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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sisukord</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">vii külgpaanile</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">peida</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Algus</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Pseudoteaduse_mõiste" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pseudoteaduse_mõiste"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Pseudoteaduse mõiste</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pseudoteaduse_mõiste-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pseudoteaduslikeks_peetavaid_õpetusi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pseudoteaduslikeks_peetavaid_õpetusi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Pseudoteaduslikeks peetavaid õpetusi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pseudoteaduslikeks_peetavaid_õpetusi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vaata_ka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaata_ka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Vaata ka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaata_ka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Viited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kirjandus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kirjandus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Kirjandus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kirjandus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Välislingid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Välislingid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Välislingid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Välislingid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sisukord" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Lülita sisukord ümber" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Lülita sisukord ümber</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pseudoteadus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mine teises keeles artiklisse. Saadaval 81 keeles" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">81 keelt</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudowetenskap" title="Pseudowetenskap – afrikaani" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pseudowetenskap" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%81" title="علم زائف – araabia" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم زائف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="araabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudociencia" title="Pseudociencia – aragoni" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pseudociencia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seudociencia" title="Seudociencia – astuuria" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Seudociencia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="astuuria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalan_elml%C9%99r" title="Yalan elmlər – aserbaidžaani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yalan elmlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbaidžaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmu_semu" title="Ilmu semu – indoneesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ilmu semu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudosains" title="Pseudosains – malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pseudosains" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="অপবিজ্ঞান – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অপবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%AE-s%C5%AB_kho-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Gî-sū kho-ha̍k – lõunamini" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Gî-sū kho-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="lõunamini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Псеўданавука – valgevene" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Псеўданавука" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="valgevene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D1%8D%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Псэўданавука – valgevene (taraškievitsa)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Псэўданавука" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="valgevene (taraškievitsa)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seudosiyensya" title="Seudosiyensya – keskbikoli" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Seudosiyensya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="keskbikoli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonauka" title="Pseudonauka – bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pseudonauka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Псевдонаука – bulgaaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Псевдонаука" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoci%C3%A8ncia" title="Pseudociència – katalaani" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pseudociència" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudov%C4%9Bda" title="Pseudověda – tšehhi" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pseudověda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tšehhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffugwyddoniaeth" title="Ffugwyddoniaeth – kõmri" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffugwyddoniaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="kõmri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudovidenskab" title="Pseudovidenskab – taani" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pseudovidenskab" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="taani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B5_%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="صيونص د بلعاني – Maroko araabia" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="صيونص د بلعاني" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Maroko araabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudowissenschaft" title="Pseudowissenschaft – saksa" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pseudowissenschaft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="saksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A8%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B7" title="Ψευδοεπιστήμη – kreeka" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ψευδοεπιστήμη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="kreeka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience – inglise" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Pseudoscience" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudociencia" title="Pseudociencia – hispaania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pseudociencia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hispaania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pse%C5%ADdoscienco" title="Pseŭdoscienco – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pseŭdoscienco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasizientzia" title="Sasizientzia – baski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sasizientzia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85" title="شبه‌علم – pärsia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شبه‌علم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="pärsia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudov%C3%ADsindi" title="Pseudovísindi – fääri" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Pseudovísindi" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="fääri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience – prantsuse" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pseudoscience" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="prantsuse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudowittenskip" title="Pseudowittenskip – läänefriisi" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Pseudowittenskip" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="läänefriisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudociencia" title="Pseudociencia – galeegi" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pseudociencia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galeegi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9B%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9E%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8" title="છદ્મવિજ્ઞાન – gudžarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="છદ્મવિજ્ઞાન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gudžarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%82%AC%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99" title="유사과학 – korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유사과학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="छद्म विज्ञान – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="छद्म विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoznanost" title="Pseudoznanost – horvaadi" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pseudoznanost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="horvaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscientia" title="Pseudoscientia – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pseudoscientia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hj%C3%A1fr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Hjáfræði – islandi" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hjáfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscienza" title="Pseudoscienza – itaalia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pseudoscienza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itaalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95-%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A2" title="פסאודו-מדע – heebrea" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פסאודו-מדע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="heebrea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D2%93%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Псевдоғылым – kasahhi" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Псевдоғылым" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasahhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayansi_bandia" title="Sayansi bandia – suahiili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sayansi bandia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahiili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientia_falsa" title="Scientia falsa – ladina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Scientia falsa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ladina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseidozin%C4%81tne" title="Pseidozinātne – läti" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pseidozinātne" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="läti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomokslas" title="Pseudomokslas – leedu" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pseudomokslas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="leedu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudosiensa" title="Pseudosiensa – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Pseudosiensa" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ltudom%C3%A1ny" title="Áltudomány – ungari" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Áltudomány" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Псевдонаука – makedoonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Псевдонаука" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedoonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="കപടശാസ്ത്രം – malajalami" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കപടശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="छद्म विज्ञान – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="छद्म विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudovakadidike" title="Pseudovakadidike – fidži" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Pseudovakadidike" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fidži" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudowetenschap" title="Pseudowetenschap – hollandi" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pseudowetenschap" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="hollandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%96%91%E4%BC%BC%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="疑似科学 – jaapani" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="疑似科学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="jaapani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudovitenskap" title="Pseudovitenskap – norra bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pseudovitenskap" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norra bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudovitskap" title="Pseudovitskap – uusnorra" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pseudovitskap" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="uusnorra" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soxta_fan" title="Soxta fan – usbeki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Soxta fan" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbeki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਮਿਥਿਆ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – pandžabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਿਥਿਆ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonauka" title="Pseudonauka – poola" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pseudonauka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poola" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoci%C3%AAncia" title="Pseudociência – portugali" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pseudociência" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo%C8%99tiin%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Pseudoștiință – rumeenia" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pseudoștiință" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanqa_hamut%27ay" title="Yanqa hamut'ay – ketšua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yanqa hamut'ay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="ketšua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Псевдонаука – russiini" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Псевдонаука" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="russiini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Псевдонаука – vene" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Псевдонаука" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="vene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoshkenca" title="Pseudoshkenca – albaania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pseudoshkenca" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%A7_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BD_%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B8_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%84_%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4" title="නවීන විද්‍යාවට අනුකූල නොවන දැණුම සහ ශිල්ප – singali" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නවීන විද්‍යාවට අනුකූල නොවන දැණුම සහ ශිල්ප" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience – lihtsustatud inglise" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pseudoscience" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="lihtsustatud inglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoveda" title="Pseudoveda – slovaki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pseudoveda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psevdoznanost" title="Psevdoznanost – sloveeni" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Psevdoznanost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DA%95%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="زڕزانست – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زڕزانست" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Псеудонаука – serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Псеудонаука" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonauka" title="Pseudonauka – serbia-horvaadi" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pseudonauka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbia-horvaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A4enn%C3%A4istiede" title="Näennäistiede – soome" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Näennäistiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="soome" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudovetenskap" title="Pseudovetenskap – rootsi" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pseudovetenskap" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="rootsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seudosiyensiya" title="Seudosiyensiya – tagalogi" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Seudosiyensiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalogi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="போலி அறிவியல் – tamili" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="போலி அறிவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="วิทยาศาสตร์เทียม – tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิทยาศาสตร์เทียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%BB%A5y_khoa_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Ngụy khoa học – vietnami" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngụy khoa học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6zdebilim" title="Sözdebilim – türgi" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sözdebilim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="türgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Псевдонаука – ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Псевдонаука" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%DB%81_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85" title="شبہ علم – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شبہ علم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%AA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="伪科学 – uu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伪科学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="uu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%81%87%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="假科學 – kantoni" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="假科學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%AA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="伪科学 – hiina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伪科学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="hiina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q483677#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Muuda keelelinke" class="wbc-editpage">Muuda linke</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Nimeruumid"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pseudoteadus" title="Vaata sisulehekülge [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikkel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arutelu:Pseudoteadus" rel="discussion" 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mw-parser-output" lang="et" dir="ltr"><p><b>Pseudoteaduse</b> ehk <b>ebateaduse</b> ehk <b>libateaduse</b> all peetakse silmas tegevusvaldkondi ning väiteid ja argumente, mida esitatakse <a href="/wiki/Teadus" title="Teadus">teaduslikena</a>, kuid mis tegelikult <a href="/wiki/Teadus" title="Teadus">teaduse</a> alla ei kuulu (teaduslikkuse kriteeriumid võivad seejuures olla erinevad). Pseudoteadusest räägitakse enamasti seoses <a href="/wiki/Loodusteadus" title="Loodusteadus">loodusteaduse</a> või muude <a href="/wiki/Empiirilised_teadused" class="mw-redirect" title="Empiirilised teadused">empiiriliste</a> teadustega. </p><p>Seda mõistet kasutatavad tänapäeval laialdaselt <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skeptiline_liikumine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skeptiline liikumine (pole veel kirjutatud)">skeptiline liikumine</a> ja teadlased, et üldsusele teadvustada ja põhjendada teatud valdkondade mittetõsiseltvõetavust teadlaste silmis. Vahel esineb see mõiste ka <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teaduslik_poleemika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teaduslik poleemika (pole veel kirjutatud)">teadusliku poleemika</a> kontekstis. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Teadusfilosoofia" title="Teadusfilosoofia">Teadusfilosoofias</a> on pseudoteaduse mõiste olnud oluline sellepärast, et teaduse olemuse mõistmiseks on püütud lahendada teaduse ja pseudoteaduse vahelise <a href="/wiki/Demarkatsiooniprobleem" title="Demarkatsiooniprobleem">demarkatsiooni probleemi</a>. Kuigi pseudoteaduse ja teaduse eristamine on teaduslikult informeeritud inimeste jaoks enamasti küllaltki hõlbus, ei ole leitud tunnuseid, mis oleksid alati omased ainult teadusele või ainult pseudoteadusele. </p><p>Palju pseudoteaduslikke kirjutisi on seotud <a href="/wiki/Energiav%C3%A4li" title="Energiaväli">energiavälja</a> teemaga. Pseudoteaduslikud teooriad on laialt levinud <i><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></i>'i liikumises. </p><p>Osa inimesi peab pseudoteaduse ilminguid süütuks meelelahutuseks, teised jälle arvavad (näiteks <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), et igasugune pseudoteadus on inimkonnale kahjulik, hoolimata sellest, kas selle järgijad ise oma õpetuse all kannatavad või mitte. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pseudoteaduse_mõiste"><span id="Pseudoteaduse_m.C3.B5iste"></span>Pseudoteaduse mõiste</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudoteadus&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Pseudoteaduse mõiste"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudoteadus&action=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Pseudoteaduse mõiste" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Levinud arusaama<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> järgi on pseudoteadusele iseloomulik, et see on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitteteadus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mitteteadus (pole veel kirjutatud)">mitteteadus</a>, mida esitatakse teaduse pähe.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sellest ei piisa siiski pseudoteaduse defineerimiseks, sest need tunnused on ka näiteks <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teaduspettus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teaduspettus (pole veel kirjutatud)">teaduspettusel</a> ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Halb_teadus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halb teadus (pole veel kirjutatud)">halval teadusel</a>. Sellepärast lisab <a href="/wiki/Sven_Ove_Hansson" title="Sven Ove Hansson">Sven Ove Hansson</a> (1996) tingimuse, et pseudoteadus peab sisaldama mingit mitteteaduslikku õpetust (õpetust, mida teadlased parajasti ei aktsepteeri): "see on osa mitteteaduslikust õpetusest, mille juhtivad pooldajad püüavad jätta muljet, et see on teaduslik." </p><p>Mõnikord mõistetakse pseudoteadust laiemalt, jättes ära tingimuse, et seda esitatakse teaduse pähe. Pseudoteadus selles mõttes võib end teadusele vastandada, kuulutades, et ta esitab teaduslikele teooriatele alternatiivseid teooriaid või seletab seda, mida teadus ei suuda seletada<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Hansson (1996) sõnastab selle laiema tingimuse nii: "see on osa õpetusest, mis on vastuolus (hea) teadusega". </p><p>Sageli kasutatakse sõna "pseudoteadus" ebajärjekindlalt, mõeldes seda kord kitsamas, kord laiemas tähenduses. Ka pseudoteaduse pooldajad ei pruugi olla järjekindlad selles, kas nad esitavad seda teaduse pähe või vastandavad teadusele. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sven_Ove_Hansson" title="Sven Ove Hansson">Sven Ove Hansson</a> (1983) toob välja pseudoteaduse seitse tunnust, mis on erinevad teaduslikkusest kõrvalekaldumise viisid: </p> <ol><li>Usk autoriteedisse. Väidetakse, et teatud isikutel on eriline võime kindlaks teha, mis on tõsi. Teised peavad nende otsustusi aktsepteerima.</li> <li>Mittekorratavad katsed. Toetutakse katsetele, mida teised ei saa sama tulemusega korrata.</li> <li>Valitud näiteid. Kasutatakse valitud, mitterepresentatiivseid näiteid.</li> <li>Tahtmatus teooriat proovile panna. Kuigi teooriat on võimalik testida, seda ei tehta.</li> <li>Ümberlükkava teabe ignoreerimine. Ignoreeritakse teooriaga vastuolus olevaid vaatlusi ja katseid.</li> <li>Sisseehitatud pettus. Teooria testimine on nii korraldatud, et teooriat saab ainult kinnitada.</li> <li>Seletused hüljatakse ilma asenduseta. Põhjendatud seletustest loobutakse ilma asenduseta, nii et uus teooria jätab seletuseta rohkem kui eelmine.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pseudoteaduslikeks_peetavaid_õpetusi"><span id="Pseudoteaduslikeks_peetavaid_.C3.B5petusi"></span>Pseudoteaduslikeks peetavaid õpetusi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudoteadus&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Muuda alaosa "Pseudoteaduslikeks peetavaid õpetusi"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudoteadus&action=edit&section=2" title="Muuda alaosa "Pseudoteaduslikeks peetavaid õpetusi" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akupunktuur" title="Akupunktuur">Akupunktuur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astroloogia" title="Astroloogia">Astroloogia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holokausti_eitamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Holokausti eitamine">Holokausti eitamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hom%C3%B6opaatia" title="Homöopaatia">Homöopaatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridoloogia" title="Iridoloogia">Iridoloogia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kirliani_fotograafia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kirliani fotograafia (pole veel kirjutatud)">Kirliani fotograafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kreatsionism" title="Kreatsionism">Kreatsionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraps%C3%BChholoogia" title="Parapsühholoogia">Parapsühholoogia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ps%C3%BChhoanal%C3%BC%C3%BCs" title="Psühhoanalüüs">Psühhoanalüüs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiesteesia" title="Radiesteesia">Radiesteesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vana_aja_astronautide_teooria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vana aja astronautide teooria (pole veel kirjutatud)">Vana aja astronautide teooria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Velikovski_katastrofism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Velikovski katastrofism (pole veel kirjutatud)">Velikovski katastrofism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vaata_ka">Vaata ka</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudoteadus&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Muuda alaosa "Vaata ka"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudoteadus&action=edit&section=3" title="Muuda alaosa "Vaata ka" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Usk" title="Usk">Usk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCtoloogia" title="Mütoloogia">Mütoloogia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viited">Viited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudoteadus&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Muuda alaosa "Viited"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudoteadus&action=edit&section=4" title="Muuda alaosa "Viited" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sagan, C. & Druyan, A. (1997). The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark. Ballantine Books. <a href="/wiki/Eri:Raamatuotsimine/0345409469" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0345409469</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sagan, C. & Druyan, A. (2006). Deemonitest vaevatud maailm: Teadus kui küünal pimeduses. Tõlge inglise keelest: Mart Kangur. Valgus. <a href="/wiki/Eri:Raamatuotsimine/9985681878" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9985681878</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Näiteks Gardner 1957, Baigrie 1988.