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vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reign</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reign subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Accession_and_coronation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accession_and_coronation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Accession and coronation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accession_and_coronation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Early reign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_reforms_and_crises" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_reforms_and_crises"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Political reforms and crises</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_reforms_and_crises-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perils_and_dissent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perils_and_dissent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Perils and dissent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perils_and_dissent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turbulent_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turbulent_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Turbulent years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turbulent_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dawn_of_the_new_millennium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dawn_of_the_new_millennium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Dawn of the new millennium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dawn_of_the_new_millennium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diamond_Jubilee_and_milestones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diamond_Jubilee_and_milestones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Diamond Jubilee and milestones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diamond_Jubilee_and_milestones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pandemic_and_widowhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pandemic_and_widowhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Pandemic and widowhood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pandemic_and_widowhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Platinum_Jubilee_and_beyond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Platinum_Jubilee_and_beyond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Platinum Jubilee and beyond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Platinum_Jubilee_and_beyond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beliefs,_activities,_and_interests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beliefs,_activities,_and_interests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Beliefs, activities, and interests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beliefs,_activities,_and_interests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_depiction_and_public_opinion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_depiction_and_public_opinion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Media depiction and public opinion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_depiction_and_public_opinion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titles,_styles,_honours,_and_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles,_styles,_honours,_and_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Titles, styles, honours, and arms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Titles,_styles,_honours,_and_arms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Titles, styles, honours, and arms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Titles,_styles,_honours,_and_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Titles_and_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles_and_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Titles and styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titles_and_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Issue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Elizabeth II</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 203 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-203" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">203 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Elizabeth II" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II_van_die_Verenigde_Koninkryk" title="Elizabeth II van die Verenigde Koninkryk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Elizabeth II van die Verenigde Koninkryk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_II." title="Elisabeth II. – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Elisabeth II." data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%A5%E1%89%B5_%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%8D%E1%88%A3%E1%89%A4%E1%8C%A5_%E1%8B%B3%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%9B%E1%8B%8A%E1%89%B5" title="ንግሥት ኤልሣቤጥ ዳግማዊት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ንግሥት ኤልሣቤጥ ዳግማዊት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Elizabeth II" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabe%C3%BE_II" title="Elisabeþ II – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Elisabeþ II" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="إليزابيث الثانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إليزابيث الثانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_II_d%27o_Reino_Uniu" title="Isabel II d'o Reino Uniu – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Isabel II d'o Reino Uniu" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%A0%DC%9D%DC%99%DC%92%DC%AC_%DC%AC%DC%AA%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܐܠܝܙܒܬ ܬܪܝܢܝܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܠܝܙܒܬ ܬܪܝܢܝܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A7%D5%A9_%D4%B2." title="Էլիզապէթ Բ. – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Էլիզապէթ Բ." data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88lisab%C3%A8t_II" title="Èlisabèt II – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Èlisabèt II" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabela_II_del_Reinu_Xun%C3%ADu" title="Sabela II del Reinu Xuníu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sabela II del Reinu Xuníu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_II_Tavet%C3%A3_Joaju_pegua" title="Isabel II Tavetã Joaju pegua – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Isabel II Tavetã Joaju pegua" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82_II" title="Элизабет II – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Элизабет II" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_Elizabet" title="II Elizabet – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="II Elizabet" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA" title="ایکینجی الیزابت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایکینجی الیزابت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Elizabeth II" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A5" title="দ্বিতীয় এলিজাবেথ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দ্বিতীয় এলিজাবেথ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II_matan_Britania_Raya" title="Elizabeth II matan Britania Raya – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Elizabeth II matan Britania Raya" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_2-s%C3%A8" title="Elizabeth 2-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Elizabeth 2-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_II" title="Елизавета II – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Елизавета II" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_II" title="Лізавета II – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лізавета II" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_II" title="Лізавета II – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лізавета II" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A5_II" title="एलिजाबेथ II – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="एलिजाबेथ II" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_II" title="Isabel II – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Isabel II" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabet_II" title="Elisabet II – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Elisabet II" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82_II" title="Елизабет II – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Елизабет II" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeta_II" title="Elizabeta II – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Elizabeta II" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elesbed_II" title="Elesbed II – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Elesbed II" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="II Елизавета – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="II Елизавета" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabet_II_del_Regne_Unit" title="Elisabet II del Regne Unit – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Elisabet II del Regne Unit" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_II" title="Елизавета II – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Елизавета II" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II_sa_Hiniusang_Gingharian" title="Elizabeth II sa Hiniusang Gingharian – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Elizabeth II sa Hiniusang Gingharian" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C5%BEb%C4%9Bta_II." title="Alžběta II. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alžběta II." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reina_Elizabeth,_el_aca-segundo" title="Reina Elizabeth, el aca-segundo – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Reina Elizabeth, el aca-segundo" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Elizabeth II" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Elizabeth II" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabetta_II" title="Elisabetta II – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Elisabetta II" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_II,_brenhines_y_Deyrnas_Unedig" title="Elisabeth II, brenhines y Deyrnas Unedig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Elisabeth II, brenhines y Deyrnas Unedig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Elizabeth II" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_2._af_Storbritannien" title="Elizabeth 2. af Storbritannien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Elizabeth 2. af Storbritannien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="إيليزابيط التانية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="إيليزابيط التانية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Elizabeth II" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_II." title="Elisabeth II. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elisabeth II." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%AC%DE%8D%DE%A8%DE%92%DE%A6%DE%84%DE%A6%DE%8C%DE%AA_%DE%8B%DE%AC%DE%88%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%A6" title="އެލިޒަބަތު ދެވަނަ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އެލިޒަބަތު ދެވަނަ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kw%C4%AF%CC%81%C4%AF%CC%81n_Elizabeth_II" title="Kwį́į́n Elizabeth II – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Kwį́į́n Elizabeth II" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elizabeth II" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%B5%CF%84_%CE%92%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%97%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Ελισάβετ Β΄ του Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ελισάβετ Β΄ του Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_II_del_Reino_Unido" title="Isabel II del Reino Unido – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Isabel II del Reino Unido" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeto_la_2-a_(Britio)" title="Elizabeto la 2-a (Britio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elizabeto la 2-a (Britio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabel_II_del_Reinu_Un%C3%ADu" title="Sabel II del Reinu Uníu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Sabel II del Reinu Uníu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II.a_Erresuma_Batukoa" title="Elizabeth II.a Erresuma Batukoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Elizabeth II.a Erresuma Batukoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="الیزابت دوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الیزابت دوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_II_drotning" title="Elisabeth II drotning – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Elisabeth II drotning" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_II" title="Élisabeth II – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Élisabeth II" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II_fan_it_Feriene_Keninkryk" title="Elizabeth II fan it Feriene Keninkryk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Elizabeth II fan it Feriene Keninkryk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabete_II_dal_Ream_Un%C3%AEt" title="Elisabete II dal Ream Unît – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Elisabete II dal Ream Unît" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eil%C3%ADs_II_na_R%C3%ADochta_Aontaithe" title="Eilís II na Ríochta Aontaithe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eilís II na Ríochta Aontaithe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ealisaid_II" title="Ealisaid II – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ealisaid II" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A0nrigh_Ealasaid_II" title="Bànrigh Ealasaid II – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bànrigh Ealasaid II" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_II_do_Reino_Unido" title="Isabel II do Reino Unido – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Isabel II do Reino Unido" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II" title="Queen Elizabeth II – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Queen Elizabeth II" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_2-s%E1%B9%B3" title="Elizabeth 2-sṳ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Elizabeth 2-sṳ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%98%EB%A6%AC%EC%9E%90%EB%B2%A0%EC%8A%A4_2%EC%84%B8" title="엘리자베스 2세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="엘리자베스 2세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Elizabeth II" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elikapeka_II" title="Elikapeka II – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Elikapeka II" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%B2%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%A9_II" title="Եղիսաբեթ II – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եղիսաբեթ II" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF" title="एलिज़ाबेथ द्वितीय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एलिज़ाबेथ द्वितीय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hil%C5%BEbjeta_II." title="Hilžbjeta II. – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Hilžbjeta II." data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeta_II." title="Elizabeta II. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Elizabeta II." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_la_2ma_dil_Unionita_Rejio" title="Elizabeth la 2ma dil Unionita Rejio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Elizabeth la 2ma dil Unionita Rejio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Elizabeth II" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_II" title="Isabel II – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Isabel II" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II_dari_Britania_Raya" title="Elizabeth II dari Britania Raya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Elizabeth II dari Britania Raya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_II_del_Regno_Unite" title="Elisabeth II del Regno Unite – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Elisabeth II del Regno Unite" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_II" title="Elisabeth II – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Elisabeth II" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%C3%A6_II" title="Елизаветæ II – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Елизаветæ II" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Elizabeth II" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%ADsabet_2._Bretadrottning" title="Elísabet 2. Bretadrottning – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Elísabet 2. Bretadrottning" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabetta_II_del_Regno_Unito" title="Elisabetta II del Regno Unito – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elisabetta II del Regno Unito" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%97%D7%93%D7%AA" title="אליזבת השנייה, מלכת הממלכה המאוחדת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אליזבת השנייה, מלכת הממלכה המאוחדת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II_saking_Britani_Agung" title="Elizabeth II saking Britani Agung – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Elizabeth II saking Britani Agung" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_2" title="Elizabeth 2 – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Elizabeth 2" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%87_%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A5%E0%B3%8D" title="ಎರಡನೇ ಎಲಿಜಬೆಥ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಎರಡನೇ ಎಲಿಜಬೆಥ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%93_II" title="ელისაბედ II – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ელისაბედ II" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%AA%DA%BE_%D8%AF%DB%84%DB%8C%D9%9A%D9%85" title="الزبتھ دۄیٚم – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="الزبتھ دۄیٚم" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82" title="II Елизабет – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="II Елизабет" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_II" title="Elisabeth II – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Elisabeth II" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II_wa_Uingereza" title="Elizabeth II wa Uingereza – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Elizabeth II wa Uingereza" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Elizabeth II" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Elizabeth II" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_II" title="Елизавета II – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Елизавета II" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II_(regina_Britanniarum)" title="Elizabeth II (regina Britanniarum) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Elizabeth II (regina Britanniarum)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabete_II_Vindzora" title="Elizabete II Vindzora – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Elizabete II Vindzora" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II." title="Elizabeth II. – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Elizabeth II." data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C5%BEbieta_II" title="Elžbieta II – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Elžbieta II" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Elizabeth II" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_2" title="Elizabeth 2 – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Elizabeth 2" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisabetta_II_del_Regn_Unii" title="Lisabetta II del Regn Unii – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lisabetta II del Regn Unii" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Erzs%C3%A9bet_brit_kir%C3%A1lyn%C5%91" title="II. Erzsébet brit királynő – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="II. Erzsébet brit királynő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF" title="एलिजाबेथ द्वितीय – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="एलिजाबेथ द्वितीय" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_II" title="Елизабета II – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Елизабета II" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Elizabeth II" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D_II" title="എലിസബത്ത് II – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എലിസബത്ത് II" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli%C5%BCabetta_II" title="Eliżabetta II – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Eliżabetta II" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irih%C4%81peti_te_Tuarua" title="Irihāpeti te Tuarua – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Irihāpeti te Tuarua" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A5" title="दुसरी एलिझाबेथ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दुसरी