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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Accusative case</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 69 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">69 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkusatief" title="Akkusatief – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Akkusatief" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkusativ" title="Akkusativ – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Akkusativ" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%A8_(%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88)" title="نصب (نحو) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نصب (نحو)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acusativo" title="Acusativo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Acusativo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%99sirlik_hal" title="Təsirlik hal – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Təsirlik hal" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95" title="কর্ম কারক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কর্ম কারক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Вінавальны склон – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вінавальны склон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Вінавальны склон – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вінавальны склон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6" title="Винителен падеж – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Винителен падеж" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkusativ" title="Akkusativ – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Akkusativ" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troad_akuzativel" title="Troad akuzativel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Troad akuzativel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cas_acusatiu" title="Cas acusatiu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cas acusatiu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akuzativ" title="Akuzativ – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Akuzativ" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkusativ" title="Akkusativ – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Akkusativ" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkusatiiva" title="Akkusatiiva – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Akkusatiiva" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkusativ" title="Akkusativ – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Akkusativ" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akuzatiw" title="Akuzatiw – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Akuzatiw" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sihitav_k%C3%A4%C3%A4ne" title="Sihitav kääne – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sihitav kääne" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Αιτιατική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αιτιατική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caso_acusativo" title="Caso acusativo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Caso acusativo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akuzativo" title="Akuzativo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Akuzativo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akusatibo" title="Akusatibo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Akusatibo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%81%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="حالت مفعولی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حالت مفعولی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusatif" title="Accusatif – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Accusatif" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acusativo" title="Acusativo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Acusativo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EA%B2%A9" title="대격 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대격" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%BE" title="Հայցական հոլով – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հայցական հոլով" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akuzatiw" title="Akuzatiw – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Akuzatiw" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akuzativ" title="Akuzativ – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Akuzativ" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akuzativo" title="Akuzativo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Akuzativo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akusativus" title="Akusativus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Akusativus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Eolfall" title="Þolfall – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þolfall" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusativo" title="Accusativo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Accusativo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasus_akusatif" title="Kasus akusatif – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kasus akusatif" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winow%C3%B4cz" title="Winowôcz – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Winowôcz" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusativus" title="Accusativus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Accusativus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akuzat%C4%ABvs" title="Akuzatīvs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Akuzatīvs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galininkas" title="Galininkas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Galininkas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusatief" title="Accusatief – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Accusatief" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1rgyeset" title="Tárgyeset – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tárgyeset" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Акузатив – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Акузатив" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasus_akusatif" title="Kasus akusatif – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kasus akusatif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusatief" title="Accusatief – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Accusatief" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%BE%E6%A0%BC" title="対格 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="対格" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkusativ" title="Akkusativ – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Akkusativ" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkusativ" title="Akkusativ – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Akkusativ" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caso_acusativo" title="Caso acusativo – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Caso acusativo" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biernik" title="Biernik – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Biernik" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caso_acusativo" title="Caso acusativo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Caso acusativo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cazul_acuzativ" title="Cazul acuzativ – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cazul acuzativ" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6" title="Винительный падеж – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Винительный падеж" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasa_kall%C3%ABzore" title="Rasa kallëzore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rasa kallëzore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Accusative case" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akuzat%C3%ADv" title="Akuzatív – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Akuzatív" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%C5%BEilnik" title="Tožilnik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tožilnik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Акузатив – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Акузатив" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akuzativ" title="Akuzativ – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Akuzativ" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkusatiivi" title="Akkusatiivi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Akkusatiivi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ackusativ" title="Ackusativ – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ackusativ" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="இரண்டாம் வேற்றுமை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இரண்டாம் வேற்றுமை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81" title="กรรมการก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กรรมการก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B8" title="Онаарының падежи – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Онаарының падежи" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Знахідний відмінок – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Знахідний відмінок" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acuxativo" title="Acuxativo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Acuxativo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%BE%E6%A0%BC" title="宾格 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="宾格" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%96%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95" title="אקוזאטיוו – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אקוזאטיוו" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%93%E6%A0%BC" title="賓格 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="賓格" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a 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.ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Accusative_case" title="Special:EditPage/Accusative case">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Accusative+case%22">"Accusative case"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Accusative+case%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Accusative+case%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Accusative+case%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Accusative+case%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Accusative+case%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>, the <b>accusative case</b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_glossing_abbreviations" title="List of glossing abbreviations">abbreviated</a> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;"><b>ACC</b></span></span>) of a <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">grammatical case</a> used to receive the <a href="/wiki/Direct_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct object">direct object</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Transitive_verb" title="Transitive verb">transitive verb</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a>, the only words that occur in the accusative case are <a href="/wiki/Pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronouns">pronouns</a>: "me", "him", "her", "us", "whom", and "them". For example, the pronoun <i>she</i>, as the subject of a <a href="/wiki/Clause" title="Clause">clause</a>, is in the nominative case ("She wrote a book"); but if the pronoun is instead the object of the verb, it is in the accusative case and <i>she</i> becomes <i>her</i> ("Fred greeted her").<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For compound direct objects, it would be, e.g., "Fred invited her and me to the party". </p><p>The accusative case is used in many languages for the objects of (some or all) <a href="/wiki/Prepositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Prepositions">prepositions</a>. It is usually combined with the <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative case</a> (for example in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>). </p><p>The English term, "accusative", derives from the Latin <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/accusativus#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:accusativus">accusativus</a></i>, which, in turn, is a translation of the Greek <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B1%E1%BC%B0%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:αἰτιατική">αἰτιατική</a></span>. The word can also mean "causative", and that might have derived from the Greeks,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the sense of the Roman translation has endured and is used in some other modern languages as the grammatical term for this case, for example in Russian (<span lang="ru"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:винительный">винительный</a></span>). </p><p>The accusative case is typical of early <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> and still exists in some of them (including <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, Latin, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>), in the <a href="/wiki/Finno-Ugric_languages" title="Finno-Ugric languages">Finno-Ugric languages</a> (such as Finnish and Hungarian), in all <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a> like <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic languages</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>). Some <a href="/wiki/Balto-Finnic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Balto-Finnic languages">Balto-Finnic languages</a>, such as Finnish, have two cases for objects, the accusative and the <a href="/wiki/Partitive_case" title="Partitive case">partitive case</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Morphosyntactic_alignment" title="Morphosyntactic alignment">morphosyntactic alignment</a> terms, both do the accusative function, but the accusative object is <a href="/wiki/Telicity" title="Telicity">telic</a>, while the partitive is not. </p><p>Modern English almost entirely lacks <a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">declension</a> in its nouns; pronouns, however, have an understood case usage, as in <i>them</i>, <i>her</i>, <i>him</i> and <i>whom</i>, which merges the accusative and <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a> functions, and originates in old Germanic dative forms (see <a href="/wiki/Declension_in_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Declension in English">Declension in English</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example">Example</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accusative_case&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Example"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the sentence <i>The man sees <b>the dog</b></i>, <i>the dog</i> is the direct object of the verb "to see". In <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, which has mostly lost grammatical cases, the definite article and noun – "the dog" – remain the same noun form without number agreement in the noun either as subject or object, though an artifact of it is in the verb and has number agreement, which changes to "sees". One can also correctly use "the dog" as the subject of a sentence: "The dog sees the cat." </p><p>In a declined language, the <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a> of the article or noun changes with gender agreement. For example, in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, "the dog" is <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">der Hund</i></span>. This is the form in the <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative case</a>, used for the subject of a sentence. If this article/noun pair is used as the object of a verb, it (usually) changes to the accusative case, which entails an article shift in German – <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Der Mann sieht <b>den Hund</b></i></span> (The man sees the dog). In German, masculine nouns change their definite article from <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">der</i></span> to <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">den</i></span> in the accusative case. In <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>, "Rama sees Shyama" would be translated as <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">रामले श्यामलाई देख्छ।