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hansson 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grove 1985.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kirjandus">Kirjandus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudoteadus&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Muuda alaosa "Kirjandus"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudoteadus&action=edit&section=5" title="Muuda alaosa "Kirjandus" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Gardner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Gardner (pole veel kirjutatud)">Martin Gardner</a>. <i>In the Name of Science</i>, <a href="/wiki/1952" title="1952">1952</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir">Irving Langmuir</a> (<a href="/wiki/1953" title="1953">1953</a>). Pathological Science. – <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physics_Today&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Physics Today (pole veel kirjutatud)">Physics Today</a></i>, 1983, 42/10, lk 36–48.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Gardner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Gardner (pole veel kirjutatud)">Martin Gardner</a>. <i>Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science</i>, Dover <a href="/wiki/1957" title="1957">1957</a>. (Teose Gardner 1952 täiendatud trükk.)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Gruenberger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fred Gruenberger (pole veel kirjutatud)">Fred J. Gruenberger</a>. A measure for crackpots. – <i><a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">Science</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/1964" title="1964">1964</a>, 145, lk 1413–1415.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Lakatos" title="Imre Lakatos">Imre Lakatos</a>. Science and pseudoscience. – <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conceptus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conceptus (pole veel kirjutatud)">Conceptus</a>, <a href="/wiki/1974" title="1974">1974</a>, 8, lk 5–9.</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Lakatos" title="Imre Lakatos">Imre Lakatos</a>. Science and pseudoscience. – Imre Lakatos. <i>Philosophical Papers</i>, kd 1. <i>The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes</i>, J. Worrall, G. Currie (toim), <a href="/wiki/1978" title="1978">1978</a>, lk 1–7 (Introduction). Eesti keeles: Teadus ja pseudoteadus. – <i><a href="/wiki/Akadeemia_(ajakiri)" title="Akadeemia (ajakiri)">Akadeemia</a></i>, 1991, nr 2, lk 258–268. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digar.nlib.ee/digar/show/?id=101986">DIGAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Lakatos" title="Imre Lakatos">Imre Lakatos</a>. Science and pseudoscience. – S. Brown jt (toim). <i>Conceptions of Inquiry: A Reader London: Methuen</i>, <a href="/wiki/1981" title="1981">1981</a>, lk 114–121.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Bunge" title="Mario Bunge">Mario Bunge</a>. Demarcating Science from Pseudoscience. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamenta_Scientiae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fundamenta Scientiae (pole veel kirjutatud)">Fundamenta Scientiae</a>, <a href="/wiki/1982" title="1982">1982</a>, 3, lk 369–388.</i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Dutch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steven Dutch (pole veel kirjutatud)">Steven I. Dutch</a>. Notes on the nature of fringe science. – <i>Journal of Geological Education</i>, <a href="/wiki/1982" title="1982">1982</a>, 30, lk 6–13.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daisie_Radner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daisie Radner (pole veel kirjutatud)">Daisie Radner</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Radner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Radner (pole veel kirjutatud)">Michael Radner</a>. <i>Science and Unreason</i>, Belmont CA: Wadsworth <a href="/wiki/1982" title="1982">1982</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sven_Ove_Hansson" title="Sven Ove Hansson">Sven Ove Hansson</a>. <i>Vetenskap och ovetenskap</i>, Stockholm: Tiden <a href="/wiki/1983" title="1983">1983</a>.</li> <li>J. W. Grove. Rationality at Risk: Science against Pseudoscience. – <i><a href="/wiki/Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/1985" title="1985">1985</a>, 23, lk 216–240.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Cioffi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Cioffi (pole veel kirjutatud)">Frank Cioffi</a>. Psychoanalysis, pseudoscience and testability. – <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Currie" title="Gregory Currie">Gregory Currie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Musgrave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alan Musgrave (pole veel kirjutatud)">Alan Musgrave</a>, (toim). 'Popper and the Human Sciences<i>, Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht <a href="/wiki/1985" title="1985">1985</a>, lk 13–44.</i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Lugg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew Lugg (pole veel kirjutatud)">Andrew Lugg</a>. – Bunkum, Flim-Flam and Quackery: Pseudoscience as a Philosophical Problem. – <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dialectica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dialectica (pole veel kirjutatud)">Dialectica</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/1987" title="1987">1987</a>, 41, lk 221–230.</li> <li>R. G. A. Dolby. Science and pseudoscience: the case of creationism. – <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zygon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zygon (pole veel kirjutatud)">Zygon</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/1987" title="1987">1987</a>, 22, lk 195–212.</li> <li>B. S. Baigrie. Siegel on the Rationality of Science. – <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_Science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophy of Science (pole veel kirjutatud)">Philosophy of Science</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/1988" title="1988">1988</a>, 55, lk 435–441.