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cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Търсене в Уикипедия" aria-label="Търсене в Уикипедия" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Претърсване на Уикипедия [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Специални:Търсене"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Търсене</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Лични инструменти"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Облик"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Облик" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Облик</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_bg.wikipedia.org&uselang=bg" class=""><span>Направете дарение</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0&returnto=%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Насърчаваме Ви да си създадете сметка и да влезете, въпреки че не е задължително." class=""><span>Създаване на сметка</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&returnto=%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Препоръчваме Ви да влезете, въпреки, че не е задължително. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Влизане</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Допълнителни опции" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Лични инструменти" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Лични инструменти</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Потребителско меню" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_bg.wikipedia.org&uselang=bg"><span>Направете дарение</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0&returnto=%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Насърчаваме Ви да си създадете сметка и да влезете, въпреки че не е задължително."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Създаване на сметка</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&returnto=%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Препоръчваме Ви да влезете, въпреки, че не е задължително. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Влизане</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Страници за излезли от системата редактори <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%89:%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" aria-label="Научете повече за редактирането"><span>научете повече</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Списък на промените, направени от този IP адрес [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Приноси</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Дискусия относно редакциите от този адрес [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Беседа</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Сайт"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Съдържание" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Съдържание</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">преместване към страничната лента</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">скриване</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Начало</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Определение" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Определение"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Определение</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Определение-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Отличителни_особености" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Отличителни_особености"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Отличителни особености</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Отличителни_особености-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Класификация._Критерии" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Класификация._Критерии"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Класификация. Критерии</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Класификация._Критерии-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-„Ефект_на_Галилей“" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#„Ефект_на_Галилей“"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>„Ефект на Галилей“</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-„Ефект_на_Галилей“-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Вижте_също" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Вижте_също"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Вижте също</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Вижте_също-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Източници" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Източници"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Източници</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Източници-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Литература" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Литература"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Литература</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Литература-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Външни_препратки" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Външни_препратки"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Външни препратки</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Външни_препратки-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Съдържание" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Скриване/показване на съдържанието" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Скриване/показване на съдържанието</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Псевдонаука</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Към статията на друг език. Налична на 81 езика" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">81 езика</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudowetenskap" title="Pseudowetenskap – африканс" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pseudowetenskap" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="африканс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudociencia" title="Pseudociencia – арагонски" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pseudociencia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="арагонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%81" title="علم زائف – арабски" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم زائف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арабски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B5_%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="صيونص د بلعاني – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="صيونص د بلعاني" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seudociencia" title="Seudociencia – астурски" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Seudociencia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астурски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalan_elml%C9%99r" title="Yalan elmlər – азербайджански" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yalan elmlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербайджански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seudosiyensya" title="Seudosiyensya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Seudosiyensya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Псеўданавука – беларуски" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Псеўданавука" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="беларуски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D1%8D%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Псэўданавука – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Псэўданавука" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="অপবিজ্ঞান – бенгалски" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অপবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonauka" title="Pseudonauka – босненски" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pseudonauka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="босненски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoci%C3%A8ncia" title="Pseudociència – каталонски" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pseudociència" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DA%95%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="زڕزانست – кюрдски (централен)" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زڕزانست" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="кюрдски (централен)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudov%C4%9Bda" title="Pseudověda – чешки" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pseudověda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чешки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffugwyddoniaeth" title="Ffugwyddoniaeth – уелски" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffugwyddoniaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="уелски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudovidenskab" title="Pseudovidenskab – датски" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pseudovidenskab" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="датски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudowissenschaft" title="Pseudowissenschaft – немски" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pseudowissenschaft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="немски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A8%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B7" title="Ψευδοεπιστήμη – гръцки" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ψευδοεπιστήμη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="гръцки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience – английски" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Pseudoscience" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="английски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pse%C5%ADdoscienco" title="Pseŭdoscienco – есперанто" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pseŭdoscienco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="есперанто" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudociencia" title="Pseudociencia – испански" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pseudociencia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoteadus" title="Pseudoteadus – естонски" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pseudoteadus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="естонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasizientzia" title="Sasizientzia – баски" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sasizientzia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85" title="شبه‌علم – персийски" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شبه‌علم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="персийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A4enn%C3%A4istiede" title="Näennäistiede – фински" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Näennäistiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="фински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudovakadidike" title="Pseudovakadidike – фиджийски" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Pseudovakadidike" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="фиджийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudov%C3%ADsindi" title="Pseudovísindi – фарьорски" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Pseudovísindi" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="фарьорски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience – френски" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pseudoscience" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="френски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudowittenskip" title="Pseudowittenskip – западнофризийски" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Pseudowittenskip" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="западнофризийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudociencia" title="Pseudociencia – галисийски" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pseudociencia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галисийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9B%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9E%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8" title="છદ્મવિજ્ઞાન – гуджарати" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="છદ્મવિજ્ઞાન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="гуджарати" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95-%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A2" title="פסאודו-מדע – иврит" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פסאודו-מדע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="иврит" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="छद्म विज्ञान – хинди" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="छद्म विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хинди" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoznanost" title="Pseudoznanost – хърватски" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pseudoznanost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хърватски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ltudom%C3%A1ny" title="Áltudomány – унгарски" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Áltudomány" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="унгарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscientia" title="Pseudoscientia – интерлингва" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pseudoscientia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="интерлингва" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmu_semu" title="Ilmu semu – индонезийски" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ilmu semu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hj%C3%A1fr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Hjáfræði – исландски" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hjáfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="исландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscienza" title="Pseudoscienza – италиански" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pseudoscienza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="италиански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%96%91%E4%BC%BC%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="疑似科学 – японски" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="疑似科学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="японски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D2%93%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Псевдоғылым – казахски" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Псевдоғылым" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="казахски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%82%AC%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99" title="유사과학 – корейски" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유사과학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корейски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientia_falsa" title="Scientia falsa – латински" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Scientia falsa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="латински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudosiensa" title="Pseudosiensa – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Pseudosiensa" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomokslas" title="Pseudomokslas – литовски" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pseudomokslas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="литовски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseidozin%C4%81tne" title="Pseidozinātne – латвийски" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pseidozinātne" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латвийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Псевдонаука – македонски" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Псевдонаука" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="കപടശാസ്ത്രം – малаялам" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കപടശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="малаялам" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="छद्म विज्ञान – марати" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="छद्म विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="марати" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudosains" title="Pseudosains – малайски" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pseudosains" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudowetenschap" title="Pseudowetenschap – нидерландски" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pseudowetenschap" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нидерландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudovitskap" title="Pseudovitskap – норвежки (нюношк)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pseudovitskap" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="норвежки (нюношк)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudovitenskap" title="Pseudovitenskap – норвежки (букмол)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pseudovitenskap" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвежки (букмол)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਮਿਥਿਆ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – пенджабски" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਿਥਿਆ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="пенджабски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonauka" title="Pseudonauka – полски" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pseudonauka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="полски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoci%C3%AAncia" title="Pseudociência – португалски" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pseudociência" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanqa_hamut%27ay" title="Yanqa hamut'ay – кечуа" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yanqa hamut'ay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="кечуа" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo%C8%99tiin%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Pseudoștiință – румънски" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pseudoștiință" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румънски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Псевдонаука – руски" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Псевдонаука" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="руски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Псевдонаука – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Псевдонаука" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonauka" title="Pseudonauka – сърбохърватски" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pseudonauka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="сърбохърватски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%A7_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BD_%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B8_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%84_%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4" title="නවීන විද්‍යාවට අනුකූල නොවන දැණුම සහ ශිල්ප – синхалски" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නවීන විද්‍යාවට අනුකූල නොවන දැණුම සහ ශිල්ප" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="синхалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pseudoscience" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoveda" title="Pseudoveda – словашки" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pseudoveda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словашки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psevdoznanost" title="Psevdoznanost – словенски" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Psevdoznanost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словенски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoshkenca" title="Pseudoshkenca – албански" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pseudoshkenca" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Псеудонаука – сръбски" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Псеудонаука" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="сръбски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudovetenskap" title="Pseudovetenskap – шведски" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pseudovetenskap" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayansi_bandia" title="Sayansi bandia – суахили" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sayansi bandia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="суахили" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="போலி அறிவியல் – тамилски" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="போலி அறிவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамилски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="วิทยาศาสตร์เทียม – тайски" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิทยาศาสตร์เทียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seudosiyensiya" title="Seudosiyensiya – тагалог" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Seudosiyensiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="тагалог" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6zdebilim" title="Sözdebilim – турски" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sözdebilim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Псевдонаука – украински" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Псевдонаука" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%DB%81_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85" title="شبہ علم – урду" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شبہ علم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soxta_fan" title="Soxta fan – узбекски" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Soxta fan" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="узбекски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%BB%A5y_khoa_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Ngụy khoa học – виетнамски" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngụy khoa học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="виетнамски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%AA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="伪科学 – ву китайски" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伪科学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="ву китайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%AA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="伪科学 – китайски" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伪科学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="китайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%AE-s%C5%AB_kho-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Gî-sū kho-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Gî-sū kho-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%81%87%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="假科學 – кантонски" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="假科學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q483677#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Редактиране на междуезиковите препратки" class="wbc-editpage">Редактиране</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Именни пространства"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Преглед на основната страница [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Статия</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" rel="discussion" title="Беседа за страницата [t]" 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href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Rychnmach_pic1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Rychnmach_pic1.JPG/200px-Rychnmach_pic1.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Rychnmach_pic1.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>Инструмент от началото на ХХ век, измислен и сглобен от полския инженер Франтишек Рихновски, за измерване на радиация на „космическата енергия“</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Scientology_e_meter_blue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Scientology_e_meter_blue.jpg/200px-Scientology_e_meter_blue.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="158" class="mw-file-element" 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С него определят дали човек има духовно бреме от минали преживявания</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Псевдонау̀ка</b> (на <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Гръцки език">гръцки</a>: <span lang="el" dir="ltr" style="font-style:italic">ψευδής</span> или <b>лъженау̀ка</b> – лъжлив, неверен + <i><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Наука">наука</a></i>) е вид <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Твърдение (страницата не съществува)">твърдение</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Дейност (страницата не съществува)">дейност</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Научен метод">метод</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Практика (метод на учене) (страницата не съществува)">практика</a> или <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Теория">теория</a> които твърдят, че са научни и които на пръв поглед дори може да изглеждат научни, но на които липсват някои от характерните за <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Наука">науката</a> изисквания: </p> <ol><li>не използват <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Научен метод">научния метод</a></li> <li>не могат да представят разумни и достоверни доказателства</li> <li>не отговарят на елементарни научни критерии</li></ol> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Определение"><span id=".D0.9E.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.B4.D0.B5.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B8.D0.B5"></span>Определение</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Редактиране на раздел: Определение" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Определение"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Най-общо казано псевдонауката се характеризира с неяснота, непълнота, изопачаване или преувеличаване на ефектите и обикновено липса на прогрес в развитието на теорията и нежелание за експериментална проверка.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Съществуват <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Епистемология">епистемологични</a> разногласия по отношение на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Научен метод">научния метод</a> и използваните критерии за разграничаване на науката от псевдонауката и по принцип за намиране на обективен и надежден начин за класифицирането им.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>А. Стефанов предлага разграничението наука-псевдонаука да се направи не чрез <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Критерий за демаркация">критерия за демаркация</a>, а чрез осмисляне на предмета и методите на науката<sup id="cite_ref-conf_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conf-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Според Стефанов псевдонаука са всички онези спекулативни и манипулативни дейности, които претендират да са научни, но не са, защото <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Имитация">имитират</a> научната дейност, представят се за такава, в най-добрия случай се доближават до нея, но по някои характеристики се различават. Псевдонаука са всички прояви на теоретическа и практическа дейност, които са извън-научни, но чиито агенти претендират да ги <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Легитимност">легитимират</a> като научни.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Други думи за това понятие са <b>лъженаука</b> (според <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA_(%D0%91%D0%90%D0%9D)" title="Речник на българския език (БАН)">Речник на българския език (БАН)</a> псевдонаука е еквивалент на лъженаука), <b>паранаука</b> (от гр. Пара – до, наблизо, покрай, но и извън), <b>квазинаука</b> (лат. Quasi – уж, като че ли) – привидна наука. Стефанов приема, че семантичните нюанси на другите понятия са обхванати от понятието псевдонаука<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p> Руският професор С. Кутателадзе обаче вижда разлика между псевдонаука и лъженаука, като последната разчита на финансиране <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>:</p><blockquote class="templatequote"><div> <p>Псевдонауката е кривото огледало на науката, нейна сянка. В рамките на псевдонауката съществува злокачествено образувание – лъженауката, която съществува благодарение на парите, отпускани за наука. </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">—<cite>С. Кутателадзе, <i>Вестник Владикавказского научного центра, 2004, Т. 4, № 2, 24 – 26</i></cite></div><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:none;"><div style="font-weight:normal; background:#EFEFEF; text-align:left; color: #808080;">В оригинал </div> <div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;">Псевдонаука – кривое зеркало науки, тень науки. Внутри псевдонауки существует злокачественное образование – лженаука...