CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Christianity in Japan - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"df1f6e6a-f540-42ba-82a7-2098d4f199f1","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Christianity_in_Japan","wgTitle":"Christianity in Japan","wgCurRevisionId":1258872080,"wgRevisionId":1258872080,"wgArticleId":4304965,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with bare URLs for citations","Articles with bare URLs for citations from August 2024","Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations","CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)","Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference","CS1 maint: others","Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description", "Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles needing translation from Japanese Wikipedia","Articles containing Japanese-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2010","Articles needing cleanup from August 2024","Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from August 2024","All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify","Commons category link from Wikidata","Christianity in Japan"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Christianity_in_Japan","wgRelevantArticleId":4304965,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr", "pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q427945","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles": "ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession", "wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Sunday_evening_Bible_study%2C_Japan.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="805"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Sunday_evening_Bible_study%2C_Japan.jpg/800px-Sunday_evening_Bible_study%2C_Japan.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="537"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Sunday_evening_Bible_study%2C_Japan.jpg/640px-Sunday_evening_Bible_study%2C_Japan.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="429"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Christianity in Japan - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Japan"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Japan&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Japan"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Christianity_in_Japan rootpage-Christianity_in_Japan skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Christianity+in+Japan" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Christianity+in+Japan" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Christianity+in+Japan" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Christianity+in+Japan" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Missionaries_and_early_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missionaries_and_early_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Missionaries and early expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Missionaries_and_early_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perceived_threat_to_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perceived_threat_to_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Perceived threat to Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perceived_threat_to_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persecution_under_the_Shogunate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persecution_under_the_Shogunate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Persecution under the Shogunate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persecution_under_the_Shogunate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opening_of_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opening_of_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Opening of Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opening_of_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Holidays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holidays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Holidays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holidays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Expression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_denominations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_denominations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Major denominations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Major_denominations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Major denominations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Major_denominations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catholicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Catholicism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Orthodoxy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Orthodoxy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Eastern Orthodoxy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Orthodoxy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protestantism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestantism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Protestantism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestantism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Christian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Christian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Other Christian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Christian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jehovah's_Witnesses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jehovah's_Witnesses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Jehovah's Witnesses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jehovah's_Witnesses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_and_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Art and media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Japanese_Christians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Japanese_Christians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable Japanese Christians</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_Japanese_Christians-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable Japanese Christians subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_Japanese_Christians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christian_Prime_Ministers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_Prime_Ministers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Christian Prime Ministers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_Prime_Ministers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catholic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Catholic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protestant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Protestant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Christianity in Japan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="المسيحية في اليابان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المسيحية في اليابان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89gll%C3%A9se_ortodoxe_du_J%C2%B7apon" title="Égllése ortodoxe du J·apon – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Égllése ortodoxe du J·apon" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%9E_%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96" title="Хрысціянства ў Японіі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хрысціянства ў Японіі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christentum_in_Japan" title="Christentum in Japan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Christentum in Japan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%99%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Χριστιανισμός στην Ιαπωνία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χριστιανισμός στην Ιαπωνία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianismo_en_Jap%C3%B3n" title="Cristianismo en Japón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cristianismo en Japón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%86" title="مسیحیت در ژاپن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مسیحیت در ژاپن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B8%EC%9D%98_%EA%B8%B0%EB%8F%85%EA%B5%90" title="일본의 기독교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="일본의 기독교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekristenan_di_Jepang" title="Kekristenan di Jepang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekristenan di Jepang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianesimo_in_Giappone" title="Cristianesimo in Giappone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cristianesimo in Giappone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakristenan_ing_Jepang" title="Kakristenan ing Jepang – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kakristenan ing Jepang" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianismus_in_Iaponia" title="Christianismus in Iaponia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Christianismus in Iaponia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kereszt%C3%A9nys%C3%A9g_Jap%C3%A1nban" title="Kereszténység Japánban – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kereszténység Japánban" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE%E3%82%AD%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E6%95%99%E5%8F%B2" title="日本のキリスト教史 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="日本のキリスト教史" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrze%C5%9Bcija%C5%84stwo_w_Japonii" title="Chrześcijaństwo w Japonii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chrześcijaństwo w Japonii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cre%C8%99tinismul_%C3%AEn_Japonia" title="Creștinismul în Japonia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Creștinismul în Japonia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Христианство в Японии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Христианство в Японии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hri%C5%A1%C4%87anstvo_u_Japanu" title="Hrišćanstvo u Japanu – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Hrišćanstvo u Japanu" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristinusko_Japanissa" title="Kristinusko Japanissa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kristinusko Japanissa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99" title="ศาสนาคริสต์ในประเทศญี่ปุ่น – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศาสนาคริสต์ในประเทศญี่ปุ่น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonya%27da_Hristiyanl%C4%B1k" title="Japonya'da Hristiyanlık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Japonya'da Hristiyanlık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%97" title="Християнство в Японії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Християнство в Японії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="日本基督教 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="日本基督教" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q427945#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Japan" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Christianity_in_Japan" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Japan"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Japan&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Japan&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Japan"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Japan&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Japan&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Christianity_in_Japan" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Christianity_in_Japan" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Japan&oldid=1258872080" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Japan&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Christianity_in_Japan&id=1258872080&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FChristianity_in_Japan"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FChristianity_in_Japan"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Christianity_in_Japan&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Japan&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Christianity_in_Japan" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Christian_sites_in_Japan" hreflang="en"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q427945" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice skin-invert-image" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help <b>expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE%E3%82%AD%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E6%95%99%E5%8F%B2" class="extiw" title="ja:日本のキリスト教史">the corresponding article</a> in Japanese</b>.  <i><small>(February 2019)</small></i> <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fja.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE%E3%82%AD%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E6%95%99%E5%8F%B2&sl=ja&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en">View</a> a machine-translated version of the Japanese article.</li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Consider <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Expand_Japanese#Topics_and_categorization" title="Template:Expand Japanese">adding a topic</a></b> to this template: there are already 1,326 articles in the <a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_translation_from_Japanese_Wikipedia" title="Category:Articles needing translation from Japanese Wikipedia">main category</a>, and specifying<code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|topic=</code> will aid in categorization.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You <b>must</b> provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing Japanese Wikipedia article at [[:ja:日本のキリスト教史]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|ja|日本のキリスト教史}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Christianity_in_Japan" title="Talk:Christianity in Japan">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunday_evening_Bible_study,_Japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Sunday_evening_Bible_study%2C_Japan.jpg/308px-Sunday_evening_Bible_study%2C_Japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="308" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Sunday_evening_Bible_study%2C_Japan.jpg/462px-Sunday_evening_Bible_study%2C_Japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Sunday_evening_Bible_study%2C_Japan.jpg/616px-Sunday_evening_Bible_study%2C_Japan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1094" data-file-height="734" /></a><figcaption>A Japanese bible study group</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">Christianity by country</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Continents_colour2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Continents_colour2.svg/150px-Continents_colour2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Continents_colour2.svg/225px-Continents_colour2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Continents_colour2.svg/300px-Continents_colour2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Africa" title="Christianity in Africa">Africa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Algeria" title="Christianity in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Angola" title="Christianity in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Benin" title="Christianity in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Botswana" title="Christianity in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Christianity in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Burundi" title="Christianity in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Cape_Verde" title="Christianity in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Central_African_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Chad" title="Christianity in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Comoros" title="Christianity in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Christianity in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Djibouti" title="Christianity in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Egypt" title="Christianity in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Christianity in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Eritrea" title="Christianity in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Eswatini" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Ethiopia" title="Christianity in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Gabon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Gambia" title="Christianity in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Ghana" title="Christianity in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Christianity in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Christianity in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Lesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Liberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Libya" title="Christianity in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Madagascar" title="Christianity in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Malawi" title="Christianity in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Mauritania" title="Christianity in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Mauritius" title="Christianity in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Morocco" title="Christianity in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Mozambique" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Namibia" title="Christianity in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Niger" title="Christianity in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nigeria" title="Christianity in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Seychelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Christianity in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Somalia" title="Christianity in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_South_Africa" title="Christianity in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sudan" title="Christianity in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Tanzania" title="Christianity in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Togo" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Zambia" title="Christianity in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Zimbabwe" title="Christianity in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Asia" title="Christianity in Asia">Asia</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Afghanistan" title="Christianity in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bangladesh" title="Christianity in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bhutan" title="Christianity in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Brunei" title="Christianity in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_China" title="Christianity in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Hong_Kong" title="Christianity in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_India" title="Christianity in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Indonesia" title="Christianity in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kazakhstan" title="Christianity in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Korea" title="Christianity in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Christianity in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Laos" title="Christianity in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Malaysia" title="Christianity in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Maldives" title="Christianity in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Mongolia" title="Christianity in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Myanmar" title="Christianity in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nepal" title="Christianity in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Pakistan" title="Christianity in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Philippines" title="Christianity in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Singapore" title="Christianity in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Christianity in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Taiwan" title="Christianity in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Tajikistan" title="Christianity in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Thailand" title="Christianity in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Turkmenistan" title="Christianity in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Uzbekistan" title="Christianity in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Vietnam" title="Christianity