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Grim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patrick Grim (pole veel kirjutatud)">Patrick Grim</a> (toim). <i>Philosophy of Science and the Occult</i>, 2. trükk, Albany: State University of New York Press <a href="/wiki/1990" title="1990">1990</a>. <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clark_Glymour&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clark Glymour (pole veel kirjutatud)">Clark Glymour</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_Stalker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Douglas Stalker (pole veel kirjutatud)">Douglas Stalker</a>. Winning through Pseudoscience, lk 92–103.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Rothbart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel Rothbart (pole veel kirjutatud)">Daniel Rothbart</a>. Demarcating Genuine Science from Pseudoscience, lk 111–122.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Lugg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew Lugg (pole veel kirjutatud)">Andrew Lugg</a>. Pseudoscience as nonsense. – <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodology_and_Science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methodology and Science (pole veel kirjutatud)">Methodology and Science</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/1992" title="1992">1992</a>, 25, lk 91–101.</li> <li>A. A. Derksen. The seven sins of pseudoscience. – <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_for_General_Philosophy_of_Science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal for General Philosophy of Science (pole veel kirjutatud)">Journal for General Philosophy of Science</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/1993" title="1993">1993</a>, 24, lk 17–42.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sven_Ove_Hansson" title="Sven Ove Hansson">Sven Ove Hansson</a>. Defining Pseudoscience. – <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophia_Naturalis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophia Naturalis (pole veel kirjutatud)">Philosophia Naturalis</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/1996" title="1996">1996</a>, 33, lk 169–176.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Reisch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Reisch (pole veel kirjutatud)">George A. Reisch</a>. Pluralism, Logical Empiricism, and the Problem of Pseudoscience. – <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_Science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophy of Science (pole veel kirjutatud)">Philosophy of Science</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/1998" title="1998">1998</a>, 65, lk 333–348.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Bunge" title="Mario Bunge">Mario Bunge</a>. Diagnosing pseudoscience, lk 161–189. – Mario Bunge. <i>Philosophy in Crisis. The Need for Reconstruction</i>, Amherst, N.Y.; Prometheus Books <a href="/wiki/2001" title="2001">2001</a>.</li> <li>A. A. Derksen. The seven strategies of the sophisticated pseudoscience: a look into Freud's rhetorical tool box. – <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_for_General_Philosophy_of_Science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal for General Philosophy of Science (pole veel kirjutatud)">Journal for General Philosophy of Science</a>, <a href="/wiki/2001" title="2001">2001</a>, 32, lk 329–350.</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Välislingid"><span id="V.C3.A4lislingid"></span>Välislingid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudoteadus&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Muuda alaosa "Välislingid"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudoteadus&action=edit&section=6" title="Muuda alaosa "Välislingid" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sven_Ove_Hansson" title="Sven Ove Hansson">Sven Ove Hansson</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pseudo-science/">Science and pseudoscience</a>, sissekanne <a href="/wiki/Stanfordi_filosoofiaents%C3%BCklopeedia" title="Stanfordi filosoofiaentsüklopeedia">Stanfordi filosoofiaentsüklopeedias</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://skepdic.com/">The Sceptic's Dictionary</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skepdic.com/pseudosc.html">Artikkel "Pseudoteadus"</a> "Skeptiku sõnastikus" (<i>inglise keeles</i>)</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090914033442/http://www.umtec.ch/dokumente/dokumente/downloads/publikationen/Checklist%20for%20identifying%20dubious%20technical%20processes%20and%20products.pdf">(arhiiviversioon) Nõuanded kahtlaste tehnoloogiate äratundmiseks</a> (pdf; <i>inglise keeles</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peeter_Saari" title="Peeter Saari">Peeter Saari</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fyysika.ee/teadus/libateaduse_anatoomiast">Libateaduse anatoomiast ja taksonoomiast</a>. – <i><a href="/wiki/Akadeemia_(ajakiri)" title="Akadeemia (ajakiri)">Akadeemia</a></i>, nr 10, 2008, lk 2225–2239</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.fyysika.ee/teadus/mis_on_teadus/">[1]</a> (Helen Quinni artikkel lehel FYYSIKA:EE)</li> <li>Riho Paramonov: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arvamus.postimees.ee/6707598/riho-paramonov-pseudoteadus-pole-mingil-juhul-teadus?fbclid=IwAR1amy3kWhEhampSJth4y6b1HvhEQGPoWC6sryOwTiz-242kPwGyEPhgSRU">Pseudoteadus pole mingil juhul teadus</a>. Postimees, AK, 15. juuni 2019</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holger_Kiik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holger Kiik (pole veel kirjutatud)">Holger Kiik</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.err.ee/1608621928/holger-kiik-mis-on-pseudoteadus-ja-kuidas-seda-ara-tunda">Holger Kiik: mis on pseudoteadus ja kuidas seda ära tunda?</a>. <a href="/wiki/ERR" class="mw-redirect" title="ERR">ERR</a>, 7. juuni 2022</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Pärit leheküljelt "<a dir="ltr" href="https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pseudoteadus&oldid=6245573">https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pseudoteadus&oldid=6245573</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Eri:Kategooriad" title="Eri:Kategooriad">Kategooria</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Pseudoteadused" title="Kategooria:Pseudoteadused">Pseudoteadused</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Peidetud kategooria: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:ISBN-v%C3%B5lulingiga_lehek%C3%BCljed" title="Kategooria:ISBN-võlulingiga leheküljed">ISBN-võlulingiga leheküljed</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Selle lehekülje viimane muutmine: 13:30, 20. november 2022.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst on kasutatav vastavalt Creative Commonsi litsentsile "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.et">Autorile viitamine + jagamine samadel tingimustel</a>"; sellele võivad lisanduda täiendavad tingimused. 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