एलिझाबेथ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%93_II" title="ელისაბედ II – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ელისაბედ II" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="اليزابيث التانيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اليزابيث التانيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B3%E1%80%9E%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%92%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9A" title="ဨလဳသဗေသ် ဒုတိယ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ဨလဳသဗေသ် ဒုတိယ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Elizabeth II" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%8A_%EA%AF%B2" title="ꯑꯦꯂꯤꯖꯥꯕꯦꯊ ꯲ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯦꯂꯤꯖꯥꯕꯦꯊ ꯲" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_2-si%C3%A9" title="Elizabeth 2-sié – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Elizabeth 2-sié" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82" title="II Элизабет – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="II Элизабет" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9A_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%87%E1%80%98%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="ဒုတိယ အယ်လီဇဘက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒုတိယ အယ်လီဇဘက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II_van_het_Verenigd_Koninkrijk" title="Elizabeth II van het Verenigd Koninkrijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elizabeth II van het Verenigd Koninkrijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF" title="एलिजाबेथ द्वितीय – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="एलिजाबेथ द्वितीय" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9" title="संयुक्त अधिराज्ययाम्ह एलिजाबेथ निम्ह – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="संयुक्त अधिराज्ययाम्ह एलिजाबेथ निम्ह" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B6%E3%83%99%E3%82%B92%E4%B8%96" title="エリザベス2世 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エリザベス2世" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabetta_II_d%27%27o_Regno_Aunito" title="Elisabetta II d''o Regno Aunito – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Elisabetta II d''o Regno Aunito" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="II Елизавета – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="II Елизавета" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_II." title="Elisabeth II. – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Elisabeth II." data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II_av_Storbritannia" title="Elizabeth II av Storbritannia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elizabeth II av Storbritannia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II_av_Storbritannia" title="Elizabeth II av Storbritannia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Elizabeth II av Storbritannia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AEzab%C3%A9_II_du_Rouoyaume_Unni" title="Lîzabé II du Rouoyaume Unni – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Lîzabé II du Rouoyaume Unni" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_II" title="Elisabeth II – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Elisabeth II" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisab%C3%A8t_II_del_Reialme_Unit" title="Elisabèt II del Reialme Unit – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Elisabèt II del Reialme Unit" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Elizabeth II" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A5_II" title="ਐਲਿਜ਼ਾਬੈਥ II – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਲਿਜ਼ਾਬੈਥ II" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Elizabeth II" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%AA%DA%BE_II" title="الزبتھ II – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الزبتھ II" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9A_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9E%E1%80%98%E1%80%B2%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="ဒုတိယ အဲလီသဘဲတ် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဒုတိယ အဲလီသဘဲတ်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Elizabeth II" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%87%D9%85%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA" title="دوهمه ملکه الیزابت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="دوهمه ملکه الیزابت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%90%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%8A%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B8_%E1%9F%A2_%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%83%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A" title="សម្តេចព្រះរាជិនីនាថអេលីហ្សាប៊ែតទី ២ នៃសហរាជាណាចក្រ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សម្តេចព្រះរាជិនីនាថអេលីហ្សាប៊ែតទី ២ នៃសហរាជាណាចក្រ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Queen_Elizabeth_II" title="HM Queen Elizabeth II – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="HM Queen Elizabeth II" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeta_II_d%C3%ABl_Regn_Un%C3%AC" title="Elisabeta II dël Regn Unì – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Elisabeta II dël Regn Unì" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabet_II" title="Elisabet II – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Elisabet II" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_II._(Windsor)" title="Elisabeth II. (Windsor) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Elisabeth II. (Windsor)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C5%BCbieta_II" title="Elżbieta II – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Elżbieta II" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_II_do_Reino_Unido" title="Isabel II do Reino Unido – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Isabel II do Reino Unido" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizaveta_II" title="Elizaveta II – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Elizaveta II" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_Elizabet" title="II Elizabet – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="II Elizabet" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeta_a_II-a" title="Elisabeta a II-a – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Elisabeta a II-a" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_II" title="Elisabeth II – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Elisabeth II" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_II" title="Елизавета II – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Елизавета II" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Elizabeth II" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masiofo_Elisapeta_II" title="Masiofo Elisapeta II – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Masiofo Elisapeta II" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A5%A8" title="एलिज़बेथ २ – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="एलिज़बेथ २" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Elizabeth II" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Elizabeth II" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Elizabeth II" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeta_II" title="Elizabeta II – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Elizabeta II" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabetta_II_d%C3%BB_Regnu_Unitu" title="Elisabetta II dû Regnu Unitu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Elisabetta II dû Regnu Unitu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AB" title="දෙවන එලිසබෙත් රැජිණ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දෙවන එලිසබෙත් රැජිණ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Elizabeth II" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A8%D9%BF_%D9%BB%D9%8A%D9%86_(%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="ايلزبٿ ٻين (برطانيا) – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ايلزبٿ ٻين (برطانيا)" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indlovukazi_Elizabeth_II" title="Indlovukazi Elizabeth II – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Indlovukazi Elizabeth II" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C5%BEbeta_II." title="Alžbeta II. – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alžbeta II." data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeta_II._Britanska" title="Elizabeta II. Britanska – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Elizabeta II. Britanska" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Elizabeth II" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Elizabeth II" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8E%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%DB%95%D9%85" title="ئێلیزابێتی دووەم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێلیزابێتی دووەم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_II" title="Елизабета II – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Елизабета II" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeta_II" title="Elizabeta II – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Elizabeta II" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabet_II" title="Elisabet II – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Elisabet II" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II_av_Storbritannien" title="Elizabeth II av Storbritannien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Elizabeth II av Storbritannien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Elizabeth II" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D" title="ஐக்கிய இராச்சியத்தின் இரண்டாம் எலிசபெத் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐக்கிய இராச்சியத்தின் இரண்டாம் எலிசபெத்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilizabit_Tis_Snat" title="Ilizabit Tis Snat – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Ilizabit Tis Snat" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Elizabeth II" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesabb%C3%A8tte_II_d%27u_Regne_Aun%C3%ACte" title="Lesabbètte II d'u Regne Aunìte – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Lesabbètte II d'u Regne Aunìte" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_II" title="Елизавета II – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Елизавета II" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A2%E1%82%84%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%81%B8%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89%E1%81%B8%E1%80%95%E1%82%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89_%E1%80%91%E1%80%B0%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ဢႄးလိၸ်ႉၸပႅတ်ႉ ထူၼ်ႈသွင် – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ဢႄးလိၸ်ႉၸပႅတ်ႉ ထူၼ်ႈသွင်" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Elizabeth II" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D_II" title="ఎలిజబెత్ II – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఎలిజబెత్ II" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_2_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3" title="สมเด็จพระราชินีนาถเอลิซาเบธที่ 2 แห่งสหราชอาณาจักร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมเด็จพระราชินีนาถเอลิซาเบธที่ 2 แห่งสหราชอาณาจักร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elidhabeth_II" title="Elidhabeth II – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Elidhabeth II" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B8_II" title="Елизаветаи II – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Елизаветаи II" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBElisapesi_II" title="ʻElisapesi II – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻElisapesi II" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Elizabeth" title="II. Elizabeth – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="II. Elizabeth" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Elizabeth II" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1li%CC%B1za%CC%B1ba%CC%B1t_II" title="A̱li̱za̱ba̱t II – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱li̱za̱ba̱t II" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_II" title="Єлизавета II – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Єлизавета II" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%AA%DA%BE_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="ایلزبتھ دوم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایلزبتھ دوم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%90%D9%84%D9%89%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%90%D8%AA_II" title="ئېلىزابېت II – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئېلىزابېت II" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yihlisahbwz_Ngeih_Seiq" title="Yihlisahbwz Ngeih Seiq – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Yihlisahbwz Ngeih Seiq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeta_II_del_Regno_Unio" title="Elisabeta II del Regno Unio – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Elisabeta II del Regno Unio" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizavet_II" title="Elizavet II – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Elizavet II" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Elizabeth II" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_IIid" title="Elizabeth IIid – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Elizabeth IIid" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuningaim%C3%A4nd_Elizabeth_II" title="Kuningaimänd Elizabeth II – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kuningaimänd Elizabeth II" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%8E%89%E8%8E%8E%E7%99%BD%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="伊莉莎白二世 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="伊莉莎白二世" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Elizabeth II" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E4%B8%BD%E8%8E%8E%E7%99%BD%E4%B8%A4%E4%B8%96" title="伊丽莎白两世 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伊丽莎白两世" 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Elizabeth II (disambiguation)">Elizabeth II (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_the_United_Kingdom_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Elizabeth of the United Kingdom (disambiguation)">Elizabeth of the United Kingdom (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Elizabeth II</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Commonwealth" title="Head of the Commonwealth">Head of the Commonwealth</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_II_official_portrait_for_1959_tour_(retouched)_(cropped)_(3-to-4_aspect_ratio).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Elizabeth facing right in a half-length portrait photograph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Queen_Elizabeth_II_official_portrait_for_1959_tour_%28retouched%29_%28cropped%29_%283-to-4_aspect_ratio%29.jpg/220px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_official_portrait_for_1959_tour_%28retouched%29_%28cropped%29_%283-to-4_aspect_ratio%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Queen_Elizabeth_II_official_portrait_for_1959_tour_%28retouched%29_%28cropped%29_%283-to-4_aspect_ratio%29.jpg/330px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_official_portrait_for_1959_tour_%28retouched%29_%28cropped%29_%283-to-4_aspect_ratio%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Queen_Elizabeth_II_official_portrait_for_1959_tour_%28retouched%29_%28cropped%29_%283-to-4_aspect_ratio%29.jpg/440px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_official_portrait_for_1959_tour_%28retouched%29_%28cropped%29_%283-to-4_aspect_ratio%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="739" data-file-height="985" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Formal portrait, 1959</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of the United Kingdom">Queen of the United Kingdom</a><br />and other <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a> <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal" class="noprint"><span class="nowrap">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_headed_by_Elizabeth_II" title="List of sovereign states headed by Elizabeth II">full list</a>)</span> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">6 February 1952 – <span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;">8 September 2022</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Coronation of Elizabeth II">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2 June 1953</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Princess Elizabeth of York<br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1926-04-21</span>)</span>21 April 1926<br /><a href="/wiki/Mayfair" title="Mayfair">Mayfair</a>, London, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">8 September 2022<span style="display:none">(2022-09-08)</span> (aged 96)<br /><a href="/wiki/Balmoral_Castle" title="Balmoral Castle">Balmoral Castle</a>, Aberdeenshire, Scotland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data">19 September 2022<br /><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/King_George_VI_Memorial_Chapel" title="King George VI Memorial Chapel">King George VI Memorial Chapel</a>, St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="20 November 1947">1947</span>; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="9 April 2021">2021</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><a href="#Issue">Detail</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Princess_Royal" title="Anne, Princess Royal">Anne, Princess Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Andrew,_Duke_of_York" title="Prince Andrew, Duke of York">Prince Andrew, Duke of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Elizabeth Alexandra Mary</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Windsor" title="House of Windsor">Windsor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon">Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Protestantism in the United Kingdom">Protestant</a><sup id="cite_ref-religion_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-religion-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth_II_signature_1952.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Elizabeth II's signature"><img alt="Elizabeth's signature in black ink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Elizabeth_II_signature_1952.svg/125px-Elizabeth_II_signature_1952.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Elizabeth_II_signature_1952.svg/188px-Elizabeth_II_signature_1952.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Elizabeth_II_signature_1952.svg/250px-Elizabeth_II_signature_1952.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="270" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth_II_Coronation_speech.ogg" title="File:Elizabeth II Coronation speech.ogg">Queen Elizabeth II's voice</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="365" data-mwtitle="Elizabeth_II_Coronation_speech.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Elizabeth_II_Coronation_speech.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/51/Elizabeth_II_Coronation_speech.ogg/Elizabeth_II_Coronation_speech.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AElizabeth_II_Coronation_speech.