Лженаука – это псевдонаука, существующая на деньги науки</div></div></blockquote><p>. </p><p>Разлика в понятията долавя и В. Степин, според когото „Понятието антинаука се фиксира посредством множество термини: девиация на науката, паранаука, псевдонаука и накрая, лъженаука“<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>На български двата термина псевдонаука и лъженаука се използват в най-общия случай взаимозаменяемо, но в научните среди се предпочита първият<sup id="cite_ref-conf_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conf-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Според Л. Гурова проблемът с псевдонауката е претенцията ѝ за научност, защото тя се стреми да отклони средства от науката и по този начин я злепоставя <sup id="cite_ref-conf_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conf-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Отличителни_особености"><span id=".D0.9E.D1.82.D0.BB.D0.B8.D1.87.D0.B8.D1.82.D0.B5.D0.BB.D0.BD.D0.B8_.D0.BE.D1.81.D0.BE.D0.B1.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.BE.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B8"></span>Отличителни особености</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Редактиране на раздел: Отличителни особености" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Отличителни особености"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Трябва да се различава псевдонауката от неизбежните научни грешки и от естествените исторически етапи в развитието на науката. Характерните отличителни черти на псевдонаучната теория са: </p> <ul><li><i>игнориране</i> или <i>изкривяване</i> на факти, известни на автора на теорията, но противоречащи на неговите постановки;</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Фалсифицируемост">нефалсифицируемост</a></i> (според критерия на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Карл Попър">Попър</a>), т.е. невъзможност да се извърши експеримент (макар и мислен), един от принципно възможните резултати от който би противоречал на дадената теория;</li> <li><i>отказване</i> от опити да се сверят теоретичните изчисления с резултатите от наблюденията при наличие на такава възможност, замяна на проверките с позоваване на „интуицията“, „здравия разум“ или нечие „авторитетно мнение“;</li> <li><i>използване</i> в основата на теорията на <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Недостоверни данни (страницата не съществува)">недостоверни данни</a> (т. е. данни, непотвърдени от поредица независими <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Експеримент">експерименти</a> или от изследователи, или намиращи в границите на <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Грешката на измерване (страницата не съществува)">грешката на измерване</a>), или на недоказани положения, или е основана на грешки в изчисленията. Към тази точка не се отнася научната хипотеза, ясно определяща базовите положения.</li></ul> <p>С други думи, псевдонауката игнорира най-важните елементи на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Научен метод">научния метод</a> – експерименталната проверка и поправянето на грешките. Отсъствието на тази <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Обратна връзка">обратна връзка</a> лишава псевдонауката от връзка c обекта на изследване и я превръща в неуправляем процес, силно подложен на натрупване на грешки. </p><p>Трябва да се отбележи, че често псевдонауката не е лъжа, в смисъл на преднамерено заблуждаване на някого, а липса на критично мислене и проява на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Невежество">невежество</a>. Съществуват множество и постоянно се появяват нови теории и хипотези, които могат да изглеждат псевдонаучни по ред причини: </p> <ul><li>нов, непривичен <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC_(%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Формализъм (лингвистика) (страницата не съществува)">формализъм</a> (език на теорията);</li> <li>фантастичност на следствията от теорията;</li> <li>отсъствие или противоречивост на експерименталните доказателства (например, вследствие на недостатъчна технологична осигуреност);</li> <li>отсъствие на информация или знания, необходими за разбирането ѝ;</li> <li>използване на терминология от стари, отхвърлени от науката възгледи за формулиране на новите теории;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Конформизъм">конформизъм</a> на този, който я оценява.</li></ul> <p>Ако авторът на теорията предвижда потенциалната възможност тя да се подложи на <i>независима</i> проверка, то тази теория не може да се нарече псевдонаука, каквато и да е степента на нейната „налудничавост“ (по думите на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Нилс Бор">Нилс Бор</a>). Някои такива теории може да станат „протонауки“, пораждайки нови направления в изследванията и нов език за описване на действителността (вж „Ефект на Галилей“ по-долу). </p><p>От друга страна, „степента на налудничавост“ на теорията или нейното непризнаване все още не са достатъчен признак за нейната новост и научност, въпреки че много псевдоучени са склонни да изтъкват това в своя защита. </p><p>Не бива също така към псевдонауката да се отнася това, което не е наука поначало и е свързано с други аспекти на живота, например <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Религия">религия</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Философия">философия</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="Фолклор">фолклор</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Психотерапия">психотерапия</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Класификация._Критерии"><span id=".D0.9A.D0.BB.D0.B0.D1.81.D0.B8.D1.84.D0.B8.D0.BA.D0.B0.D1.86.D0.B8.D1.8F._.D0.9A.