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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Production </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Production subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Process </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Top_producers_and_production_volumes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Top_producers_and_production_volumes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Top producers and production volumes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Top_producers_and_production_volumes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reserves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reserves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Reserves </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reserves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supply_risk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supply_risk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Supply risk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supply_risk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Applications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flame_retardants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flame_retardants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Flame retardants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flame_retardants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alloys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alloys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Alloys </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alloys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Other applications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precautions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precautions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Precautions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Precautions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Precautions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Precautions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Toxicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Cited sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Antimony</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 146 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-146" aria-hidden="true" > 146 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimoon" title="Antimoon – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Antimoon" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A9%E1%88%8D" title="ኩል – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኩል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%AF" title="إثمد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إثمد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimonio" title="Antimonio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Antimonio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D6%80" title="Ծարիր – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ծարիր" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stibiu" title="Stibiu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Stibiu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimoniu" title="Antimoniu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Antimoniu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stibium" title="Stibium – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Stibium" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimoni" title="Antimoni – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Antimoni" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="অ্যান্টিমনি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যান্টিমনি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Antimon" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BC%D3%99" title="Һөрмә – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һөрмә" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Сурма (хімічны элемент) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сурма (хімічны элемент)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Антымон – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Антымон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="एंटिमनी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="एंटिमनी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimonyo" title="Antimonyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Antimonyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Антимон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Антимон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%B6%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="མིག་སྶན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མིག་སྶན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Antimon" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Antimon" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimoni" title="Antimoni – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Antimoni" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Сурьма – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сурьма" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimonyo" title="Antimonyo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Antimonyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Antimon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimoniu" title="Antimoniu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Antimoniu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimoni" title="Antimoni – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Antimoni" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Antimon" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="أنتيموان – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="أنتيموان" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Antimon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Antimon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Αντιμόνιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αντιμόνιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Сурьма – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Сурьма" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimonio" title="Antimonio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Antimonio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimono" title="Antimono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Antimono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimonio" title="Antimonio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antimonio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آنتیموان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آنتیموان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Antimony" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimoine" title="Antimoine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Antimoine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimoni" title="Antimoni – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Antimoni" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antam%C3%B3n" title="Antamón – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Antamón" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimoan" title="Antimoan – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Antimoan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antamonaidh" title="Antamonaidh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Antamonaidh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimonio" title="Antimonio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Antimonio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%8F%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%80" title="એંટિમની – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="એંટિમની" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Antimony" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Антимон – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Антимон" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%88%ED%8B%B0%EB%AA%A8%EB%8B%88" title="안티모니 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="안티모니" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D6%80" title="Ծարիր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ծարիր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="ऐन्टिमोनी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऐन्टिमोनी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Antimon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimonio" title="Antimonio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Antimonio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Antimon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimonio" title="Antimonio – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Antimonio" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Сурьма – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сурьма" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiBidani" title="IsiBidani – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsiBidani" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%ADmon" title="Antímon – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Antímon" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimonio" title="Antimonio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Antimonio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9F" title="אנטימון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנטימון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Antimon" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C9%A9m%CA%8Awan%C9%A9" title="Antɩmʊwanɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Antɩmʊwanɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF" title="ಆಂಟಿಮೊನಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಂಟಿಮೊನಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimoniu" title="Antimoniu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Antimoniu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="სტიბიუმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სტიბიუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Сүрме – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сүрме" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimoni" title="Antimoni – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Antimoni" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stibi" title="Stibi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Stibi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Сурма – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Сурма" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimw%C3%A0n" title="Antimwàn – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Antimwàn" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%AEby%C3%BBm" title="Stîbyûm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Stîbyûm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Сурьма – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сурьма" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Сурьма – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Сурьма" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%99" title="ອັງຕີມອນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອັງຕີມອນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stibium" title="Stibium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Stibium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimons" title="Antimons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Antimons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Antimon" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stibis" title="Stibis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Stibis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimonio" title="Antimonio – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Antimonio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sur%27ma" title="Sur'ma – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Sur'ma" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/antimoni" title="antimoni – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="antimoni" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimoni_(Antimony)" title="Antimoni (Antimony) – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Antimoni (Antimony)" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimonio" title="Antimonio – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Antimonio" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Antimon" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Антимон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Антимон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimoanina" title="Antimoanina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Antimoanina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF" title="ആന്റിമണി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആന്റിമണി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="अँटिमनी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अँटिमनी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%AF" title="اثمد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اثمد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimoni" title="Antimoni – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Antimoni" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A0%CC%A4_(g%C4%ADng-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%86k)" title="Dà̤ (gĭng-sṳ̆k) – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dà̤ (gĭng-sṳ̆k)" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Антимона – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Антимона" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Сурьма – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сурьма" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ခနောက်စိမ်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ခနောက်စိမ်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimoon" title="Antimoon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Antimoon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="एन्टिमोनी – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="एन्टिमोनी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%81%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3" title="アンチモン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アンチモン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimoon" title="Antimoon – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Antimoon" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Antimon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Antimon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antim%C3%B2ni" title="Antimòni – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Antimòni" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuula" title="Kuula – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Kuula" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surma" title="Surma – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Surma" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80" title="ਐਂਟੀਮਨੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਂਟੀਮਨੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="एन्टिमोनी – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="एन्टिमोनी" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="اینٹیمونی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اینٹیمونی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%BC%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A" title="انټيموني – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="انټيموني" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimoni" title="Antimoni – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Antimoni" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Antimon" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antymon" title="Antymon – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Antymon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antim%C3%B4nio" title="Antimônio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Antimônio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stibiu" title="Stibiu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stibiu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimunyu" title="Antimunyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Antimunyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Сурьма – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сурьма" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="एन्टिमोनी – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="एन्टिमोनी" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antim%C3%B2niu" title="Antimòniu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Antimòniu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Antimony" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Antimon" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimoni" title="Antimoni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Antimoni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimoniu" title="Antimoniu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Antimoniu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Antimony" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antim%C3%B3n" title="Antimón – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Antimón" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Antimon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Antimony" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ئەنتیموان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەنتیموان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Антимон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Антимон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Antimon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimoni" title="Antimoni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Antimoni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Antimon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimonyo" title="Antimonyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Antimonyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="அந்திமனி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அந்திமனி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BC%D3%99" title="Сөрмә – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сөрмә" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF" title="ఆంటిమొని – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆంటిమొని" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87" title="พลวง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พลวง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Сурма – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сурма" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Antimon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Стибій – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стибій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="اینٹیمونی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اینٹیمونی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%88%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%95" title="سۈرمە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سۈرمە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimonii" title="Antimonii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Antimonii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Antimon" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8A%BB" title="銻 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="銻" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimonyo" title="Antimonyo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Antimonyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%94%91" title="锑 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="锑" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%96%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%96" title="שפיזגלאז – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שפיזגלאז" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Antimony" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8A%BB" title="銻 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="銻" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%94%91" title="锑 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="锑" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1099#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Antimony_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Antimony (disambiguation)">Antimony (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 51 (Sb)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1158442001">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Antimony, 51Sb</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Antimony-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Antimony-4.jpg/220px-Antimony-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Antimony-4.jpg/330px-Antimony-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Antimony-4.jpg/440px-Antimony-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="540" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Antimony</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="margin: 0; text-align: left;"><ul><li style="margin: 0; text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈæntɪməni/</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">AN-tə-mə-nee</a>)</li><li style="margin: 0; text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈæntɪmoʊni/</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">AN-tə-moh-nee</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">silvery lustrous gray</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align: left; color:inherit; background: transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">Standard atomic weight</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Ar°(Sb)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>121.760±0.001<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li><li>121.76±0.01 (<a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight#Abridged_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">abridged</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Antimony in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0; background:#f8f8f8; color:black;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td 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title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td 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href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> ↑ Sb ↓ <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> ← antimony → <a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">tellurium</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">51</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">group 15 (pnictogens)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">period 5</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#p-block" title="Block (periodic table)">p-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a>] 4d10 5s2 5p3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 18, 18, 5</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">903.78 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (630.63 °C, 1167.13 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1908 K (1635 °C, 2975 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (at 20° C)</th><td class="infobox-data">6.694 g/cm3<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">when liquid (at <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">m.p.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">6.53 g/cm3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Heat of fusion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">19.79 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Heat of vaporization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">193.43 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Molar_heat_capacity" title="Molar heat capacity">Molar heat capacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">25.23 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:fit-content;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Pressure">P</abbr> (Pa) </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>at <abbr title="Temperature">T</abbr> (K) </th> <td>807 </td> <td>876 </td> <td>1011 </td> <td>1219 </td> <td>1491 </td> <td>1858 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: −3, +3, +5 −2,<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> −1,<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> 0,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> +1,<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> +2,<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> +4<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 2.05 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 834 kJ/mol </li><li>2nd: 1594.9 kJ/mol </li><li>3rd: 2440 kJ/mol </li><li>(<a href="/wiki/Molar_ionization_energies_of_the_elements#antimony" title="Molar ionization energies of the elements">more</a>) </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">Atomic radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">empirical: 140 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">139±5 pm </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_radius" title="Van der Waals radius">Van der Waals radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">206 pm </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Antimony_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Antimony_spectrum_visible.png/240px-Antimony_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Antimony_spectrum_visible.png/360px-Antimony_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Antimony_spectrum_visible.png/480px-Antimony_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of antimony</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Trigonal_crystal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Trigonal crystal system">rhombohedral</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">hR2</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">Lattice constants</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhombohedral.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Rhombohedral crystal structure for antimony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Rhombohedral.svg/50px-Rhombohedral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Rhombohedral.svg/75px-Rhombohedral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Rhombohedral.svg/100px-Rhombohedral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="141" /></a></div>a = 0.45066 nm α = 57.112° ah = 0.43084 nm ch = 1.12736 nm (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of thermal expansion">Thermal expansion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">11.04×10−6/K (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-5">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">24.4 W/(m⋅K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">Electrical resistivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">417 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic ordering</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Diamagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamagnetic">diamagnetic</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">Molar magnetic susceptibility</a></th><td class="infobox-data">−99.0×10−6 cm3/mol<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">55 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Shear_modulus" title="Shear modulus">Shear modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">20 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bulk_modulus" title="Bulk modulus">Bulk modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">42 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">Speed of sound</a> thin rod</th><td class="infobox-data">3420 m/s (at 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3.0 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Brinell_hardness_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Brinell hardness test">Brinell hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">294–384 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7440-36-0 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Arabic alchemists</a> (before AD 815)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data">"Sb": from Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stibium#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:stibium">stibium</a> '<a href="/wiki/Stibnite" title="Stibnite">stibnite</a>'</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_antimony" title="Isotopes of antimony">Isotopes of antimony</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_antimony_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox antimony isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_antimony_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox antimony isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-8">[7]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">121Sb </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">57.2% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">123Sb </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">42.8% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">125Sb </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_radioisotope" title="Synthetic radioisotope">synth</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">2.7576 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_minus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta minus decay">β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium-125" class="mw-redirect" title="Tellurium-125">125Te</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Antimony" title="Category:Antimony">Category: Antimony</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_antimony" title="Template:Infobox antimony">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_antimony" title="Template talk:Infobox antimony">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_antimony" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox antimony">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Antimony is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a>; it has <a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">symbol</a> Sb (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> stibium) and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 51. A lustrous grey metal or <a href="/wiki/Metalloid" title="Metalloid">metalloid</a>, it is found in nature mainly as the <a href="/wiki/Sulfide_mineral" title="Sulfide mineral">sulfide mineral</a> <a href="/wiki/Stibnite" title="Stibnite">stibnite</a> (Sb2S3). Antimony compounds have been known since ancient times and were powdered for use as medicine and cosmetics, often known by the Arabic name <a href="/wiki/Kohl_(cosmetics)" title="Kohl (cosmetics)">kohl</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> The earliest known description of this metalloid in the West was written in 1540 by <a href="/wiki/Vannoccio_Biringuccio" title="Vannoccio Biringuccio">Vannoccio Biringuccio</a>. China is the largest producer of antimony and its compounds, with most production coming from the <a href="/wiki/Xikuangshan_Mine" title="Xikuangshan Mine">Xikuangshan Mine</a> in Hunan. The industrial methods for refining antimony from stibnite are <a href="/wiki/Roasting_(metallurgy)" title="Roasting (metallurgy)">roasting</a> followed by <a href="/wiki/Carbothermic_reaction" title="Carbothermic reaction">reduction with carbon</a>, or direct reduction of stibnite with iron. The most common applications for metallic antimony are in <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a> with lead and <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, which have improved properties for <a href="/wiki/Solder" title="Solder">solders</a>, bullets, and <a href="/wiki/Plain_bearing" title="Plain bearing">plain bearings</a>. It improves the rigidity of lead-alloy plates in <a href="/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93acid_battery" title="Lead–acid battery">lead–acid batteries</a>. <a href="/wiki/Antimony_trioxide" title="Antimony trioxide">Antimony trioxide</a> is a prominent additive for <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogen</a>-containing <a href="/wiki/Flame_retardant" title="Flame retardant">flame retardants</a>. Antimony is used as a <a href="/wiki/Dopant" title="Dopant">dopant</a> in <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">semiconductor devices</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antimony&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Properties">Properties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antimony&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Properties">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antimon.