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><a href="/wiki/Special_address_by_the_British_monarch#Elizabeth_II" title="Special address by the British monarch">Coronation Day speech</a><br /><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth_II_Coronation_speech.ogg" title="File:Elizabeth II Coronation speech.ogg">Recorded 2 June 1953</a></div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Elizabeth II</b> (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of the United Kingdom">Queen of the United Kingdom</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a> from 6 February 1952 until <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II">her death</a> in 2022. She had been <a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">queen regnant</a> of <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_headed_by_Elizabeth_II" title="List of sovereign states headed by Elizabeth II">32 sovereign states</a> during her lifetime and was the monarch of 15 realms at her death. Her reign of 70 years and 214 days is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_in_Britain_by_length_of_reign" title="List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign">longest of any British monarch</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_longest-reigning_monarchs" title="List of longest-reigning monarchs">second-longest of any sovereign state</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_female_monarchs" title="List of female monarchs">longest of any queen regnant in history</a>. </p><p>Elizabeth was born in <a href="/wiki/Mayfair" title="Mayfair">Mayfair</a>, London, during the reign of her paternal grandfather, <a href="/wiki/King_George_V" class="mw-redirect" title="King George V">King George V</a>. She was the first child of the Duke and Duchess of York (later <a href="/wiki/King_George_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="King George VI">King George VI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother</a>). Her father acceded to the throne in 1936 upon <a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Edward_VIII" title="Abdication of Edward VIII">the abdication</a> of his brother <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a>, making the ten-year-old Princess Elizabeth the <a href="/wiki/Heir_presumptive" title="Heir presumptive">heir presumptive</a>. She was educated privately at home and began to undertake public duties during the Second World War, serving in the <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_Territorial_Service" title="Auxiliary Territorial Service">Auxiliary Territorial Service</a>. In November 1947, <a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Princess_Elizabeth_and_Philip_Mountbatten" title="Wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten">she married</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_Mountbatten" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Mountbatten">Philip Mountbatten</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Greece_and_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Greece and Denmark">prince of Greece and Denmark</a>. Their marriage lasted 73 years until <a href="/wiki/Death_and_funeral_of_Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Death and funeral of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">his death in 2021</a>. They had four children: <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Princess_Royal" title="Anne, Princess Royal">Anne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Andrew,_Duke_of_York" title="Prince Andrew, Duke of York">Andrew</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh">Edward</a>. </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_George_VI" title="Death and state funeral of George VI">her father died</a> in February 1952, Elizabeth, then 25 years old, became queen of seven independent Commonwealth countries: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon" title="Dominion of Ceylon">Ceylon</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Commonwealth" title="Head of the Commonwealth">head of the Commonwealth</a>. Elizabeth reigned as a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional monarch">constitutional monarch</a> through major political changes such as <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">the Troubles</a> in Northern Ireland, <a href="/wiki/Devolution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Devolution in the United Kingdom">devolution in the United Kingdom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">decolonisation of Africa</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%27s_accession_to_the_European_Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom's accession to the European Communities">United Kingdom's accession to the European Communities</a> as well as its <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">subsequent withdrawal</a>. The number of her realms varied over time as territories gained independence and some realms <a href="/wiki/Republics_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations">became republics</a>. As queen, Elizabeth was served by <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Elizabeth_II" title="List of prime ministers of Elizabeth II">more than 170 prime ministers</a> across her realms. Her many historic visits and meetings included <a href="/wiki/List_of_state_visits_made_by_Elizabeth_II" title="List of state visits made by Elizabeth II">state visits</a> to China in 1986, <a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Elizabeth_II_to_Russia" title="State visit by Elizabeth II to Russia">to Russia</a> in 1994, and <a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Elizabeth_II_to_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="State visit by Elizabeth II to the Republic of Ireland">to the Republic of Ireland</a> in 2011, and meetings with five popes and fourteen US presidents. </p><p>Significant events included <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Coronation of Elizabeth II">Elizabeth's coronation</a> in 1953 and the celebrations of her <a href="/wiki/Silver_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II">Silver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golden_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II">Golden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II">Diamond</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Platinum_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II">Platinum</a> <a href="/wiki/Jubilee" title="Jubilee">jubilees</a>. Although there was occasional <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Republicanism in the United Kingdom">republican</a> sentiment and media criticism of her family—particularly after the breakdowns of her children's marriages, her <i><a href="/wiki/Annus_horribilis#Elizabeth_II" title="Annus horribilis">annus horribilis</a></i> in 1992, and <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Death of Diana, Princess of Wales">the death</a> in 1997 of her former daughter-in-law <a href="/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Diana, Princess of Wales">Diana</a>—support for the monarchy and her personal popularity in the United Kingdom remained consistently high. Elizabeth died aged 96 at <a href="/wiki/Balmoral_Castle" title="Balmoral Castle">Balmoral Castle</a>, and was succeeded by her eldest son, Charles III. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <p>Elizabeth was born on 21 April 1926, the first child of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert,_Duke_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Albert, Duke of York">Prince Albert, Duke of York</a> (later King George VI), and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth,_Duchess_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth, Duchess of York">Elizabeth, Duchess of York</a> (later Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother). Her father was the second son of <a href="/wiki/King_George_V" class="mw-redirect" title="King George V">King George V</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Teck" title="Mary of Teck">Queen Mary</a>, and her mother was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat <a href="/wiki/Claude_Bowes-Lyon,_14th_Earl_of_Strathmore_and_Kinghorne" title="Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne">Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne</a>. She was delivered at 02:40 (<a href="/wiki/GMT" class="mw-redirect" title="GMT">GMT</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Caesarean_section" title="Caesarean section">Caesarean section</a> at her maternal grandfather's London home, 17 <a href="/wiki/Bruton_Street" title="Bruton Street">Bruton Street</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mayfair" title="Mayfair">Mayfair</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradford201222Brandreth2004103Marr201176Pimlott20012–3Lacey200275–76Roberts200074_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradford201222Brandreth2004103Marr201176Pimlott20012–3Lacey200275–76Roberts200074-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_York" title="Archbishop of York">Archbishop of York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosmo_Gordon_Lang" title="Cosmo Gordon Lang">Cosmo Gordon Lang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baptised" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptised">baptised</a> her in the private chapel of <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a> on 29 May,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoey200240_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoey200240-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-baptism_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baptism-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and she was named Elizabeth after her mother; Alexandra after <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_of_Denmark" title="Alexandra of Denmark">her paternal great-grandmother</a>, who had <a href="/wiki/Death_and_funeral_of_Alexandra_of_Denmark" title="Death and funeral of Alexandra of Denmark">died six months earlier</a>; and Mary after her paternal grandmother.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandreth2004103_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandreth2004103-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was called "Lilibet" by her close family,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPimlott200112_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPimlott200112-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on what she called herself at first.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamson1987205_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson1987205-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was cherished by her grandfather George V, whom she affectionately called "Grandpa England",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPimlott200115_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPimlott200115-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and her regular visits during his serious illness in 1929 were credited in the popular press and by later biographers with raising his spirits and aiding his recovery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacey200256Nicolson1952433Pimlott200114–16_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELacey200256Nicolson1952433Pimlott200114–16-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:149px;max-width:149px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:203px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Princess_Elizabeth_on_TIME_Magazine,_April_29,_1929.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Elizabeth as a thoughtful-looking toddler with curly, fair hair" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Princess_Elizabeth_on_TIME_Magazine%2C_April_29%2C_1929.jpg/147px-Princess_Elizabeth_on_TIME_Magazine%2C_April_29%2C_1929.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Princess_Elizabeth_on_TIME_Magazine%2C_April_29%2C_1929.jpg/221px-Princess_Elizabeth_on_TIME_Magazine%2C_April_29%2C_1929.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Princess_Elizabeth_on_TIME_Magazine%2C_April_29%2C_1929.jpg/294px-Princess_Elizabeth_on_TIME_Magazine%2C_April_29%2C_1929.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1732" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">On the <a href="/wiki/1929_Time_magazine_covers" class="mw-redirect" title="1929 Time magazine covers">cover</a> of <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)"><i>Time</i></a>, April 1929</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:159px;max-width:159px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:203px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Philip_de_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_-_Princess_Elizabeth_of_York_-_1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Elizabeth as a rosy-cheeked young girl with blue eyes and fair hair" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Philip_de_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_-_Princess_Elizabeth_of_York_-_1933.jpg/157px-Philip_de_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_-_Princess_Elizabeth_of_York_-_1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Philip_de_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_-_Princess_Elizabeth_of_York_-_1933.jpg/236px-Philip_de_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_-_Princess_Elizabeth_of_York_-_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Philip_de_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_-_Princess_Elizabeth_of_York_-_1933.jpg/314px-Philip_de_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_-_Princess_Elizabeth_of_York_-_1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8860" data-file-height="11522" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Philip_de_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3" title="Philip de László">Philip de László</a>, 1933</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Elizabeth's only sibling, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Margaret" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Margaret">Princess Margaret</a>, was born in 1930. The two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their <a href="/wiki/Governess" title="Governess">governess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marion_Crawford" title="Marion Crawford">Marion Crawford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford195026Pimlott200120Shawcross200221_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford195026Pimlott200120Shawcross200221-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature, and music.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandreth2004124Lacey200262–63Pimlott200124,_69_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandreth2004124Lacey200262–63Pimlott200124,_69-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margaret's childhood years entitled <i><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Princesses" class="mw-redirect" title="The Little Princesses">The Little Princesses</a></i> in 1950, much to the dismay of the <a href="/wiki/British_royal_family" title="British royal family">royal family</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandreth2004108–110Lacey2002159–161Pimlott200120,_163_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandreth2004108–110Lacey2002159–161Pimlott200120,_163-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book describes Elizabeth's love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, and her attitude of responsibility.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandreth2004108–110_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandreth2004108–110-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others echoed such observations: <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> described Elizabeth when she was two as "a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandreth2004105Lacey200281Shawcross200221–22_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandreth2004105Lacey200281Shawcross200221–22-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her cousin <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Rhodes" title="Margaret Rhodes">Margaret Rhodes</a> described her as "a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandreth2004105–106_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandreth2004105–106-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elizabeth's early life was spent primarily at the Yorks' residences at <a href="/wiki/145_Piccadilly" title="145 Piccadilly">145 Piccadilly</a> (their <a href="/wiki/Town_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Town house">town house</a> in London) and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Lodge" title="Royal Lodge">Royal Lodge</a> in Windsor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford195014–34Heald20077–8Warwick200235–39_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford195014–34Heald20077–8Warwick200235–39-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heir_presumptive">Heir presumptive</h2></div> <p>During her grandfather's reign, Elizabeth was third in the <a href="/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_British_throne" class="mw-redirect" title="Line of succession to the British throne">line of succession to the British throne</a>, behind her uncle <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward, Prince of Wales</a>, and her father. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, as Edward was still young and likely to marry and have children of his own, who would precede Elizabeth in the line of succession.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond20068Lacey200276Pimlott20013_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond20068Lacey200276Pimlott20013-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_George_V" title="Death and state funeral of George V">her grandfather died</a> in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second in line to the throne, after her father. Later that year, <a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Edward_VIII" title="Abdication of Edward VIII">Edward abdicated</a>, after his proposed marriage to divorced American socialite <a href="/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson">Wallis Simpson</a> provoked a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_crisis" title="Constitutional crisis">constitutional crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacey200297–98_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELacey200297–98-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, Elizabeth's father became king, taking the <a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">regnal name</a> George VI. Since Elizabeth had no brothers, she became <a href="/wiki/Heir_presumptive" title="Heir presumptive">heir presumptive</a>. If her parents had subsequently had a son, he would have been <a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heir apparent</a> and above her in the line of succession, which was determined by the <a href="/wiki/Male-preference_primogeniture" class="mw-redirect" title="Male-preference primogeniture">male-preference primogeniture</a> in effect at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarr201178,_85Pimlott200171–73_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarr201178,_85Pimlott200171–73-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elizabeth received private tuition in <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history" title="Constitutional history">constitutional history</a> from <a href="/wiki/Henry_Marten_(educator)" title="Henry Marten (educator)">Henry Marten</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_provosts_of_Eton_College" title="List of provosts of Eton College">Vice-Provost</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton College</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandreth2004124Crawford195085Lacey2002112Marr201188Pimlott200151Shawcross200225_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandreth2004124Crawford195085Lacey2002112Marr201188Pimlott200151Shawcross200225-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and learned French from a succession of native-speaking governesses.<sup id="cite_ref-Edu_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edu-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Girl_Guides" title="Girl Guides">Girl Guides</a> company, the <a href="/wiki/1st_Buckingham_Palace_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Buckingham Palace Company">1st Buckingham Palace Company</a>, was formed specifically so she could socialise with girls her age.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarr201184Pimlott200147_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarr201184Pimlott200147-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, she was enrolled as a <a href="/wiki/Ranger_(Girl_Guide)" title="Ranger (Girl Guide)">Sea Ranger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Edu_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edu-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1939, Elizabeth's parents <a href="/wiki/1939_royal_tour_of_Canada" title="1939 royal tour of Canada">toured Canada</a> and the United States. As in 1927, when they had <a href="/wiki/Royal_tours_of_Australia" title="Royal tours of Australia">toured Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_visits_to_New_Zealand#1951–2000" title="Royal visits to New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, Elizabeth remained in Britain since her father thought she was too young to undertake public tours.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPimlott200154_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPimlott200154-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She "looked tearful" as her parents departed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPimlott200155_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPimlott200155-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They corresponded regularly,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPimlott200155_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPimlott200155-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and she and her parents made the first royal <a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_telephone" class="mw-redirect" title="Transatlantic telephone">transatlantic telephone</a> call on 18 May.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPimlott200154_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPimlott200154-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hrh_Princess_Elizabeth_in_the_Auxiliary_Territorial_Service,_April_1945_TR2832.