in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"> <ul><li><ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_East" title="Christianity in the Middle East">Middle East</a></small></li></ul></li></ul></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Azerbaijan" title="Christianity in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bahrain" title="Christianity in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Cyprus" title="Christianity in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Christianity in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iran" title="Christianity in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq" title="Christianity in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Israel" title="Christianity in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Jordan" title="Christianity in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kuwait" title="Christianity in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Lebanon" title="Christianity in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Oman" title="Christianity in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Qatar" title="Christianity in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Christianity in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Syria" title="Christianity in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Turkey" title="Christianity in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Christianity in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Yemen" title="Christianity in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Europe" title="Christianity in Europe">Europe</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Albania" title="Christianity in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Denmark" title="Christianity in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_France" title="Christianity in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Ireland" title="Christianity in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Italy" title="Christianity in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kosovo" title="Christianity in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Malta" title="Christianity in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Norway" title="Christianity in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Russia" title="Christianity in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_San_Marino" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Serbia" title="Christianity in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Wales" title="Christianity in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity_in_North_America" title="Category:Christianity in North America">North America</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Belize" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Canada" title="Christianity in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Costa_Rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Cuba" title="Christianity in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Dominica" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Haiti" title="Christianity in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Jamaica" title="Christianity in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nicaragua" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Panama" title="Christianity in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_United_States" title="Christianity in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity_in_Oceania" title="Category:Christianity in Oceania">Oceania</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Australia" title="Christianity in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Fiji" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kiribati" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Marshall_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nauru" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_New_Zealand" title="Christianity in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Palau" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Tonga" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Vanuatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity_in_South_America" title="Category:Christianity in South America">South America</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Colombia" title="Christianity in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Ecuador" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Guyana" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Suriname" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_by_country" title="Template:Christianity by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_by_country" title="Template talk:Christianity by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Japan" title="Category:Japan">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Culture of Japan</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Japan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/150px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/225px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/300px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese history">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Era names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Japan" title="Demographics of Japan">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_currency" title="Japanese currency">Historical currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan" title="Economic history of Japan">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Japan" title="History of education in Japan">Education</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Japan" title="History of science and technology in Japan">Science, and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_system_in_Japan" title="Health care system in Japan">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Imperial history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_foreign_relations" title="History of Japanese foreign relations">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Japan" title="Historiography of Japan">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Japan" title="Military history of Japan">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Japan" title="Naval history of Japan">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-occupation_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-occupation Japan">Post-Japanese occupation history</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">People</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Japan" title="Koreans in Japan">Zainichi Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cbeikei_Islanders" title="Ōbeikei Islanders">Ōbeikei Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_people" title="Yamato people">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_people" title="Ryukyuan people">Ryukuyuans</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Japan" title="Languages of Japan">Languages</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_languages" title="Ryukyuan languages">Ryukyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hachij%C5%8D_language" title="Hachijō language">Hachijō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_languages" title="Ainu languages">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_writing_system" title="Japanese writing system">Writing system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language" title="Japanese Sign Language">Japanese Sign Language</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Traditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditions">Traditions</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_clothing" title="Japanese clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Japan" title="Etiquette in Japan">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_funeral" title="Japanese funeral">Funerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_traditional_Japanese_games" title="List of traditional Japanese games">Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geisha" title="Geisha">Geisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Was%C5%8Dbon" title="Wasōbon">Wasōbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Japan" title="Marriage in Japan">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onsen" title="Onsen">Onsen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sent%C5%8D" title="Sentō">Sentō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_tea_ceremony" title="Japanese tea ceremony">Tea ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_values" title="Japanese values">Values</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_mythology" title="Japanese mythology">Mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Japan">folklore</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_deities" title="List of Japanese deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legendary_creatures_from_Japan" title="List of legendary creatures from Japan">Legendary creatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_urban_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese urban legend">Urban legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_folktales" title="Japanese folktales">Folktales</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Cuisine</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_cuisine" title="History of Japanese cuisine">Food history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_ingredients" title="List of Japanese ingredients">Ingredients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_dishes" title="List of Japanese dishes">Dishes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_festivals" title="Japanese festivals">Festivals</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon_(festival)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bon (festival)">Obon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming_of_Age_Day" title="Coming of Age Day">Coming of Age Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinamatsuri" title="Hinamatsuri">Hinamatsuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Buddha's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanabata" title="Tanabata">Tanabata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shichi-Go-San" title="Shichi-Go-San">Shichi-Go-San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_festival_(Japan)" title="Cultural festival (Japan)">Cultural festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Year" title="Japanese New Year">Japanese New Year</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Religion</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">New religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Art</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">Bonsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_garden" title="Japanese garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikebana" title="Ikebana">Ikebana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_pottery_and_porcelain" title="Japanese pottery and porcelain">Pottery and porcelain</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_literature" title="Japanese literature">Literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_novel" title="Light novel">Light novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">Manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_poetry" title="Japanese poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Japan" title="Music of Japan">Music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Japan" title="Theatre of Japan">performing arts</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J-pop" title="J-pop">J-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anison" class="mw-redirect" title="Anison">Anison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay%C5%8Dkyoku" title="Kayōkyoku">Kayōkyoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noh" title="Noh">Noh</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Japan">Media</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Japan" title="Radio in Japan">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Japan" title="Television in Japan">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Japan" title="Cinema of Japan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_mix" class="mw-redirect" title="Media mix">Media mix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_mobile_phone_culture" title="Japanese mobile phone culture">Mobile phone culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Japan" title="Video games in Japan">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_Japan" title="Pornography in Japan">Pornography</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Japan">Sport</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo_in_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumo in Japan (page does not exist)">Sumo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Japan" title="Baseball in Japan">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Japan" title="Football in Japan">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_martial_arts" title="Japanese martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketball_in_Japan" title="Basketball in Japan">Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey_in_Japan" title="Ice hockey in Japan">Ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_football_in_Japan" title="American football in Japan">American football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Japan" title="Rugby union in Japan">Rugby union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_at_the_Olympics" title="Japan at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan" title="Monuments of Japan">Monuments</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Japan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Japan">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_architecture" title="Japanese architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Landscape_(Japan)" title="Cultural Landscape (Japan)">Cultural Landscapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Property_(Japan)" title="Cultural Property (Japan)">Cultural Properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Treasure_(Japan)" title="National Treasure (Japan)">National Treasures</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Japan">Symbols</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Japan" title="Flag of Japan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Japan">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Japan">National anthem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Organisations</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_museums" title="Japanese museums">Museums</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/16px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/24px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Japan" title="Template:Culture of Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Japan" title="Template talk:Culture of Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Christianity in Japan</b> is among the nation's minority religions in terms of individuals who state an explicit affiliation or faith. In 2022, there were 1.26 million Christians<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Japan, down from 1.9 million<sup id="cite_ref-宗教年鑑_令和元年版_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-宗教年鑑_令和元年版-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christians in Japan in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-US2022_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US2022-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early years of the 21st century, between less than 1 percent<sup id="cite_ref-Heide_Fehrenbach,_Uta_G._Poiger_2000_62_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heide_Fehrenbach,_Uta_G._Poiger_2000_62-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 1.5%<sup id="cite_ref-宗教年鑑_令和元年版_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-宗教年鑑_令和元年版-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the population claimed <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> belief or affiliation. </p><p>Although formally banned in 1612 and today critically portrayed as a foreign "religion of colonialism", Christianity has played a role in the shaping of the relationship between religion and the Japanese state for more than four centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most large <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denominations</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christianity</a>, are represented in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> today. <a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Christian culture</a> has a generally positive image in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of Japanese people are, traditionally, of the <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> or <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> faith. The majority of Japanese couples, about 60–70%, are wed in "nonreligious" Christian ceremonies. This makes Christian weddings the most influential aspect of Christianity in contemporary Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-LeFebvre2015_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeFebvre2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Japan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Japanese word for Christianity<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">キリスト教</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kirisuto-kyō</i></span>)</span> is a compound of kirisuto (キリスト) the Japanese adaptation of the Portuguese word for Christ, <i>Cristo</i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Japanese_vocabulary" title="Sino-Japanese vocabulary">Sino-Japanese</a> word for doctrine<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">敎</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">kyō</i></span>, a teaching or precept, from <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a> <i>kæ̀w</i> 敎)</span>, as in <i>Bukkyō</i> (仏教, Japanese for Buddhism).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Japan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Missionaries_and_early_expansion">Missionaries and early expansion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Japan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Missionaries and early expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church_in_Japan" title="History of the Catholic Church in Japan">History of the Catholic Church in Japan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kirishitan" title="Kirishitan">Kirishitan</a></div> <p>The first appearance of Christianity in Japan was the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholics</a> in 1549.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarrese</a> <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a> arrived in Japan with three Japanese Catholic converts intending to start a church in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. The local <a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese people</a> initially assumed that the foreigners were from India and that Christianity was a new <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian faith</a>. These mistaken impressions were due to already existing ties between the Portuguese and India; the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> was a central base for <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a> at the time, and a significant portion of the crew on board their ships were <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_India" title="Christianity in India">Indian Christians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerard_Bouttats_-_P._Sebastian_Viera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Gerard_Bouttats_-_P._Sebastian_Viera.jpg/200px-Gerard_Bouttats_-_P._Sebastian_Viera.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Gerard_Bouttats_-_P._Sebastian_Viera.jpg/300px-Gerard_Bouttats_-_P._Sebastian_Viera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Gerard_Bouttats_-_P._Sebastian_Viera.jpg/400px-Gerard_Bouttats_-_P._Sebastian_Viera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1808" data-file-height="3158" /></a><figcaption><i>The martyrdom of a Jesuit father in Japan in 1634</i>, engraved by <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Bouttats" title="Gerard Bouttats">Gerard Bouttats</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Later on, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> missionary activities were exclusively performed by <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mendicant" title="Mendicant">mendicant</a> orders, such as the <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a>. Francis Xavier (who would later be <a href="/wiki/Canonized" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonized">canonized</a> a Catholic <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a> for his missionary work),<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cosme_de_Torres" title="Cosme de Torres">Cosme de Torres</a> (a Jesuit priest), and <a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(missionary)" title="Juan Fernández (missionary)">Juan Fernández</a> were the first who arrived in <a href="/wiki/Kagoshima" title="Kagoshima">Kagoshima</a> hoping to bring Christianity to Japan. Xavier and the Jesuit order were held in good esteem, and his efforts seem to have been rewarded with a thriving community of converts.