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A clear vial containing small chunks of a slightly lustrous black solid, labeled "Sb"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Antimon.PNG/220px-Antimon.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Antimon.PNG/330px-Antimon.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Antimon.PNG/440px-Antimon.PNG 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="198" /></a><figcaption>A vial containing the metallic <a href="/wiki/Allotrope" class="mw-redirect" title="Allotrope">allotrope</a> of antimony</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antimony_massive.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An irregular piece of silvery stone with spots of variation in luster and shade." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Antimony_massive.jpg/220px-Antimony_massive.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Antimony_massive.jpg/330px-Antimony_massive.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Antimony_massive.jpg/440px-Antimony_massive.jpg 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="462" /></a><figcaption>Native antimony with <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">oxidation</a> products</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SbAs_lattice.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/SbAs_lattice.png/220px-SbAs_lattice.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/SbAs_lattice.png/330px-SbAs_lattice.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/SbAs_lattice.png/440px-SbAs_lattice.png 2x" data-file-width="1130" data-file-height="846" /></a><figcaption>Crystal structure common to Sb, <a href="/wiki/Stibarsen" title="Stibarsen">AsSb</a> and gray As</figcaption></figure> Antimony is a member of <a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">group 15</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a>, one of the elements called <a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">pnictogens</a>, and has an <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">electronegativity</a> of 2.05. In accordance with periodic trends, it is more electronegative than <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a>, and less electronegative than <a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">tellurium</a> or <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>. Antimony is stable in air at room temperature but, if heated, it reacts with <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> to produce <a href="/wiki/Antimony_trioxide" title="Antimony trioxide">antimony trioxide</a>, Sb2O3.<a href="#cite_note-w758-10">[9]</a> Antimony is a silvery, lustrous gray metalloid with a <a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale" title="Mohs scale">Mohs scale</a> hardness of 3, which is too soft to mark hard objects. Coins of antimony were issued in China's <a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a> in 1931; durability was poor, and minting was soon discontinued because of its softness and toxicity.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> Antimony is resistant to attack by acids. The only stable <a href="/wiki/Allotropy" title="Allotropy">allotrope</a> of antimony under standard conditions<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> is metallic, <a href="/wiki/Brittle" class="mw-redirect" title="Brittle">brittle</a>, silver-white, and shiny. It crystallises in a <a href="/wiki/Trigonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Trigonal">trigonal</a> cell, <a href="/wiki/Isomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Isomorphic">isomorphic</a> with <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a> and the gray allotrope of <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>, and is formed when molten antimony is cooled slowly. Amorphous black antimony is formed upon rapid cooling of antimony vapor, and is only stable as a thin film (thickness in nanometres); thicker samples spontaneously transform into the metallic form.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> It oxidizes in air and may ignite spontaneously. At 100 °C, it gradually transforms into the stable form. The supposed yellow allotrope of antimony, generated only by oxidation of <a href="/wiki/Stibine" title="Stibine">stibine</a> (SbH3) at −90 °C, is also impure and not a true allotrope;<a href="#cite_note-allotropes-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> above this temperature and in ambient light, it transforms into the more stable black allotrope.<a href="#cite_note-kirk-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-cww-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> A rare <a href="/wiki/Explosive_form_of_antimony" class="mw-redirect" title="Explosive form of antimony">explosive form of antimony</a> can be formed from the electrolysis of <a href="/wiki/Antimony_trichloride" title="Antimony trichloride">antimony trichloride</a>, but it always contains appreciable chlorine and is not really an antimony allotrope.<a href="#cite_note-allotropes-14">[13]</a> When scratched with a sharp implement, an <a href="/wiki/Exothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Exothermic">exothermic</a> reaction occurs and white fumes are given off as metallic antimony forms; when rubbed with a pestle in a mortar, a strong detonation occurs. Elemental antimony adopts a layered structure (<a href="/wiki/Space_group" title="Space group">space group</a> R3m No. 166) whose layers consist of fused, ruffled, six-membered rings. The nearest and next-nearest neighbors form an irregular octahedral complex, with the three atoms in each double layer slightly closer than the three atoms in the next. This relatively close packing leads to a high density of 6.697 g/cm3, but the weak bonding between the layers leads to the low hardness and brittleness of antimony.<a href="#cite_note-w758-10">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antimony&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Isotopes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_antimony" title="Isotopes of antimony">Isotopes of antimony</a></div> Antimony has two stable <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a>: 121Sb with a natural abundance of 57.36% and 123Sb with a natural abundance of 42.64%. It also has 35 radioisotopes, of which the longest-lived is 125Sb with a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of 2.75 years. In addition, 29 <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_isomer" title="Nuclear isomer">metastable</a> states have been characterized. The most stable of these is 120m1Sb with a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of 5.76 days. Isotopes that are lighter than the stable 123Sb tend to decay by <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">β+ decay</a>, and those that are heavier tend to decay by <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">β− decay</a>, with some exceptions.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE-19">[18]</a> Antimony is the lightest element to have an isotope with an alpha decay branch, excluding <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_beryllium" title="Isotopes of beryllium">8Be</a> and other light nuclides with beta-delayed alpha emission.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE-19">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antimony&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Occurrence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Antimonide_minerals" title="Category:Antimonide minerals">Category:Antimonide minerals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Antimonate_minerals" title="Category:Antimonate minerals">Category:Antimonate minerals</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stibnite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Stibnite.jpg/220px-Stibnite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Stibnite.jpg/330px-Stibnite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Stibnite.jpg/440px-Stibnite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="1614" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stibnite" title="Stibnite">Stibnite</a>, China CM29287 Carnegie Museum of Natural History specimen on display in <a href="/wiki/Hillman_Hall_of_Minerals_and_Gems" title="Hillman Hall of Minerals and Gems">Hillman Hall of Minerals and Gems</a></figcaption></figure> The abundance of antimony in the Earth's crust is estimated at 0.2 <a href="/wiki/Part_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Part per million">parts per million</a>,<a href="#cite_note-g548-20">[19]</a> comparable to <a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">thallium</a> at 0.5 ppm and silver at 0.07 ppm. It is the 63rd most abundant element in the crust. Even though this element is not abundant, it is found in more than 100 mineral species.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> Antimony is sometimes found natively (e.g. on <a href="/wiki/Antimony_Peak" title="Antimony Peak">Antimony Peak</a>), but more frequently it is found in the sulfide <a href="/wiki/Stibnite" title="Stibnite">stibnite</a> (Sb2S3) which is the predominant ore mineral.<a href="#cite_note-g548-20">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compounds">Compounds</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antimony&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Compounds">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Antimony_compounds" title="Category:Antimony compounds">Category:Antimony compounds</a></div> Antimony compounds are often classified according to their oxidation state: Sb(III) and Sb(V). The +5 <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation state</a> is more common.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxides_and_hydroxides">Oxides and hydroxides</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antimony&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Oxides and hydroxides">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Antimony_trioxide" title="Antimony trioxide">Antimony trioxide</a> is formed when antimony is burnt in air.<a href="#cite_note-reger2009-23">[22]</a> In the gas phase, the molecule of the compound is Sb 4O 6, but it polymerizes upon condensing.<a href="#cite_note-w758-10">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antimony_pentoxide" title="Antimony pentoxide">Antimony pentoxide</a> (Sb 4O 10) can be formed only by oxidation with concentrated <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-house-24">[23]</a> Antimony also forms a mixed-valence oxide, <a href="/wiki/Antimony_tetroxide" title="Antimony tetroxide">antimony tetroxide</a> (Sb 2O 4), which features both Sb(III) and Sb(V).<a href="#cite_note-house-24">[23]</a> Unlike oxides of <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>, these oxides are <a href="/wiki/Amphoteric" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphoteric">amphoteric</a>, do not form well-defined <a href="/wiki/Oxoacid" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxoacid">oxoacids</a>, and react with acids to form antimony salts. Antimonous acid Sb(OH) 3 is unknown, but the conjugate base sodium antimonite ([Na 3SbO 3] 4) forms upon fusing <a href="/wiki/Sodium_oxide" title="Sodium oxide">sodium oxide</a> and Sb 4O 6.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> Transition metal antimonites are also known.<a href="#cite_note-norman-26">[25]</a>: 122  Antimonic acid exists only as the hydrate HSb(OH) 6, forming salts as the antimonate anion Sb(OH)− 6. When a solution containing this anion is dehydrated, the precipitate contains mixed oxides.<a href="#cite_note-norman-26">[25]</a>: 143  The most important antimony ore is <a href="/wiki/Stibnite" title="Stibnite">stibnite</a> (Sb 2S 3). Other sulfide minerals include <a href="/wiki/Pyrargyrite" title="Pyrargyrite">pyrargyrite</a> (Ag 3SbS 3), <a href="/wiki/Zinkenite" title="Zinkenite">zinkenite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamesonite" title="Jamesonite">jamesonite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Boulangerite" title="Boulangerite">boulangerite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antimony_pentasulfide" title="Antimony pentasulfide">Antimony pentasulfide</a> is <a href="/wiki/Non-stoichiometric_compound" title="Non-stoichiometric compound">non-stoichiometric</a>, which features antimony in the +3 <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation state</a> and S–S bonds.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> Several thioantimonides are known, such as [Sb 6S 10]2− and [Sb 8S 13]2− .<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Halides">Halides</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antimony&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Halides">edit</a>]</div> Antimony forms two series of <a href="/wiki/Halide" title="Halide">halides</a>: SbX 3 and SbX 5. The trihalides <a href="/wiki/Antimony_trifluoride" title="Antimony trifluoride">SbF 3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antimony_trichloride" title="Antimony trichloride">SbCl 3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antimony_tribromide" title="Antimony tribromide">SbBr 3</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antimony_triiodide" title="Antimony triiodide">SbI 3</a> are all molecular compounds having <a href="/wiki/Trigonal_pyramidal_molecular_geometry" title="Trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry">trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry</a>. The trifluoride <a href="/wiki/Antimony_trifluoride" title="Antimony trifluoride">SbF 3</a> is prepared by the reaction of <a href="/wiki/Antimony_trioxide" title="Antimony trioxide">Sb 2O 3</a> with <a href="/wiki/Hydrofluoric_acid" title="Hydrofluoric acid">HF</a>:<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> <dl><dd>Sb 2O 3 + 6 HF → 2 SbF 3 + 3 H 2O</dd></dl> It is <a href="/wiki/Lewis_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis acid">Lewis acidic</a> and readily accepts fluoride ions to form the complex anions SbF− 4 and SbF2− 5. Molten <a href="/wiki/Antimony_trifluoride" title="Antimony trifluoride">SbF 3</a> is a weak <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductor" title="Electrical conductor">electrical conductor</a>. The trichloride <a href="/wiki/Antimony_trichloride" title="Antimony trichloride">SbCl 3</a> is prepared by dissolving <a href="/wiki/Stibnite" title="Stibnite">Sb 2S 3</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a>:<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-31">[30]</a> <dl><dd>Sb 2S 3 + 6 HCl → 2 SbCl 3 + 3 H 2S</dd></dl> Arsenic sulfides are not readily attacked by the hydrochloric acid, so this method offers a route to As-free Sb. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antimony-pentafluoride-monomer-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Antimony-pentafluoride-monomer-3D-balls.png/170px-Antimony-pentafluoride-monomer-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Antimony-pentafluoride-monomer-3D-balls.png/255px-Antimony-pentafluoride-monomer-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Antimony-pentafluoride-monomer-3D-balls.png/340px-Antimony-pentafluoride-monomer-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>Structure of gaseous SbF5</figcaption></figure> The pentahalides <a href="/wiki/Antimony_pentafluoride" title="Antimony pentafluoride">SbF 5</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antimony_pentachloride" title="Antimony pentachloride">SbCl 5</a> have <a href="/wiki/Trigonal_bipyramidal_molecular_geometry" title="Trigonal bipyramidal molecular geometry">trigonal bipyramidal molecular geometry</a> in the gas phase, but in the liquid phase, <a href="/wiki/Antimony_pentafluoride" title="Antimony pentafluoride">SbF 5</a> is <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymeric</a>, whereas <a href="/wiki/Antimony_pentachloride" title="Antimony pentachloride">SbCl 5</a> is monomeric.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antimony_pentafluoride" title="Antimony pentafluoride">SbF 5</a> is a powerful Lewis acid used to make the <a href="/wiki/Superacid" title="Superacid">superacid</a> <a href="/wiki/Fluoroantimonic_acid" title="Fluoroantimonic acid">fluoroantimonic acid</a> ("H2SbF7"). <a href="/wiki/Oxohalide" title="Oxohalide">Oxyhalides</a> are more common for antimony than for arsenic and phosphorus. <a href="/wiki/Antimony_trioxide" title="Antimony trioxide">Antimony trioxide</a> dissolves in concentrated acid to form oxoantimonyl compounds such as <a href="/wiki/Antimony_oxychloride" title="Antimony oxychloride">SbOCl</a> and (SbO) 2SO 4.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antimonides,_hydrides,_and_organoantimony_compounds">Antimonides, hydrides, and organoantimony compounds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antimony&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Antimonides, hydrides, and organoantimony compounds">edit</a>]</div> Compounds in this class generally are described as derivatives of Sb3−. Antimony forms <a href="/wiki/Antimonide" title="Antimonide">antimonides</a> with metals, such as <a href="/wiki/Indium_antimonide" title="Indium antimonide">indium antimonide</a> (InSb) and silver antimonide (Ag 3Sb).<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> The alkali metal and zinc antimonides, such as Na3Sb and Zn3Sb2, are more reactive. Treating these antimonides with acid produces the highly unstable gas <a href="/wiki/Stibine" title="Stibine">stibine</a>, SbH 3:<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> <dl><dd>Sb3− + 3 H+ → SbH 3</dd></dl> Stibine can also be produced by treating Sb3+ salts with hydride reagents such as <a href="/wiki/Sodium_borohydride" title="Sodium borohydride">sodium borohydride</a>. Stibine decomposes spontaneously at room temperature. Because stibine has a positive <a href="/wiki/Heat_of_formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat of formation">heat of formation</a>, it is <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_stability" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermodynamic stability">thermodynamically unstable</a> and thus antimony does not react with <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> directly.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Organoantimony_chemistry" title="Organoantimony chemistry">Organoantimony compounds</a> are typically prepared by alkylation of antimony halides with <a href="/wiki/Grignard_reagent" title="Grignard reagent">Grignard reagents</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> A large variety of compounds are known with both Sb(III) and Sb(V) centers, including mixed chloro-organic derivatives, anions, and cations. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Triphenylstibine" title="Triphenylstibine">triphenylstibine</a> (Sb(C6H5)3) and <a href="/wiki/Pentaphenylantimony" title="Pentaphenylantimony">pentaphenylantimony</a> (Sb(C6H5)5).<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antimony&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antimony_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An unshaded circle surmounted by a cross." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Antimony_symbol.svg/70px-Antimony_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Antimony_symbol.svg/105px-Antimony_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Antimony_symbol.svg/140px-Antimony_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a><figcaption>One of the <a href="/wiki/Alchemical_symbol" title="Alchemical symbol">alchemical symbols</a> for antimony</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Antimony(III)_sulfide" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimony(III) sulfide">Antimony(III) sulfide</a>, Sb2S3, was recognized in <a href="/wiki/Predynastic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Predynastic Egypt">predynastic Egypt</a> as an eye cosmetic (<a href="/wiki/Kohl_(cosmetics)" title="Kohl (cosmetics)">kohl</a>) as early as about <a href="/wiki/4th_millennium_BC" title="4th millennium BC">3100 BC</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/Cosmetic_palette" title="Cosmetic palette">cosmetic palette</a> was invented.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> An artifact, said to be part of a vase, made of antimony dating to about 3000 BC was found at <a href="/wiki/Girsu" title="Girsu">Telloh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldea</a> (part of present-day <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>), and a copper object plated with antimony dating between 2500 BC and 2200 BC has been found in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kirk-16">[15]</a> Austen, at a lecture by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Gladstone,_1st_Viscount_Gladstone" title="Herbert Gladstone, 1st Viscount Gladstone">Herbert Gladstone</a> in 1892, commented that "we only know of antimony at the present day as a highly brittle and crystalline metal, which could hardly be fashioned into a useful vase, and therefore this remarkable 'find' (artifact mentioned above) must represent the lost art of rendering antimony malleable."<a href="#cite_note-moorey-40">[39]</a> The British archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Roger_Moorey" title="Roger Moorey">Roger Moorey</a> was unconvinced the artifact was indeed a vase, mentioning that Selimkhanov, after his analysis of the Tello object (published in 1975), "attempted to relate the metal to Transcaucasian natural antimony" (i.e. native metal) and that "the antimony objects from Transcaucasia are all small personal ornaments."<a href="#cite_note-moorey-40">[39]</a> This weakens the evidence for a lost art "of rendering antimony malleable".<a href="#cite_note-moorey-40">[39]</a> The Roman scholar <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> described several ways of preparing antimony sulfide for medical purposes in his treatise <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a>, around 77 AD.<a href="#cite_note-mellor-41">[40]</a> Pliny the Elder also made a distinction between "male" and "female" forms of antimony; the male form is probably the sulfide, while the female form, which is superior, heavier, and less friable, has been suspected to be native metallic antimony.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> The Greek naturalist <a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Pedanius Dioscorides</a> mentioned that antimony sulfide could be roasted by heating by a current of air. It is thought that this produced metallic antimony.<a href="#cite_note-mellor-41">[40]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Specola,_medaglione_di_vannoccio_biringucci.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Specola%2C_medaglione_di_vannoccio_biringucci.JPG/200px-Specola%2C_medaglione_di_vannoccio_biringucci.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Specola%2C_medaglione_di_vannoccio_biringucci.JPG/300px-Specola%2C_medaglione_di_vannoccio_biringucci.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Specola%2C_medaglione_di_vannoccio_biringucci.JPG 2x" data-file-width="337" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>The Italian metallurgist <a href="/wiki/Vannoccio_Biringuccio" title="Vannoccio Biringuccio">Vannoccio Biringuccio</a> described a procedure to isolate antimony.</figcaption></figure> Antimony was frequently described in alchemical manuscripts, including the Summa Perfectionis of <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Geber" title="Pseudo-Geber">Pseudo-Geber</a>, written around the 14th century.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> A description of a procedure for isolating antimony is later given in the 1540 book <a href="/wiki/De_la_pirotechnia" title="De la pirotechnia">De la pirotechnia</a> by <a href="/wiki/Vannoccio_Biringuccio" title="Vannoccio Biringuccio">Vannoccio Biringuccio</a>,<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> predating the more famous 1556 book by <a href="/wiki/Georg_Agricola" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg Agricola">Agricola</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_re_metallica" title="De re metallica">De re metallica</a>. In this context Agricola has been often incorrectly credited with the discovery of metallic antimony. The book Currus Triumphalis Antimonii (The Triumphal Chariot of Antimony), describing the preparation of metallic antimony, was published in Germany in 1604. It was purported to be written by a <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> monk, writing under the name <a href="/wiki/Basilius_Valentinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilius Valentinus">Basilius Valentinus</a> in the 15th century; if it were authentic, which it is not, it would predate Biringuccio.<a href="#cite_note-priesner-47">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-cww-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> The metal antimony was known to German chemist <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Libavius" title="Andreas Libavius">Andreas Libavius</a> in 1615 who obtained it by adding iron to a molten mixture of antimony sulfide, salt and potassium <a href="/wiki/Tartrate" title="Tartrate">tartrate</a>. This procedure produced antimony with a crystalline or starred surface.<a href="#cite_note-mellor-41">[40]</a> With the advent of challenges to <a href="/wiki/Phlogiston_theory" title="Phlogiston theory">phlogiston theory</a>, it was recognized that antimony is an element forming sulfides, oxides, and other compounds, as do other metals.<a href="#cite_note-mellor-41">[40]</a> The first discovery of naturally occurring pure antimony in the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">Earth's crust</a> was described by the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish people">Swedish</a> scientist and local mine district engineer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_von_Swab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anton von Swab (page does not exist)">Anton von Swab</a> in 1783; the <a href="/wiki/Type_locality_(geology)" title="Type locality (geology)">type-sample</a> was collected from the <a href="/wiki/Sala_Silver_Mine" title="Sala Silver Mine">Sala Silver Mine</a> in the Bergslagen mining district of <a href="/wiki/Sala_Municipality,_Sweden" title="Sala Municipality, Sweden">Sala</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4stmanland_County" title="Västmanland County">Västmanland</a>, Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antimony&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The medieval Latin form, from which the modern languages and late <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Greek">Byzantine Greek</a> take their names for antimony, is antimonium.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> The origin of that is uncertain, and all suggestions have some difficulty either of form or interpretation. The <a href="/wiki/Popular_etymology" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular etymology">popular etymology</a>, from ἀντίμοναχός anti-monachos or French antimoine, would mean "monk-killer", which is explained by the fact that many early <a href="/wiki/Alchemist" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemist">alchemists</a> were monks, and some antimony compounds were poisonous.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> Another popular etymology is the hypothetical Greek word ἀντίμόνος antimonos, "against aloneness", explained as "not found as metal", or "not found unalloyed".<a href="#cite_note-kirk-16">[15]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">ancient Greek</a> would more naturally express the pure negative as α- ("not").<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Oscar_von_Lippmann" title="Edmund Oscar von Lippmann">Edmund Oscar von Lippmann</a> conjectured a hypothetical Greek word ανθήμόνιον anthemonion, which would mean "floret", and cites several examples of related Greek words (but not that one) which describe chemical or biological <a href="/wiki/Efflorescence" title="Efflorescence">efflorescence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lippmann-54">[52]</a> The early uses of antimonium include the translations, in 1050–1100, by <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_African" title="Constantine the African">Constantine the African</a> of Arabic medical treatises.<a href="#cite_note-Lippmann-54">[52]</a> Several authorities believe antimonium is a scribal corruption of some Arabic form; Meyerhof derives it from ithmid;<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> other possibilities include athimar, the Arabic name of the metalloid, and a hypothetical as-stimmi, derived from or parallel to the Greek.<a href="#cite_note-e28-56">[54]</a>: 28  The standard chemical symbol for antimony (Sb) is credited to <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jakob_Berzelius" class="mw-redirect" title="Jöns Jakob Berzelius">Jöns Jakob Berzelius</a>, who derived the abbreviation from stibium.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> The ancient words for antimony mostly have, as their chief meaning, <a href="/wiki/Kohl_(cosmetics)" title="Kohl (cosmetics)">kohl</a>, the sulfide of antimony.<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> The Egyptians called antimony mśdmt<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a>: 230 <a href="#cite_note-sarton-60">[58]</a>: 541  or stm.