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Hrh_Princess_Elizabeth_in_the_Auxiliary_Territorial_Service%2C_April_1945_TR2832.jpg/220px-Hrh_Princess_Elizabeth_in_the_Auxiliary_Territorial_Service%2C_April_1945_TR2832.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Hrh_Princess_Elizabeth_in_the_Auxiliary_Territorial_Service%2C_April_1945_TR2832.jpg/330px-Hrh_Princess_Elizabeth_in_the_Auxiliary_Territorial_Service%2C_April_1945_TR2832.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Hrh_Princess_Elizabeth_in_the_Auxiliary_Territorial_Service%2C_April_1945_TR2832.jpg/440px-Hrh_Princess_Elizabeth_in_the_Auxiliary_Territorial_Service%2C_April_1945_TR2832.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4879" data-file-height="3581" /></a><figcaption>In <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_Territorial_Service" title="Auxiliary Territorial Service">Auxiliary Territorial Service</a> uniform, April 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>In September 1939, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom declaration of war on Germany (1939)">Britain entered the Second World War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hogg,_1st_Viscount_Hailsham" title="Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount Hailsham">Lord Hailsham</a> suggested that Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret should be <a href="/wiki/Evacuations_of_civilians_in_Britain_during_World_War_II" title="Evacuations of civilians in Britain during World War II">evacuated</a> to Canada to avoid the frequent <a href="/wiki/Aerial_bombing_of_cities" title="Aerial bombing of cities">aerial bombings</a> of London by the <i><a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarwick2002102_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarwick2002102-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was rejected by their mother, who declared, "The children won't go without me. I won't leave without the King. And the King will never leave."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The princesses stayed at <a href="/wiki/Balmoral_Castle" title="Balmoral Castle">Balmoral Castle</a>, Scotland, until Christmas 1939, when they moved to <a href="/wiki/Sandringham_House" title="Sandringham House">Sandringham House</a>, Norfolk.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford1950104–114Pimlott200156–57_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford1950104–114Pimlott200156–57-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From February to May 1940, they lived at Royal Lodge, Windsor, until moving to <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a>, where they lived for most of the next five years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford1950114–119Pimlott200157_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford1950114–119Pimlott200157-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Windsor, <a href="/wiki/Princesses_Elizabeth_and_Margaret%27s_Christmas_pantomimes" title="Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret's Christmas pantomimes">the princesses staged pantomimes</a> at Christmas in aid of the Queen's Wool Fund, which bought <a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">yarn</a> to knit into military garments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford1950137–141_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford1950137–141-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1940, the 14-year-old Elizabeth made her first radio broadcast during the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Hour" title="Children's Hour">Children's Hour</a></i>, addressing other children who had been evacuated from the cities.<sup id="cite_ref-CH_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CH-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She stated: "We are trying to do all we can to help our gallant sailors, soldiers, and airmen, and we are trying, too, to bear our own share of the danger and sadness of war. We know, every one of us, that in the end all will be well."<sup id="cite_ref-CH_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CH-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1943, Elizabeth undertook her first solo public appearance on a visit to the <a href="/wiki/Grenadier_Guards" title="Grenadier Guards">Grenadier Guards</a>, of which she had been appointed <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">colonel</a> the previous year.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As she approached her 18th birthday, Parliament changed the law so that she could act as one of five <a href="/wiki/Counsellors_of_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Counsellors of state">counsellors of state</a> in the event of her father's incapacity or absence abroad, such as his visit to Italy in July 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPimlott200171_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPimlott200171-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1945, she was appointed an honorary <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_Territorial_Service#Ranks" title="Auxiliary Territorial Service">second subaltern</a> in the Auxiliary Territorial Service with the <a href="/wiki/Service_number" title="Service number">service number</a> 230873.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She trained as a driver and mechanic and was given the rank of honorary junior commander (female equivalent of <a href="/wiki/Captain_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)" title="Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)">captain</a> at the time) five months later.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Special_Film_Project_186_-_Buckingham_Palace_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Special_Film_Project_186_-_Buckingham_Palace_2.jpg/220px-Special_Film_Project_186_-_Buckingham_Palace_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Special_Film_Project_186_-_Buckingham_Palace_2.jpg/330px-Special_Film_Project_186_-_Buckingham_Palace_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Special_Film_Project_186_-_Buckingham_Palace_2.jpg/440px-Special_Film_Project_186_-_Buckingham_Palace_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption>Elizabeth (far left) on the balcony of Buckingham Palace with her family and Winston Churchill, <a href="/wiki/8_May_1945" class="mw-redirect" title="8 May 1945">8 May 1945</a></figcaption></figure> <p>At the end of the war in Europe, on <a href="/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day" title="Victory in Europe Day">Victory in Europe Day</a>, Elizabeth and Margaret mingled incognito with the celebrating crowds in the streets of London. In 1985, Elizabeth recalled in a rare interview, "... we asked my parents if we could go out and see for ourselves. I remember we were terrified of being recognised ... I remember lines of unknown people linking arms and walking down <a href="/wiki/Whitehall" title="Whitehall">Whitehall</a>, all of us just swept along on a tide of happiness and relief."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond200610Pimlott200179_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond200610Pimlott200179-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the war, plans were drawn to quell <a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh nationalism</a> by affiliating Elizabeth more closely with Wales. Proposals, such as appointing her Constable of <a href="/wiki/Caernarfon_Castle" title="Caernarfon Castle">Caernarfon Castle</a> or a patron of <a href="/wiki/Urdd_Gobaith_Cymru" title="Urdd Gobaith Cymru">Urdd Gobaith Cymru</a> (the Welsh League of Youth), were abandoned for several reasons, including fear of associating Elizabeth with <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">conscientious objectors</a> in the Urdd at a time when Britain was at war.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Welsh politicians suggested she be made <a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Wales" title="Princess of Wales">Princess of Wales</a> on her 18th birthday. Home Secretary <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Herbert Morrison</a> supported the idea, but the King rejected it because he felt such a title belonged solely to the wife of a <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a> and the Prince of Wales had always been the heir apparent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPimlott200171–73_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPimlott200171–73-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1946, she was inducted into <a href="/wiki/The_Gorsedd_of_Bards" class="mw-redirect" title="The Gorsedd of Bards">the Gorsedd of Bards</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Eisteddfod_of_Wales" title="National Eisteddfod of Wales">National Eisteddfod of Wales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elizabeth went on her first overseas tour in 1947, accompanying her parents through southern Africa. During the tour, in <a href="/wiki/21st_birthday_speech_of_Princess_Elizabeth" title="21st birthday speech of Princess Elizabeth">a broadcast</a> to the <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="British Commonwealth">British Commonwealth</a> on her 21st birthday, she made the following pledge:<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I declare before you all that my whole life, whether it be long or short, shall be devoted to your service and the service of our great imperial family to which we all belong. But I shall not have strength to carry out this resolution alone unless you join in it with me, as I now invite you to do: I know that your support will be unfailingly given. God help me to make good my vow, and God bless all of you who are willing to share in it.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Princess_Elizabeth_and_Philip_Mountbatten" title="Wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten">Wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten</a></div> <p>Elizabeth met her future husband, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip_of_Greece_and_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark">Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark</a>, in 1934 and again in 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandreth2004132–139Lacey2002124–125Pimlott200186_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandreth2004132–139Lacey2002124–125Pimlott200186-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were <a href="/wiki/Cousin#Cousin_chart" title="Cousin">second cousins once removed</a> through <a href="/wiki/King_Christian_IX_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="King Christian IX of Denmark">King Christian IX of Denmark</a> and third cousins through <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>. After meeting for the third time at the <a href="/wiki/Britannia_Royal_Naval_College" title="Britannia Royal Naval College">Royal Naval College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth,_Devon" title="Dartmouth, Devon">Dartmouth</a> in July 1939, Elizabeth—though only 13 years old—said she fell in love with Philip, who was 18, and they began to exchange letters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond200610Brandreth2004132–136,_166–169Lacey2002119,_126,_135_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond200610Brandreth2004132–136,_166–169Lacey2002119,_126,_135-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was 21 when their engagement was officially announced on 9 July 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeald200777_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeald200777-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The engagement attracted some controversy. Philip had no financial standing, was foreign-born (though a <a href="/wiki/British_subject" title="British subject">British subject</a> who had served in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> throughout the Second World War), and had sisters who had married German noblemen with <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> links.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marion Crawford wrote, "Some of the King's advisors did not think him good enough for her. He was a prince without a home or kingdom. Some of the papers played long and loud tunes on the string of Philip's foreign origin."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford1950180_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford1950180-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later biographies reported that Elizabeth's mother had reservations about the union initially and teased Philip as "<a href="/wiki/Hun_(pejorative)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hun (pejorative)">the Hun</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later life, however, she told the biographer <a href="/wiki/Tim_Heald" title="Tim Heald">Tim Heald</a> that Philip was "an English gentleman".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeald2007xviii_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeald2007xviii-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huwelijk_Prinses_Elisabeth,_Bestanddeelnr_902-4693_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Huwelijk_Prinses_Elisabeth%2C_Bestanddeelnr_902-4693_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Huwelijk_Prinses_Elisabeth%2C_Bestanddeelnr_902-4693_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Huwelijk_Prinses_Elisabeth%2C_Bestanddeelnr_902-4693_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Huwelijk_Prinses_Elisabeth%2C_Bestanddeelnr_902-4693_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Huwelijk_Prinses_Elisabeth%2C_Bestanddeelnr_902-4693_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Huwelijk_Prinses_Elisabeth%2C_Bestanddeelnr_902-4693_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2487" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption>At Buckingham Palace with Philip after their wedding, 1947</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the marriage, Philip renounced his Greek and Danish titles, officially converted from <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodoxy">Greek Orthodoxy</a> to <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>, and adopted the style <i>Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten</i>, taking <a href="/wiki/Mountbatten_family" title="Mountbatten family">the surname of his mother's British family</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoey200255–56Pimlott2001101,_137_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoey200255–56Pimlott2001101,_137-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly before the wedding, he was created <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Duke of Edinburgh">Duke of Edinburgh</a> and granted the style <i>His Royal Highness</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elizabeth and Philip were married on 20 November 1947 at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>. They received 2,500 wedding gifts from around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-news1_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elizabeth required <a href="/wiki/Rationing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Rationing in the United Kingdom">ration coupons</a> to buy the material for <a href="/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Elizabeth_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wedding dress of Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom">her gown</a> (which was designed by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Hartnell" title="Norman Hartnell">Norman Hartnell</a>) because Britain had not yet completely recovered from the devastation of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoey200258Pimlott2001133–134_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoey200258Pimlott2001133–134-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Post-war_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" title="Post-war Britain (1945–1979)">post-war Britain</a>, it was not acceptable for Philip's German relations, including his three surviving sisters, to be invited to the wedding.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoey200259Petropoulos2006363_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoey200259Petropoulos2006363-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neither was an invitation extended to the Duke of Windsor, formerly King Edward VIII.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradford201261_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradford201261-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elizabeth gave birth to her first child, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Charles" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Charles">Prince Charles</a>, in November 1948. One month earlier, the King had issued <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent_(United_Kingdom)" title="Letters patent (United Kingdom)">letters patent</a> allowing her children to use the style and title of a royal prince or princess, to which they otherwise would not have been entitled as their father was no longer a royal prince.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second child, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Anne" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Anne">Princess Anne</a>, was born in August 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPimlott2001163_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPimlott2001163-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following their wedding, the couple leased <a href="/wiki/Windlesham_Moor" title="Windlesham Moor">Windlesham Moor</a>, near Windsor Castle, until July 1949,<sup id="cite_ref-news1_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when they took up residence at <a href="/wiki/Clarence_House" title="Clarence House">Clarence House</a> in London. At various times between 1949 and 1951, Philip was stationed in the British <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Crown Colony of Malta</a> as a serving Royal Navy officer. He and Elizabeth lived intermittently in Malta for several months at a time in the <a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(place)" title="Hamlet (place)">hamlet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gwardaman%C4%A1a" title="Gwardamanġa">Gwardamanġa</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Villa_Guardamangia" title="Villa Guardamangia">Villa Guardamangia</a>, the rented home of Philip's uncle <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">Lord Mountbatten</a>. Their two children remained in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandreth2004226–238Pimlott2001145,_159–163,_167_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandreth2004226–238Pimlott2001145,_159–163,_167-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accession_and_coronation">Accession and coronation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Coronation of Elizabeth II">Coronation of Elizabeth II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_II_on_her_Coronation_Day.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Elizabeth is seated and holds an orb and sceptre." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Queen_Elizabeth_II_on_her_Coronation_Day.jpg/220px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_on_her_Coronation_Day.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Queen_Elizabeth_II_on_her_Coronation_Day.jpg/330px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_on_her_Coronation_Day.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Queen_Elizabeth_II_on_her_Coronation_Day.jpg/440px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_on_her_Coronation_Day.