, Teacher Now, Just Listens at Opening Matinee". <i>The New York Times</i>. 28 September 1951. p. 33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Gertrude+Lawrence%2C+Teacher+Now%2C+Just+Listens+at+Opening+Matinee&rft.pages=33&rft.date=1951-09-28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGertrude+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Columbia Lifts Curtain of Secrecy on Teacher Gertrude Lawrence". <i>The New York Times</i>. 25 April 1952. p. 25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Columbia+Lifts+Curtain+of+Secrecy+on+Teacher+Gertrude+Lawrence&rft.pages=25&rft.date=1952-04-25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGertrude+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'Gertrude Lawrence as Mrs A' New York: GreystonePress 1954, P.334</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated410-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated410_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated410_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aldrich, Richard, <i>Gertrude Lawrence As Mrs. A.</i> New York: Greystone Press 1954, p. 410</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated406-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated406_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated406_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aldrich, Richard, <i>Gertrude Lawrence As Mrs. A.</i> New York: Greystone Press 1954, p. 406</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cahan, William G., <i>No Stranger to Tears: A Surgeon's Story</i> New York: Random House, pp. 132-133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>New York Times</i>, 10 September 1952, p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, Scott. <i>Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons</i>, 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Location 26993). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">New York Times, Sunday, 19 October 2014, Metropolitan, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>New York Times</i>, 19 January 1953, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spoto, Donald. <i>Marilyn Monroe: the biography</i>. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1993. p. 243</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morley, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-letterboxd.com-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-letterboxd.com_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://letterboxd.com/film/star/">"Star! (1968)"</a>. <i>Letterboxd.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Letterboxd.com&rft.atitle=Star%21+%281968%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fletterboxd.com%2Ffilm%2Fstar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGertrude+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-filmsite.org-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-filmsite.org_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.filmsite.org/greatestflops3.html">"Greatest Box-Office Bombs, Disasters and Flops"</a>. <i>Filmsite.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Filmsite.org&rft.atitle=Greatest+Box-Office+Bombs%2C+Disasters+and+Flops&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmsite.org%2Fgreatestflops3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGertrude+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160325081017/http://www.bennclatworthy.com/biography.html">"biography of Benn Clatworthy on his web site"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bennclatworthy.com/biography.html#.VwmZhHnlvow">the original</a> on 25 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=biography+of+Benn+Clatworthy+on+his+web+site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bennclatworthy.com%2Fbiography.html%23.VwmZhHnlvow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGertrude+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gertrude_Lawrence&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gertrude_Lawrence" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gertrude Lawrence">Gertrude Lawrence</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fadedpage.com/csearch.php?author=Lawrence%2C%20Gertrude">Works by Gertrude Lawrence</a> at <a href="/wiki/Distributed_Proofreaders_Canada" title="Distributed Proofreaders Canada">Faded Page</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/49117">Gertrude Lawrence</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Broadway_Database" title="Internet Broadway Database">Internet Broadway Database</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q433053#P1220" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0492775/">Gertrude Lawrence</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nypl.org/archives/4475">Gertrude Lawrence collection, 1910-1952</a>, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="New York Public Library for the Performing Arts">New York Public Library for the Performing Arts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_10720982">Finding aid to Gertrude Lawrence papers at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Awards_for_Gertrude_Lawrence" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Awards_for_Gertrude_Lawrence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Awards for Gertrude Lawrence</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hasty_Pudding_Woman_of_the_Year" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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Pudding Woman of the Year"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hasty_Pudding_Woman_of_the_Year" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hasty Pudding Woman of the Year"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hasty_Pudding_Woman_of_the_Year" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hasty_Pudding_Woman_of_the_Year" title="Hasty Pudding Woman of the Year">Hasty Pudding Woman of the Year</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gertrude Lawrence</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bel_Geddes" title="Barbara Bel Geddes">Barbara Bel Geddes</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamie_Eisenhower" title="Mamie