<a href="#cite_note-etym-61">[59]</a> The Arabic word for the substance, as opposed to the cosmetic, can appear as إثمد ithmid, athmoud, othmod, or uthmod. <a href="/wiki/Littr%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Littré">Littré</a> suggests the first form, which is the earliest, derives from stimmida, an accusative for stimmi.<a href="#cite_note-e28-56">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> The Greek word στίμμι (stimmi) is used by <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attic</a> <a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">tragic</a> poets of the 5th century BC, and is possibly a <a href="/wiki/Loan_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Loan word">loan word</a> from Arabic or from Egyptian stm.<a href="#cite_note-etym-61">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antimony&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Process">Process</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antimony&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Process">edit</a>]</div> The extraction of antimony from ores depends on the quality and composition of the ore. Most antimony is mined as the sulfide; lower-grade ores are concentrated by <a href="/wiki/Froth_flotation" title="Froth flotation">froth flotation</a>, while higher-grade ores are heated to 500–600 °C, the temperature at which stibnite melts and separates from the <a href="/wiki/Gangue" title="Gangue">gangue</a> minerals. Antimony can be isolated from the crude antimony sulfide by reduction with scrap iron:<a href="#cite_note-usgs2-63">[61]</a> <dl><dd>Sb 2S 3 + 3 Fe → 2 Sb + 3 FeS</dd></dl> The sulfide is converted to an oxide by roasting. The product is further purified by vaporizing the volatile antimony(III) oxide, which is recovered.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-31">[30]</a> This sublimate is often used directly for the main applications, impurities being arsenic and sulfide.<a href="#cite_note-Norm-64">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> Antimony is isolated from the oxide by a carbothermal reduction:<a href="#cite_note-usgs2-63">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Norm-64">[62]</a> <dl><dd>2 Sb 2O 3 + 3 C → 4 Sb + 3 CO 2</dd></dl> The lower-grade ores are reduced in <a href="/wiki/Blast_furnace" title="Blast furnace">blast furnaces</a> while the higher-grade ores are reduced in <a href="/wiki/Reverberatory_furnace" title="Reverberatory furnace">reverberatory furnaces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-usgs2-63">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Antimony_Production_2010.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/World_Antimony_Production_2010.svg/350px-World_Antimony_Production_2010.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/World_Antimony_Production_2010.svg/525px-World_Antimony_Production_2010.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/World_Antimony_Production_2010.svg/700px-World_Antimony_Production_2010.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>World antimony output in 2010<a href="#cite_note-usgs-66">[64]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antimony_-_world_production_trend.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Antimony_-_world_production_trend.svg/290px-Antimony_-_world_production_trend.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Antimony_-_world_production_trend.svg/435px-Antimony_-_world_production_trend.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Antimony_-_world_production_trend.svg/580px-Antimony_-_world_production_trend.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>World production trend of antimony</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Top_producers_and_production_volumes">Top producers and production volumes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antimony&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Top producers and production volumes">edit</a>]</div> In 2022, according to the <a href="/wiki/US_Geological_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="US Geological Survey">US Geological Survey</a>, China accounted for 54.5% of total antimony production, followed in second place by Russia with 18.2% and Tajikistan with 15.5%.<a href="#cite_note-usgs-66">[64]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Antimony mining in 2022<a href="#cite_note-usgs-66">[64]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>Tonnes</th> <th>% of total </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td>60,000 </td> <td>54.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td> <td>20,000 </td> <td>18.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> </td> <td>17,000 </td> <td>15.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> </td> <td>4,000 </td> <td>3.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> </td> <td>4,000 </td> <td>3.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Top 5 </td> <td>105,000 </td> <td>95.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total world </th> <th>110,000 </th> <th>100.0 </th></tr></tbody></table> Chinese production of antimony is expected to decline in the future as mines and smelters are closed down by the government as part of pollution control. Especially due to an environmental protection law having gone into effect in January 2015<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> and revised "Emission Standards of Pollutants for Stanum, Antimony, and Mercury" having gone into effect, hurdles for economic production are higher. Reported production of antimony in China has fallen and is unlikely to increase in the coming years, according to the Roskill report. No significant antimony deposits in China have been developed for about ten years, and the remaining economic reserves are being rapidly depleted.<a href="#cite_note-Roskill-68">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reserves">Reserves</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antimony&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Reserves">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>World antimony reserves in 2022<a href="#cite_note-usgs-66">[64]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>Reserves (tonnes) </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td>350,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td> <td>350,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> </td> <td>310,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> </td> <td>260,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> </td> <td>140,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> </td> <td>120,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </td> <td>100,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td>78,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>60,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> </td> <td>50,000 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total world </th> <th>>1,800,000 </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supply_risk">Supply risk</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antimony&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Supply risk">edit</a>]</div> For antimony-importing regions, such as Europe and the U.S., antimony is considered to be a <a href="/wiki/Critical_mineral_raw_materials" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical mineral raw materials">critical mineral</a> for industrial manufacturing that is at risk of supply chain disruption. With global production coming mainly from China (74%), Tajikistan (8%), and Russia (4%), these sources are critical to supply.<a href="#cite_note-EU_Raw_2020-69">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nassar_SciAdv_2020-70">[68]</a> <ul><li>European Union: Antimony is considered a critical raw material for defense, automotive, construction and textiles. The E.U. sources are 100% imported, coming mainly from Turkey (62%), Bolivia (20%) and Guatemala (7%).<a href="#cite_note-EU_Raw_2020-69">[67]</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: The <a href="/wiki/British_Geological_Survey" title="British Geological Survey">British Geological Survey</a>'s 2015 risk list ranks antimony second highest (after <a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element">rare earth elements</a>) on the relative supply risk index.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a></li> <li>United States: Antimony is a mineral commodity considered critical to the economic and national security.<a href="#cite_note-"USGS_2022_News"-73">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nassar_SciAdv_2020-70">[68]</a> In 2022, no antimony was mined in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-"USGS_2022-74">[72]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antimony&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a>]</div> Approximately 48% of antimony is consumed in <a href="/wiki/Flame_retardant" title="Flame retardant">flame retardants</a>, 33% in <a href="/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93acid_battery" title="Lead–acid battery">lead–acid batteries</a>, and 8% in plastics.<a href="#cite_note-usgs2-63">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flame_retardants">Flame retardants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antimony&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Flame retardants">edit</a>]</div> Antimony is mainly used as the <a href="/wiki/Antimony_trioxide" title="Antimony trioxide">trioxide</a> for <a href="/wiki/Flame_retardant" title="Flame retardant">flame-proofing compounds</a>, always in combination with halogenated flame retardants except in halogen-containing polymers. The flame retarding effect of antimony trioxide is produced by the formation of halogenated antimony compounds,<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> which react with hydrogen atoms, and probably also with oxygen atoms and OH radicals, thus inhibiting fire.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> Markets for these flame-retardants include children's clothing, toys, aircraft, and automobile seat covers. They are also added to <a href="/wiki/Polyester_resin" title="Polyester resin">polyester resins</a> in <a href="/wiki/Glass-reinforced_plastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass-reinforced plastic">fiberglass</a> <a href="/wiki/Composite_material" title="Composite material">composites</a> for such items as light aircraft engine covers. The resin will burn in the presence of an externally generated flame, but will extinguish when the external flame is removed.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alloys">Alloys</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antimony&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Alloys">edit</a>]</div> Antimony forms a highly useful <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloy</a> with lead, increasing its hardness and mechanical strength. When casting it increases fluidity of the melt and reduces shrinkage during cooling.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> For most applications involving lead, varying amounts of antimony are used as alloying metal. In <a href="/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93acid_batteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead–acid batteries">lead–acid batteries</a>, this addition improves plate strength and charging characteristics.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> For sailboats, lead keels are used to provide righting moment, ranging from 600 lbs to over 200 tons for the largest sailing superyachts; to improve hardness and tensile strength of the lead keel, antimony is mixed with lead between 2% and 5% by volume. Antimony is used in antifriction alloys (such as <a href="/wiki/Babbitt_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Babbitt metal">Babbitt metal</a>),<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> in bullets and <a href="/wiki/Lead_shot" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead shot">lead shot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrical_cable" title="Electrical cable">electrical cable</a> sheathing, <a href="/wiki/Type_metal" title="Type metal">type metal</a> (for example, for <a href="/wiki/Linotype_machine" title="Linotype machine">linotype</a> printing machines<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Solder" title="Solder">solder</a> (some "<a href="/wiki/RoHS" class="mw-redirect" title="RoHS">lead-free</a>" solders contain 5% Sb),<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pewter" title="Pewter">pewter</a>,<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> and in hardening alloys with low <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> content in the manufacturing of <a href="/wiki/Organ_pipe" title="Organ pipe">organ pipes</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_applications">Other applications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antimony&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Other applications">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:InSb_IR_detector.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/InSb_IR_detector.jpg/170px-InSb_IR_detector.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/InSb_IR_detector.jpg/255px-InSb_IR_detector.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/InSb_IR_detector.jpg/340px-InSb_IR_detector.jpg 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>InSb infrared detector manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Mullard" title="Mullard">Mullard</a> in the 1960s</figcaption></figure> Three other applications consume nearly all the rest of the world's supply.<a href="#cite_note-usgs2-63">[61]</a> One application is as a stabilizer and catalyst for the production of <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate" title="Polyethylene terephthalate">polyethylene terephthalate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-usgs2-63">[61]</a> Another is as a fining agent to remove microscopic bubbles in glass, mostly for TV screens<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> – antimony ions interact with oxygen, suppressing the tendency of the latter to form bubbles.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> The third application is pigments.<a href="#cite_note-usgs2-63">[61]</a> In the 1990s antimony was increasingly being used in <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductors</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Dopant" title="Dopant">dopant</a> in <a href="/wiki/N-type_semiconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="N-type semiconductor">n-type</a> <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> <a href="/wiki/Wafer_(electronics)" title="Wafer (electronics)">wafers</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> for <a href="/wiki/Diode" title="Diode">diodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> detectors, and <a href="/wiki/Hall_effect" title="Hall effect">Hall-effect</a> devices. In the 1950s, the emitters and collectors of n-p-n <a href="/wiki/Alloy_junction_transistor" class="mw-redirect" title="Alloy junction transistor">alloy junction transistors</a> were doped with tiny beads of a lead-antimony alloy.