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1601" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Coronation portrait by <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Beaton" title="Cecil Beaton">Cecil Beaton</a>, 1953</figcaption></figure> <p>As George VI's health declined during 1951, Elizabeth frequently stood in for him at public events. When she visited Canada and <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> in Washington, DC, in October 1951, her private secretary <a href="/wiki/Martin_Charteris" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Charteris">Martin Charteris</a> carried a draft accession declaration in case the King died while she was on tour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandreth2004240–241Lacey2002166Pimlott2001169–172_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandreth2004240–241Lacey2002166Pimlott2001169–172-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1952, Elizabeth and Philip set out for a tour of Australia and New Zealand by way of the British colony of <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya</a>. On 6 February, they had just returned to their Kenyan home, <a href="/wiki/Sagana_Lodge" title="Sagana Lodge">Sagana Lodge</a>, after a night spent at <a href="/wiki/Treetops_Hotel" title="Treetops Hotel">Treetops Hotel</a>, when word arrived of <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_George_VI" title="Death and state funeral of George VI">the death</a> of Elizabeth's father. Philip broke the news to the new queen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandreth2004245–247Lacey2002166Pimlott2001173–176Shawcross200216_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandreth2004245–247Lacey2002166Pimlott2001173–176Shawcross200216-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She chose to retain Elizabeth as her regnal name,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBousfieldToffoli200272Bradford2002166Pimlott2001179Shawcross200217_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBousfieldToffoli200272Bradford2002166Pimlott2001179Shawcross200217-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was therefore called Elizabeth II. The numeral offended some Scots, as she was the first Elizabeth to rule in Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell2003113_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2003113-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_accession_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Proclamation of accession of Elizabeth II">proclaimed queen</a> throughout her realms, and the royal party hastily returned to the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPimlott2001178–179_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPimlott2001178–179-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elizabeth and Philip moved into Buckingham Palace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPimlott2001186–187_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPimlott2001186–187-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With Elizabeth's accession, it seemed possible that the <a href="/wiki/Royal_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal house">royal house</a> would take her husband's name, in line with the custom for married women of the time. Lord Mountbatten advocated for <i>House of Mountbatten</i>, and Philip suggested <i>House of Edinburgh</i>, after his ducal title.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British prime minister, Winston Churchill, and Elizabeth's grandmother Queen Mary favoured the retention of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Windsor" title="House of Windsor">House of Windsor</a>. Elizabeth issued a declaration on 9 April 1952 that the royal house would continue to be <i>Windsor</i>. Philip complained, "I am the only man in the country not allowed to give his name to his own children."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradford201280Brandreth2004253–254Lacey2002172–173Pimlott2001183–185_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradford201280Brandreth2004253–254Lacey2002172–173Pimlott2001183–185-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1960, the surname <i><a href="/wiki/Mountbatten-Windsor" title="Mountbatten-Windsor">Mountbatten-Windsor</a></i> was adopted for Philip and Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do not carry royal titles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPimlott2001297–298_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPimlott2001297–298-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amid preparations for the coronation, Princess Margaret told her sister she wished to marry <a href="/wiki/Peter_Townsend_(RAF_officer)" title="Peter Townsend (RAF officer)">Peter Townsend</a>, a divorcé 16 years Margaret's senior with two sons from his previous marriage. Elizabeth asked them to wait for a year; in the words of her <a href="/wiki/Private_Secretary_to_the_Sovereign" title="Private Secretary to the Sovereign">private secretary</a>, "the Queen was naturally sympathetic towards the Princess, but I think she thought—she hoped—given time, the affair would peter out."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandreth2004269–271_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandreth2004269–271-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senior politicians were against the match and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> did not permit <a href="/wiki/Remarriage" title="Remarriage">remarriage</a> after divorce. If Margaret had contracted a <a href="/wiki/Civil_marriage" title="Civil marriage">civil marriage</a>, she would have been expected to renounce her <a href="/wiki/Right_of_succession" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of succession">right of succession</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandreth2004269–271Lacey2002193–194Pimlott2001201,_236–238_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandreth2004269–271Lacey2002193–194Pimlott2001201,_236–238-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Margaret decided to abandon her plans with Townsend.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond200622Brandreth2004271Lacey2002194Pimlott2001238Shawcross2002146_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond200622Brandreth2004271Lacey2002194Pimlott2001238Shawcross2002146-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1960, she married <a href="/wiki/Antony_Armstrong-Jones" class="mw-redirect" title="Antony Armstrong-Jones">Antony Armstrong-Jones</a>, who was created <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Snowdon" title="Earl of Snowdon">Earl of Snowdon</a> the following year. They divorced in 1978; Margaret did not remarry.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite <a href="/wiki/Death_and_funeral_of_Mary_of_Teck" title="Death and funeral of Mary of Teck">Queen Mary's death</a> on 24 March 1953, the coronation went ahead as planned on 2 June, as Mary had requested.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradford201282_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradford201282-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coronation ceremony in Westminster Abbey was televised for the first time, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Anointing" title="Anointing">anointing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">communion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-television_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-television-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On Elizabeth's instruction, <a href="/wiki/Coronation_gown_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Coronation gown of Elizabeth II">her coronation gown</a> was embroidered with the <a href="/wiki/Floral_emblem" class="mw-redirect" title="Floral emblem">floral emblems</a> of Commonwealth countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacey2002190Pimlott2001247–248_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELacey2002190Pimlott2001247–248-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_reign">Early reign</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm#From_the_accession_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm § From the accession of Elizabeth II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Empire_in_February_1952.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/British_Empire_in_February_1952.png/290px-British_Empire_in_February_1952.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/British_Empire_in_February_1952.png/435px-British_Empire_in_February_1952.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/British_Empire_in_February_1952.png/580px-British_Empire_in_February_1952.png 2x" data-file-width="1423" data-file-height="623" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_headed_by_Elizabeth_II" title="List of sovereign states headed by Elizabeth II">Elizabeth's realms</a> and their territories and <a href="/wiki/British_protectorate" title="British protectorate">protectorates</a> at the beginning of her reign in 1952: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff0000; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> United Kingdom</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#800000; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Colonies, protectorates and mandates</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff80c0; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Dominions/realms</div></figcaption></figure> <p>From Elizabeth's birth onwards, the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> continued its transformation into the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarr2011272_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarr2011272-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time of her accession in 1952, her role as head of multiple independent states was already established.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPimlott2001182_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPimlott2001182-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1953, Elizabeth and Philip embarked on a seven-month round-the-world tour, visiting 13 countries and covering more than 40,000 miles (64,000 km) by land, sea and air.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She became the first reigning <a href="/wiki/Monarch_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarch of Australia">monarch of Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> to visit those nations.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the tour, crowds were immense; three-quarters of the population of Australia were estimated to have seen her.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandreth2004278Marr2011126Pimlott2001224Shawcross200259_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandreth2004278Marr2011126Pimlott2001224Shawcross200259-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout her reign, she made hundreds of <a href="/wiki/List_of_state_visits_made_by_Elizabeth_II" title="List of state visits made by Elizabeth II">state visits</a> to other countries and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Commonwealth_visits_made_by_Elizabeth_II" title="List of Commonwealth visits made by Elizabeth II">tours of the Commonwealth</a>; she was the most widely travelled <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1956, the British and French prime ministers, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Anthony_Eden" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Anthony Eden">Sir Anthony Eden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guy_Mollet" title="Guy Mollet">Guy Mollet</a>, discussed the possibility of France joining the Commonwealth. The proposal was never accepted, and the following year France signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome" title="Treaty of Rome">Treaty of Rome</a>, which established the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a>, the precursor to the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1956, Britain and France <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">invaded Egypt</a> in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to capture the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>. Lord Mountbatten said that Elizabeth was opposed to the invasion, though Eden denied it. Eden resigned two months later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPimlott2001255Roberts200084_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPimlott2001255Roberts200084-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_the_Prime_Ministers_of_the_Commonwealth_Nations,_at_Windsor_Castle_(1960_Commonwealth_Prime_Minister%27s_Conference).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A formal group of Elizabeth in tiara and evening dress with eleven politicians in evening dress or national costume" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_the_Prime_Ministers_of_the_Commonwealth_Nations%2C_at_Windsor_Castle_%281960_Commonwealth_Prime_Minister%27s_Conference%29.jpg/220px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_the_Prime_Ministers_of_the_Commonwealth_Nations%2C_at_Windsor_Castle_%281960_Commonwealth_Prime_Minister%27s_Conference%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_the_Prime_Ministers_of_the_Commonwealth_Nations%2C_at_Windsor_Castle_%281960_Commonwealth_Prime_Minister%27s_Conference%29.jpg/330px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_the_Prime_Ministers_of_the_Commonwealth_Nations%2C_at_Windsor_Castle_%281960_Commonwealth_Prime_Minister%27s_Conference%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_the_Prime_Ministers_of_the_Commonwealth_Nations%2C_at_Windsor_Castle_%281960_Commonwealth_Prime_Minister%27s_Conference%29.jpg/440px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_the_Prime_Ministers_of_the_Commonwealth_Nations%2C_at_Windsor_Castle_%281960_Commonwealth_Prime_Minister%27s_Conference%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>With Commonwealth leaders, at the 1960 <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Prime_Ministers%27_Conference" title="Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference">Commonwealth Conference</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The governing <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> had no formal mechanism for choosing a leader, meaning that it fell to Elizabeth to decide whom to <a href="/wiki/Kissing_hands" title="Kissing hands">commission to form a government</a> following Eden's resignation. Eden recommended she consult <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_5th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury">Lord Salisbury</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lord_president_of_the_council" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord president of the council">lord president of the council</a>. Lord Salisbury and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Kilmuir" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Kilmuir">Lord Kilmuir</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lord_chancellor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord chancellor">lord chancellor</a>, consulted the <a href="/wiki/British_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="British Cabinet">British Cabinet</a>, Churchill, and the chairman of the backbench <a href="/wiki/1922_Committee" title="1922 Committee">1922 Committee</a>, resulting in Elizabeth appointing their recommended candidate: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarr2011175–176Pimlott2001256–260Roberts200084_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarr2011175–176Pimlott2001256–260Roberts200084-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Suez crisis and the choice of Eden's successor led, in 1957, to the first major personal criticism of Elizabeth. In a magazine, which he owned and edited,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacey2002199Shawcross200275_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELacey2002199Shawcross200275-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Grigg" title="John Grigg">Lord Altrincham</a> accused her of being "out of touch".<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Altrincham was denounced by public figures and slapped by a member of the public appalled by his comments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandreth2004374Pimlott2001280–281Shawcross200276_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandreth2004374Pimlott2001280–281Shawcross200276-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six years later, in 1963, Macmillan resigned and advised Elizabeth to appoint <a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Alec Douglas-Home</a> as the prime minister, advice she followed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardman201122Pimlott2001324–335Roberts200084_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardman201122Pimlott2001324–335Roberts200084-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elizabeth again came under criticism for appointing the prime minister on the advice of a small number of ministers or a single minister.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardman201122Pimlott2001324–335Roberts200084_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardman201122Pimlott2001324–335Roberts200084-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1965, the Conservatives adopted a formal mechanism for electing a leader, thus relieving the Queen of her involvement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts200084_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts200084-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_Prince_Philip_sit_on_thrones_before_a_full_Parliament.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_Prince_Philip_sit_on_thrones_before_a_full_Parliament.jpg/170px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_Prince_Philip_sit_on_thrones_before_a_full_Parliament.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_Prince_Philip_sit_on_thrones_before_a_full_Parliament.jpg/255px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_Prince_Philip_sit_on_thrones_before_a_full_Parliament.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_Prince_Philip_sit_on_thrones_before_a_full_Parliament.jpg/340px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_Prince_Philip_sit_on_thrones_before_a_full_Parliament.jpg 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="1088" /></a><figcaption>With Philip, seated on thrones at the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian parliament">Canadian parliament</a>, 1957</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1957, Elizabeth made a state visit to the United States, where she addressed the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> on behalf of the Commonwealth. On the same tour, she opened the <a href="/wiki/23rd_Canadian_Parliament" title="23rd Canadian Parliament">23rd Canadian Parliament</a>, becoming the first <a href="/wiki/Monarch_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarch of Canada">monarch of Canada</a> to open a parliamentary session.<sup id="cite_ref-Canada_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canada-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two years later, solely in her capacity as Queen of Canada, she revisited the United States and toured Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-Canada_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canada-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradford2012114_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradford2012114-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1961, she toured Cyprus, India, Pakistan, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Nepal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran">Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPimlott2001303Shawcross200283_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPimlott2001303Shawcross200283-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On a visit to Ghana the same year, she dismissed fears for her safety, even though her host, President <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a>, who had replaced her as head of state, was a target for assassins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacmillan1972466–472_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacmillan1972466–472-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harold Macmillan wrote, "The Queen has been absolutely determined all through ... She is impatient of the attitude towards her to treat her as ... a film star ... She has indeed '<a href="/wiki/Speech_to_the_Troops_at_Tilbury" title="Speech to the Troops at Tilbury">the heart and stomach of a man</a>' ... She loves her duty and means to be a Queen."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacmillan1972466–472_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacmillan1972466–472-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before her tour through parts of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> in 1964, the press reported that extremists within the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_separatist_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec separatist movement">Quebec separatist movement</a> were plotting Elizabeth's assassination.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No assassination attempt was made, but a riot did break out while she was in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>; her "calmness and courage in the face of the violence" was noted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBousfieldToffoli2002139_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBousfieldToffoli2002139-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elizabeth gave birth to her third child, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Andrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Andrew">Prince Andrew</a>, in February 1960; this was the first birth to a reigning British monarch since 1857.