</span></span> <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">Rama-le Shyama-lai dekhchha.</i></span> The same sentence in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a> would be <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">रामः पश्यति श्यामम्।</span></span> <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Rama: pashyati Shyamam</i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Latin">Latin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accusative_case&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Latin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The accusative case in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> has minor differences from the accusative case in <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a>. Nouns in the accusative case (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">accusativus</i></span>) can be used: </p> <ul><li>as a <a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">direct object</a>;</li> <li>to qualify duration of time, e.g., <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">multos annos</i></span>, "for many years"; <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ducentos annos</i></span>, "for 200 years"; this is known as the <b>accusative of duration of time</b>,</li> <li>to qualify direction towards which e.g., <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">domum</i></span>, "homewards"; <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Romam</i></span>, "to Rome" with no preposition needed; this is known as the <b>accusative of place to which</b>, and is equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/Lative_case" title="Lative case">lative case</a> found in some other languages.</li> <li>as the subject of an <a href="/wiki/Indirect_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Indirect statement">indirect statement</a> with the verb as an infinitive, (e.g. <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Dixit <b>me</b> esse saevum</i></span>, "He said that <b>I</b> had been cruel"; in later Latin works, such as the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a>, such a phrasing is replaced by <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">quod</i></span> and a regularly ordered sentence, having the subject in the nominative and the verb in the indicative mood, e.g., <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Dixit quod <b>ego</b> fueram saevus</i></span>).</li> <li>with case-specific prepositions such as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">per</i></span> (through), <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ad</i></span> (to/toward), and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">trans</i></span> (across);</li> <li>in exclamations, such as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">me miseram</i></span>, "wretched me" (spoken by <a href="/wiki/Circe" title="Circe">Circe</a> to <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Ulysses</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>'s <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Remedium Amoris</i></span>);</li> <li>to qualify purpose, e.g., <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ad proficiscendum</i></span>, "for the purpose of departing"; <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ad effēminandōs animōs</i></span>, "for the purpose of weakening [or, effeminating] the spirit".</li></ul> <p>For the accusative endings, see <a href="/wiki/Latin_declension" title="Latin declension">Latin declensions</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="German">German</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accusative_case&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: German"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The accusative case is used for the direct object in a sentence. The masculine forms for <a href="/wiki/German_articles" title="German articles">German articles</a>, e.g., "the", "a/an", "my", etc., change in the accusative case: they always end in -en. The feminine, neutral and plural forms do not change. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Masculine </th> <th>Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <td>Definite article (the) </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">den</i></span> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">die</i></span> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">das</i></span> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">die</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Indefinite article (a/an) </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">einen</i></span> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">eine</i></span> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">ein</i></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>For example, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hund</i></span> (dog) is a masculine (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">der</i></span>) word, so the article changes when used in the accusative case: </p> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ich habe einen Hund</i></span>. (lit., I have a dog.) In the sentence, "a dog" is in the accusative case as it is the second idea (the object) of the sentence.</li></ul> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/German_pronouns" title="German pronouns">German pronouns</a> also change in the accusative case. </p><p>The accusative case is also used after particular German prepositions. These include <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">bis</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">durch</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">für</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">gegen</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">ohne</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">um</i></span>, after which the accusative case is always used, and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">an</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">auf</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">hinter</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">in</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">neben</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">über</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">unter</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">vor</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">zwischen</i></span> which can govern either the accusative or the dative. The latter prepositions take the accusative when motion or action is specified (being done into/onto the space), but take the dative when location is specified (being done in/on that space). These prepositions are also used in conjunction with certain verbs, in which case it is the verb in question which governs whether the accusative or dative should be used. </p><p>Adjective endings also change in the accusative case. Another factor that determines the endings of adjectives is whether the adjective is being used after a definite article (the), after an indefinite article (a/an) or without any article before the adjective (<i>many</i> green apples). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Masculine </th> <th>Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <td>Definite article </td> <td rowspan="3"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">-en</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="3"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">-e</i></span> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">-e</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">-en</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Indefinite article </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">-es</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>No article </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">-e</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In German, the accusative case is also used for some adverbial expressions, mostly temporal ones, as in <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Diesen Abend bleibe ich daheim</i></span> (This evening I'm staying at home), where <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">diesen Abend</i></span> is marked as accusative, although not a direct object. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Russian">Russian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accusative_case&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Russian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, accusative is used not only to display the direct object of an action, but also to indicate the destination or goal of motion. It is also used with some prepositions. The prepositions <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">в</span></span> and <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">на</span></span> can both take accusative in situations where they are indicating the goal of a motion. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">masculine</a>, Russian also distinguishes between <a href="/wiki/Animacy" title="Animacy">animate and inanimate</a> nouns with regard to the accusative; only the animates carry a <a href="/wiki/Marker_(linguistics)" title="Marker (linguistics)">marker</a> in this case. </p><p>The PIE accusative case has nearly eroded in Russian, merging with the genitive or the nominative in most declensions. Only singular first-declension nouns (ending in '<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">а</span></span>', '<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">я</span></span>', or '<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">ия</span></span>') have a distinct accusative ('<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">у</span></span>', '<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">ю</span></span>', or '<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">ию</span></span>'). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Finnish">Finnish</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accusative_case&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Finnish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditional <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> grammars say the accusative is the case of a total object, while the case of a partial object is the <a href="/wiki/Partitive_case" title="Partitive case">partitive</a>. The accusative is identical either to the nominative or the <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a>, except for <a href="/wiki/Personal_pronoun" title="Personal pronoun">personal pronouns</a> and the personal <a href="/wiki/Interrogative_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Interrogative pronoun">interrogative pronoun</a> <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">kuka</i></span>/<span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">ken</i></span>, which have a special accusative form ending in <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">-t</i></span>. </p><p>The major new Finnish grammar, <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi"><a href="/wiki/Iso_suomen_kielioppi" title="Iso suomen kielioppi">Iso suomen kielioppi</a></i></span>, breaks with the traditional classification to limit the accusative case to the special case of the personal pronouns and <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">kuka</i></span>/<span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">ken</i></span>. The new grammar considers other total objects as being in the nominative or genitive case. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hungarian">Hungarian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accusative_case&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hungarian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The accusative case is assigned to the direct object in a sentence in Hungarian. The accusative marker is always <span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">-t</i></span>, often preceded by a linking vowel to facilitate pronunciation. </p> <ul><li><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">lángos – lángost</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1ngos" title="Lángos">lángos</a></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span></li> <li><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">hal – halat</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">fish</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span></li> <li><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">program – programot</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">programme</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span></li> <li><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">tej – tejet</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">milk</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span></li> <li><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">cölöp – cölöpöt</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">stilt</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">1.</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hu" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">A</p><p style="margin: 0px;">The</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hu" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">fiú</p><p style="margin: 0px;">boy</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hu" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">eszik.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eats.</p></div><p style="display: none;">A fiú eszik.</p><p style="display: none;">The boy eats.</p><p style="clear: left;">The boy eats.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">2.</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hu" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">A</p><p style="margin: 0px;">The</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hu" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">fiú</p><p style="margin: 0px;">boy</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hu" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">eszik</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eats</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hu" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">egy</p><p style="margin: 0px;">an</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hu" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">almát.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">apple.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="accusative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ACC</abbr>.</p></div><p style="display: none;">A fiú eszik egy almát.</p><p style="display: none;">The boy eats an apple.ACC.</p><p style="clear: left;">The boy eats an apple.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Every personal pronoun has an accusative form. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">English </th> <th colspan="2">Hungarian </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <th>Accusative </th> <th>Nominative </th> <th>Accusative </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">1st person singular </th> <td>I </td> <td>me </td> <td><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">én</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">engem</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">2nd person singular </th> <td colspan="2">you </td> <td><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">te</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">téged</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3rd person singular </th> <th>Person </th> <td>he/she/they </td> <td>him/her/them </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">ő</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">őt</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Object </th> <td colspan="2">it </td> <td><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">azt</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">1st person plural </th> <td>we </td> <td>us </td> <td><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">mi</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">minket/bennünket</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">2nd person plural </th> <td colspan="2">you </td> <td><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">ti</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">titeket/benneteket</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3rd person plural </th> <th>Person </th> <td rowspan="2">they </td> <td rowspan="2">them </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">ők</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">őket</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Object </th> <td><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">azokat</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>For the Hungarian 1st and 2nd person singular accusative forms, the pronoun can often be dropped if it is clear from the context who the speaker is referring to. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">3.</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hu" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Hallasz</p><p style="margin: 0px;">you.hear</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hu" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">engem,</p><p style="margin: 0px;">me,</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hu" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Attila?</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Attila?</p></div><p style="display: none;">Hallasz engem, Attila?</p><p style="display: none;">you.hear me, Attila?</p><p style="clear: left;">Can you hear me, Attila?</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">4.</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hu" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Hallasz,</p><p style="margin: 0px;">you.hear,</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hu" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Attila?</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Attila?</p></div><p style="display: none;">Hallasz, Attila?</p><p style="display: none;">you.hear, Attila?</p><p style="clear: left;">Can you hear me, Attila?</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Semitic_languages">Semitic languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accusative_case&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Semitic languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Accusative case marking existed in <a href="/wiki/Proto-Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Semitic">Proto-Semitic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ugaritic" title="Ugaritic">Ugaritic</a>. It is preserved today in many Semitic languages as <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez">Ge'ez</a>. </p><p><b>Accusative in Akkadian</b> </p> <dl><dd>Nominative: <span title="Akkadian-language romanization"><i lang="akk-Latn">awīlum</i></span> (a/the man)</dd> <dd>Accusative: <span title="Akkadian-language romanization"><i lang="akk-Latn">apaqqid awīlam</i></span> (I trust a/the man)</dd></dl> <p><b>Accusative in Arabic</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div>Nominative</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ar" style="margin: 0px;">رَجُلٌ</p><p lang="ar-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">rajul-un</p><p style="margin: 0px;">man-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nominative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NOM</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">رَجُلٌ</p><p style="display: none;">rajul-un</p><p style="display: none;">man-NOM</p><p style="clear: left;">a man</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div>Accusative</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ar" style="margin: 0px;">أَسْأَلُ</p><p lang="ar-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">as'alu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">I.ask</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ar" style="margin: 0px;">رَجُلًا</p><p lang="ar-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">rajul-an</p><p style="margin: 0px;">man-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="accusative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ACC</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">أَسْأَلُ رَجُلًا</p><p style="display: none;">as'alu rajul-an</p><p style="display: none;">I.ask man-ACC</p><p style="clear: left;">I ask a man</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ar" style="margin: 0px;">أَسْأَلُ</p><p lang="ar-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">as'alu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">I.ask</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ar" style="margin: 0px;">الرَّجُلَ</p><p lang="ar-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ar-rajul-a</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr>-man-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="accusative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ACC</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">أَسْأَلُ الرَّجُلَ</p><p style="display: none;">as'alu ar-rajul-a</p><p style="display: none;">I.ask DEF-man-ACC</p><p style="clear: left;">I ask the man</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>The accusative case is called in Arabic <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">النصب</span></span> (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">an-naṣb</i></span>) and it has many other uses in addition to marking the object of a verb. </p><p><b>Accusative in Hebrew</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div>Nominative</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="he" style="margin: 0px;">תַּפּוּחַ</p><p lang="he-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tapuakh</p><p style="margin: 0px;">apple</p></div><p style="display: none;">תַּפּוּחַ</p><p style="display: none;">tapuakh</p><p style="display: none;">apple</p><p style="clear: left;"><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">an apple</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div>Accusative</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="he" style="margin: 0px;">אָכַלְתִּי</p><p lang="he-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">akhalti</p><p style="margin: 0px;">I.ate</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="he" style="margin: 0px;">אֵת</p><p lang="he-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">et</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="direct object" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DO</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="he" style="margin: 0px;">הַתַּפּוּחַ</p><p lang="he-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hatapuakh</p><p style="margin: 0px;">apple.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">אָכַלְתִּי אֵת הַתַּפּוּחַ</p><p style="display: none;">akhalti et hatapuakh</p><p style="display: none;">I.ate DO apple.DEF</p><p style="clear: left;"><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">I ate the apple</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>In Hebrew, if the object of the sentence is a pronoun (e.g., I, you, s/he) and the transitive verb requires a direct object, the word <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אֵת</span></span> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">et</i></span> is combined with the pronoun into an object pronoun. The combined words are: </p> <ul><li>me: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אוֹתִי</span></span> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">otí</i></span></li> <li>you (singular): <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אוֹתְךָ</span></span> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">otkhá</i></span> (M); <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אוֹתָךְ</span></span> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">otákh</i></span> (F)</li> <li>him: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אוֹתוֹ</span></span> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">otó</i></span></li> <li>her: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אוֹתׇהּ</span></span> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">otáh</i></span></li> <li>we: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אוֹתָנוּ</span></span> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">otánu</i></span></li> <li>you (plural): <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אֶתְכֶם</span></span> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">etkhém</i></span> (M); <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אֶתְכֶן</span></span> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">etkhén</i></span> (F)</li> <li>them: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אוֹתָם</span></span> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">otám</i></span> (M); <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אוֹתָן</span></span> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">otán</i></span> (F)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Japanese">Japanese</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accusative_case&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Japanese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_particles" title="Japanese particles">Japanese particles</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, cases are marked by placing particles after nouns. The accusative case is marked with <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja" style="font-style: normal;">を</span></span> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">wo</a></i></span>, pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o̞/</span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Korean">Korean</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accusative_case&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Korean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Korean_postpositions" title="Korean postpositions">Korean postpositions</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>, the accusative case is marked with <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko" style="font-style: normal;">를</span></span> or <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko" style="font-style: normal;">을</span></span>. The postpositions depend on a word's last syllable. For example: </p> <ul><li>나는 게임<b>을</b> 했다.</li> <li>나는 숙제<b>를</b> 했다.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Turkish">Turkish</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accusative_case&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Turkish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, cases are marked with <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixes</a>. The accusative case is marked with the suffixes <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">-ı, -i, -u, -ü</i></span>, depending on <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a>. If a word ends in a vowel, <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">-y-</i></span> is added before the suffix as a <a href="/wiki/Epenthesis" title="Epenthesis">buffer consonant</a>. </p><p>The accusative is only used if the direct object of a sentence is <a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">definite</a>. If it is indefinite, the <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative case</a> is used. For example: </p> <dl><dd><table> <tbody><tr> <td><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Araba</i></span></td> <td><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">car</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span></td> <td>(nominative case) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Araba gördüm.</i></span></td> <td><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">I saw a car.</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span></td> <td>(nominative case, indefinite direct object) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Araba<b>yı</b> gördüm.</i></span></td> <td><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">I saw the car.</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span></td> <td>(accusative case, definite direct object) </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Malayalam">Malayalam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accusative_case&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Malayalam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>, the accusative inflection is achieved using the suffix <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml" style="font-style: normal;">എ</span></span> /-e/. Example: <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml" style="font-style: normal;">രാമൻ</span></span> /raman/ → <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml" style="font-style: normal;">രാമനെ</span></span> /ramane/. The sandhi also play a role here depending on the ending of the noun. Example: <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml" style="font-style: normal;">മരം</span></span> /maram/ → <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml" style="font-style: normal;">മരത്തെ</span></span> /maratte/ where /tt/ replaces /m/ when /e/ is suffixed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accusative_case&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morphosyntactic_alignment" title="Morphosyntactic alignment">Morphosyntactic alignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nota_accusativi" title="Nota accusativi">Nota accusativi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accusative_case&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huddleston, Rodney. Pullum, Geoffrey. <i>A Student's Introduction to English Grammar</i>. Cambridge University Press. 2015. P. 106. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1009088015" title="Special:BookSources/978-1009088015">978-1009088015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/accusative">"accusative"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=accusative&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Faccusative&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccusative+case" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accusative_case&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarlsson2018" class="citation book cs1">Karlsson, Fred (2018). <i>Finnish - A Comprehensive Grammar</i>. London, England; New York, NY: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-82104-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-82104-0"><bdi>978-1-138-82104-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finnish+-+A+Comprehensive+Grammar&rft.place=London%2C+England%3B+New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-138-82104-0&rft.aulast=Karlsson&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccusative+case" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnhava2015" class="citation web cs1">Anhava, Jaakko (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journal.fi/store/article/view/52392/16242">"Criteria For Case Forms in Finnish and Hungarian Grammars"</a>. <i>journal.fi</i>. Helsinki: Finnish Scholarly Journals Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=journal.fi&rft.atitle=Criteria+For+Case+Forms+in+Finnish+and+Hungarian+Grammars&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Anhava&rft.aufirst=Jaakko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.fi%2Fstore%2Farticle%2Fview%2F52392%2F16242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccusative+case" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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cases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grammatical_cases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Grammatical cases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grammatical_cases" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">Grammatical cases</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_grammatical_cases" title="List of grammatical cases">List of cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">Declension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphosyntactic_alignment" title="Morphosyntactic alignment">Morphosyntactic alignment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Morphosyntactic_alignment" title="Morphosyntactic