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indium_antimonide" title="Indium antimonide">Indium antimonide</a> (InSb) is used as a material for mid-<a href="/wiki/Infrared_detector" title="Infrared detector">infrared detectors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> The material <a href="/wiki/GeSbTe" title="GeSbTe">Ge2Sb2Te5</a> is used as for <a href="/wiki/Phase-change_memory" title="Phase-change memory">phase-change memory</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Computer_memory" title="Computer memory">computer memory</a>. Biology and medicine have few uses for antimony. Treatments containing antimony, known as <a href="/wiki/Antimonial" title="Antimonial">antimonials</a>, are used as <a href="/wiki/Emetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Emetic">emetics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> Antimony compounds are used as <a href="/wiki/Antiprotozoal_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiprotozoal agent">antiprotozoan</a> drugs. <a href="/wiki/Potassium_antimonyl_tartrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Potassium antimonyl tartrate">Potassium antimonyl tartrate</a>, or tartar emetic, was once used as an anti-<a href="/wiki/Schistosomiasis" title="Schistosomiasis">schistosomal</a> drug from 1919 on. It was subsequently replaced by <a href="/wiki/Praziquantel" title="Praziquantel">praziquantel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> Antimony and its compounds are used in several <a href="/wiki/Veterinary" class="mw-redirect" title="Veterinary">veterinary</a> preparations, such as anthiomaline and lithium antimony thiomalate, as a skin conditioner in <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> Antimony has a nourishing or conditioning effect on <a href="/wiki/Keratinized" class="mw-redirect" title="Keratinized">keratinized</a> tissues in animals. Antimony-based drugs, such as <a href="/wiki/Meglumine_antimoniate" title="Meglumine antimoniate">meglumine antimoniate</a>, are also considered the drugs of choice for treatment of <a href="/wiki/Leishmaniasis" title="Leishmaniasis">leishmaniasis</a>. Early treatments used antimony(III) species (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trivalent_antimonial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trivalent antimonial (page does not exist)">trivalent antimonials</a>), but in 1922 <a href="/wiki/Upendranath_Brahmachari" title="Upendranath Brahmachari">Upendranath Brahmachari</a> invented a much safer antimony(V) drug, and since then so-called <a href="/wiki/Pentavalent_antimonial" title="Pentavalent antimonial">pentavalent antimonials</a> have been the standard first-line treatment. However, <a href="/wiki/Leishmania" title="Leishmania">Leishmania</a> strains in <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> and neighboring regions have developed resistance to antimony.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> Elemental antimony as an <a href="/wiki/Antimony_pill" title="Antimony pill">antimony pill</a> was once used as a medicine. It could be reused by others after ingestion and elimination.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antimony(III)_sulfide" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimony(III) sulfide">Antimony(III) sulfide</a> is used in the heads of some <a href="/wiki/Safety_match" class="mw-redirect" title="Safety match">safety matches</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Trends-96">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> Antimony sulfides help to stabilize the friction coefficient in automotive brake pad materials.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> Antimony is used in bullets, bullet tracers,<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> paint, glass art, and as an <a href="/wiki/Opacifier" title="Opacifier">opacifier</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">enamel</a>. <a href="/wiki/Antimony-124" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimony-124">Antimony-124</a> is used together with <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Neutron_source" title="Neutron source">neutron sources</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma rays</a> emitted by antimony-124 initiate the <a href="/wiki/Photodisintegration" title="Photodisintegration">photodisintegration</a> of beryllium.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> The emitted neutrons have an average energy of 24 keV.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> Natural antimony is used in <a href="/wiki/Startup_neutron_source" title="Startup neutron source">startup neutron sources</a>. The powder derived from crushed antimony sulfide (<a href="/wiki/Kohl_(cosmetics)" title="Kohl (cosmetics)">kohl</a>) has been used for millennia as an eye cosmetic. Historically it was applied to the eyes with a metal rod and with one's spittle, and was thought by the ancients to aid in curing eye infections.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> The practice is still seen in <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> and in other Muslim countries.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Precautions">Precautions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antimony&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Precautions">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1084375498">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}</style> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Antimony </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">GHS labelling</a>: </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_pictograms" title="GHS hazard pictograms">Pictograms</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-skull.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS06: Toxic"><img alt="GHS06: Toxic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-skull.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-skull.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-skull.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS07: Exclamation mark"><img alt="GHS07: Exclamation mark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS08: Health hazard"><img alt="GHS08: Health hazard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS09: Environmental hazard"><img alt="GHS09: Environmental hazard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals#Signal_word" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">Signal word</a></div> </td> <td>Danger </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_statements" title="GHS hazard statements">Hazard statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="H301: Toxic if swallowed">H301</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H332: Harmful if inhaled">H332</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H351: Suspected of causing cancer">H351</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H373: May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure">H373</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects">H411</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_precautionary_statements" title="GHS precautionary statements">Precautionary statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="P203: Obtain, read and follow all safety instructions before use.">P203</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P260: Do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.">P260</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P264: Wash ... thoroughly after handling.">P264</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P270: Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product.">P270</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P273: Avoid release to the environment.">P273</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P280: Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.">P280</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P301+P316: IF SWALLOWED: Get immediate emergency medical help.">P301+P316</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P304+P340: IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.">P304+P340</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P318: If exposed or concerned, get medical advice.">P318</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P321: Specific treatment (see ... on this label).">P321</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P330: Rinse mouth.">P330</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P391: Collect spillage.">P391</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P405: Store locked up.">P405</abbr> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> Antimony and many of its compounds are <a href="/wiki/Toxic" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic">toxic</a>, and the effects of antimony poisoning are similar to <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_poisoning" title="Arsenic poisoning">arsenic poisoning</a>. The toxicity of antimony is far lower than that of arsenic; this might be caused by the significant differences of uptake, metabolism and excretion between arsenic and antimony. The uptake of antimony(III) or antimony(V) in the gastrointestinal tract is at most 20%. Antimony(V) is not quantitatively reduced to antimony(III) in the cell (in fact antimony(III) is oxidised to antimony(V) instead<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a>). Since <a href="/wiki/Methylation" title="Methylation">methylation</a> of antimony does not occur, the excretion of antimony(V) in urine is the main way of elimination.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> Like arsenic, the most serious effect of acute antimony poisoning is <a href="/wiki/Cardiotoxicity" title="Cardiotoxicity">cardiotoxicity</a> and the resulting <a href="/wiki/Myocarditis" title="Myocarditis">myocarditis</a>; however, it can also manifest as <a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93Stokes_syndrome" title="Adams–Stokes syndrome">Adams–Stokes syndrome</a>, which arsenic does not. Reported cases of intoxication by antimony equivalent to 90 mg <a href="/wiki/Antimony_potassium_tartrate" title="Antimony potassium tartrate">antimony potassium tartrate</a> dissolved from enamel has been reported to show only short term effects. An intoxication with 6 g of antimony potassium tartrate was reported to result in death after three days.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> Inhalation of antimony dust is harmful and in certain cases may be fatal; in small doses, antimony causes headaches, <a href="/wiki/Dizziness" title="Dizziness">dizziness</a>, and depression. Larger doses such as prolonged skin contact may cause dermatitis, or damage the kidneys and the liver, causing violent and frequent vomiting, leading to death in a few days.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> Antimony is incompatible with strong <a href="/wiki/Oxidizing_agent" title="Oxidizing agent">oxidizing agents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strong_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Strong acid">strong acids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrohalic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrohalic acid">halogen acids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">fluorine</a>. It should be kept away from heat.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> Antimony <a href="/wiki/Leaching_(chemical_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaching (chemical science)">leaches</a> from <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate" title="Polyethylene terephthalate">polyethylene terephthalate</a> (PET) bottles into liquids.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> While levels observed for <a href="/wiki/Bottled_water" title="Bottled water">bottled water</a> are below <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a> guidelines,<a href="#cite_note-shotyk-111">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fruit_juice" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit juice">fruit juice</a> concentrates (for which no guidelines are established) produced in the UK were found to contain up to 44.7 μg/L of antimony, well above the EU limits for <a href="/wiki/Tap_water" title="Tap water">tap water</a> of 5 μg/L.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> The guidelines are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>: 20 μg/L<a href="#cite_note-who-113">[111]</a></li> <li>Japan: 15 μg/L<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a>, Health Canada and the Ontario Ministry of Environment: 6 μg/L<a href="#cite_note-canada-115">[113]</a></li> <li>EU and German Federal Ministry of Environment: 5 μg/L<a href="#cite_note-shotyk-111">[109]</a></li></ul> The <a href="/wiki/Tolerable_daily_intake" title="Tolerable daily intake">tolerable daily intake</a> (TDI) proposed by WHO is 6 μg antimony per kilogram of body weight.<a href="#cite_note-who-113">[111]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Immediately_dangerous_to_life_or_health" title="Immediately dangerous to life or health">immediately dangerous to life or health</a> (IDLH) value for antimony is 50 mg/m3.<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antimony&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Toxicity">edit</a>]</div> Certain compounds of antimony appear to be toxic, particularly antimony trioxide and antimony potassium tartrate.<a href="#cite_note-atsdr.cdc.gov-117">[115]</a> Effects may be similar to <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_poisoning" title="Arsenic poisoning">arsenic poisoning</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> Occupational exposure may cause respiratory irritation, <a href="/wiki/Pneumoconiosis" title="Pneumoconiosis">pneumoconiosis</a>, antimony spots on the skin, gastrointestinal symptoms, and cardiac arrhythmias. In addition, antimony trioxide is potentially carcinogenic to humans.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> Adverse health effects have been observed in humans and animals following inhalation, oral, or dermal exposure to antimony and antimony compounds.<a href="#cite_note-atsdr.cdc.gov-117">[115]</a> Antimony toxicity typically occurs either due to occupational exposure, during therapy or from accidental ingestion. It is unclear if antimony can enter the body through the skin.<a href="#cite_note-atsdr.cdc.gov-117">[115]</a> The presence of low levels of antimony in saliva may also be associated with <a href="/wiki/Dental_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental decay">dental decay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davis_et_al_Sci_Rep-120">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antimony&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> The thermal expansion is <a href="/wiki/Anisotropy" title="Anisotropy">anisotropic</a>: the parameters (at 20 °C) for each crystal axis are αah = 8.24×10−6/K, αch = 16.62×10−6/K, and αaverage = αV/3 = 11.04×10−6/K.<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-priesner-47"><a href="#cite_ref-priesner_47-0">^</a> Already in 1710 Wilhelm Gottlob Freiherr von <a href="/wiki/Leibniz" class="mw-redirect" title="Leibniz">Leibniz</a>, after careful inquiry, concluded the work was spurious, there was no monk named Basilius Valentinus, and the book's author was its ostensible editor, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Th%C3%B6lde" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Thölde">Johann Thölde</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.</a> 1565 – c. 1624). Professional historians now agree the Currus Triumphalis ... was written after the middle of the 16th century and Thölde was likely its author.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> Harold Jantz was perhaps the only modern scholar to deny Thölde's authorship, but he too agrees the work dates from after 1550.