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her fourth child, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Edward</a>, was born in March 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_reforms_and_crises">Political reforms and crises</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:237px;max-width:237px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:183px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth_II_in_Queensland,_Australia,_1970.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Elizabeth waving from a car" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Elizabeth_II_in_Queensland%2C_Australia%2C_1970.jpg/235px-Elizabeth_II_in_Queensland%2C_Australia%2C_1970.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Elizabeth_II_in_Queensland%2C_Australia%2C_1970.jpg/353px-Elizabeth_II_in_Queensland%2C_Australia%2C_1970.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Elizabeth_II_in_Queensland%2C_Australia%2C_1970.jpg/470px-Elizabeth_II_in_Queensland%2C_Australia%2C_1970.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2345" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">In <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, Australia, 1970</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:151px;max-width:151px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:183px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stevan_Kragujevic,_Elizabeth_II_i_Josip_Broz_Tito,1972,_u_Beogradu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Stevan_Kragujevic%2C_Elizabeth_II_i_Josip_Broz_Tito%2C1972%2C_u_Beogradu.jpg/149px-Stevan_Kragujevic%2C_Elizabeth_II_i_Josip_Broz_Tito%2C1972%2C_u_Beogradu.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Stevan_Kragujevic%2C_Elizabeth_II_i_Josip_Broz_Tito%2C1972%2C_u_Beogradu.jpg/224px-Stevan_Kragujevic%2C_Elizabeth_II_i_Josip_Broz_Tito%2C1972%2C_u_Beogradu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Stevan_Kragujevic%2C_Elizabeth_II_i_Josip_Broz_Tito%2C1972%2C_u_Beogradu.jpg/298px-Stevan_Kragujevic%2C_Elizabeth_II_i_Josip_Broz_Tito%2C1972%2C_u_Beogradu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2140" data-file-height="2647" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">With <a href="/wiki/President_Tito" class="mw-redirect" title="President Tito">President Tito</a> of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> in Belgrade, 1972</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The 1960s and 1970s saw an acceleration in the <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">decolonisation of Africa</a> and the Caribbean. More than 20 countries gained independence from Britain as part of a planned transition to self-government. In 1965, however, the Rhodesian prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Ian Smith</a>, in opposition to moves towards <a href="/wiki/Majority_rule" title="Majority rule">majority rule</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">unilaterally declared independence</a> while expressing "loyalty and devotion" to Elizabeth. Although Elizabeth formally dismissed him, and the international community applied sanctions against Rhodesia, his regime survived for over a decade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond200666Pimlott2001345–354_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond200666Pimlott2001345–354-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Britain's ties to its former empire weakened, the British government sought entry to the <a href="/wiki/European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community</a>, a goal it <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_European_Communities" title="Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities">achieved in 1973</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradford2012123,_154,_176Pimlott2001301,_315–316,_415–417_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradford2012123,_154,_176Pimlott2001301,_315–316,_415–417-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1966, the Queen was criticised for waiting eight days before visiting the village of <a href="/wiki/Aberfan" title="Aberfan">Aberfan</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Aberfan_disaster" title="Aberfan disaster">a mining disaster</a> killed 116 children and 28 adults. Martin Charteris said that the delay, made on his advice, was a mistake that she later regretted.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elizabeth toured <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> in October 1972, becoming the first British monarch to visit a <a href="/wiki/Communist_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist country">communist country</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoey202258_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoey202258-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was received at the airport by President <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a>, and a crowd of thousands greeted her in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 1974, British prime minister <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a> advised Elizabeth to call <a href="/wiki/February_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="February 1974 United Kingdom general election">a general election</a> in the middle of her tour of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesia">Austronesian</a> <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim" title="Pacific Rim">Pacific Rim</a>, requiring her to fly back to Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradford2012181Pimlott2001418_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradford2012181Pimlott2001418-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The election resulted in a <a href="/wiki/Hung_parliament" title="Hung parliament">hung parliament</a>; Heath's Conservatives were not the largest party but could stay in office if they formed a coalition with the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberals</a>. When discussions on forming a coalition foundered, Heath resigned, and Elizabeth asked the <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(United_Kingdom)" title="Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)">Leader of the Opposition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a>, to form a government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradford2012181Marr2011256Pimlott2001419Shawcross2002109–110_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradford2012181Marr2011256Pimlott2001419Shawcross2002109–110-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A year later, at the height of the <a href="/wiki/1975_Australian_constitutional_crisis" title="1975 Australian constitutional crisis">1975 Australian constitutional crisis</a>, the Australian prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Gough Whitlam</a>, was dismissed from his post by Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Kerr" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Kerr">Sir John Kerr</a>, after the Opposition-controlled <a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Senate</a> rejected Whitlam's budget proposals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond200696Marr2011257Pimlott2001427Shawcross2002110_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond200696Marr2011257Pimlott2001427Shawcross2002110-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Whitlam had a majority in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>, Speaker <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Scholes" title="Gordon Scholes">Gordon Scholes</a> appealed to Elizabeth to reverse Kerr's decision. She declined, saying she would not interfere in decisions reserved by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">Constitution of Australia</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">governor-general</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPimlott2001428–429_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPimlott2001428–429-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crisis fuelled <a href="/wiki/Australian_republicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian republicanism">Australian republicanism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond200696Marr2011257Pimlott2001427Shawcross2002110_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond200696Marr2011257Pimlott2001427Shawcross2002110-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jimmy_Carter_with_Queen_Elizabeth_-_NARA_-_174724.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Jimmy_Carter_with_Queen_Elizabeth_-_NARA_-_174724.jpg/220px-Jimmy_Carter_with_Queen_Elizabeth_-_NARA_-_174724.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Jimmy_Carter_with_Queen_Elizabeth_-_NARA_-_174724.jpg/330px-Jimmy_Carter_with_Queen_Elizabeth_-_NARA_-_174724.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Jimmy_Carter_with_Queen_Elizabeth_-_NARA_-_174724.jpg/440px-Jimmy_Carter_with_Queen_Elizabeth_-_NARA_-_174724.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2957" data-file-height="2010" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/3rd_G7_summit" title="3rd G7 summit">Leaders of the G7 states</a>, members of the royal family and Elizabeth (centre), London, 1977</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1977, Elizabeth marked the <a href="/wiki/Silver_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II">Silver Jubilee</a> of her accession. Parties and events took place throughout the Commonwealth, many coinciding with <a href="/wiki/List_of_events_during_the_Silver_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II" title="List of events during the Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II">her associated national and Commonwealth tours</a>. The celebrations re-affirmed Elizabeth's popularity, despite virtually coincident negative press coverage of Princess Margaret's separation from her husband, Lord Snowdon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPimlott2001449_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPimlott2001449-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1978, Elizabeth endured a state visit to the United Kingdom by <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a>'s communist leader, <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a>, and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Elena_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Elena Ceaușescu">Elena</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardman2011137Roberts200088–89Shawcross2002178_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardman2011137Roberts200088–89Shawcross2002178-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though privately she thought they had "blood on their hands".<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year brought two blows: the unmasking of <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Blunt" title="Anthony Blunt">Anthony Blunt</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Surveyor_of_the_Queen%27s_Pictures" class="mw-redirect" title="Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures">Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures</a>, as a communist spy and the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Lord_Mountbatten" title="Assassination of Lord Mountbatten">assassination of Lord Mountbatten</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Provisional Irish Republican Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPimlott2001336–337,_470–471Roberts200088–89_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPimlott2001336–337,_470–471Roberts200088–89-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin_Sr." title="Paul Martin Sr.">Paul Martin Sr.</a>, by the end of the 1970s, Elizabeth was worried <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> "had little meaning for" <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a>, the Canadian prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-Post_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Post-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Tony Benn</a> said Elizabeth found Trudeau "rather disappointing".<sup id="cite_ref-Post_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Post-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trudeau's supposed <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Canada" title="Republicanism in Canada">republicanism</a> seemed to be confirmed by his antics, such as sliding down banisters at Buckingham Palace and pirouetting behind Elizabeth's back in 1977, and the removal of various <a href="/wiki/Canadian_royal_symbols" title="Canadian royal symbols">Canadian royal symbols</a> during his term of office.<sup id="cite_ref-Post_118-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Post-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1980, Canadian politicians sent to London to discuss the <a href="/wiki/Patriation" title="Patriation">patriation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian constitution">Canadian constitution</a> found Elizabeth "better informed ... than any of the British politicians or bureaucrats".<sup id="cite_ref-Post_118-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Post-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was particularly interested after the failure of Bill C-60, which would have affected her role as head of state.<sup id="cite_ref-Post_118-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Post-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perils_and_dissent">Perils and dissent</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElizabethIItroopingcolour_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Elizabeth in red uniform on a black horse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/ElizabethIItroopingcolour_crop.jpg/220px-ElizabethIItroopingcolour_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/ElizabethIItroopingcolour_crop.jpg/330px-ElizabethIItroopingcolour_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/ElizabethIItroopingcolour_crop.jpg/440px-ElizabethIItroopingcolour_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2305" data-file-height="1588" /></a><figcaption>Riding Burmese at the 1986 Trooping the Colour ceremony</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 1981 <a href="/wiki/Trooping_the_Colour" title="Trooping the Colour">Trooping the Colour</a> ceremony, six weeks before the <a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Charles_and_Lady_Diana_Spencer" title="Wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer">wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer</a>, six shots were fired at Elizabeth from close range as she rode down <a href="/wiki/The_Mall,_London" title="The Mall, London">The Mall, London</a>, on her horse, <a href="/wiki/Burmese_(horse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese (horse)">Burmese</a>. Police later discovered the shots were blanks. The 17-year-old assailant, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Sarjeant" title="Marcus Sarjeant">Marcus Sarjeant</a>, was sentenced to five years in prison and released after three.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elizabeth's composure and skill in controlling her mount were widely praised.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacey2002281Pimlott2001476–477Shawcross2002192_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELacey2002281Pimlott2001476–477Shawcross2002192-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That October, Elizabeth was the subject of another attack while on a visit to <a href="/wiki/Dunedin" title="Dunedin">Dunedin</a>, New Zealand. <a href="/wiki/Christopher_John_Lewis" title="Christopher John Lewis">Christopher John Lewis</a>, who was 17 years old, fired a shot with a <a href="/wiki/.22_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title=".22 rifle">.22 rifle</a> from the fifth floor of a building overlooking the parade but missed.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lewis was arrested, but instead of being charged with <a href="/wiki/Attempted_murder" title="Attempted murder">attempted murder</a> or <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a> was sentenced to three years in jail for unlawful possession and discharge of a firearm. Two years into his sentence, he attempted to escape a <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital" title="Psychiatric hospital">psychiatric hospital</a> with the intention of assassinating Charles, who was visiting the country with <a href="/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Diana, Princess of Wales">Diana</a> and their son <a href="/wiki/Prince_William" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince William">Prince William</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_riding_horses_with_Queen_Elizabeth_II_during_visit_to_Windsor_Castle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Elizabeth and Ronald Reagan on black horses. He bare-headed; she in a headscarf; both in tweeds, jodhpurs and riding boots." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/President_Ronald_Reagan_riding_horses_with_Queen_Elizabeth_II_during_visit_to_Windsor_Castle.jpg/220px-President_Ronald_Reagan_riding_horses_with_Queen_Elizabeth_II_during_visit_to_Windsor_Castle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/President_Ronald_Reagan_riding_horses_with_Queen_Elizabeth_II_during_visit_to_Windsor_Castle.jpg/330px-President_Ronald_Reagan_riding_horses_with_Queen_Elizabeth_II_during_visit_to_Windsor_Castle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/President_Ronald_Reagan_riding_horses_with_Queen_Elizabeth_II_during_visit_to_Windsor_Castle.jpg/440px-President_Ronald_Reagan_riding_horses_with_Queen_Elizabeth_II_during_visit_to_Windsor_Castle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2678" /></a><figcaption>Riding at Windsor with President Reagan, June 1982</figcaption></figure> <p>From April to September 1982, Elizabeth's son Andrew served with British forces in the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a>, for which she reportedly felt anxiety<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond2006115Pimlott2001487_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond2006115Pimlott2001487-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and pride.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPimlott2001487Shawcross2002127_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPimlott2001487Shawcross2002127-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 9 July, she awoke in her bedroom at Buckingham Palace to find an intruder, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Fagan" title="Michael Fagan">Michael Fagan</a>, in the room with her. In a serious lapse of security, assistance only arrived after two calls to the Palace police switchboard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacey2002297–298Pimlott2001491_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELacey2002297–298Pimlott2001491-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After hosting US president <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> at Windsor Castle in 1982 and visiting <a href="/wiki/Rancho_del_Cielo" title="Rancho del Cielo">his California ranch</a> in 1983, Elizabeth was angered when <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">his administration</a> ordered the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Grenada">invasion of Grenada</a>, one of her Caribbean realms, without informing her.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond2006188Pimlott2001497_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond2006188Pimlott2001497-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Intense media interest in the opinions and private lives of the royal family during the 1980s led to a series of sensational stories in the press, pioneered by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)" title="The Sun (United Kingdom)">The Sun</a></i> tabloid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPimlott2001488–490_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPimlott2001488–490-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/Kelvin_MacKenzie" title="Kelvin MacKenzie">Kelvin MacKenzie</a>, editor of <i>The Sun</i>, told his staff: "Give me a Sunday for Monday splash on the Royals. Don't worry if it's not true—so long as there's not too much of a fuss about it afterwards."