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B8.D0.B8"></span>Класификация. Критерии</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Редактиране на раздел: Класификация. Критерии" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Класификация. Критерии"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Отнасянето на някои видове човешка дейност към псевдонауката нерядко става постепенно, успоредно с развитието на човечеството и с отхвърлянето на остарелите разбирания. </p><p>Така, някои емпирични науки от миналото са дали значителни резултати, но към днешния момент те са се изродили и са станали раздели на окултизма, например: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Алхимия">Алхимия</a> – дала е началото на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Химия">химията</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Астрология">Астрология</a> – дала е началото на <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Астрономия">астрономията</a></li></ul> <p>Всъщност това са „протонауки“ от миналото, предшественици на съвременната наука. Псевдонаучни днес са само опитите те да се използват като алтернатива на съвременната наука, използването на тяхната „почтена възраст“ като оценка за истинността им. </p><p>Ето някои примери за по-съвременни теории, които или не са преминали проверка, или изцяло са преразгледани и преобразувани в съответствие с нови данни: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Теория за топлорода (страницата не съществува)">Теория за топлорода</a> – дала е началото на <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Молекулярната термодинамика (страницата не съществува)">молекулярна термодинамика</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Жан Батист Ламарк">Теория на Ламарк</a> – дала е началото на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Теория на еволюцията">еволюционната теория</a> на живота, в противовес на религиозната догма за „Акта на Сътворението“.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Етер (физика)">Теория за световния етер (ефир)</a> – тя е била една от първите смели опити да се изучи структурата на „пустотата“, „празното“ пространство, като е провокирала цяла редица експерименти по нейната проверка, които са довели до основно преразглеждане на понятието за физическия <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум">вакуум</a>. Във физиката днес продължават изследванията на структурата на веществото, включително с използването на неутралния термин „световен ефир“, съдържанието на който, естествено, кардинално е променено.</li></ul> <p>Други „науки“, обратно, са се появили като некоректни опити да се основе нова, алтернативна наука: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Ново учение за езика">Ново учение за езика</a>, или <a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Яфетическа теория">яфетическа теория</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Критична историография (страницата не съществува)">Критична историография</a>, в частност „<a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нова хронология">новата хронология</a>“ на Фоменко</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Торсионни полета">Торсионни полета</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Теория на вълновия геном (страницата не съществува)">Теория на вълновия геном</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Информациология (страницата не съществува)">Информациология</a></li></ul> <p>Трети са опит да свържат съвременните научни теории с <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Религия">религиозни</a> или <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Мистика">мистически</a> учения: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Телегония">Телегония</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Парапсихология">Парапсихология</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Телепатия">телепатия</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Телекинеза">телекинеза</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Християнска психология (страницата не съществува)">Християнска психология</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Научен креационизъм">Научен креационизъм</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Интелигентен дизайн">Интелигентен дизайн</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сциентология">Сциентология</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Евгеника">Евгеника</a></li></ul> <p>Накрая, четвърти представляват различни видове учения („оздравителни системи“, психологически учения, политически движения и др.), близки до религиозните: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Валеология (страницата не съществува)">Валеология</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Дианетика">Дианетика</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Хомеопатия">Хомеопатия</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Инвайрънментализъм (страницата не съществува)">Инвайрънментализъм</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Френология">Френология</a></li></ul> <p>При тези учения в различна степен присъстват както елементи, които могат да се приемат от „доказателствената наука“, така и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Постулат">постулати</a>, които привържениците им приемат без доказване (например, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_(%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Потенциране (хомеопатия) (страницата не съществува)">потенциране</a> и „пренасяне на информацията“ в някои хомеопатични школи). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="„Ефект_на_Галилей“"><span id=".E2.80.9E.D0.95.D1.84.D0.B5.D0.BA.D1.82_.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.93.D0.B0.D0.BB.D0.B8.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.B9.E2.80.9C"></span>„Ефект на Галилей“</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Редактиране на раздел: „Ефект на Галилей“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: „Ефект на Галилей“"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Бидейки непризнати от официалната наука, много псевдоучени обичат да се сравняват с <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Галилео Галилей">Галилео Галилей</a>, който е преследван заради неговата научна теория, противоречаща на тогавашните представи. Това им придава известен ореол на „борци със закостенялата официална наука“. Обаче при по-внимателно разглеждане трябва да се признае, че такава аналогия е неуместна. Едва ли е коректно да се прави сравнение между <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Инквизиция">Инквизицията</a> с нейния репресивен апарат и съвременното научно общество. Освен това, въпреки противодействието на църквата, много скоро учението на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Николай Коперник">Николай Коперник</a> е признато от останалите учени, за разлика от ученията на псевдоучените (така например <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Астрология">астрологията</a> не е получила никакво потвърждение в течение на стотици години съществуване). </p><p>В по-късно време, например по времето на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Студената война">Студената война</a>, в СССР, по идеологически причини, дълго не се дава възможност за развитие на <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика">генетиката</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Кибернетика">кибернетиката</a> – съветската власт ги определя за лъженауки (по-точно, за „буржоазни лъженауки“), докато в <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Западния свят">западния свят</a> те търпят бурно развитие. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Вижте_също"><span id=".D0.92.D0.B8.D0.B6.D1.82.D0.B5_.D1.81.D1.8A.D1.89.D0.BE"></span>Вижте също</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Редактиране на раздел: Вижте също" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Вижте също"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Фалсифицируемост">Фалсифицируемост</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="Шарлатан">Шарлатанство</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Източници"><span id=".D0.98.D0.B7.D1.82.D0.BE.D1.87.