Eisenhower">Mamie Eisenhower</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Booth" title="Shirley Booth">Shirley Booth</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Reynolds" title="Debbie Reynolds">Debbie Reynolds</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_Ann_Garner" title="Peggy Ann Garner">Peggy Ann Garner</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carroll_Baker" title="Carroll Baker">Carroll Baker</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Hepburn" title="Katharine Hepburn">Katharine Hepburn</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanne_Woodward" title="Joanne Woodward">Joanne Woodward</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Lawrence" title="Carol Lawrence">Carol Lawrence</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Fonda" title="Jane Fonda">Jane Fonda</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piper_Laurie" title="Piper Laurie">Piper Laurie</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_MacLaine" title="Shirley MacLaine">Shirley MacLaine</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Russell" title="Rosalind Russell">Rosalind Russell</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Remick" title="Lee Remick">Lee Remick</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Merman" title="Ethel Merman">Ethel Merman</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Bacall" title="Lauren Bacall">Lauren Bacall</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Lansbury" title="Angela Lansbury">Angela Lansbury</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Burnett" title="Carol Burnett">Carol Burnett</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionne_Warwick" title="Dionne Warwick">Dionne Warwick</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Channing" title="Carol Channing">Carol Channing</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Keeler" title="Ruby Keeler">Ruby Keeler</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liza_Minnelli" title="Liza Minnelli">Liza Minnelli</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faye_Dunaway" title="Faye Dunaway">Faye Dunaway</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Harper" title="Valerie Harper">Valerie Harper</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bette_Midler" title="Bette Midler">Bette Midler</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor" title="Elizabeth Taylor">Elizabeth Taylor</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_Sills" title="Beverly Sills">Beverly Sills</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candice_Bergen" title="Candice Bergen">Candice Bergen</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meryl_Streep" title="Meryl Streep">Meryl Streep</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Tyler_Moore" title="Mary Tyler Moore">Mary Tyler Moore</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald">Ella Fitzgerald</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Andrews" title="Julie Andrews">Julie Andrews</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Rivers" title="Joan Rivers">Joan Rivers</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cher" title="Cher">Cher</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Field" title="Sally Field">Sally Field</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Peters" title="Bernadette Peters">Bernadette Peters</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucille_Ball" title="Lucille Ball">Lucille Ball</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Turner" title="Kathleen Turner">Kathleen Turner</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Close" title="Glenn Close">Glenn Close</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Keaton" title="Diane Keaton">Diane Keaton</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodie_Foster" title="Jodie Foster">Jodie Foster</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whoopi_Goldberg" title="Whoopi Goldberg">Whoopi Goldberg</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meg_Ryan" title="Meg Ryan">Meg Ryan</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Pfeiffer" title="Michelle Pfeiffer">Michelle Pfeiffer</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Sarandon" title="Susan Sarandon">Susan Sarandon</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Roberts" title="Julia Roberts">Julia Roberts</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigourney_Weaver" title="Sigourney Weaver">Sigourney Weaver</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldie_Hawn" title="Goldie Hawn">Goldie Hawn</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamie_Lee_Curtis" title="Jamie Lee Curtis">Jamie Lee Curtis</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drew_Barrymore" title="Drew Barrymore">Drew Barrymore</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Jessica_Parker" title="Sarah Jessica Parker">Sarah Jessica Parker</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjelica_Huston" title="Anjelica Huston">Anjelica Huston</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Bullock" title="Sandra Bullock">Sandra Bullock</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Zeta-Jones" title="Catherine Zeta-Jones">Catherine Zeta-Jones</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halle_Berry" title="Halle Berry">Halle Berry</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarlett_Johansson" title="Scarlett Johansson">Scarlett Johansson</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlize_Theron" title="Charlize Theron">Charlize Theron</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Zellweger" title="Renée Zellweger">Renée Zellweger</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Hathaway" title="Anne Hathaway">Anne Hathaway</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julianne_Moore" title="Julianne Moore">Julianne Moore</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_Danes" title="Claire Danes">Claire Danes</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Cotillard" title="Marion Cotillard">Marion Cotillard</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Mirren" title="Helen