<sup id="cite_ref-Gonzales/Xavier_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gonzales/Xavier-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At baptism, these converts were given Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Christian_name" title="Christian name">Christian names</a> and forced to adopt Western cultural habits. This practice contributed to suspicions that the converts were in reality foreign agents working to subvert the local social order.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gonzales/Xavier_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gonzales/Xavier-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest success Christianity witnessed in Japan occurred in <a href="/wiki/Kyushu" title="Kyushu">Kyushu</a>. Conversions of local warlords like <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cmura_Sumitada" title="Ōmura Sumitada">Ōmura Sumitada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arima_Yoshisada" title="Arima Yoshisada">Arima Yoshisada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ctomo_S%C5%8Drin" title="Ōtomo Sōrin">Ōtomo Sōrin</a> led to the conversion of many of their subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conversion of several elites in the area was likely due to the decentralized nature of the <a href="/wiki/Sengoku_period" title="Sengoku period">Sengoku period</a> (15th–16th century) where warlords vied for control among themselves. This <a href="/wiki/Power_vacuum" title="Power vacuum">power vacuum</a> led some warlords to believe that being more open to external sources of power and legitimacy as a possible method to gain an advantage.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As several daimyos and their subjects converted to Christianity, the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Shinto_shrine" title="Shinto shrine">Shinto shrines</a> and Buddhist temples would often accompany it, with the Jesuits also contributing to the destruction and persecutions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buddhist monks and Shinto priests would face persecution by being forcefully evicted out of their religious sites, be forced to marry, or forced to convert.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perceived_threat_to_Japan">Perceived threat to Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Japan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Perceived threat to Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Portugal" title="Slavery in Portugal">Slavery in Portugal</a></div> <p>Under <a href="/wiki/Oda_Nobunaga" title="Oda Nobunaga">Oda Nobunaga</a>, the Jesuits enjoyed the favor of his regency. The successor of Oda, <a href="/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi" title="Toyotomi Hideyoshi">Toyotomi Hideyoshi</a> at first protected Christianity, however later changed his policy with the publishing of the <a href="/wiki/Bateren_Edict" title="Bateren Edict">Bateren Edict</a>, banning missionary activities. After conquering Kyushu, Hideyoshi visited Hakozaki and came to believe that Jesuits were selling Japanese people as slaves overseas, Christians were destroying shrines and temples, and people were being forced to convert to Christianity, resulting in the aforementioned edict. <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Valignano" title="Alessandro Valignano">Alessandro Valignano</a>, on 14 December 1582 wrote a letter to <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">Governor-General of the Philippines</a> Francisco de Sande Picón stating that it would be impossible to conquer Japan by military power and converting Japan to Christianity was the most important task of church.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars also theorise that Hideyoshi believed the true mission of the Christian missionaries was to convert the Japanese population to Christianity, overthrow the government, and turn it into a colony.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persecution_under_the_Shogunate">Persecution under the Shogunate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Japan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Persecution under the Shogunate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Japan" title="Martyrs of Japan">Martyrs of Japan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kakure_Kirishitan" title="Kakure Kirishitan">Kakure Kirishitan</a></div> <p>Under Hideyoshi and the succeeding <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a>, Catholic Christianity was repressed and adherents were persecuted. During Toyotomi rule especially, foreign missionaries were killed in Japan, some by (Japanese-style) <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">crucifixion</a>; most famously, the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-six_Martyrs_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan">twenty-six martyrs of Japan</a> were tortured and crucified on crosses outside Nagasaki to discourage Christianity in 1597. (Hideyoshi nonetheless showed favor to <a href="/wiki/Daimy%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimyō">daimyō</a> who had converted, such as <a href="/wiki/Konishi_Yukinaga" title="Konishi Yukinaga">Konishi Yukinaga</a>.)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following a brief respite as <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Ieyasu" title="Tokugawa Ieyasu">Tokugawa Ieyasu</a> rose to power and pursued trade with the Portuguese powers, there were further persecutions and martyrdoms in 1613, 1622 (<a href="/wiki/Great_Genna_Martyrdom" title="Great Genna Martyrdom">Great Genna Martyrdom</a>), 1623 (<a href="/wiki/Great_Martyrdom_of_Edo" title="Great Martyrdom of Edo">Great Martyrdom of Edo</a>) 1630, 1632 and 1634.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tokugawa shoguns eradicated Christianity in Japan via murder, persecution and decrees.<sup id="cite_ref-fnd_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fnd-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1637, <a href="/wiki/Matsukura_Katsuie" title="Matsukura Katsuie">Matsukura Katsuie</a> imposed a high tax onto people and oppressed Christians. This, combined with famine, led in 1638 to the Christian-led <a href="/wiki/Shimabara_Rebellion" title="Shimabara Rebellion">Shimabara Rebellion</a>, where an estimated 37,000 people (mostly Christians), were massacred.<sup id="cite_ref-fnd_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fnd-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rebellion started as a peasant movement, but later Christians joined the cause. This was the largest rebellion in the history of Japan. In 50 years, the crackdown policies of the shoguns reduced the number of Christians to near zero.<sup id="cite_ref-fnd_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fnd-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By this point, after the Shimabara Rebellion, the remaining Christians had been forced to publicly renounce their faith. Many continued practicing Christianity in secret, in modern times becoming known as the "<a href="/wiki/Kakure_Kirishitan" title="Kakure Kirishitan">hidden Christians</a>"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">隠れキリシタン</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">kakure kirishitan</i></span>)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These secret believers would often conceal Christian iconography in closed <a href="/wiki/Shinto_Shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Shinto Shrine">shrines</a>, lanterns or inconspicuous buildings. For example, <a href="/wiki/Himeji_Castle" title="Himeji Castle">Himeji Castle</a> has a Christian cross on one of its 17th-century roof tiles, in place of a <i><a href="/wiki/Mon_(crest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mon (crest)">mon</a></i>, indicating that one of its occupants was a secret Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Drawn from the oral histories of Japanese Catholic communities, <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%ABsaku_End%C5%8D" title="Shūsaku Endō">Shūsaku Endō</a>'s historical novel <i><a href="/wiki/Silence_(End%C5%8D_novel)" title="Silence (Endō novel)">Silence</a></i> provides detailed fictionalised accounts of the persecution of Christian communities and the suppression of the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opening_of_Japan">Opening of Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Japan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Opening of Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capt._Herbert_John_Clifford_(1789-1855).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Capt._Herbert_John_Clifford_%281789-1855%29.png/220px-Capt._Herbert_John_Clifford_%281789-1855%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Capt._Herbert_John_Clifford_%281789-1855%29.png/330px-Capt._Herbert_John_Clifford_%281789-1855%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Capt._Herbert_John_Clifford_%281789-1855%29.png/440px-Capt._Herbert_John_Clifford_%281789-1855%29.png 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="706" /></a><figcaption>Capt. <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Clifford" title="Herbert Clifford">Herbert Clifford</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Captain <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Clifford" title="Herbert Clifford">Herbert Clifford</a> was an officer in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> and the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Loochoo_Naval_Mission" title="Loochoo Naval Mission">Loochoo Naval Mission</a> (1843).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clifford worked with missionary the Rev. <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Jean_Bettelheim" title="Bernard Jean Bettelheim">Bernard Jean Bettelheim</a>, who was the first Christian <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a> to <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa</a>. </p><p>After Japan was opened to greater foreign interaction in 1853, many Christian clergymen were sent from Catholic, Protestant, and Orthodox churches, though proselytism was still banned. After the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a>, freedom of religion was introduced in 1871, giving all Christian communities the right to legal existence and preaching. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jesus_Statue_Yokohama_Japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Jesus_Statue_Yokohama_Japan.jpg/220px-Jesus_Statue_Yokohama_Japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Jesus_Statue_Yokohama_Japan.jpg/330px-Jesus_Statue_Yokohama_Japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Jesus_Statue_Yokohama_Japan.jpg/440px-Jesus_Statue_Yokohama_Japan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2988" data-file-height="5312" /></a><figcaption>A statue of Jesus in <a href="/wiki/Yokohama" title="Yokohama">Yokohama</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a> have had a significant impact in Japan. The American Quaker <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Gray_Vining" title="Elizabeth Gray Vining">Elizabeth Janet Gray Vining</a> was hired by Emperor Hirohito in 1946 to be a private tutor to his son, Crown Prince Akihito. She taught English and introduced all of the children of the Imperial Household to western culture and values. "Vining was chosen because she was not only a Quaker known to be a pacifist but also an author of children’s literature, whom the Japanese expected to be sympathetic to the 12-year-old crown prince in the midst of the postwar confusion. Some also write that the imperial side found Vining more ideal than the other candidate [a Presbyterian], as she, having lost her beloved husband in an accident, had experienced the utmost sorrow in life and therefore would have compassion for others."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Quaker influence is thought by many to be the foundation of the Pacifism promoted by members the Royal Family. This pacifism has stood in stark contrast to right-wing nationalists.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Japan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Japan remains one of the most secular nations in the world according to the <a href="/wiki/World_Values_Survey" title="World Values Survey">World Values Survey</a>. </p><p>Christianity in Japan is spread among many denominational affiliations. In the early 2000s, 70 percent of Japanese churches had an average attendance of less than 50, though membership was often almost double this figure.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holidays">Holidays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Japan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Holidays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on how these holidays are celebrated in Japan: <a href="/wiki/Christmas_worldwide#Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas worldwide">Christmas worldwide § Japan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day#Asia" title="Valentine's Day">Valentine's Day § Asia</a></div> <p>The celebration of selected Christian holidays has gained popularity in Japan since the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> – primarily as commercial events, but with also an emphasis on sharing time with loved ones, either significant others or close family. </p><p>Except in Japan's minority Christian communities, <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> is not typically marked by any special form of celebration. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christmas_worldwide#Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas worldwide">Christmas in Japan</a> is celebrated on a much larger scale as a commercial and secular festival, but again is not an official public holiday. <a href="/wiki/Christmas_lights_(holiday_decoration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas lights (holiday decoration)">Christmas lights</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AboutJapan_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AboutJapan-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Santa Claus, parties, gift exchanges, and eating Western-inspired Christmas foods, especially <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Fried_Chicken" class="mw-redirect" title="Kentucky Fried Chicken">Kentucky Fried Chicken</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shortcake" title="Shortcake">strawberry shortcake</a>, are all familiar features of this event.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Christians have criticized this as a <a href="/wiki/Commercialization" title="Commercialization">commercialization</a> of the holiday, being contrary to the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Christmas_in_Japan:_Globalization_V_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christmas_in_Japan:_Globalization_V-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Japan rather than being a family or religious occasion, Christmas is seen as a time to spend with friends or a significant other. <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a> is celebrated as a couple's holiday on which romantic gifts are exchanged. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day#Asia" title="Valentine's Day">St. Valentine's Day in Japan</a> is also celebrated, but the normal Western cultural traditions are often reversed – women give men a gift of chocolate, and on <a href="/wiki/White_Day" title="White Day">White Day</a>, one month later, the favor is returned. Gifts are not exclusive to romantic relationships; women exchange gifts most frequently between one another and will occasionally give male co-workers chocolate, although this latter exchange is often referred to as an obligation gift. It is not as common for couples to go out on dates together; that element seems to be reflected in Christmas Eve instead. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expression">Expression</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Japan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Expression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Japan#Christian_chapel_ceremonies" title="Marriage in Japan">Marriage in Japan § Christian chapel ceremonies</a></div> <p>Christian weddings have become prominent as an alternative (or addition) to traditional <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> ceremonies. This is partially due to the successful missionary efforts of Japanese Christian churches and commercial endeavors. Architecturally resembling churches, <a href="/wiki/Wedding_chapel" title="Wedding chapel">wedding chapels</a> have sprung up across Japan to meet the needs of Japanese who do not join Christian churches but still desire the ceremony.<sup id="cite_ref-LeFebvre2015_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeFebvre2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_denominations">Major denominations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Japan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Major denominations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholicism">Catholicism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Japan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Catholicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church_in_Japan" title="History of the Catholic Church in Japan">History of the Catholic Church in Japan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Japan" title="Catholic Church in Japan">Catholic Church in Japan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oura_Cathedral_20180623.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Oura_Cathedral_20180623.jpg/220px-Oura_Cathedral_20180623.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Oura_Cathedral_20180623.jpg/330px-Oura_Cathedral_20180623.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Oura_Cathedral_20180623.jpg/440px-Oura_Cathedral_20180623.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2252" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_the_Twenty-Six_Holy_Martyrs_of_Japan_(Nagasaki)" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of the Twenty-Six Holy Martyrs of Japan (Nagasaki)">Basilica of the Twenty-Six Holy Martyrs of Japan</a>, Nagasaki</figcaption></figure> <p>Catholicism in Japan operates in communion with the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> under the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> in Rome. In 2021 there were approximately 431,000 Catholics in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> (0.34% of the total population), 6,200 of whom are clerics, religious and seminarians.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japan has 15 <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">dioceses</a>, including three <a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(religious_jurisdiction)" title="Metropolis (religious jurisdiction)">metropolitan archdioceses</a>, with 34 <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishops</a>, 1,235 <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priests</a>, and 40 <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacons</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> spread out across 957 <a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">churches</a> (<a href="/wiki/Parish_(Catholic_Church)" title="Parish (Catholic Church)">parishes</a>, quasi-parishes, <a href="/wiki/Mission_(station)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission (station)">mission stations</a>, and assembly centres).