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPimlott2001521_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPimlott2001521-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newspaper editor <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trelford" title="Donald Trelford">Donald Trelford</a> wrote in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a></i> of 21 September 1986: "The royal soap opera has now reached such a pitch of public interest that the boundary between fact and fiction has been lost sight of ... it is not just that some papers don't check their facts or accept denials: they don't care if the stories are true or not." It was reported, most notably in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a></i> of 20 July 1986, that Elizabeth was worried that <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Thatcherism#economicposition" title="Thatcherism">economic policies</a> fostered social divisions and was alarmed by high unemployment, <a href="/wiki/1981_England_riots" title="1981 England riots">a series of riots</a>, the violence of <a href="/wiki/UK_miners%27_strike_(1984%E2%80%9385)" class="mw-redirect" title="UK miners' strike (1984–85)">a miners' strike</a>, and Thatcher's refusal to apply sanctions against the <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> regime in South Africa. The sources of the rumours included royal aide <a href="/wiki/Michael_Shea_(diplomat)" title="Michael Shea (diplomat)">Michael Shea</a> and Commonwealth secretary-general <a href="/wiki/Shridath_Ramphal" title="Shridath Ramphal">Shridath Ramphal</a>, but Shea claimed his remarks were taken <a href="/wiki/Out_of_context" class="mw-redirect" title="Out of context">out of context</a> and embellished by speculation.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thatcher reputedly said Elizabeth would vote for the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(UK)" title="Social Democratic Party (UK)">Social Democratic Party</a>—Thatcher's political opponents.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thatcher's biographer <a href="/wiki/John_Campbell_(biographer)" title="John Campbell (biographer)">John Campbell</a> claimed "the report was a piece of journalistic mischief-making".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2003467_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2003467-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reports of acrimony between them were exaggerated,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardman2011167,_171–173_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardman2011167,_171–173-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Elizabeth gave two honours in her personal gift—membership in the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit" title="Order of Merit">Order of Merit</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Order of the Garter</a>—to Thatcher after her replacement as prime minister by <a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts2000101Shawcross2002139_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2000101Shawcross2002139-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a>, Canadian prime minister between 1984 and 1993, said Elizabeth was a "behind the scenes force" in ending apartheid.<sup id="cite_ref-Geddes_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geddes-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MacQueen_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacQueen-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1986, Elizabeth paid a six-day state visit to the People's Republic of China, becoming the first British monarch to visit the country.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tour included the <a href="/wiki/Forbidden_City" title="Forbidden City">Forbidden City</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall of China</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Terracotta_Warriors" class="mw-redirect" title="Terracotta Warriors">Terracotta Warriors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC_Books1991181_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_Books1991181-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a <a href="/wiki/State_banquet" title="State banquet">state banquet</a>, Elizabeth joked about the first British emissary to China being lost at sea with <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth I">Queen Elizabeth I</a>'s letter to the <a href="/wiki/Wanli_Emperor" title="Wanli Emperor">Wanli Emperor</a>, and remarked, "fortunately postal services have improved since 1602".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardman2019437_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardman2019437-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elizabeth's visit also signified the acceptance of both countries that <a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong" title="Handover of Hong Kong">sovereignty over Hong Kong would be transferred</a> from the United Kingdom to China in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the 1980s, Elizabeth had become the target of satire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacey2002293–294Pimlott2001541_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELacey2002293–294Pimlott2001541-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The involvement of younger members of the royal family in the charity game show <i><a href="/wiki/It%27s_a_Royal_Knockout" class="mw-redirect" title="It's a Royal Knockout">It's a Royal Knockout</a></i> in 1987 was ridiculed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardman201182–83Lacey2002307Pimlott2001522–526_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardman201182–83Lacey2002307Pimlott2001522–526-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Canada, Elizabeth publicly supported politically divisive <a href="/wiki/Meech_Lake_Accord" title="Meech Lake Accord">constitutional amendments</a>, prompting criticism from opponents of the proposed changes, including Pierre Trudeau.<sup id="cite_ref-Geddes_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geddes-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year, the elected Fijian government was deposed in <a href="/wiki/1987_Fijian_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1987 Fijian coups d'état">a military coup</a>. As <a href="/wiki/Monarch_of_Fiji" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarch of Fiji">monarch of Fiji</a>, Elizabeth supported the attempts of Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Ratu_Sir_Penaia_Ganilau" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau">Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau</a> to assert executive power and negotiate a settlement. Coup leader <a href="/wiki/Sitiveni_Rabuka" title="Sitiveni Rabuka">Sitiveni Rabuka</a> deposed Ganilau and declared Fiji a republic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPimlott2001515–516_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPimlott2001515–516-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turbulent_years">Turbulent years</h3></div> <p>In the wake of coalition victory in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>, Elizabeth became the first British monarch to address a <a href="/wiki/Joint_session_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Joint session of the United States Congress">joint meeting</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> in May 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPimlott2001538_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPimlott2001538-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_199-1992-089-19Acropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Elizabeth, in formal dress, holds a pair of spectacles to her mouth in a thoughtful pose" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_199-1992-089-19Acropped.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_199-1992-089-19Acropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_199-1992-089-19Acropped.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_199-1992-089-19Acropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_199-1992-089-19Acropped.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_199-1992-089-19Acropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>With Philip in Germany, October 1992</figcaption></figure> <p>In November 1992, in a speech to mark the <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Ruby Jubilee of Elizabeth II">Ruby Jubilee</a> of her accession, Elizabeth called 1992 her <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Annus_horribilis" title="Annus horribilis">annus horribilis</a></i></span> (a Latin phrase, meaning <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">horrible year</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Republican_feeling_in_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican feeling in Britain">Republican feeling in Britain</a> had risen because of press estimates of Elizabeth's private wealth—contradicted by the Palace<sup id="cite_ref-finances_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finances-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—and reports of affairs and strained marriages among her extended family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPimlott2001519–534_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPimlott2001519–534-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March, her second son, Prince Andrew, separated from his wife, <a href="/wiki/Sarah,_Duchess_of_York" title="Sarah, Duchess of York">Sarah</a>; her daughter, Princess Anne, divorced Captain <a href="/wiki/Mark_Phillips" title="Mark Phillips">Mark Phillips</a> in April;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacey2002319Marr2011315Pimlott2001550–551_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELacey2002319Marr2011315Pimlott2001550–551-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> angry demonstrators in <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> threw eggs at Elizabeth during a state visit to Germany in October;<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/1992_Windsor_Castle_fire" title="1992 Windsor Castle fire">a large fire broke out at Windsor Castle</a>, one of her <a href="/wiki/Official_residence" title="Official residence">official residences</a>, in November. The monarchy came under increased criticism and public scrutiny.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandreth2004377Pimlott2001558–559Roberts200094Shawcross2002204_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandreth2004377Pimlott2001558–559Roberts200094Shawcross2002204-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an unusually personal speech, Elizabeth said that any institution must expect criticism, but suggested it might be done with "a touch of humour, gentleness and understanding".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandreth2004377_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandreth2004377-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two days later, John Major announced plans to reform the royal finances, drawn up the previous year, including Elizabeth paying <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">income tax</a> from 1993 onwards, and a reduction in the <a href="/wiki/Civil_list" title="Civil list">civil list</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradford2012229Lacey2002325–326Pimlott2001559–561_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradford2012229Lacey2002325–326Pimlott2001559–561-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December, Prince Charles and his wife, Diana, formally separated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradford2012226Hardman201196Lacey2002328Pimlott2001561_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradford2012226Hardman201196Lacey2002328Pimlott2001561-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the year, Elizabeth sued <i>The Sun</i> newspaper for breach of copyright when it published the text of her <a href="/wiki/Royal_Christmas_Message" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Christmas Message">annual Christmas message</a> two days before it was broadcast. The newspaper was forced to pay her legal fees and donated £200,000 to charity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPimlott2001562_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPimlott2001562-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elizabeth's solicitors had taken successful action against <i>The Sun</i> five years earlier for breach of copyright after it published a photograph of her daughter-in-law the Duchess of York and her granddaughter <a href="/wiki/Princess_Beatrice" title="Princess Beatrice">Princess Beatrice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1994, Elizabeth broke the <a href="/wiki/Scaphoid_bone" title="Scaphoid bone">scaphoid bone</a> in her left wrist as the horse she was riding at Sandringham tripped and fell.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1994, she became the first reigning British monarch to set foot on Russian soil.<sup id="cite_ref-russia_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russia-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1995, she was tricked into a <a href="/wiki/Hoax_call" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoax call">hoax call</a> by Montreal radio host <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Brassard" title="Pierre Brassard">Pierre Brassard</a> impersonating Canadian prime minister <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a>. Elizabeth, who believed that she was speaking to Chrétien, said she supported Canadian unity and would try to influence <a href="/wiki/1995_Quebec_referendum" title="1995 Quebec referendum">Quebec's referendum</a> on proposals to break away from Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the year that followed, public revelations on the state of Charles and Diana's marriage continued.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandreth2004356Pimlott2001572–577Roberts200094Shawcross2002168_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandreth2004356Pimlott2001572–577Roberts200094Shawcross2002168-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In consultation with her husband and John Major, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_Carey" title="George Carey">George Carey</a>) and her private secretary (<a href="/wiki/Robert_Fellowes,_Baron_Fellowes" title="Robert Fellowes, Baron Fellowes">Robert Fellowes</a>), Elizabeth wrote to Charles and Diana at the end of December 1995, suggesting that a divorce would be advisable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandreth2004357Pimlott2001577_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandreth2004357Pimlott2001577-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1997, a year after the divorce, Diana <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Death of Diana, Princess of Wales">was killed</a> in a car crash in Paris. Elizabeth was on holiday with her extended family at Balmoral. Diana's two sons, Princes William and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Harry,_Duke_of_Sussex" title="Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex">Harry</a>, wanted to attend church, so Elizabeth and Philip took them that morning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandreth2004358Hardman2011101Pimlott2001610_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandreth2004358Hardman2011101Pimlott2001610-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterwards, for five days, the royal couple shielded their grandsons from the intense press interest by keeping them at Balmoral where they could grieve in private,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond2006134Brandreth2004358Marr2011338Pimlott2001615_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond2006134Brandreth2004358Marr2011338Pimlott2001615-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the royal family's silence and seclusion, and the failure to fly a flag at <a href="/wiki/Half-mast" title="Half-mast">half-mast</a> over Buckingham Palace, caused public dismay.<sup id="cite_ref-MacQueen_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacQueen-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond2006134Brandreth2004358Lacey20026–7Pimlott2001616Roberts200098Shawcross20028_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond2006134Brandreth2004358Lacey20026–7Pimlott2001616Roberts200098Shawcross20028-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pressured by the hostile reaction, Elizabeth agreed to return to London and address the nation in a <a href="/wiki/Addresses_to_the_nation_by_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Addresses to the nation by Elizabeth II">live television broadcast</a> on 5 September, the day before <a href="/wiki/Diana%27s_funeral" class="mw-redirect" title="Diana's funeral">Diana's funeral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandreth2004358–359Lacey20028–9Pimlott2001621–622_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandreth2004358–359Lacey20028–9Pimlott2001621–622-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the broadcast, she expressed admiration for Diana and her feelings "as a grandmother" for the two princes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond2006134Brandreth2004359Lacey200213–15Pimlott2001623–624_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond2006134Brandreth2004359Lacey200213–15Pimlott2001623–624-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, much of the public hostility evaporated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond2006134Brandreth2004359Lacey200213–15Pimlott2001623–624_172-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond2006134Brandreth2004359Lacey200213–15Pimlott2001623–624-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1997, Elizabeth and Philip made a state visit to India, which included a controversial visit to the site of the <a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</a> to pay her respects. Protesters chanted "Killer Queen, go back",<sup id="cite_ref-goback_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goback-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there were demands for her to apologise for the action of British troops 78 years earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the memorial in the park, she and Philip laid a <a href="/wiki/Wreath" title="Wreath">wreath</a> and stood for a 30‑second <a href="/wiki/Moment_of_silence" title="Moment of silence">moment of silence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_174-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, much of the fury among the public softened, and the protests were called off.<sup id="cite_ref-goback_173-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goback-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That November, the royal couple held a reception at <a href="/wiki/Banqueting_House" title="Banqueting House">Banqueting House</a> to mark their golden wedding anniversary.<sup id="cite_ref-G-Wedding-Anniversary_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G-Wedding-Anniversary-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elizabeth made a speech and praised Philip for his role as consort, referring to him as "my strength and stay".<sup id="cite_ref-G-Wedding-Anniversary_175-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G-Wedding-Anniversary-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1999, as part of the process of <a href="/wiki/Devolution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Devolution in the United Kingdom">devolution in the United Kingdom</a>, Elizabeth formally opened newly established legislatures for Wales and Scotland: the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_for_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly for Wales">National Assembly for Wales</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a> in May,<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a> at <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> in July.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dawn_of_the_new_millennium">Dawn of the new millennium</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_II_with_her_British_Prime_Ministers_during_her_Golden_Jubilee_in_2002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Queen_Elizabeth_II_with_her_British_Prime_Ministers_during_her_Golden_Jubilee_in_2002.jpg/220px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_with_her_British_Prime_Ministers_during_her_Golden_Jubilee_in_2002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Queen_Elizabeth_II_with_her_British_Prime_Ministers_during_her_Golden_Jubilee_in_2002.jpg/330px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_with_her_British_Prime_Ministers_during_her_Golden_Jubilee_in_2002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Queen_Elizabeth_II_with_her_British_Prime_Ministers_during_her_Golden_Jubilee_in_2002.jpg/440px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_with_her_British_Prime_Ministers_during_her_Golden_Jubilee_in_2002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>Golden Jubilee dinner with living British prime ministers, 2002: (left to right) Tony Blair, Margaret Thatcher, Edward Heath, Elizabeth, <a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">James Callaghan</a>, John Major</figcaption></figure> <p>On the eve of the new millennium, Elizabeth and Philip boarded a vessel from <a href="/wiki/Southwark" title="Southwark">Southwark</a>, bound for the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Dome" title="Millennium Dome">Millennium Dome</a>. Before passing under <a href="/wiki/Tower_Bridge" title="Tower Bridge">Tower Bridge</a>, she lit the National Millennium Beacon in the <a href="/wiki/Pool_of_London" title="Pool of London">Pool of London</a> using a laser torch.