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antimony&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciaaw.org/antimony.htm">"Standard Atomic Weights: Antimony"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights" title="Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights">CIAAW</a>. 1993.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+Atomic+Weights%3A+Antimony&rft.pub=CIAAW&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciaaw.org%2Fantimony.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntimony" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW2021-2"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW2021_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProhaskaIrrgeherBenefieldBöhlke2022" class="citation journal cs1">Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (4 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/pac-2019-0603/html">"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)"</a>. 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R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110303222309/http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a> (PDF) (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0486-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-0486-5"><bdi>0-8493-0486-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Magnetic+susceptibility+of+the+elements+and+inorganic+compounds&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton+%28FL%29&rft.edition=86th&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8493-0486-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20110303222309%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww-d0.fnal.gov%2Fhardware%2Fcal%2Flvps_info%2Fengineering%2Felementmagn.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntimony" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeast1984" class="citation book cs1">Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0464-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-0464-4"><bdi>0-8493-0464-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC%2C+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Florida&rft.pages=E110&rft.pub=Chemical+Rubber+Company+Publishing&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-8493-0464-4&rft.aulast=Weast&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntimony" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NUBASE2020-8"><a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKondevWangHuangNaimi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf">"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"</a> (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1674-1137%2Fabddae">10.1088/1674-1137/abddae</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Physics+C&rft.atitle=The+NUBASE2020+evaluation+of+nuclear+properties&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=030001&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1674-1137%2Fabddae&rft.aulast=Kondev&rft.aufirst=F.+G.&rft.au=Wang%2C+M.&rft.au=Huang%2C+W.+J.&rft.au=Naimi%2C+S.&rft.au=Audi%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-nds.iaea.org%2Famdc%2Fame2020%2FNUBASE2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntimony" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Kimhi" title="David Kimhi">David Kimhi</a>'s Commentary on Isaiah 4:30 and I Chronicles 29:2; Hebrew: פוך/כְּחֻל, Aramaic: כּוּחְלִי/צדידא; Arabic: كحل, and which can also refer to <a href="/wiki/Antimony_trisulfide" title="Antimony trisulfide">antimony trisulfide</a>. See also Z. Dori, Antimony and Henna (Heb. הפוך והכופר), Jerusalem 1983 (Hebrew). </li> <li id="cite_note-w758-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-w758_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-w758_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-w758_10-2">c</a> <a href="#Wiberg">Wiberg and Holleman</a>, p. 758 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101226044427/http://www.ukcoinpics.co.uk/metal.html">"Metals Used in Coins and Medals"</a>. ukcoinpics.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukcoinpics.co.uk/metal.html">the original</a> on 26 December 2010. Retrieved 16 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Metals+Used+in+Coins+and+Medals&rft.pub=ukcoinpics.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukcoinpics.co.uk%2Fmetal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntimony" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshcheulovManykManykMarenkin2013" class="citation journal cs1">Ashcheulov, A. A.; Manyk, O. N.; Manyk, T. O.; Marenkin, S. F.; Bilynskiy-Slotylo, V. R. (2013). "Some Aspects of the Chemical Bonding in Antimony". 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Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NuPhA.729....3A">2003NuPhA.729....3A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001">10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nuclear+Physics+A&rft.atitle=The+N%3Csmall%3EUBASE%3C%2Fsmall%3E+evaluation+of+nuclear+and+decay+properties&rft.volume=729&rft.pages=3-128&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003NuPhA.729....3A&rft.aulast=Audi&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft.au=Bersillon%2C+Olivier&rft.au=Blachot%2C+Jean&rft.au=Wapstra%2C+Aaldert+Hendrik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fin2p3-00020241%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntimony" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-g548-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g548_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-g548_20-1">b</a> <a href="#Greenwood">Greenwood and Earnshaw</a>, p. 548 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Sb&exc=&class=0&sub=Search+Minerals">Antimony minerals</a>. mindat.org </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="#Greenwood">Greenwood and Earnshaw</a>, p. 553 </li> <li id="cite_note-reger2009-23"><a href="#cite_ref-reger2009_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReger,_Daniel_L.Goode,_Scott_R.Ball,_David_W.2009" class="citation book cs1">Reger, Daniel L.; Goode, Scott R. & Ball, David W. 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Series 1. 17 (67): 230. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14786440308676406">10.1080/14786440308676406</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Magazine&rft.atitle=XL.+Extracts+from+the+third+volume+of+the+analyses&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=67&rft.pages=230&rft.date=1803&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14786440308676406&rft.aulast=Klaproth&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqxtRAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntimony" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/antimony">"antimony"</a>. Britannica.com. 22 May 2024 [July 20, 1998]. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica.com&rft.atitle=antimony&rft.date=2024-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Fantimony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntimony" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernando,_Diana1998" class="citation book cs1">Fernando, Diana (1998). Alchemy: an illustrated A to Z. Blandford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780713726688" title="Special:BookSources/9780713726688"><bdi>9780713726688</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alchemy%3A+an+illustrated+A+to+Z&rft.pub=Blandford&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780713726688&rft.au=Fernando%2C+Diana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntimony" class="Z3988"> Fernando connects the proposed etymology to the story of "<a href="/wiki/Basil_Valentine" title="Basil Valentine">Basil Valentine</a>", although antimonium is found two centuries before Valentine's time. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Antimony" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Antimony">"Antimony"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antimony&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DAntimony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntimony" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.), which considers the derivation a "<a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">popular etymology</a>". </li> <li id="cite_note-Lippmann-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lippmann_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lippmann_54-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Oscar_von_Lippmann" title="Edmund Oscar von Lippmann">von Lippmann, Edmund Oscar </a> (1919) Entstehung und Ausbreitung der Alchemie, teil 1. Berlin: Julius Springer (in German). pp. 642–5 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Meyerhof as quoted in <a href="#CITEREFSarton1935">Sarton 1935</a>, asserts that ithmid or athmoud became corrupted in the medieval "traductions barbaro-latines". The <a href="#CITEREFReference-OED-Antimony">OED</a> asserts some Arabic form is the origin, and if ithmid is the root, posits athimodium, atimodium, atimonium as intermediates. </li> <li id="cite_note-e28-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e28_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-e28_56-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEndlich,_F._M.1888" class="citation journal cs1">Endlich, F. M. (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F274630">"On Some Interesting Derivations of Mineral Names"</a>. The American Naturalist. 22 (253): 21–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F274630">10.1086/274630</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2451020">2451020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Naturalist&rft.atitle=On+Some+Interesting+Derivations+of+Mineral+Names&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=253&rft.pages=21-32&rft.date=1888&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F274630&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2451020%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Endlich%2C+F.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F274630&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntimony" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Jöns Jacob Berzelius, "Essay on the cause of chemical proportions, and on some circumstances relating to them: together with a short and easy method of expressing them," Annals of Philosophy, vol. 2, pages 443–454 (1813) and vol. 3, pages 51–62, 93–106, 244–255, 353–364 (1814). On <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E8M4AAAAMAAJ">p. 52</a>, Berzelius lists the symbol for antimony as "St"; however, starting from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E8M4AAAAMAAJ">p. 248</a>, Berzelius consistently uses the symbol "Sb" instead. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelmenstine2024" class="citation web cs1">Helmenstine, Anne (9 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sciencenotes.org/antimony-facts-symbol-definition-uses/">"Antimony Facts - Symbol, Definition, Uses"</a>. Science Notes and Projects. Retrieved 30 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+Notes+and+Projects&rft.atitle=Antimony+Facts+-+Symbol%2C+Definition%2C+Uses&rft.date=2024-07-09&rft.aulast=Helmenstine&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsciencenotes.org%2Fantimony-facts-symbol-definition-uses%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntimony" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbright1918" class="citation journal cs1">Albright, W. F. (1918). "Notes on Egypto-Semitic Etymology. II". The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures. 34 (4): 215–255. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F369866">10.1086/369866</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/528157">528157</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170203738">170203738</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Semitic+Languages+and+Literatures&rft.atitle=Notes+on+Egypto-Semitic+Etymology.+II&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=215-255&rft.date=1918&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170203738%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F528157%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F369866&rft.aulast=Albright&rft.aufirst=W.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntimony" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sarton-60"><a href="#cite_ref-sarton_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarton1935" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sarton, George (1935). "Review of Al-morchid fi'l-kohhl, ou Le guide d'oculistique (Translated by Max Meyerhof)". Isis (in French). 22 (2): 539-542. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F346926">10.1086/346926</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/225136">225136</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isis&rft.atitle=Review+of+Al-morchid+fi%27l-kohhl%2C+ou+Le+guide+d%27oculistique+%28Translated+by+Max+Meyerhof%29&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=539-542&rft.date=1935&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F346926&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F225136%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sarton&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntimony" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-etym-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-etym_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-etym_61-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=antimony">"antimony"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=antimony&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dantimony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntimony" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="/wiki/LSJ" class="mw-redirect" title="LSJ">LSJ</a>, s.v., vocalisation, spelling, and declension vary</li><li>Celsus, 6.6.6 ff</li><li>Pliny Natural History 33.33</li><li>Lewis and Short: Latin Dictionary</li><li><a href="#CITEREFReference-OED-Antimony">OED, s. "antimony"</a></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-usgs2-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-usgs2_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-usgs2_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-usgs2_63-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-usgs2_63-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-usgs2_63-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-usgs2_63-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-usgs2_63-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlochko2021" class="citation web cs1">Klochko, Kateryna (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/atoms/files/myb1-2017-antim.pdf">"2017 Minerals Yearbook: Antimony"</a> (PDF). 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Journal of Environmental Monitoring. 12 (4): 822–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fb926551a">10.1039/b926551a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20383361">20383361</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Environmental+Monitoring&rft.atitle=Elevated+antimony+concentrations+in+commercial+juices&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=822-4&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2Fb926551a&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20383361&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Claus&rft.au=Tsirigotaki%2C+Alexandra&rft.au=Bak%2C+S%C3%B8ren+Alex&rft.au=Pergantis%2C+Spiros+A.