alignment">Morphosyntactic alignment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolutive_case" title="Absolutive case">Absolutive</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Accusative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_case" title="Direct case">Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergative_case" title="Ergative case">Ergative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intransitive_case" title="Intransitive case">Intransitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">Nominative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblique_case" title="Oblique case">Oblique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partitive_case" title="Partitive case">Partitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegative_case" title="Pegative case">Pegative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Location, time, direction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">Ablative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adessive_case" title="Adessive case">Adessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allative_case" title="Allative case">Allative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antessive_case" title="Antessive case">Antessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apudessive_case" title="Apudessive case">Apudessive</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Approximative_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Approximative case (page does not exist)">Approximative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delative_case" title="Delative case">Delative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributive_case" title="Distributive case">Distributive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributive-temporal_case" title="Distributive-temporal case">-temporal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egressive_case" title="Egressive case">Egressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elative_case" title="Elative case">Elative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illative_case" title="Illative case">Illative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inelative_case" title="Inelative case">Inelative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inessive_case" title="Inessive case">Inessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrative_case" title="Intrative case">Intrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lative_case" title="Lative case">Lative</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limitative_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limitative case (page does not exist)">Limitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">Locative</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Locative-qualitative_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Locative-qualitative case (page does not exist)">-qualitative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medial_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medial case (page does not exist)">Medial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perlative_case" title="Perlative case">Perlative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertingent_case" title="Pertingent case">Pertingent</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postdirective_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Postdirective case (page does not exist)">Postdirective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postelative_case" title="Postelative case">Postelative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postessive_case" title="Postessive case">Postessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolative_case" title="Prolative case">Prolative</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subdirective_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subdirective case (page does not exist)">Subdirective</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subelative_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subelative case (page does not exist)">Subelative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subessive_case" title="Subessive case">Subessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublative_case" title="Sublative case">Sublative</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superdirective_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superdirective case (page does not exist)">Superdirective</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superelative_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superelative case (page does not exist)">Superelative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superessive_case" title="Superessive case">Superessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superlative_case" title="Superlative case">Superlative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_case" title="Temporal case">Temporal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminative_case" title="Terminative case">Terminative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Possession, companion, instrument</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abessive_case" title="Abessive case">Abessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritive_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Caritive case">Caritive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comitative_case" title="Comitative case">Comitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">Dative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">Genitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">Instrumental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental-comitative_case" title="Instrumental-comitative case">-comitative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornative_case" title="Ornative case">Ornative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abessive_case" title="Abessive case">Privative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociative_case" title="Sociative case">Sociative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State, manner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adverbial_case" title="Adverbial case">Adverbial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_case" title="Comparative case">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equative_case" title="Equative case">Equative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essive_case" title="Essive case">Essive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essive-formal_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Essive-formal case">-formal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essive-modal_case" title="Essive-modal case">-modal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exessive_case" title="Exessive case">Exessive</a></li> <li>Formal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instructive_case" title="Instructive case">Instructive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_case" title="Modal case">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplicative_case" title="Multiplicative case">Multiplicative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientative_case" title="Orientative case">Orientative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revertive_case" title="Revertive case">Revertive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semblative_case" title="Semblative case">Semblative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translative_case" title="Translative case">Translative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cause, purpose</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aversive_case" title="Aversive case">Aversive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benefactive_case" title="Benefactive case">Benefactive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causative#Causal_case" title="Causative">Causal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causative#Causal-final_case" title="Causative">-final</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_case" title="Final case">Final</a></li></ul> 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