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The patron saints of Japan are Francis Xavier and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Baptist">Peter Baptist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Francis Xavier arrived in Japan in 1549 as the first Catholic missionary to the archipelago, Catholicism was Japan's first contact with organized Christianity. The Catholic Church remained the only major source of Christianization in Japan until the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Shogunate" class="mw-redirect" title="Shogunate">shogunate</a> in 1867 and the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji restoration</a> of 1868. The <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a> started the initial <a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">missions</a>, joined later on by the less cautious <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan order</a>. Twenty Catholic missionaries operated in Japan by 1570.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a> became the center of Japanese Catholicism, and maintained close cultural and religious ties to its <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> origins. These ties were severed once Christianity was outlawed in the early-17th century; at this point, Catholicism went underground, its rites preserved by the <i><a href="/wiki/Kakure_Kirishitan" title="Kakure Kirishitan">Kakure Kirishitan</a></i>, or "hidden Christians", who continued practicing their faith in secret private devotion. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hasekura_in_Rome.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hasekura_in_Rome.JPG/170px-Hasekura_in_Rome.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hasekura_in_Rome.JPG/255px-Hasekura_in_Rome.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hasekura_in_Rome.JPG/340px-Hasekura_in_Rome.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1851" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hasekura_Tsunenaga" title="Hasekura Tsunenaga">Hasekura Tsunenaga</a>, the samurai who led a Japanese expedition to see the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> and was converted to <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> <a href="/wiki/Hasekura_Tsunenaga" title="Hasekura Tsunenaga">Hasekura Tsunenaga</a> led a diplomatic mission, accompanied by over one hundred Japanese Christians and twenty-two samurai, to see <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_V" title="Pope Paul V">Pope Paul V</a>. Hasekura arrived in <a href="/wiki/Acapulco" title="Acapulco">Acapulco</a>, Mexico (then <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>) in 1614; and would then travel to Spain. After meeting with King <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip III</a>, Hasekura was baptized as a Catholic under the name Felipe Francisco de Fachicura. After traveling to France and <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Rome</a>, Hasekura returned to Japan in 1620 and was forced to renounce his adopted religion after Christianity was banned.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A multitude of Japanese Catholics were brutally tortured and killed for their faith, thus becoming <a href="/wiki/Christian_martyrs" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian martyrs">martyrs</a>. Many of these martyrs have been <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonized</a>, and their <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgical</a> <a href="/wiki/Memorial_(liturgy)" title="Memorial (liturgy)">memorial</a> is celebrated each year on <a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar#February_(General_Calendar)" title="General Roman Calendar">February 6</a> in honor of their fidelity to "Christ and his Church" unto death. </p><p>In 1981 <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> paid a visit to Japan, during which he met with Japanese people, the clergy, and Catholic lay-people, held <a href="/wiki/Holy_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Mass">Holy Mass</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Korakuen_Stadium" title="Korakuen Stadium">Korakuen Stadium</a> (Tokyo), and visited the <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Peace_Memorial_Park" title="Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park">Peace Memorial Park in Hiroshima</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-six_Martyrs_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan">Hill of Martyrs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki,_Nagasaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagasaki, Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>, town of the Immaculate founded by St. <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Kolbe" title="Maximilian Kolbe">Maximilian Kolbe</a> in Nagasaki, and other places.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> also visited Japan in 2019. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Japan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Eastern Orthodoxy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokyo_Resurrection_Cathedral,_21_July_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Tokyo_Resurrection_Cathedral%2C_21_July_2013.jpg/240px-Tokyo_Resurrection_Cathedral%2C_21_July_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Tokyo_Resurrection_Cathedral%2C_21_July_2013.jpg/360px-Tokyo_Resurrection_Cathedral%2C_21_July_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Tokyo_Resurrection_Cathedral%2C_21_July_2013.jpg/480px-Tokyo_Resurrection_Cathedral%2C_21_July_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Resurrection_Cathedral" title="Holy Resurrection Cathedral">Holy Resurrection Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chiyoda,_Tokyo" title="Chiyoda, Tokyo">Chiyoda, Tokyo</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> is a minor religion in Japan. The current primate of Japan is vacant.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primate's <a href="/wiki/Kathedra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kathedra">seat</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Resurrection_Cathedral" title="Holy Resurrection Cathedral">Holy Resurrection Cathedral</a> in Chiyoda, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>. Founded in 1891, the cathedral has been known as Nikolai-do in honor of its founder <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Japan" title="Nicholas of Japan">Nicholas Kasatkin</a>. The cathedral serves as the <a href="/wiki/Kathedra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kathedra">seat</a> of the national <a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">primate</a> of Japan and continues to be the main center of Orthodox Christian worship in Japan. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> was brought to Japan in the 19th century by St. Nicholas (baptized as Ivan Dmitrievich Kasatkin),<sup id="cite_ref-snow_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snow-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was sent in 1861 by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hakodate" title="Hakodate">Hakodate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hokkaid%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokkaidō">Hokkaidō</a> as priest to a chapel of the Russian Consulate.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> St. Nicholas of Japan made his own translation of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> and some other religious books (<a href="/wiki/Triodion" title="Triodion">Lenten Triodion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentecostarion" title="Pentecostarion">Pentecostarion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">Feast Services</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Psalms" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Psalms">Book of Psalms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irmologion" title="Irmologion">Irmologion</a>) into Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchate of Moscow">Patriarchate of Moscow</a> glorified (that is, canonized as a saint) Nicholas in 1970; he is now recognized as St. Nicholas, <a href="/wiki/Equal-to-the-Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Equal-to-the-Apostles">Equal-to-the-Apostles</a>. His commemoration day is February 16. <a href="/wiki/Andronic_Nikolsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Andronic Nikolsky">Andronic Nikolsky</a>, appointed the first Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a> and later martyred as the archbishop of Perm during the Russian Revolution, was also canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church as a Saint and Martyr in the year 2000. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate">Ecumenical Patriarchate</a> is also present with the Greek Orthodox Exarchate of Japan under the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Metropolis_of_Korea" title="Eastern Orthodox Metropolis of Korea">Orthodox Metropolis of Korea</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protestantism">Protestantism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Japan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Protestantism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Japan" title="Protestantism in Japan">Protestantism in Japan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%99%BD%E3%81%84%E5%AE%B6%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%83%E3%83%97%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%81.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/%E7%99%BD%E3%81%84%E5%AE%B6%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%83%E3%83%97%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%81.jpg/220px-%E7%99%BD%E3%81%84%E5%AE%B6%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%83%E3%83%97%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%81.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/%E7%99%BD%E3%81%84%E5%AE%B6%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%83%E3%83%97%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%81.jpg/330px-%E7%99%BD%E3%81%84%E5%AE%B6%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%83%E3%83%97%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%81.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/%E7%99%BD%E3%81%84%E5%AE%B6%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%83%E3%83%97%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%81.jpg/440px-%E7%99%BD%E3%81%84%E5%AE%B6%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%83%E3%83%97%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%81.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Shiroi-ie Fellowship Church in <a href="/wiki/Yomitan" title="Yomitan">Yomitan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa Prefecture</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2020, Protestants in Japan constituted a religious minority of about 0.45% of the total population or 600,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>The <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ_in_Japan" title="United Church of Christ in Japan">United Church of Christ in Japan</a> is the largest Protestant denomination.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/James_Curtis_Hepburn" title="James Curtis Hepburn">James Curtis Hepburn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">M.D.</a>, <a href="/wiki/LL.D." class="mw-redirect" title="LL.D.">LL.D.</a> (March 13, 1815 – June 11, 1911) was the first <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a> to Japan, arriving in 1859, the same year as the first ordained representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>, the Rev., later Bishop, <a href="/wiki/Channing_Moore_Williams" title="Channing Moore Williams">Channing Moore Williams</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Rikkyo_University" title="Rikkyo University">Rikkyo University</a>, Tokyo, and the Rev. <a href="/wiki/John_Liggins" title="John Liggins">John Liggins</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Church in the United States of America">Episcopal Church in the United States of America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bdcconline.net_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bdcconline.net-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hepburn went to <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> initially as a <a href="/wiki/Medical_missions" title="Medical missions">medical missionary</a> with the <a href="/wiki/American_Presbyterian_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="American Presbyterian Mission">American Presbyterian Mission</a><sup id="cite_ref-bdcconline.net_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bdcconline.net-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> opening a clinic in <a href="/wiki/Kanagawa_Prefecture" title="Kanagawa Prefecture">Kanagawa Prefecture</a>, near present-day <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>. He later founded the Hepburn School, which developed into <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Gakuin_University" title="Meiji Gakuin University">Meiji Gakuin University</a>, and wrote a Japanese–English dictionary. In the dictionary's third edition,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> published in 1886, Hepburn adopted a new system for <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanization</a> of the Japanese language (<i>Rōmajikai</i>). This system is widely known as <a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn romanization</a> because Hepburn's dictionary popularized it. Hepburn also contributed to the Protestant translation of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> into Japanese. Hepburn returned to the United States in 1892. On March 14, 1905, Hepburn's 90th birthday, he was awarded the decoration of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Rising_Sun" title="Order of the Rising Sun">Order of the Rising Sun</a>, third class. Hepburn was the second foreigner to receive this honor.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Divie_Bethune_McCartee" title="Divie Bethune McCartee">Divie Bethune McCartee</a> was the first ordained <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> minister <a href="/wiki/Mission_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission (Christian)">missionary</a> to visit Japan, in 1861–1862. His gospel <a href="/wiki/Tract_(literature)" title="Tract (literature)">tract</a> translated into <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> was among the first Protestant literature in Japan. In 1865 McCartee moved back to Ningbo, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, but others have followed in his footsteps. There was a burst of growth of Christianity in the late 19th century when Japan reopened its doors to the West. Protestant church growth slowed dramatically in the early 20th century under the influence of the military government during the <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōwa period">Shōwa period</a>. </p><p>The post-<a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> years have seen increasing activity by evangelicals, initially with North American influence, and some growth occurred between 1945 and 1960. The <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Bible_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Bible Society">Japanese Bible Society</a> was established in 1937 with the help of National Bible Society of Scotland (NBSS, now called the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Bible_Society" title="Scottish Bible Society">Scottish Bible Society</a>), the <a href="/wiki/American_Bible_Society" title="American Bible Society">American Bible Society</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_and_Foreign_Bible_Society" title="British and Foreign Bible Society">British and Foreign Bible Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Seventh-day Adventist Church's Japan presence: William Calhoun Grainger was an educator, college president, and pioneer missionary to Japan. Teruhiko Okohira, who had been a Healdsburg College student from Japan, invited Grainger to accompany him back to his homeland to spread the Advent message there. In 1896 the Foreign Mission Board agreed to send him to Japan. He arrived at Yokohama Harbor on November 19, 1896. Before long he and Okohira opened Shiba Japanese-English Bible School in Tokyo. By the end of 1899 the first Seventh-day Adventist Church in Japan was organized with thirteen members. As of June 30, 2023 the denomination reported 97 Churches, 48 Companies and 15,095 official members. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Christian">Other Christian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Japan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other Christian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jehovah's_Witnesses"><span id="Jehovah.27s_Witnesses"></span>Jehovah's Witnesses</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Japan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Jehovah's Witnesses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jehovahs-Witnesses-Kamimachi-Nishio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Jehovahs-Witnesses-Kamimachi-Nishio.jpg/220px-Jehovahs-Witnesses-Kamimachi-Nishio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Jehovahs-Witnesses-Kamimachi-Nishio.jpg/330px-Jehovahs-Witnesses-Kamimachi-Nishio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Jehovahs-Witnesses-Kamimachi-Nishio.jpg/440px-Jehovahs-Witnesses-Kamimachi-Nishio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="832" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_Hall" title="Kingdom Hall">Kingdom Hall of Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nishio" title="Nishio">Nishio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aichi_Prefecture" title="Aichi Prefecture">Aichi Prefecture</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2020, the number of <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> was 212,683 active <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_practices#Evangelism" title="Jehovah's Witnesses practices">publishers</a>, united in 2,964 <a href="/wiki/Organizational_structure_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses#Congregations" title="Organizational structure of Jehovah's Witnesses">congregations</a>; 273,856 people attended annual celebration of <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Evening_Meal" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord's Evening Meal">Lord's Evening Meal</a> in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before 1945 they were banned in Japan. Many Jehovah's Witnesses were jailed; one of them, Katsuo Miura, was in the <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a> prison during the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki#Hiroshima" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bombing of Hiroshima</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints">Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Japan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sapporo_LDS_Temple_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sapporo_LDS_Temple_3.jpg/220px-Sapporo_LDS_Temple_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sapporo_LDS_Temple_3.jpg/330px-Sapporo_LDS_Temple_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sapporo_LDS_Temple_3.jpg/440px-Sapporo_LDS_Temple_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sapporo_Japan_Temple" title="Sapporo Japan Temple">Sapporo Japan Temple</a> of the LDS Church</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Japan" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Japan">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Japan</a></div> <p>As of year-end 2009, <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church) reported 29 <a href="/wiki/Stake_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Stake (Latter Day Saints)">stakes</a>, 14 <a href="/wiki/District_(LDS_Church)" title="District (LDS Church)">districts</a>, 163 <a href="/wiki/Ward_(LDS_Church)" title="Ward (LDS Church)">wards</a>, 125 <a href="/wiki/Ward_(LDS_Church)#Branch" title="Ward (LDS Church)">branches</a>, 7 <a href="/wiki/Mission_(LDS_Church)" title="Mission (LDS Church)">missions</a>, and 3 <a href="/wiki/Temple_(LDS_Church)" title="Temple (LDS Church)">temples</a> in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-Country_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Country-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of July 2016, there are 128,216 members.