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.86.D0.B8"></span>Източници</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Редактиране на раздел: Източници" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Източници"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="color:blue; font-size:0.8em; cursor:help;" title="На руски език"><b>(</b>(ru)<b>)</b></span> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927233305/http://vivovoco.rsl.ru/VV/PAPERS/NATURE/MIGDAL.HTM">А. Мигдал „Отличима ли истина от лжи?“</a> //    Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vivovoco.rsl.ru/VV/PAPERS/NATURE/MIGDAL.HTM">оригинала</a> на 2007-09-27. Посетен на 3 ноември 2013.</cite><i>Наука и жизнь №1, 1982</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="color:blue; font-size:0.8em; cursor:help;" title="На английски език"><b>(</b>(en)<b>)</b></span> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/ge/feyerabe.htm">Outline of an anarchistic theory of knowledge</a> //   Посетен на 3 ноември 2013.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-conf-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-conf_3-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-conf_3-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-conf_3-2"><sup><i><b>в</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ceeol.com/aspx/getdocument.aspx?logid=5&id=de445ead-5303-4756-aced-18ab025c9ccf">„Наука и псевдонаука“</a> //   Посетен на 2 ноември 2013.</cite><sup class="noprint plainlinks Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap">[<i><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"><abbr title="Поставено от InternetArchiveBot – октомври 2023">неработеща препратка</abbr></a></i>]</sup> <i>сп. Философски алтернативи, № 2, 2005, 166 – 169</i> (Шеста сесия на научната конференция „Философията като призвание“)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Стефанов с.74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Стефанов с.74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="color:blue; font-size:0.8em; cursor:help;" title="На руски език"><b>(</b>(ru)<b>)</b></span> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.math.nsc.ru/LBRT/g2/english/ssk/sci_pseudo.htm">НАУКА, ПСЕВДОНАУКА И ЛЖЕНАУКА</a> //   Посетен на 3 ноември 2013.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inrne.bas.bg/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=333&Itemid=88&lang=bg">В. Степин „Наука и лъженаука“</a> //   Посетен на 19 ноември 2013.</cite> <i><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Светът на физиката">Светът на физиката</a> № 3, 2011 стр.314</i></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Литература"><span id=".D0.9B.D0.B8.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.82.D1.83.D1.80.D0.B0"></span>Литература</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Редактиране на раздел: Литература" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Литература"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFСтефанов2007" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Стефанов, Ангел. Знание, наука, псевдонаука.  София, Парадигма, 2007. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9789543260584" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9789543260584</a>.</cite></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Външни_препратки"><span id=".D0.92.D1.8A.D0.BD.D1.88.D0.BD.D0.B8_.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.BA.D0.B8"></span>Външни препратки</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Редактиране на раздел: Външни препратки" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Външни препратки"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFГолдейкър2011" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Голдейкър, Бен. Псевдонауката.  Изток-Запад, 2011. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9789543218929" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-954-321-892-9</a>.</cite></li> <li>В. Проданов „Дилемата наука – псевдонаука“, сп. Наука, 2005, № 1, с. 9 – 14.</li> <li>В. Проданов „Фактори за възхода на псевдонауката“, Списание на Българската академия на науките, 2005, № 5, с. 4 – 10.</li> <li><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131106115027/http://old.inrne.bas.bg/wop/ARCHIVE/wop_3_2007/false_science.pdf">В. Сурдин „Защо астрологията е лъженаука“</a> //    Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.inrne.bas.bg/wop/ARCHIVE/wop_3_2007/false_science.pdf">оригинала</a> на 2013-11-06. Посетен на 2 ноември 2013.</cite> <i><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Светът на физиката">Светът на физиката</a> № 3, 2007</i></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFМилева22_януари_2015" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Милева, Ваня. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nauka.offnews.bg/news/Скептик_3/Определител-за-псевдонауката_8.html">Определител за псевдонауката</a> //   OFFNews.bg, 22 януари 2015. Посетен на 27 февруари 2015.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSummer_2017_Edition" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Hansson, Sven Ove. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2017/entries/pseudo-science/">Science and Pseudo-Science</a> //  <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Станфордска философска енциклопедия">The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>.  Summer 2017 Edition. Посетен на 10 май 2019.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Взето от „<a dir="ltr" href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Псевдонаука&oldid=11983746">https://bg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Псевдонаука&oldid=11983746</a>“.</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Специални:Категории">Категории</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Категория:Псевдонаука">Псевдонаука</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Категория:Философия на науката">Философия на науката</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Скрити категории: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%81_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Категория:Статии с неработещи външни препратки">Статии с неработещи външни препратки</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8,_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8_ISBN" title="Категория:Страници, използващи вълшебни препратки ISBN">Страници, използващи вълшебни препратки ISBN</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Последната промяна на страницата е извършена на 14 октомври 2023 г. в 10:47 ч.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Текстът е достъпен под лиценза <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.bg">Creative Commons Признание-Споделяне на споделеното</a>; може да са приложени допълнителни условия. 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