Mirren">Helen Mirren</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Poehler" title="Amy Poehler">Amy Poehler</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerry_Washington" title="Kerry Washington">Kerry Washington</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavia_Spencer" title="Octavia Spencer">Octavia Spencer</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mila_Kunis" title="Mila Kunis">Mila Kunis</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryce_Dallas_Howard" title="Bryce Dallas Howard">Bryce Dallas Howard</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Banks" title="Elizabeth Banks">Elizabeth Banks</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_Davis" title="Viola Davis">Viola Davis</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Garner" title="Jennifer Garner">Jennifer Garner</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Coolidge" title="Jennifer Coolidge">Jennifer Coolidge</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annette_Bening" title="Annette Bening">Annette Bening</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tony_Award_for_Best_Leading_Actress_in_a_Musical" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #C0C0C0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:TonyAward_MusicalLeadActress" title="Template:TonyAward MusicalLeadActress"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:TonyAward_MusicalLeadActress" title="Template talk:TonyAward MusicalLeadActress"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:TonyAward_MusicalLeadActress" title="Special:EditPage/Template:TonyAward MusicalLeadActress"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tony_Award_for_Best_Leading_Actress_in_a_Musical" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Actress_in_a_Musical" title="Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical">Tony Award for Best Leading Actress in a Musical</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C0C0C0;;width:1%">1948–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grace_Hartman_(actress)" title="Grace Hartman (actress)">Grace Hartman</a> (1948)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nanette_Fabray" title="Nanette Fabray">Nanette Fabray</a> (1949)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Martin" title="Mary Martin">Mary Martin</a> (1950)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Merman" title="Ethel Merman">Ethel Merman</a> (1951)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gertrude Lawrence</a> (1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Russell" title="Rosalind Russell">Rosalind Russell</a> (1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dolores_Gray" title="Dolores Gray">Dolores Gray</a> (1954)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Martin" title="Mary Martin">Mary Martin</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gwen_Verdon" title="Gwen Verdon">Gwen Verdon</a> (1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Judy_Holliday" title="Judy Holliday">Judy Holliday</a> (1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thelma_Ritter" title="Thelma Ritter">Thelma Ritter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gwen_Verdon" title="Gwen Verdon">Gwen Verdon</a> (1958)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gwen_Verdon" title="Gwen Verdon">Gwen Verdon</a> (1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Martin" title="Mary Martin">Mary Martin</a> (1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Seal" title="Elizabeth Seal">Elizabeth Seal</a> (1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Maria_Alberghetti" title="Anna Maria Alberghetti">Anna Maria Alberghetti</a> / <a href="/wiki/Diahann_Carroll" title="Diahann Carroll">Diahann Carroll</a> (1962)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vivien_Leigh" title="Vivien Leigh">Vivien Leigh</a> (1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carol_Channing" title="Carol Channing">Carol Channing</a> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liza_Minnelli" title="Liza Minnelli">Liza Minnelli</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Angela_Lansbury" title="Angela Lansbury">Angela Lansbury</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Harris_(actress)" title="Barbara Harris (actress)">Barbara Harris</a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Routledge" title="Patricia Routledge">Patricia Routledge</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Uggams" title="Leslie Uggams">Leslie Uggams</a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Angela_Lansbury" title="Angela Lansbury">Angela Lansbury</a> (1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Bacall" title="Lauren Bacall">Lauren Bacall</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Gallagher" title="Helen Gallagher">Helen Gallagher</a> (1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Smith" title="Alexis Smith">Alexis Smith</a> (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Glynis_Johns" title="Glynis Johns">Glynis Johns</a> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Capers" title="Virginia Capers">Virginia Capers</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Angela_Lansbury" title="Angela Lansbury">Angela Lansbury</a> (1975)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C0C0C0;;width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Donna_McKechnie" title="Donna McKechnie">Donna McKechnie</a> (1976)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Loudon" title="Dorothy Loudon">Dorothy Loudon</a> (1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liza_Minnelli" title="Liza Minnelli">Liza Minnelli</a> (1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Angela_Lansbury" title="Angela Lansbury">Angela Lansbury</a> (1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Patti_LuPone" title="Patti LuPone">Patti LuPone</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Bacall" title="Lauren Bacall">Lauren Bacall</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Holliday" title="Jennifer Holliday">Jennifer Holliday</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Makarova" title="Natalia Makarova">Natalia