<sup id="cite_ref-stats-2016_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stats-2016-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The LDS Church was established in Japan in <a href="/wiki/List_of_LDS_missionary_entries_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="List of LDS missionary entries by country">1901</a><sup id="cite_ref-Country_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Country-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when the first <a href="/wiki/Missionary_(LDS_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionary (LDS Church)">LDS Church missionaries</a> arrived on August 12, 1901. Among them was <a href="/wiki/Heber_J._Grant" title="Heber J. Grant">Heber J. Grant</a>, at the time a member of the <a href="/wiki/Quorum_of_the_Twelve_Apostles_(LDS_Church)" title="Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)">Quorum of the Twelve</a>, and later the <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="List of presidents of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">7th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Church_(LDS_Church)" title="President of the Church (LDS Church)">President of the Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grant_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grant-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of March 15, 2011 there were over 630 <a href="/wiki/Missionary_(LDS_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionary (LDS Church)">LDS missionaries</a> serving in the church's six missions in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art_and_media">Art and media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Japan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Art and media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian art</a> in Japan dates back to the 16th century, with traditional shrines and Japanese artwork depicting the Christian faith within Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-Sotheby's_2019_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sotheby's_2019-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JT_2018_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JT_2018-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NHK_WORLD_2018_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHK_WORLD_2018-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blessed_Justo_Takayama_Ukon_2018_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blessed_Justo_Takayama_Ukon_2018-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Christianity was illegal in Japan, the local Christians developed distinctive forms of Christian art, <a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">literature</a>, and cultural practices.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NPR_2015_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR_2015-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christian_media" title="Christian media">Christian media</a> is prevalent within the popular culture of Japan, despite its relatively small Christian population. <i><a href="/wiki/Superbook_(1981_TV_series)" title="Superbook (1981 TV series)">Superbook</a></i> was a mainstream <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> during the 1980s, and it remains a popular Christian media franchise worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-Villacin_2022_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Villacin_2022-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of this Christianity remains a popular topic in <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a> and anime, including <i><a href="/wiki/Trigun" title="Trigun">Trigun</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Young_Men" title="Saint Young Men">Saint Young Men</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Beneath_the_Tangles_2016_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beneath_the_Tangles_2016-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music" title="Contemporary Christian music">contemporary Christian music</a> are part of popular music in the country, the largest <a href="/wiki/Christian_music_festival" title="Christian music festival">Christian music festival</a> in the country is the Sunza Rock Festival, which is where many of Japan's CCM artists and bands perform.<sup id="cite_ref-MtW_2023_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MtW_2023-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hillsong_2020_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillsong_2020-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Imari_Tones_2019_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Imari_Tones_2019-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/International_Christian_University" title="International Christian University">International Christian University</a> is the alma mater of several Japanese media professionals, including <a href="/wiki/Kaz_Hirai" title="Kaz Hirai">Kaz Hirai</a>, the former chairman of <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nikkei_Asia_2019_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nikkei_Asia_2019-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sony owns several Christian media studios and outlets, including the Pure Flix streaming service.<sup id="cite_ref-Los_Angeles_Times_2020_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Los_Angeles_Times_2020-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Japanese_Christians">Notable Japanese Christians</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Japan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notable Japanese Christians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the first Catholic missions from the 17th century, several high ranked people converted including <a href="/wiki/Dom_Justo_Takayama" class="mw-redirect" title="Dom Justo Takayama">Dom Justo Takayama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hosokawa_Gracia" title="Hosokawa Gracia">Hosokawa Gracia</a>. Among the original <a href="/wiki/Twenty-six_Martyrs_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan">twenty-six martyrs of Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paulo_Miki" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulo Miki">Paulo Miki</a> is the best known. Catholics venerate him as one of the <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saints</a> of Japan. </p><p>Christianity in the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji period">Meiji-period</a> saw several major educators and Christian converts as follows: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanzo_Uchimura" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanzo Uchimura">Kanzo Uchimura</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">内村鑑三</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kanzō Uchimura</i></span>)</span> (1861–1930), a Protestant, a headmaster of a head of the <a href="/wiki/First_Higher_School" title="First Higher School">First Higher School</a>. He was also the founder of <a href="/wiki/Nonchurch_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonchurch movement">Nonchurch movement</a>, one of the earliest indigenous Japanese Christian movements. His autobiography <i>Why have I become a christian?</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">余は如何にして基督信徒となりし乎</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">yo wa ika ni shite Kirisuto shinto to narishi ka</i></span>)</span>, focusing on his conversion influenced young generations in those days.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hardy_Neesima" title="Joseph Hardy Neesima">Joseph Hardy Neesima</a> (<a href="/wiki/J%C5%8D_N%C4%ABjima" class="mw-redirect" title="Jō Nījima">Jō Nījima</a>)<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">新島襄</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Niijima Jō</i></span>)</span> (1843–1890), a Protestant and the founder of <a href="/wiki/Doshisha_University" title="Doshisha University">Doshisha University</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitobe_Inaz%C5%8D" title="Nitobe Inazō">Nitobe Inazō</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">新渡戸稲造</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Nitobe Inazō</i></span>)</span> (1862–1933), a Protestant and the founder of <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Woman%27s_Christian_University" title="Tokyo Woman's Christian University">Tokyo Woman's Christian University</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hideyo_Noguchi" title="Hideyo Noguchi">Hideyo Noguchi</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">野口英世</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Noguchi Hideyo</i></span>)</span> (1876–1928), a Protestant and prominent <a href="/wiki/Bacteriologist" title="Bacteriologist">bacteriologist</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umeko_Tsuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Umeko Tsuda">Umeko Tsuda</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">津田梅子</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Umeko Tsuda</i></span>)</span> (1864–1929), a Protestant and the founder of Joshi Eigaku Juku (today <a href="/wiki/Tsuda_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsuda College">Tsuda College</a>).</li></ul> <p>In the 20th century, two major contributors to Protestant Christian <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> emerged in Japan: <a href="/wiki/Kosuke_Koyama" title="Kosuke Koyama">Kosuke Koyama</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">小山晃佑</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Koyama Kōsuke</i></span>)</span>, who has been described as a leading contributor to global Christianity, and <a href="/wiki/Kazoh_Kitamori" title="Kazoh Kitamori">Kazoh Kitamori</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">北森嘉蔵</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kitamori Kazō</i></span>)</span>, who wrote <i>The Theology of the Pain of God</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">神の痛みの神学</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami no itami no shingaku</i></span>)</span>. Social rights activist and author <a href="/wiki/Toyohiko_Kagawa" title="Toyohiko Kagawa">Toyohiko Kagawa</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">(賀川豊彦</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kagawa Toyohiko</i></span>)</span>, who was nominated for both the Nobel Peace Prize and the Nobel Prize in Literature, has also become known outside Japan, due to his evangelical work mainly in Japan, social work, and labor activism. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mitsuo_Fuchida" title="Mitsuo Fuchida">Mitsuo Fuchida</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">淵田美津雄</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><i>Fuchida Mitsuo</i></i></span>)</span> (3 December 1902 – 30 May 1976) was a <a href="/wiki/Naval_ranks_of_the_Japanese_Empire_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval ranks of the Japanese Empire during World War II">Captain</a><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service">Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service</a> and a bomber pilot in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a> before and during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. After World War II ended, Fuchida became a <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelistic</a> preacher.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1952, Fuchida toured the United States as a member of the Worldwide Christian Missionary Army of Sky Pilots. Fuchida spent the rest of his life telling others what God had done for him around the world. In February 1954, <i><a href="/wiki/Reader%27s_Digest" title="Reader's Digest">Reader's Digest</a></i> published Fuchida's story of the attack on Pearl Harbor.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also wrote and co-wrote books including, <i>From Pearl Harbor to Golgotha (aka From Pearl Harbor to Calvary)</i>. His story is told in <i>God's Samurai: Lead Pilot at Pearl Harbor (The Warriors).</i><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chiune_Sugihara" title="Chiune Sugihara">Chiune Sugihara</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">杉原千畝</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Sugihara Chiune</i></span>, 1 January 1900 – 31 July 1986)</span> was a <a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Diplomat" title="Diplomat">diplomat</a> who served as Vice Consul for the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Empire">Japanese Empire</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>. He converted to <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christianity</a> in 1935<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while serving in China as a diplomat. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, he helped several thousand <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> leave the country by issuing transit visas to <a href="/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews" title="Expulsions and exoduses of Jews">Jewish refugees</a> so that they could travel to Japan. Most of the Jews who escaped were refugees from <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">German-occupied</a> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> or residents of Lithuania. Sugihara wrote travel visas that facilitated the escape of more than 6,000 Jewish refugees to Japanese territory,<sup id="cite_ref-jewishvirtuallibrary.org_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishvirtuallibrary.org-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ushmm.org_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm.org-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> risking his career and his family's life. In 1985, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> honored him as <a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a> for his actions.<sup id="cite_ref-jewishvirtuallibrary.org_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishvirtuallibrary.org-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ushmm.org_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm.org-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 20th century also saw two Christian novelists of renown: <a href="/wiki/Ayako_Miura" title="Ayako Miura">Ayako Miura</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">三浦綾子</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Miura Ayako</i></span>, 1922–1999)</span> was a Protestant writer known for her works, one of the most influential being <i>Shiokari Pass</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">塩狩峠</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">shiokari tōge</i></span>, 1968)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. <a href="/wiki/Shusaku_Endo" class="mw-redirect" title="Shusaku Endo">Shusaku Endo</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">遠藤周作</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Endō Shusaku</i></span>)</span> was a Catholic novelist renowned for his works focusing on Christianity in Japan, including <i>Silence</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">沈黙</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">chinmoku</i></span>)</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_Prime_Ministers">Christian Prime Ministers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Japan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Christian Prime Ministers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While Christians account only for 1% of the population, there have been nine Christian <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Ministers of Japan</a> (three Catholics and six Protestants). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Catholic">Catholic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Japan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Catholic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hara_Takashi" title="Hara Takashi">Hara Takashi</a> – leader of the 19th government and the 10th Prime Minister (1918–1921).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Yoshida" title="Shigeru Yoshida">Shigeru Yoshida</a> – leader of the 45th, 48th, 49th, 50th, and 51st governments and the 32nd Prime Minister (1946–1947 and 1948–1954).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taro_Aso" class="mw-redirect" title="Taro Aso">Taro Aso</a> – leader of the 92nd government and the 59th Prime Minister (2008–2009).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Protestant">Protestant</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Japan&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Protestant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Viscount <a href="/wiki/Takahashi_Korekiyo" title="Takahashi Korekiyo">Takahashi Korekiyo</a> – leader of the 20th government and the 11th Prime Minister (1921–1922 and 1932).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetsu_Katayama" title="Tetsu Katayama">Tetsu Katayama</a> – leader of the 46th government and the 33rd Prime Minister (1947–1948).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichir%C5%8D_Hatoyama" title="Ichirō Hatoyama">Ichirō Hatoyama</a> – leader the 52nd, 53rd, and 54th governments and the 35th Prime Minister (1954–1956).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masayoshi_%C5%8Chira" title="Masayoshi Ōhira">Masayoshi Ōhira</a> – leader of the 68th and 69th governments and the 43rd Prime Minister (1978–1980).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukio_Hatoyama" title="Yukio Hatoyama">Yukio Hatoyama</a> – leader of the 94th government and the 61st Prime Minister (2009–2010).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Ishiba" title="Shigeru Ishiba">Shigeru Ishiba</a> - leader of the 102nd government and the 65th Prime Minister (2024–).<sup id="cite_ref-tg_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tg-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Japan&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Religion in Japan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Japan&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the source, this claim is made of all of Xavier's converts across Asia in general, including but not limited to those in Japan</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Japan&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Cleanup_bare_URLs plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-cleanup-link_rot" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>uses <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URLs</a>, which are uninformative and vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">link rot</a>.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please consider converting them to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Citation_styles" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citations</a> to ensure the article remains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifiable</a> and maintains a consistent citation style. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_index/Sources_of_articles#Examples" title="Wikipedia:Template index/Sources of articles">Several templates</a> and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as <span class="nowrap"><a class="external text" href="https://refill.toolforge.org/ng/result.php?page=Christianity_in_Japan&defaults=y">reFill</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ReFill" title="Wikipedia:ReFill">documentation</a>)</span> and <span class="nowrap"><a class="external text" href="https://citations.toolforge.org/process_page.php?edit=automated_tools&slow=1&page=Christianity_in_Japan">Citation bot</a> (<a href="/wiki/User:Citation_bot" title="User:Citation bot">documentation</a>)</span>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bunka.go.jp/tokei_hakusho_shuppan/hakusho_nenjihokokusho/shukyo_nenkan/pdf/94046801_01.pdf">https://www.bunka.go.jp/tokei_hakusho_shuppan/hakusho_nenjihokokusho/shukyo_nenkan/pdf/94046801_01.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-宗教年鑑_令和元年版-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-宗教年鑑_令和元年版_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-宗教年鑑_令和元年版_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bunka.go.jp/tokei_hakusho_shuppan/hakusho_nenjihokokusho/shukyo_nenkan/pdf/r01nenkan.pdf#page=49"><i>宗教年鑑令和元年版</i></a> [<i>Religious Yearbook 2019</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Japanese). <a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Cultural_Affairs" title="Agency for Cultural Affairs">Agency for Cultural Affairs</a>, Government of Japan. 2019. p. 35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%B9%B4%E9%91%91+%E4%BB%A4%E5%92%8C%E5%85%83%E5%B9%B4%E7%89%88&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Agency+for+Cultural+Affairs%2C+Government+of+Japan&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bunka.go.jp%2Ftokei_hakusho_shuppan%2Fhakusho_nenjihokokusho%2Fshukyo_nenkan%2Fpdf%2Fr01nenkan.pdf%23page%3D49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-US2022-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-US2022_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/japan">US State Dept 2022 report</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heide_Fehrenbach,_Uta_G._Poiger_2000_62-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heide_Fehrenbach,_Uta_G._Poiger_2000_62_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeide_Fehrenbach,_Uta_G._Poiger2000" class="citation book cs1">Heide Fehrenbach, Uta G. Poiger (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RB2goIgxF68C&pg=PA62"><i>Transactions, transgressions, transformations: American culture in Western Europe and Japan</i></a>. Berghahn Books. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-108-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-108-0"><bdi>978-1-57181-108-0</bdi></a>. <q>... followers of the Christian faith constitute only about a half percent of the Japanese population</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transactions%2C+transgressions%2C+transformations%3A+American+culture+in+Western+Europe+and+Japan&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-57181-108-0&rft.au=Heide+Fehrenbach%2C+Uta+G.+Poiger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRB2goIgxF68C%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ishikawa Akito (22 November 2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nippon.com/en/japan-topics/g00769/a-little-faith-christianity-and-the-japanese.html">"A Little Faith: Christianity and the Japanese"</a>, <i>Nippon.com</i>. Retrieved 7 December 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeFebvre2021" class="citation journal cs1">LeFebvre, Jesse (March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/jrj/aop/article-1163-22118349-20210001/article-1163-22118349-20210001.xml?language=en">"The Oppressor's Dilemma: How Japanese State Policy toward Religion Paved the Way for Christian Weddings"</a>. <i>Journal of Religion in Japan</i>. <b>-1</b> (aop): 1–30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Religion+in+Japan&rft.atitle=The+Oppressor%27s+Dilemma%3A+How+Japanese+State+Policy+toward+Religion+Paved+the+Way+for+Christian+Weddings&rft.volume=-1&rft.issue=aop&rft.pages=1-30&rft.date=2021-03&rft.aulast=LeFebvre&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fjrj%2Faop%2Farticle-1163-22118349-20210001%2Farticle-1163-22118349-20210001.xml%3Flanguage%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nippon.com/en/japan-topics/g00769/a-little-faith-christianity-and-the-japanese.html">"A Little Faith: Christianity and the Japanese"</a>. Nippon.com: Your Doorway to Japan. 22 November 2019. <q>Christian culture in general has a positive image.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Little+Faith%3A+Christianity+and+the+Japanese&rft.pub=Nippon.com%3A+Your+Doorway+to+Japan&rft.date=2019-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nippon.com%2Fen%2Fjapan-topics%2Fg00769%2Fa-little-faith-christianity-and-the-japanese.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LeFebvre2015-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LeFebvre2015_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LeFebvre2015_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeFebvre2015" class="citation journal cs1">LeFebvre, Jesse (2 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18874%2Fjjrs.42.2.2015.185-203">"Christian Wedding Ceremonies 'Nonreligiousness' in Contemporary Japan"</a>. <i>Japanese Journal of Religious Studies</i>. <b>42</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18874%2Fjjrs.42.2.2015.185-203">10.18874/jjrs.42.2.2015.185-203</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Journal+of+Religious+Studies&rft.atitle=Christian+Wedding+Ceremonies+%27Nonreligiousness%27+in+Contemporary+Japan&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2015-11-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18874%2Fjjrs.42.2.2015.185-203&rft.aulast=LeFebvre&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.18874%252Fjjrs.42.2.2015.185-203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Kodansha's </i>furigana<i> Japanese Dictionary</i>. Japan: Kodansha Inc. 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kodansha%27s+furigana+Japanese+Dictionary&rft.place=Japan&rft.pub=Kodansha+Inc.&rft.date=1999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMullins1998" class="citation book cs1">Mullins, Mark (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dtVL2sdKpM4C&q=nestorian"><i>Christianity Made in Japan: A Study of Indigenous Movements</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2132-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2132-6"><bdi>978-0-8248-2132-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+Made+in+Japan%3A+A+Study+of+Indigenous+Movements&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2132-6&rft.aulast=Mullins&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdtVL2sdKpM4C%26q%3Dnestorian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeupp2003" class="citation book cs1">Leupp, Gary P. (2003). <i>Interracial Intimacy in Japan</i>. <a href="/wiki/Continuum_International_Publishing_Group" title="Continuum International Publishing Group">Continuum International Publishing Group</a>. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6074-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6074-5"><bdi>978-0-8264-6074-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interracial+Intimacy+in+Japan&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-6074-5&rft.aulast=Leupp&rft.aufirst=Gary+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Francis Xavier"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/St._Francis_Xavier">"St. Francis Xavier" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=St.+Francis+Xavier&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gonzales/Xavier-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gonzales/Xavier_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gonzales/Xavier_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gonzáles, Justo L. (Jan 2004) <i>The Story of Christianity</i>, 3rd edition. Prince Press/Hendrickson Publishers. Volume 1, pages 405–406</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrathern2020" class="citation journal cs1">Strathern, Alan (2020-11-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/jemh/25/3/article-p163_1.xml">"The Many Meanings of Iconoclasm: Warrior and Christian Temple-Shrine Destruction in Late Sixteenth Century Japan"</a>. <i>Journal of Early Modern History</i>. <b>25</b> (3): 163–193. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15700658-BJA10023">10.1163/15700658-BJA10023</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1385-3783">1385-3783</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:229468278">229468278</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Early+Modern+History&rft.atitle=The+Many+Meanings+of+Iconoclasm%3A+Warrior+and+Christian+Temple-Shrine+Destruction+in+Late+Sixteenth+Century+Japan&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=163-193&rft.date=2020-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A229468278%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1385-3783&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15700658-BJA10023&rft.aulast=Strathern&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fjemh%2F25%2F3%2Farticle-p163_1.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurger2000" class="citation journal cs1">Burger, David (2000). "Kirishitan - Early Christianity in Japan". <i>Japanese Religions</i>. <b>25</b>: 162–164.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Religions&rft.atitle=Kirishitan+-+Early+Christianity+in+Japan&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=162-164&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Burger&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220505003253/http://www2s.biglobe.ne.jp/nippon/jogbd_h12/jog154.html">"Jog(154) キリシタン宣教師の野望"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2s.biglobe.ne.jp/nippon/jogbd_h12/jog154.html">the original</a> on 2022-05-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jog%28154%29+%E3%82%AD%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E5%AE%A3%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E3%81%AE%E9%87%8E%E6%9C%9B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2s.biglobe.ne.jp%2Fnippon%2Fjogbd_h12%2Fjog154.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www7a.biglobe.ne.jp/~wwd/SS190111/">"「日本国紀」について（1）ヴァリニャーノの手紙"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8C%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%9B%BD%E7%B4%80%E3%80%8D%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A4%E3%81%84%E3%81%A6%EF%BC%881%EF%BC%89%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8E%E3%81%AE%E6%89%8B%E7%B4%99&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww7a.biglobe.ne.jp%2F~wwd%2FSS190111%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2004" class="citation journal cs1">Nelson, Thomas (Winter 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XoQMAQAAMAAJ&q=Portuguese+and+other+Occidental+sources+are+replete+with+records+of+the+export+of+Japanese+slaves+in+the+second+half+of+the+sixteenth+century.+A+few+examples+should+serve+to+illustrate+this+point.+Very+probably,+the+first+Japanese+who+set+foot+in+Europe+were+slaves.+As+early+as+1555,+complaints+were+made+by+the+Church+that+Portuguese+merchants+were+taking+Japanese+slave+girls+with+them+back+to+Portugal+and+living+with+them+there+in+sin.+By+1571,+the+trade+was+being+conducted+on+such+a+scale+that+King+Sebastian+of+Portugal+felt+obliged+to+issue+an+order+prohibiting+it+lest+it+hinder+Catholic+missionary+activity+in+Kyushsu.">"Slavery in Medieval Japan"</a>. <i>Monumenta Nipponica</i>. <b>59</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/Sophia_University" title="Sophia University">Sophia University</a>: 463–492. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25066328">25066328</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monumenta+Nipponica&rft.atitle=Slavery+in+Medieval+Japan&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=463-492&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25066328%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXoQMAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DPortuguese%2Band%2Bother%2BOccidental%2Bsources%2Bare%2Breplete%2Bwith%2Brecords%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bexport%2Bof%2BJapanese%2Bslaves%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bsecond%2Bhalf%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bsixteenth%2Bcentury.%2BA%2Bfew%2Bexamples%2Bshould%2Bserve%2Bto%2Billustrate%2Bthis%2Bpoint.%2BVery%2Bprobably%2C%2Bthe%2Bfirst%2BJapanese%2Bwho%2Bset%2Bfoot%2Bin%2BEurope%2Bwere%2Bslaves.%2BAs%2Bearly%2Bas%2B1555%2C%2Bcomplaints%2Bwere%2Bmade%2Bby%2Bthe%2BChurch%2Bthat%2BPortuguese%2Bmerchants%2Bwere%2Btaking%2BJapanese%2Bslave%2Bgirls%2Bwith%2Bthem%2Bback%2Bto%2BPortugal%2Band%2Bliving%2Bwith%2Bthem%2Bthere%2Bin%2Bsin.%2BBy%2B1571%2C%2Bthe%2Btrade%2Bwas%2Bbeing%2Bconducted%2Bon%2Bsuch%2Ba%2Bscale%2Bthat%2BKing%2BSebastian%2Bof%2BPortugal%2Bfelt%2Bobliged%2Bto%2Bissue%2Ban%2Border%2Bprohibiting%2Bit%2Blest%2Bit%2Bhinder%2BCatholic%2Bmissionary%2Bactivity%2Bin%2BKyushsu.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nikkeyshimbun.jp/2009/090418-62colonia-2.html">"日本人奴隷の謎を追って＝400年前に南米上陸か?!＝連載（７）＝キリシタン浪人との説も＝下克上の世を疎み出国か"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nikkey_Shimbun" title="Nikkey Shimbun">Nikkey Shimbun</a></i> (in Japanese). 2019-04-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nikkey+Shimbun&rft.atitle=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BA%BA%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B7%E3%81%AE%E8%AC%8E%E3%82%92%E8%BF%BD%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6%EF%BC%9D400%E5%B9%B4%E5%89%8D%E3%81%AB%E5%8D%97%E7%B1%B3%E4%B8%8A%E9%99%B8%E3%81%8B%3F%21%EF%BC%9D%E9%80%A3%E8%BC%89%EF%BC%88%EF%BC%97%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9D%E3%82%AD%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E6%B5%AA%E4%BA%BA%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AE%E8%AA%AC%E3%82%82%EF%BC%9D%E4%B8%8B%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%8A%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%96%E3%82%92%E7%96%8E%E3%81%BF%E5%87%BA%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%8B&rft.date=2019-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nikkeyshimbun.jp%2F2009%2F090418-62colonia-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TMZMAgAAQBAJ&dq=japanese+slaves+portuguese&pg=PA479"><i>Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. 2005. p. 479. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-517055-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-517055-5"><bdi>0-19-517055-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africana%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+the+African+and+African+American+Experience&rft.pages=479&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-19-517055-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTMZMAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Djapanese%2Bslaves%2Bportuguese%26pg%3DPA479&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC&dq=japanese+slaves+portuguese&pg=PA187"><i>Encyclopedia of Africa, Volume 1</i></a> (illustrated ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 2010. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533770-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533770-9"><bdi>978-0-19-533770-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Africa%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=187&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533770-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA0XNvklcqbwC%26dq%3Djapanese%2Bslaves%2Bportuguese%26pg%3DPA187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wAdDAAAAYAAJ&q=It+has+come+to+our+attention+that+Portuguese,+Siamese,+and+Cambodians+who+come+to+our+shores+to+trade+are+buying+many+people,+taking+them+captive+to+their+kingdoms,+ripping+Japanese+away+from+their+homeland,+families,+children+and+friends.+This+is+insufferable.+Thus,+would+the+Padre+ensure+that+all+those+Japanese+who+have+up+until+now+been+sold+in+India+and+other+distant+places+be+returned+again+to+Japan.+If+this+is+not+possible,+because+they+are+far+away+in+remote+kingdoms,+then+at+least+have+the+Portuguese+set+free+the+people+whom+they+have+bought+recently.+I+will+provide+the+money+necessary+to+do+this."><i>Monumenta Nipponica</i></a>. Jōchi Daigaku. <a href="/wiki/Sophia_University" title="Sophia University">Sophia University</a>. 2004. p. 465<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monumenta+Nipponica&rft.pages=465&rft.pub=Sophia+University&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwAdDAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DIt%2Bhas%2Bcome%2Bto%2Bour%2Battention%2Bthat%2BPortuguese%2C%2BSiamese%2C%2Band%2BCambodians%2Bwho%2Bcome%2Bto%2Bour%2Bshores%2Bto%2Btrade%2Bare%2Bbuying%2Bmany%2Bpeople%2C%2Btaking%2Bthem%2Bcaptive%2Bto%2Btheir%2Bkingdoms%2C%2Bripping%2BJapanese%2Baway%2Bfrom%2Btheir%2Bhomeland%2C%2Bfamilies%2C%2Bchildren%2Band%2Bfriends.%2BThis%2Bis%2Binsufferable.%2BThus%2C%2Bwould%2Bthe%2BPadre%2Bensure%2Bthat%2Ball%2Bthose%2BJapanese%2Bwho%2Bhave%2Bup%2Buntil%2Bnow%2Bbeen%2Bsold%2Bin%2BIndia%2Band%2Bother%2Bdistant%2Bplaces%2Bbe%2Breturned%2Bagain%2Bto%2BJapan.%2BIf%2Bthis%2Bis%2Bnot%2Bpossible%2C%2Bbecause%2Bthey%2Bare%2Bfar%2Baway%2Bin%2Bremote%2Bkingdoms%2C%2Bthen%2Bat%2Bleast%2Bhave%2Bthe%2BPortuguese%2Bset%2Bfree%2Bthe%2Bpeople%2Bwhom%2Bthey%2Bhave%2Bbought%2Brecently.%2BI%2Bwill%2Bprovide%2Bthe%2Bmoney%2Bnecessary%2Bto%2Bdo%2Bthis.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLedford2015" class="citation web cs1">Ledford, Adam (January 8, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tofugu.com/japan/history-of-christianity/">"Christians in Kyushu: A History"</a>. <i>Tofugu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tofugu&rft.atitle=Christians+in+Kyushu%3A+A+History&rft.date=2015-01-08&rft.aulast=Ledford&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tofugu.com%2Fjapan%2Fhistory-of-christianity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jesuit.org.sg/june-sebastian-vieira-sj">June 6th - Servant of God Sebastian Vieira, SJ</a> at Society of Jesus, Singapore</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fnd-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fnd_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fnd_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fnd_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220315095802/https://factsanddetails.com/japan/cat16/sub107/item504.html">"Japan, Christianity and the West during the Edo period"</a>. <i>Facts and Details</i>. August 26, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://factsanddetails.com/japan/cat16/sub107/item504.html">the original</a> on March 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Facts+and+Details&rft.atitle=Japan%2C+Christianity+and+the+West+during+the+Edo+period&rft.date=2014-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffactsanddetails.com%2Fjapan%2Fcat16%2Fsub107%2Fitem504.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOberg2021" class="citation journal cs1">Oberg, Andrew (2021-08-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fress-2021-0022">"The Sacred Disguised: An Instance of the Double Use of Space by Japan's Hidden Christians"</a>. <i>Review of Ecumenical Studies Sibiu</i>. <b>13</b> (2): 214–238. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fress-2021-0022">10.2478/ress-2021-0022</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238206110">238206110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Ecumenical+Studies+Sibiu&rft.atitle=The+Sacred+Disguised%3A+An+Instance+of+the+Double+Use+of+Space+by+Japan%27s+Hidden+Christians&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=214-238&rft.date=2021-08-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2478%2Fress-2021-0022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A238206110%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Oberg&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2478%252Fress-2021-0022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ryuusenkaku.jp/english/himeji_castle.html">Guide to World Heritage Site Himeiji Castle</a>. Ryuusenkaku.jp. Retrieved on 2011-06-15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://celmoreblog.files.wordpress.com/2016/05/235449575-silence-shusaku-endo-william-johnston.pdf">https://celmoreblog.files.wordpress.com/2016/05/235449575-silence-shusaku-endo-william-johnston.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Byrne2019" class="citation web cs1">O'Byrne, William R. (31 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/cu31924027921372">"A naval biographical dictionary: comprising the life and services of every living officer in Her Majesty's navy, from the rank of admiral of the fleet to that of lieutenant, inclusive"</a>. London, J. Murray – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+naval+biographical+dictionary%3A+comprising+the+life+and+services+of+every+living+officer+in+Her+Majesty%27s+navy%2C+from+the+rank+of+admiral+of+the+fleet+to+that+of+lieutenant%2C+inclusive&rft.pub=London%2C+J.+Murray&rft.date=2019-03-31&rft.aulast=O%27Byrne&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924027921372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Why an American Quaker tutor for the crown prince? An Imperial Household strategy to save Emperor Hirohito in MacArthur’s Japan.” Kaoru Hoshino, Master’s Thesis, U. of Pittsburgh, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://afriendlyletter.com/a-quaker-thumbprint-on-japanese-world-history/">"A Continuing Quaker Thumbprint on Japanese (& World) History - A Friendly Letter"</a>. 16 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Continuing+Quaker+Thumbprint+on+Japanese+%28%26+World%29+History+-+A+Friendly+Letter&rft.date=2015-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fafriendlyletter.com%2Fa-quaker-thumbprint-on-japanese-world-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omf.org/omf/japan/about_japan/country">OMF International – Japan, the Land of Contrasts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203021522/http://www.omf.org/omf/japan/about_japan/country">Archived</a> 2013-12-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Omf.org. Retrieved on 2011-06-15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AboutJapan-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AboutJapan_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shizuko Mishima, About.com guide. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gojapan.about.com/cs/christmasinjapan/a/chrismasinjapan.htm">Christmas in Japan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707075145/http://gojapan.about.com/cs/christmasinjapan/a/chrismasinjapan.htm">Archived</a> 2011-07-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Japan travel section of About.com. Retrieved 2010-01-27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/why-japan-is-obsessed-with-kentucky-fried-chicken-on-christmas-1-161666960/">"Why Japan is Obsessed with Kentucky Fried Chicken on Christmas"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Japan+is+Obsessed+with+Kentucky+Fried+Chicken+on+Christmas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Farts-culture%2Fwhy-japan-is-obsessed-with-kentucky-fried-chicken-on-christmas-1-161666960%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christmas_in_Japan:_Globalization_V-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Christmas_in_Japan:_Globalization_V_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimuraBelk2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kimura, Junko; Belk, Russell (September 2005). "Christmas in Japan: Globalization Versus Localization". <i>Consumption Markets & Culture</i>. <b>8</b> (3): 325–338. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10253860500160361">10.1080/10253860500160361</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144740841">144740841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Consumption+Markets+%26+Culture&rft.atitle=Christmas+in+Japan%3A+Globalization+Versus+Localization&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=325-338&rft.date=2005-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10253860500160361&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144740841%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kimura&rft.aufirst=Junko&rft.au=Belk%2C+Russell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuna_Batingade_Rezende_PintoPimenta_Resende2017" class="citation journal cs1">Luna Batinga, Georgiana; de Rezende Pinto, Marcelo; Pimenta Resende, Sara (October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/947/94756009008.pdf">"Christmas, consumption and materialism: discourse analysis of children's Christmas letters"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Review of Business Management</i>. <b>19</b> (66): 557–573. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7819%2Frbgn.v0i0.3429">10.7819/rbgn.v0i0.3429</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Business+Management&rft.atitle=Christmas%2C+consumption+and+materialism%3A+discourse+analysis+of+children%27s+Christmas+letters&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=66&rft.pages=557-573&rft.date=2017-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7819%2Frbgn.v0i0.3429&rft.aulast=Luna+Batinga&rft.aufirst=Georgiana&rft.au=de+Rezende+Pinto%2C+Marcelo&rft.au=Pimenta+Resende%2C+Sara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.redalyc.org%2Fpdf%2F947%2F94756009008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Statistics of the Catholic Church in Japan</i>. "Catholics in Japan", p. 1. Tokyo: Catholic Bishops' Conference of Japan. Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.cbcj.catholic.jp/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/statistics2021.pdf">https://www.cbcj.catholic.jp/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/statistics2021.pdf</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Statistics of the Catholic Church in Japan</i>. "Clergy", p. 5. Tokyo: Catholic Bishops' Conference of Japan. Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.cbcj.catholic.jp/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/statistics2021.pdf">https://www.cbcj.catholic.jp/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/statistics2021.pdf</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Statistics of the Catholic Church in Japan</i>. "Facilities", p. 2. Tokyo: Catholic Bishops' Conference of Japan. Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.cbcj.catholic.jp/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/statistics2021.pdf">https://www.cbcj.catholic.jp/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/statistics2021.pdf</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/country/sc1.html">"Statistics by Country, by Catholic Population [Catholic-Hierarchy]"</a>. <i>www.catholic-hierarchy.org</i>. 2005-11-20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020609194716/http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org:80/country/sc1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2002-06-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.catholic-hierarchy.org&rft.atitle=Statistics+by+Country%2C+by+Catholic+Population+%5BCatholic-Hierarchy%5D&rft.date=2005-11-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic-hierarchy.org%2Fcountry%2Fsc1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/country/JP.htm">GCatholic.org – Catholic Church in Japan</a>. GCatholic.org. Retrieved on 2011-06-15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWohl1970" class="citation journal cs1">Wohl, Herbert (3 December 1970). "James Curtis Hepburn, M.D., 1815–1911 (Hepburn of Japan)". <i>New England Journal of Medicine</i>. <b>283</b> (23): 1271–1274. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM197012032832307">10.1056/NEJM197012032832307</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4920344">4920344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=James+Curtis+Hepburn%2C+M.D.%2C+1815%E2%80%931911+%28Hepburn+of+Japan%29&rft.volume=283&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=1271-1274&rft.date=1970-12-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJM197012032832307&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4920344&rft.aulast=Wohl&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curiosmos.com/the-unknown-story-of-the-samurai-who-traveled-to-mexico-hundreds-of-years-ago/">"The Unknown Story of the Samurai Who Traveled to Mexico Hundreds of Years Ago"</a>. <i>Curiosmos</i>. 10 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Curiosmos&rft.atitle=The+Unknown+Story+of+the+Samurai+Who+Traveled+to+Mexico+Hundreds+of+Years+Ago&rft.date=2020-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcuriosmos.com%2Fthe-unknown-story-of-the-samurai-who-traveled-to-mexico-hundreds-of-years-ago%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Apostolic Journey to Pakistan, Philippines I, Guam (United States of America II), Japan, Anchorage (United States of America II) (February 16–27, 1981), Vatican Official Site</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orthochristian.com/155382.html">"Metropolitan Daniel of Japan reposes in THE LORD "Daniel, Archbishop of Tokyo and Metropolitan of all Japan"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Metropolitan+Daniel+of+Japan+reposes+in+THE+LORD+%22Daniel%2C+Archbishop+of+Tokyo+and+Metropolitan+of+all+Japan%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forthochristian.com%2F155382.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-snow-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-snow_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Equal-to-the-Apostles St. Nicholas of Japan, Russian Orthodox Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist web-site, Washington D.C.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orthodoxjapan.jp/daishukyou.html">"日本の正教会の歴史と現代 "History of Japanese Orthodox Church and Now"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> (in Japanese). The Orthodox Church in Japan. 2007-02-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-08-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2%E3%81%A8%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3+%22History+of+Japanese+Orthodox+Church+and+Now%22&rft.pub=The+Orthodox+Church+in+Japan&rft.date=2007-02-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orthodoxjapan.jp%2Fdaishukyou.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Orthodox translation of Gospel into Japanese, Pravostok Orthodox Portal, October 2006</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?REGION=0&u=117c&u=93c&u=23r">"National Profiles | World Religion"</a>. <i>thearda.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thearda.com&rft.atitle=National+Profiles+%7C+World+Religion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthearda.com%2Fworld-religion%2Fnational-profiles%3FREGION%3D0%26u%3D117c%26u%3D93c%26u%3D23r&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uccj.org/faq">"よくある質問 "FAQ"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> (in Japanese).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E3%82%88%E3%81%8F%E3%81%82%E3%82%8B%E8%B3%AA%E5%95%8F+%22FAQ%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuccj.org%2Ffaq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bdcconline.net-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bdcconline.net_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bdcconline.net_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bdcconline.net/en/stories/h/hepburn-james-curtis.php">James Curtis Hepburn: H: By Person: Stories: Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Christianity</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161025190058/http://www.bdcconline.net/en/stories/h/hepburn-james-curtis.php">Archived</a> 2016-10-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Bdcconline.net (1906-03-04). Retrieved on 2011-06-15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHepburn1886" class="citation book cs1">Hepburn, James Curtis (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140917124652/http://www.halcat.com/roomazi/doc/hep3.html"><i>A Japanese–English and English–Japanese Dictionary</i></a> (3rd ed.). Tokyo: Z. P. Maruya. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.halcat.com/roomazi/doc/hep3.html">the original</a> on 2014-09-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Japanese%E2%80%93English+and+English%E2%80%93Japanese+Dictionary&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Z.+P.+Maruya&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Hepburn&rft.aufirst=James+Curtis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.halcat.com%2Froomazi%2Fdoc%2Fhep3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1905/03/15/101411015.pdf">"Japanese Order for Missionary"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>New York Times</i>. March 15, 1905. p. 13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Japanese+Order+for+Missionary&rft.pages=13&rft.date=1905-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1905%2F03%2F15%2F101411015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bible.or.jp/e/brief_history.html">JBS Brief History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809235312/http://www.bible.or.jp/e/brief_history.html">Archived</a> 2017-08-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Bible.or.jp. Retrieved on 2011-06-15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jw.org/en/library/books/2020-service-year-report/2020-country-territory/">"Jehovah's Witnesses—2020 Country and Territory Reports"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jehovah%27s+Witnesses%E2%80%942020+Country+and+Territory+Reports&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jw.org%2Fen%2Flibrary%2Fbooks%2F2020-service-year-report%2F2020-country-territory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tomiji Hironaka. "I Was Determined to Die for the Emperor". — <a href="/wiki/Awake!" title="Awake!">Awake!</a> 1992, Feb. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Country-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Country_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Country_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="citation news cs1">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thechurchnews.com/archive/2010-01-29/country-information-japan-34936">"Country information: Japan"</a>. <i>The Church News</i>. Salt Lake City, Utah: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 6,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Church+News&rft.atitle=Country+information%3A+Japan&rft.au=The+Church+of+Jesus+Christ+of+Latter-day+Saints&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thechurchnews.com%2Farchive%2F2010-01-29%2Fcountry-information-japan-34936&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stats-2016-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stats-2016_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/country/japan">"Facts and Statistics: Japan"</a>. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 12,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Facts+and+Statistics%3A+Japan&rft.pub=The+Church+of+Jesus+Christ+of+Latter-day+Saints&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Ffacts-and-statistics%2Fcountry%2Fjapan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grant-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grant_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeber_J._Grant2002" class="citation book cs1">Heber J. Grant (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/teachings-heber-j-grant/the-life-and-ministry-of-heber-j-grant?lang=eng">"The Life and Ministry of Heber J. Grant"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Teachings_of_Presidents_of_the_Church:_Heber_J._Grant" class="mw-redirect" title="Teachings of Presidents of the Church: Heber J. Grant"><i>Teachings of Presidents of the Church: Heber J. Grant</i></a>. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Life+and+Ministry+of+Heber+J.+Grant&rft.btitle=Teachings+of+Presidents+of+the+Church%3A+Heber+J.+Grant&rft.pub=The+Church+of+Jesus+Christ+of+Latter-day+Saints&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Heber+J.+Grant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fmanual%2Fteachings-heber-j-grant%2Fthe-life-and-ministry-of-heber-j-grant%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span> LDS Church <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/item/manual/teachings-heber-j-grant">publication number 35970</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor" class="citation news cs1">Taylor, Scott. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110318052422/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700118775/LDS-Church-in-Japan-Moving-missionaries-making-donations.html">"LDS Church in Japan: Moving missionaries, making donations"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deseret_News" title="Deseret News">Deseret News</a></i>. Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret News Publishing Company. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700118775/LDS-Church-in-Japan-Moving-missionaries-making-donations.html">the original</a> on March 18, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 6,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deseret+News&rft.atitle=LDS+Church+in+Japan%3A+Moving+missionaries%2C+making+donations&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deseretnews.com%2Farticle%2F700118775%2FLDS-Church-in-Japan-Moving-missionaries-making-donations.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sotheby's_2019-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sotheby's_2019_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sothebys.com/en/articles/a-16th-century-shrine-for-japans-early-christians">"A 16th Century Shrine for Japan's Early Christians"</a>. <i>Sotheby's</i>. March 7, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sotheby%27s&rft.atitle=A+16th+Century+Shrine+for+Japan%27s+Early+Christians&rft.date=2019-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sothebys.com%2Fen%2Farticles%2Fa-16th-century-shrine-for-japans-early-christians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JT_2018-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JT_2018_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/12/03/business/rare-christian-painting-goes-display-yokohama-offering-window-era-persecution-japan/">"Rare Christian painting from late 16th century on display in Yokohama"</a>. <i>The Japan Times</i>. December 3, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Rare+Christian+painting+from+late+16th+century+on+display+in+Yokohama&rft.date=2018-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fnews%2F2018%2F12%2F03%2Fbusiness%2Frare-christian-painting-goes-display-yokohama-offering-window-era-persecution-japan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NHK_WORLD_2018-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NHK_WORLD_2018_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181119095103/https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20181119_08/">"Centuries-old Christian painting found in Japan"</a>. <i>NHK WORLD</i>. November 19, 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20181119_08/">the original</a> on November 19, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NHK+WORLD&rft.atitle=Centuries-old+Christian+painting+found+in+Japan&rft.date=2018-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww3.nhk.or.jp%2Fnhkworld%2Fen%2Fnews%2F20181119_08%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blessed_Justo_Takayama_Ukon_2018-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blessed_Justo_Takayama_Ukon_2018_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://takayamaukon.com/2018/11/29/centuries-old-christian-painting-found-in-japan/">"Centuries-Old Christian Painting Found in Japan"</a>. <i>Blessed Justo Takayama Ukon</i>. November 28, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Blessed+Justo+Takayama+Ukon&rft.atitle=Centuries-Old+Christian+Painting+Found+in+Japan&rft.date=2018-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftakayamaukon.com%2F2018%2F11%2F29%2Fcenturies-old-christian-painting-found-in-japan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Td0Mw5hccs8"><i>The hidden religion banned in Japan for 200 years - BBC REEL</i></a> (Video). UK: British Broadcasting Company. November 29, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+hidden+religion+banned+in+Japan+for+200+years+-+BBC+REEL&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=British+Broadcasting+Company&rft.date=2021-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DTd0Mw5hccs8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPR_2015-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NPR_2015_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2015/10/11/446865818/driven-underground-years-ago-japans-hidden-christians-maintain-faith">"Driven Underground Years Ago, Japan's 'Hidden Christians' Maintain Faith"</a>. <i>NPR</i>. October 11, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Driven+Underground+Years+Ago%2C+Japan%27s+%27Hidden+Christians%27+Maintain+Faith&rft.date=2015-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fparallels%2F2015%2F10%2F11%2F446865818%2Fdriven-underground-years-ago-japans-hidden-christians-maintain-faith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Villacin_2022-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Villacin_2022_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillacin2022" class="citation web cs1">Villacin, Paige (July 5, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbr.com/superbook-anime-japanese-american-studio-collaboration/">"How a Christian Anime Became One of the Most Successful Collaborations With an American Company"</a>. <i>CBR</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBR&rft.atitle=How+a+Christian+Anime+Became+One+of+the+Most+Successful+Collaborations+With+an+American+Company&rft.date=2022-07-05&rft.aulast=Villacin&rft.aufirst=Paige&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbr.com%2Fsuperbook-anime-japanese-american-studio-collaboration%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beneath_the_Tangles_2016-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beneath_the_Tangles_2016_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://beneaththetangles.com/2016/03/11/between-the-panels-salvation-according-to-trigun/">"Between the Panels: Salvation According to Trigun"</a>. <i>Beneath the Tangles</i>. March 11, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Beneath+the+Tangles&rft.atitle=Between+the+Panels%3A+Salvation+According+to+Trigun&rft.date=2016-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbeneaththetangles.com%2F2016%2F03%2F11%2Fbetween-the-panels-salvation-according-to-trigun%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lpZciI9-9i0"><i>Jesus x Buddha: The Bromantic Anime</i></a> (Video). Canada: Accented Cinema. December 24, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jesus+x+Buddha%3A+The+Bromantic+Anime&rft.place=Canada&rft.pub=Accented+Cinema&rft.date=2020-12-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DlpZciI9-9i0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MtW_2023-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MtW_2023_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHome_-_Mission_to_the_World2023" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mtw.org/stories/details/how-black-gospel-music-changed-the-heart-of-one-japanese-man">"How Black Gospel Music Is Changing Hearts in Japan"</a>. <i>Mission to the World</i>. March 7, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mission+to+the+World&rft.atitle=How+Black+Gospel+Music+Is+Changing+Hearts+in+Japan&rft.date=2023-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtw.org%2Fstories%2Fdetails%2Fhow-black-gospel-music-changed-the-heart-of-one-japanese-man&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hillsong_2020-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hillsong_2020_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hillsong.com/ja/blog/2020/07/nation-builders-asia-update/">"Nation Builders: Asia Update"</a>. <i>Hillsong</i>. July 27, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hillsong&rft.atitle=Nation+Builders%3A+Asia+Update&rft.date=2020-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhillsong.com%2Fja%2Fblog%2F2020%2F07%2Fnation-builders-asia-update%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Imari_Tones_2019-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Imari_Tones_2019_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imaritones.net/2019/09/02/live-movie-from-sunza/">"The First Christian Heavy Metal from Japan"</a>. <i>Imari Tones</i>. September 2, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Imari+Tones&rft.atitle=The+First+Christian+Heavy+Metal+from+Japan&rft.date=2019-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimaritones.net%2F2019%2F09%2F02%2Flive-movie-from-sunza%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nikkei_Asia_2019-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nikkei_Asia_2019_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Companies/Jeans-music-and-drastic-cuts-How-Kaz-Hirai-remade-Sony">"Jeans, music and drastic cuts: How Kaz Hirai remade Sony - Nikkei Asia"</a>. <i>Nikkei Asia</i>. June 19, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nikkei+Asia&rft.atitle=Jeans%2C+music+and+drastic+cuts%3A+How+Kaz+Hirai+remade+Sony+-+Nikkei+Asia&rft.date=2019-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasia.nikkei.com%2FBusiness%2FCompanies%2FJeans-music-and-drastic-cuts-How-Kaz-Hirai-remade-Sony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Los_Angeles_Times_2020-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Los_Angeles_Times_2020_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2020-11-12/seeking-christian-viewers-sony-acquires-faith-based-streaming-service">"Seeking Christian viewers, Sony acquires 'God's Not Dead' producers' streaming service"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. November 12, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Seeking+Christian+viewers%2C+Sony+acquires+%27God%27s+Not+Dead%27+producers%27+streaming+service&rft.date=2020-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fentertainment-arts%2Fbusiness%2Fstory%2F2020-11-12%2Fseeking-christian-viewers-sony-acquires-faith-based-streaming-service&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgeographic.com/pearlharbor/ngbeyond/people/people9.html">Capt. Mitsuo Fuchida (1902–1976) at</a>. Nationalgeographic.com (1941-12-07). Retrieved on 2011-06-15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wright, Mike. <i>What They Didn't Teach You About World War II</i>. Presidio Press, 1998. ISBN 0-89141-649-8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fuchida, Capt. Mitsuo. "I Led the Attack on Pearl Harbor". <i><a href="/wiki/Reader%27s_Digest" title="Reader's Digest">Reader's Digest</a></i> February 1954; Vol. 64, No. 382.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldstein, Dillon and Prange 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/sugihara/timeline/text.html">Sugihara: Conspiracy of Kindness . Interactive Timeline (text-only)</a>. PBS. Retrieved on 2011-06-15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pravmir.com/article_282.html">A Hidden Life: A Short Introduction to Chiune Sugihara</a>. Pravmir.com. Retrieved on 2011-06-15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jewishvirtuallibrary.org-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jewishvirtuallibrary.org_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewishvirtuallibrary.org_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/sugihara.html">Chiune and Yukiko Sugihara</a>. Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved on 2011-06-15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ushmm.org-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ushmm.org_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ushmm.org_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005594">Chiune (Sempo) Sugihara</a>. Ushmm.org (2011-01-06). Retrieved on 2011-06-15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tg-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tg_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCurry2024" class="citation news cs1">McCurry, Justin (27 September 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/sep/27/who-is-new-japan-prime-minister-shigeru-ishiba">"Who is Japan's new prime minister, Shigeru Ishiba?"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240928150303/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/sep/27/who-is-new-japan-prime-minister-shigeru-ishiba">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Who+is+Japan%27s+new+prime+minister%2C+Shigeru+Ishiba%3F&rft.date=2024-09-27&rft.aulast=McCurry&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2024%2Fsep%2F27%2Fwho-is-new-japan-prime-minister-shigeru-ishiba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Japan&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Christianity_in_Japan" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Christianity in Japan">Christianity in Japan</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Christian_sites_in_Japan#Q427945" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Christian sites in Japan">Christian sites in Japan</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Japan"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Japan">"Japan" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Japan&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity_in_Japan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_in_Japan" title="Template:Christianity in Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_in_Japan" title="Template talk:Christianity in Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_in_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity in Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity_in_Japan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Main article</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Eastern_Orthodoxy" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_Japan" title="Orthodox Church in Japan">Orthodox Church in Japan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Ordinariate_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Southern_Cross" title="Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of the Southern Cross">Anglican Catholic Ordinariate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Japan" title="Catholic Church in Japan">Roman Catholic Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Japan" title="Protestantism in Japan">(Main Article)</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">United</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ_in_Japan" title="United Church of Christ in Japan">United Church of Christ in Japan</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n0_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n0-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Evangelical_Lutheran_Church" title="Japan Evangelical Lutheran Church">Japan Evangelical Lutheran Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Lutheran_Church" title="Japan Lutheran Church">Japan Lutheran Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinki_Evangelical_Lutheran_Church" title="Kinki Evangelical Lutheran Church">Kinki Evangelical Lutheran Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_in_Japan" title="Church of Christ in Japan">Church of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Reformed_Church_in_Japan" title="Evangelical Reformed Church in Japan">Evangelical Reformed Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Christian_Church_in_Japan" title="Korean Christian Church in Japan">Korean Christian Church in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Japan" title="Presbyterian Church in Japan">Presbyterian Church in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_Japan" title="Reformed Church in Japan">Reformed Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Presbyterian_Church_in_Japan" title="Reformed Presbyterian Church in Japan">Reformed Presbyterian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Biblical_Church" title="The Biblical Church">The Biblical Church</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n0_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n0-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_in_Japan" title="Anglican Church in Japan">Anglican Episcopal Church in Japan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Radical_Pietism" title="Radical Pietism">Radical Pietism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Free_Church_of_Japan" title="Evangelical Free Church of Japan">Evangelical Free Church of Japan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Baptist_Association" title="Japan Baptist Association">Japan Baptist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Baptist_Convention" title="Japan Baptist Convention">Japan Baptist Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Methodist_Church" title="Free Methodist Church">Japanese Free Methodist Church</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n0_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n0-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_General_Mission" title="Immanuel General Mission">Immanuel General Mission</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n0_85-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n0-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvation Army">Salvation Army</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n0_85-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n0-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n0_85-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n0-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Assemblies_of_God" title="Japan Assemblies of God">Assemblies of God</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n0_85-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n0-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifehouse_International_Church" title="Lifehouse International Church">Lifehouse International Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Free_Church_of_Japan" title="Evangelical Free Church of Japan">Evangelical Free Church of Japan</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n0_85-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n0-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>International Christian Fellowship</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Japan" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Japan">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Japan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_independent_Churches" title="Japanese independent Churches">Japanese Churches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Ecclesia_of_Jesus" title="Holy Ecclesia of Jesus">Holy Ecclesia of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Ecclesia_of_Christ" title="Japan Ecclesia of Christ">Japan Ecclesia of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-church_movement" title="Non-church movement">Non-church movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Christian_Gospel" title="Okinawa Christian Gospel">Okinawa Christian Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zion_Christian_Church_(Japan)" title="Zion Christian Church (Japan)">Zion Christian Church</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n0_85-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n0-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interdenominational<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Christian_Council_in_Japan" title="National Christian Council in Japan">National Christian Council in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Evangelical_Association" title="Japan Evangelical Association">Japan Evangelical Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-note_n0-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-note_n0_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_n0_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_n0_85-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_n0_85-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_n0_85-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_n0_85-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_n0_85-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_n0_85-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_n0_85-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Evangelical_Association" title="Japan Evangelical Association">Japan Evangelical Association</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="reflist"> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Asia" title="Christianity in Asia">Christianity in Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Afghanistan" title="Christianity in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Azerbaijan" title="Christianity in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bahrain" title="Christianity in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bangladesh" title="Christianity in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bhutan" title="Christianity in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Brunei" title="Christianity in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_China" title="Christianity in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Cyprus" title="Christianity in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Egypt" title="Christianity in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Christianity in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_India" title="Christianity in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Indonesia" title="Christianity in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iran" title="Christianity in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq" title="Christianity in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Israel" title="Christianity in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Jordan" title="Christianity in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kazakhstan" title="Christianity in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kuwait" title="Christianity in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Christianity in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Laos" title="Christianity in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Lebanon" title="Christianity in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Malaysia" title="Christianity in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Maldives" title="Christianity in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Mongolia" title="Christianity in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Myanmar" title="Christianity in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nepal" title="Christianity in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Oman" title="Christianity in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Pakistan" title="Christianity in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Philippines" title="Christianity in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Qatar" title="Christianity in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Russia" title="Christianity in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Christianity in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Singapore" title="Christianity in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Christianity in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Syria" title="Christianity in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Tajikistan" title="Christianity in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Thailand" title="Christianity in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Turkey" title="Christianity in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Turkmenistan" title="Christianity in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Christianity in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Uzbekistan" title="Christianity in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Vietnam" title="Christianity in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Yemen" title="Christianity in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Abkhazia" title="Christianity in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Taiwan" title="Christianity in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Hong_Kong" title="Christianity in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Japan&oldid=1258872080">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Japan&oldid=1258872080</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity_in_Japan" title="Category:Christianity in Japan">Christianity in Japan</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations" title="Category:All articles with bare URLs for citations">All articles with bare URLs for citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations_from_August_2024" title="Category:Articles with bare URLs for citations from August 2024">Articles with bare URLs for citations from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_PDF_format_bare_URLs_for_citations" title="Category:Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations">Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Japanese-language_sources_(ja)" title="Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)">CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1913_Catholic_Encyclopedia_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference">Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">CS1 maint: others</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations_from_March_2022" title="Category:Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022">Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_translation_from_Japanese_Wikipedia" title="Category:Articles needing translation from Japanese Wikipedia">Articles needing translation from Japanese Wikipedia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text">Articles containing Japanese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2010" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2010">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_cleanup_from_August_2024" title="Category:Articles needing cleanup from August 2024">Articles needing cleanup from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify_from_August_2024" title="Category:Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from August 2024">Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify" title="Category:All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify">All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 November 2024, at 02:31<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Japan&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7c4dcdbb87-925x4","wgBackendResponseTime":144,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.620","walltime":"1.945","ppvisitednodes":{"value":21840,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":303856,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":20527,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":38,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":266118,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1596.249 1 -total"," 32.06% 511.785 3 Template:Reflist"," 19.36% 309.047 2 Template:Navbox"," 10.78% 171.999 1 Template:Asia_in_topic"," 9.99% 159.413 19 Template:Nihongo"," 9.79% 156.342 2 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 9.24% 147.570 1 Template:Christianity_in_Japan"," 8.96% 143.056 10 Template:Cite_book"," 8.42% 134.478 28 Template:Cite_web"," 8.36% 133.409 56 Template:Iso2country"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.835","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18621946,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-5df79d45d6-kv976","timestamp":"20241203070744","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Christianity in Japan","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christianity_in_Japan","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q427945","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q427945","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-03-07T05:54:53Z","dateModified":"2024-11-22T02:31:04Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/76\/Sunday_evening_Bible_study%2C_Japan.jpg","headline":"overview of the role of Christianity in Japan"}</script> </body> </html>