&rft.au=St%C3%BCrup%2C+Stefan&rft.au=Gammelgaard%2C+Bente&rft.au=Hansen%2C+Helle+R%C3%BCsz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntimony" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-who-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-who_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-who_113-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44584/1/9789241548151_eng.pdf">Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality</a> (PDF) (4th ed.). World Health Organization. 2011. p. 314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-4-154815-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-4-154815-1"><bdi>978-92-4-154815-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44584/1/9789241548151_eng.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guidelines+for+Drinking-water+Quality&rft.pages=314&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-92-4-154815-1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.who.int%2Firis%2Fbitstream%2F10665%2F44584%2F1%2F9789241548151_eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntimony" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Wakayama, Hiroshi (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nilim.go.jp/lab/bcg/siryou/tnn/tnn0264pdf/ks0264011.pdf">"Revision of Drinking Water Standards in Japan"</a>, Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (Japan); Table 2, p. 84 </li> <li id="cite_note-canada-115"><a href="#cite_ref-canada_115-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/evaluating-existing-substances/screening-assessment-antimony-containing-substances.html#toc13">Screening assessment antimony-containing substances</a>. 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July 2020. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-660-32826-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-660-32826-3">978-0-660-32826-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNIOSH_Pocket_Guide_to_Chemical_Hazards" class="citation web cs1">NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0036.html">"#0036"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%230036&rft.pub=National+Institute+for+Occupational+Safety+and+Health+%28NIOSH%29&rft.au=NIOSH+Pocket+Guide+to+Chemical+Hazards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2Fnpg%2Fnpgd0036.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntimony" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-atsdr.cdc.gov-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-atsdr.cdc.gov_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-atsdr.cdc.gov_117-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-atsdr.cdc.gov_117-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp23.pdf">"Toxicological Profile for Antimony and Compounds"</a> (PDF). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp23.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toxicological+Profile+for+Antimony+and+Compounds&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Health+and+Human+Services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atsdr.cdc.gov%2Ftoxprofiles%2Ftp23.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntimony" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/antimony-poisoning">"Antimony poisoning"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Antimony+poisoning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Fantimony-poisoning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntimony" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSundarChakravarty2010" class="citation journal cs1">Sundar, S; Chakravarty, J (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3037053">"Antimony Toxicity"</a>. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 7 (12): 4267–4277. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph7124267">10.3390/ijerph7124267</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3037053">3037053</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21318007">21318007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Environmental+Research+and+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Antimony+Toxicity&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=4267-4277&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3037053%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21318007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fijerph7124267&rft.aulast=Sundar&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Chakravarty%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3037053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntimony" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis_et_al_Sci_Rep-120"><a href="#cite_ref-Davis_et_al_Sci_Rep_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavisBakulskiGoodrich2020" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, E.; Bakulski, K. M.; Goodrich, J. M. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7474081">"Low levels of salivary metals, oral microbiome composition and dental decay"</a>. Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 14640. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatSR..1014640D">2020NatSR..1014640D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-020-71495-9">10.1038/s41598-020-71495-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7474081">7474081</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32887894">32887894</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Low+levels+of+salivary+metals%2C+oral+microbiome+composition+and+dental+decay&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=14640&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7474081%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32887894&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-020-71495-9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020NatSR..1014640D&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Bakulski%2C+K.+M.&rft.au=Goodrich%2C+J.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7474081&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntimony" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cited_sources">Cited sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antimony&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Cited sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Greenwood" class="citation book cs1">Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7506-3365-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7506-3365-4"><bdi>0-7506-3365-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7506-3365-4&rft.au=Greenwood%2C+N.+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntimony" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Wiberg" class="citation book cs1">Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils & Holleman, Arnold Frederick (2001). Inorganic chemistry. Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-352651-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-352651-9"><bdi>978-0-12-352651-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inorganic+chemistry&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-12-352651-9&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Egon&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Nils&rft.au=Holleman%2C+Arnold+Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntimony" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antimony&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/antimony" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:antimony">antimony</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090115095847/http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/phs23.html">Public Health Statement for Antimony</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antimony.com/">International Antimony Association vzw (i2a</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/podcast/element.asp">Chemistry in its element podcast</a> (MP3) from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">Royal Society of Chemistry</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Chemistry_World" title="Chemistry World">Chemistry World</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/images/CIIE_antimony_48kbps_tcm18-128033.mp3">Antimony</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/051.htm">Antimony</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Periodic_Table_of_Videos" class="mw-redirect" title="The Periodic Table of Videos">The Periodic Table of Videos</a> (University of Nottingham)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0036.html">CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Antimony</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webmineral.com/data/Antimony.shtml">Antimony Mineral data and specimen images</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template talk:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#99ccff;"><a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#fdff8c;"><a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Antimony_compounds" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antimony_compounds" title="Template:Antimony compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antimony_compounds" title="Template talk:Antimony compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antimony_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antimony compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Antimony_compounds" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antimony_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimony compounds">Antimony compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antimonide" title="Antimonide">Antimonides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_antimonide" title="Aluminium antimonide">AlSb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_antimonide" title="Bismuth antimonide">Bi1-xSbx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium_antimonide" title="Dysprosium antimonide">DySb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium_antimonide" title="Gallium antimonide">GaSb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmium_antimonide" title="Holmium antimonide">HoSb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmium_diantimonide" title="Holmium diantimonide">HoSb2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indium_antimonide" title="Indium antimonide">InSb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium_antimonide" title="Praseodymium antimonide">PrSb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium(III)_antimonide" title="Samarium(III) antimonide">SmSb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yttrium(III)_antimonide" title="Yttrium(III) antimonide">YSb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_antimonide" title="Zinc antimonide">ZnSb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sb(III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimony_tribromide" title="Antimony tribromide">SbBr3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimony(III)_acetate" title="Antimony(III) acetate">Sb(C2H3O2)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimony_trichloride" title="Antimony trichloride">SbCl3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimony_trifluoride" title="Antimony trifluoride">SbF3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimony(III)_oxide_hydroxide_nitrate" title="Antimony(III) oxide hydroxide nitrate">Sb4O4(OH)2(NO3)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stibine" title="Stibine">SbH3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimony_triiodide" title="Antimony triiodide">SbI3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimony_nitride" title="Antimony nitride">SbN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimony_trioxide" title="Antimony trioxide">Sb2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimony_trisulfide" title="Antimony trisulfide">Sb2S3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimony(III)_sulfate" title="Antimony(III) sulfate">Sb2(SO4)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimony_triselenide" title="Antimony triselenide">Sb2Se3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimony_telluride" title="Antimony telluride">Sb2Te3</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Organoantimony(III)_compounds" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organoantimony_chemistry#Organoantimony(III)_chemistry" title="Organoantimony chemistry">Organoantimony(III) compounds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimethylstibine" title="Trimethylstibine">Sb(CH3)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triphenylstibine" title="Triphenylstibine">Sb(C6H5)3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sb(III,V)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimony_tetroxide" title="Antimony tetroxide">Sb2O4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sb(V)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimony_pentachloride" title="Antimony pentachloride">SbCl5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimony_pentafluoride" title="Antimony pentafluoride">SbF5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimony_pentoxide" title="Antimony pentoxide">Sb2O5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimony_pentasulfide" title="Antimony pentasulfide">Sb2S5</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Organoantimony(V)_compounds" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organoantimony_chemistry#Organoantimony(V)_chemistry" title="Organoantimony chemistry">Organoantimony(V) compounds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentamethylantimony" title="Pentamethylantimony">Sb(CH3)5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentaphenylantimony" title="Pentaphenylantimony">Sb(C6H5)5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-c999fddf4-csrm6","wgBackendResponseTime":245,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.578","walltime":"3.053","ppvisitednodes":{"value":40096,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":904018,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":78783,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":56,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":11,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":403579,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2696.572 1 -total"," 47.66% 1285.160 3 Template:Infobox"," 34.46% 929.163 1 Template:Infobox_antimony"," 34.34% 925.887 1 Template:Infobox_element"," 27.16% 732.377 2 Template:Reflist"," 9.61% 259.040 33 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1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Antimony compounds\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Chem\"] = 46,\n [\"Chembox\"] = 1,\n [\"Chembox Hazards\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite OED\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 33,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 31,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 16,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Endash\"] = 1,\n [\"Etymology\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 15,\n [\"GBUrl\"] = 4,\n [\"GHS06\"] = 1,\n [\"GHS07\"] = 1,\n [\"GHS08\"] = 1,\n [\"GHS09\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"H-phrases\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 3,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"Infobox antimony\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiref\"] = 1,\n [\"NUBASE 2003\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"OEtymD\"] = 1,\n [\"Overline\"] = 1,\n [\"P-phrases\"] = 1,\n [\"PGCH\"] = 1,\n [\"Periodic table (navbox)\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 5,\n [\"RubberBible82nd\"] = 1,\n [\"See 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