Makarova</a> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chita_Rivera" title="Chita Rivera">Chita Rivera</a> (1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">No Award (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Peters" title="Bernadette Peters">Bernadette Peters</a> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maryann_Plunkett" title="Maryann Plunkett">Maryann Plunkett</a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joanna_Gleason" title="Joanna Gleason">Joanna Gleason</a> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Brown" title="Ruth Brown">Ruth Brown</a> (1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tyne_Daly" title="Tyne Daly">Tyne Daly</a> (1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lea_Salonga" title="Lea Salonga">Lea Salonga</a> (1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faith_Prince" title="Faith Prince">Faith Prince</a> (1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chita_Rivera" title="Chita Rivera">Chita Rivera</a> (1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Donna_Murphy" title="Donna Murphy">Donna Murphy</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Close" title="Glenn Close">Glenn Close</a> (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Donna_Murphy" title="Donna Murphy">Donna Murphy</a> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bebe_Neuwirth" title="Bebe Neuwirth">Bebe Neuwirth</a> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Natasha_Richardson" title="Natasha Richardson">Natasha Richardson</a> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Peters" title="Bernadette Peters">Bernadette Peters</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Heather_Headley" title="Heather Headley">Heather Headley</a> (2000)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C0C0C0;;width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christine_Ebersole" title="Christine Ebersole">Christine Ebersole</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sutton_Foster" title="Sutton Foster">Sutton Foster</a> (2002)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marissa_Jaret_Winokur" title="Marissa Jaret Winokur">Marissa Jaret Winokur</a> (2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Idina_Menzel" title="Idina Menzel">Idina Menzel</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Clark" title="Victoria Clark">Victoria Clark</a> (2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/LaChanze" title="LaChanze">LaChanze</a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christine_Ebersole" title="Christine Ebersole">Christine Ebersole</a> (2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Patti_LuPone" title="Patti LuPone">Patti LuPone</a> (2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alice_Ripley" title="Alice Ripley">Alice Ripley</a> (2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Zeta-Jones" title="Catherine Zeta-Jones">Catherine Zeta-Jones</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sutton_Foster" title="Sutton Foster">Sutton Foster</a> (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Audra_McDonald" title="Audra McDonald">Audra McDonald</a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Patina_Miller" title="Patina Miller">Patina Miller</a> (2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Mueller" title="Jessie Mueller">Jessie Mueller</a> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kelli_O%27Hara" title="Kelli O'Hara">Kelli O'Hara</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Erivo" title="Cynthia Erivo">Cynthia Erivo</a> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bette_Midler" title="Bette Midler">Bette Midler</a> (2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Katrina_Lenk" title="Katrina Lenk">Katrina Lenk</a> (2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_J._Block" title="Stephanie J. Block">Stephanie J. Block</a> (2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adrienne_Warren" title="Adrienne Warren">Adrienne Warren</a> (2020/21)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joaquina_Kalukango" title="Joaquina Kalukango">Joaquina Kalukango</a> (2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Clark" title="Victoria Clark">Victoria Clark</a> (2023)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maleah_Joi_Moon" title="Maleah Joi Moon">Maleah Joi Moon</a> (2024)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q433053#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q433053#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q433053#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000083668460">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/27252324">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/57030/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwX6vDJT3FQBmvVVXwQv3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/123354153">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80082505">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13896418f">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13896418f">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Lawrence, Gertrude <1898-1952>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MODV655627">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1797153">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069075433">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/4014794">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000070137&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2020R2578">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007274359605171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14670710">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/932a668a-b3b2-4a83-a45c-bf59758d4393">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102845">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/05974443X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6377b39">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gertrude_Lawrence&oldid=1254826499">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gertrude_Lawrence&oldid=1254826499</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" 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