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly before midnight, she officially opened the Dome.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnappett201624_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnappett201624-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the singing of <i><a href="/wiki/Auld_Lang_Syne" title="Auld Lang Syne">Auld Lang Syne</a></i>, Elizabeth held hands with Philip and British prime minister <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShawcross2002224Bedell_Smith2017423_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawcross2002224Bedell_Smith2017423-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/9/11_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="9/11 attacks">9/11 attacks</a> in the United States, Elizabeth, breaking with tradition, ordered the <a href="/wiki/American_national_anthem" class="mw-redirect" title="American national anthem">American national anthem</a> to be played during the <a href="/wiki/Changing_of_the_guard_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Changing of the guard (United Kingdom)">changing of the guard</a> at Buckingham Palace to express her solidarity with the country.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2002, Elizabeth marked her <a href="/wiki/Golden_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II">Golden Jubilee</a>, the 50th anniversary of her accession. Her sister and mother died in February and March, respectively, and the media speculated on whether the Jubilee would be a success or a failure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond2006156Bradford2012248–249Marr2011349–350_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond2006156Bradford2012248–249Marr2011349–350-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Princess Margaret's death shook Elizabeth; her funeral was one of the rare occasions where Elizabeth openly cried.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elizabeth again undertook an extensive tour of her realms, beginning in Jamaica in February, where she called the farewell banquet "memorable" after a <a href="/wiki/Power_cut" class="mw-redirect" title="Power cut">power cut</a> plunged <a href="/wiki/King%27s_House,_Jamaica" title="King's House, Jamaica">King's House</a>, the official residence of the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Jamaica" title="Governor-General of Jamaica">governor-general</a>, into darkness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandreth200431_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandreth200431-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in 1977, there were street parties and commemorative events, and monuments were named to honour the occasion. One million people attended each day of the three-day main Jubilee celebration in London,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond2006166–167_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond2006166–167-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the enthusiasm shown for Elizabeth by the public was greater than many journalists had anticipated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond2006157_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond2006157-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_at_NASA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Queen_at_NASA.jpg/220px-Queen_at_NASA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Queen_at_NASA.jpg/330px-Queen_at_NASA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Queen_at_NASA.jpg/440px-Queen_at_NASA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3744" data-file-height="2746" /></a><figcaption>Greeting <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> employees at the <a href="/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="Goddard Space Flight Center">Goddard Space Flight Center</a>, Maryland, May 2007</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2003, Elizabeth sued the <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mirror" title="Daily Mirror">Daily Mirror</a></i> for <a href="/wiki/Breach_of_confidence_in_English_law" title="Breach of confidence in English law">breach of confidence</a> and obtained an <a href="/wiki/Injunction" title="Injunction">injunction</a> which prevented the outlet from publishing information gathered by a reporter who posed as a <a href="/wiki/Footman" title="Footman">footman</a> at Buckingham Palace.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The newspaper also paid £25,000 towards her legal costs.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though generally healthy throughout her life, in 2003 she had <a href="/wiki/Keyhole_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Keyhole surgery">keyhole surgery</a> on both knees. In October 2006, she missed the opening of the new <a href="/wiki/Emirates_Stadium" title="Emirates Stadium">Emirates Stadium</a> because of a strained back muscle that had been troubling her since the summer.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2007, citing unnamed sources, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i> reported that Elizabeth was "exasperated and frustrated" by the policies of Tony Blair, that she was concerned the <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British Armed Forces</a> were overstretched in Iraq and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, and that she had raised concerns over rural and countryside issues with Blair.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was, however, said to admire Blair's efforts to achieve <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">peace in Northern Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She became the first British monarch to celebrate a diamond wedding anniversary in November 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 20 March 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_Armagh_(Church_of_Ireland)" title="St Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh (Church of Ireland)">St Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh</a>, Elizabeth attended the first <a href="/wiki/Maundy_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Maundy service">Maundy service</a> held outside England and Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elizabeth addressed the UN General Assembly for a second time in 2010, again in her capacity as Queen of all Commonwealth realms and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Commonwealth" title="Head of the Commonwealth">Head of the Commonwealth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/UN_secretary-general" class="mw-redirect" title="UN secretary-general">UN secretary-general</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon" title="Ban Ki-moon">Ban Ki-moon</a>, introduced her as "an anchor for our age".<sup id="cite_ref-BBCUN_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCUN-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During her visit to New York, which followed a tour of Canada, she officially opened a memorial garden for British <a href="/wiki/Victims_of_the_9/11_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Victims of the 9/11 attacks">victims of the 9/11 attacks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCUN_196-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCUN-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elizabeth's 11-day visit to Australia in October 2011 was her 16th visit to the country since 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By invitation of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_president" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish president">Irish president</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_McAleese" title="Mary McAleese">Mary McAleese</a>, she made the first <a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Elizabeth_II_to_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="State visit by Elizabeth II to the Republic of Ireland">state visit to the Republic of Ireland</a> by a British monarch in May 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradford2012253_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradford2012253-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diamond_Jubilee_and_milestones">Diamond Jubilee and milestones</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Day_194_-_West_Midlands_Police_-_Royal_Diamond_Jubilee_Visit_(7555521830).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Day_194_-_West_Midlands_Police_-_Royal_Diamond_Jubilee_Visit_%287555521830%29.jpg/220px-Day_194_-_West_Midlands_Police_-_Royal_Diamond_Jubilee_Visit_%287555521830%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Day_194_-_West_Midlands_Police_-_Royal_Diamond_Jubilee_Visit_%287555521830%29.jpg/330px-Day_194_-_West_Midlands_Police_-_Royal_Diamond_Jubilee_Visit_%287555521830%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Day_194_-_West_Midlands_Police_-_Royal_Diamond_Jubilee_Visit_%287555521830%29.jpg/440px-Day_194_-_West_Midlands_Police_-_Royal_Diamond_Jubilee_Visit_%287555521830%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Visiting <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> in July 2012 as part of the Diamond Jubilee tour</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/2012_Diamond_Jubilee" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Diamond Jubilee">2012 Diamond Jubilee</a> marked 60 years since Elizabeth's accession, and celebrations were held throughout her realms, the wider Commonwealth, and beyond. She and Philip undertook an extensive tour of the United Kingdom, while their children and grandchildren embarked on royal tours of other Commonwealth states on her behalf.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 4 June, Jubilee beacons were lit around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 18 December, the Queen became the first British <a href="/wiki/Sovereign" title="Sovereign">sovereign</a> to attend a peacetime <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet meeting</a> since <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> in 1781.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elizabeth, who opened the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Montreal Summer Olympics">Montreal Summer Olympics</a> in 1976, also opened the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012 Summer Olympics</a> and <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Paralympics" title="2012 Summer Paralympics">Paralympics</a> in London, making her the first <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_opened_the_Olympic_Games" title="List of people who have opened the Olympic Games">head of state to open</a> two <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> in two countries.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the London Olympics, she portrayed herself in <a href="/wiki/Happy_%26_Glorious" class="mw-redirect" title="Happy & Glorious">a short film</a> as part of <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony" title="2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony">the opening ceremony</a>, alongside <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Craig" title="Daniel Craig">Daniel Craig</a> as <a href="/wiki/James_Bond" title="James Bond">James Bond</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 4 April 2013, she received an honorary <a href="/wiki/BAFTA" class="mw-redirect" title="BAFTA">BAFTA</a> award for her <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">patronage</a> of the film industry and was called "the most memorable <a href="/wiki/Bond_girl" title="Bond girl">Bond girl</a> yet" at a special presentation at Windsor Castle.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Official_Opening_of_the_Borders_Rail_-_21086557488.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Official_Opening_of_the_Borders_Rail_-_21086557488.jpg/220px-Official_Opening_of_the_Borders_Rail_-_21086557488.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Official_Opening_of_the_Borders_Rail_-_21086557488.jpg/330px-Official_Opening_of_the_Borders_Rail_-_21086557488.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Official_Opening_of_the_Borders_Rail_-_21086557488.jpg/440px-Official_Opening_of_the_Borders_Rail_-_21086557488.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3401" data-file-height="2423" /></a><figcaption>Opening the <a href="/wiki/Borders_Railway" title="Borders Railway">Borders Railway</a> on the day she became the longest-reigning British monarch, 2015. In her speech, she said she had never aspired to achieve that milestone.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In March 2013, the Queen stayed overnight at <a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VII%27s_Hospital" title="King Edward VII's Hospital">King Edward VII's Hospital</a> as a precaution after developing symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Gastroenteritis" title="Gastroenteritis">gastroenteritis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A week later, she signed the new <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_Commonwealth" title="Charter of the Commonwealth">Charter of the Commonwealth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That year, because of her age and the need for her to limit travelling, she chose not to attend the biennial <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government_Meeting" title="Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting">Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting</a> for the first time in 40 years. She was represented at the <a href="/wiki/2013_Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government_Meeting" title="2013 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting">summit in Sri Lanka</a> by Prince Charles.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 20 April 2018, the Commonwealth heads of government announced that Charles would succeed her as Head of the Commonwealth, which the Queen stated as her "sincere wish".<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She underwent <a href="/wiki/Cataract_surgery" title="Cataract surgery">cataract surgery</a> in May 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2019, she gave up driving on public roads, largely as a consequence of a car accident involving her husband two months earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 21 December 2007, Elizabeth surpassed her great-great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, to become the longest-lived British monarch, and she became the <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_in_Britain_by_length_of_reign" title="List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign">longest-reigning British monarch</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_longest-reigning_monarchs" title="List of longest-reigning monarchs">longest-reigning queen regnant</a> and female head of state in the world on 9 September 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She became the oldest living monarch after the death of <a href="/wiki/King_Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia">King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia</a> on 23 January 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She later became the longest-reigning current monarch and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_current_state_leaders_by_date_of_assumption_of_office" title="List of current state leaders by date of assumption of office">longest-serving current head of state</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_King_Bhumibol_Adulyadej" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of King Bhumibol Adulyadej">death of King Bhumibol Adulyadej</a> of Thailand on 13 October 2016,<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_state_leaders_by_age" title="Lists of state leaders by age">oldest current head of state</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Resignation_of_Robert_Mugabe" class="mw-redirect" title="Resignation of Robert Mugabe">resignation of Robert Mugabe</a> of Zimbabwe on 21 November 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 6 February 2017, she became the first British monarch to commemorate <a href="/wiki/Sapphire_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Sapphire Jubilee of Elizabeth II">a sapphire jubilee</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on 20 November that year, she was the first British monarch to celebrate a platinum wedding anniversary.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philip had retired from his official duties as the Queen's consort in August 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pandemic_and_widowhood">Pandemic and widowhood</h3></div> <p>On 19 March 2020, as the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">COVID-19 pandemic hit the United Kingdom</a>, Elizabeth moved to Windsor Castle and sequestered there as a precaution.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public engagements were cancelled and Windsor Castle followed a strict sanitary protocol nicknamed "HMS Bubble".<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_private_audience_with_Her_Majesty_Queen_Elizabeth_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/A_private_audience_with_Her_Majesty_Queen_Elizabeth_II.jpg/220px-A_private_audience_with_Her_Majesty_Queen_Elizabeth_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/A_private_audience_with_Her_Majesty_Queen_Elizabeth_II.jpg/330px-A_private_audience_with_Her_Majesty_Queen_Elizabeth_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/A_private_audience_with_Her_Majesty_Queen_Elizabeth_II.jpg/440px-A_private_audience_with_Her_Majesty_Queen_Elizabeth_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1156" data-file-height="948" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Virtual_meeting" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual meeting">Virtual meeting</a> with <a href="/wiki/Cindy_Kiro" title="Cindy Kiro">Cindy Kiro</a> during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, October 2021</figcaption></figure> <p>On 5 April, in a televised broadcast watched by an estimated 24 million viewers in the United Kingdom,<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elizabeth asked people to "take comfort that while we may have more still to endure, better days will return: we will be with our friends again; we will be with our families again; <a href="/wiki/We%27ll_Meet_Again" title="We'll Meet Again">we will meet again</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 8 May, the 75th anniversary of <a href="/wiki/VE_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="VE Day">VE Day</a>, in a television broadcast at 9 pm—the exact time at which her father had broadcast to the nation on the same day in 1945—she asked people to "never give up, never despair".<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, she received her first and second <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccinations" class="mw-redirect" title="COVID-19 vaccinations">COVID-19 vaccinations</a> in January and April respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prince Philip <a href="/wiki/Death_and_funeral_of_Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Death and funeral of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">died on 9 April 2021</a>, after 73 years of marriage, making Elizabeth the first British monarch to reign as a <a href="/wiki/Widow" title="Widow">widow</a> or widower since Queen Victoria.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was reportedly at her husband's bedside when he died,<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and remarked in private that his death had "left a huge void".<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the COVID-19 restrictions in place in England at the time, Elizabeth sat alone at Philip's funeral service, which evoked sympathy from people around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was later reported in the press that Elizabeth had rejected a government offer to relax the rules.<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her Christmas broadcast that year, which was ultimately her last, she paid a personal tribute to her "beloved Philip", saying, "That mischievous, inquiring twinkle was as bright at the end as when I first set eyes on him."<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the pandemic, Elizabeth attended the <a href="/wiki/2021_State_Opening_of_Parliament" title="2021 State Opening of Parliament">2021 State Opening of Parliament</a> in May,<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/47th_G7_summit" title="47th G7 summit">47th G7 summit</a> in June,<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and hosted US president <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> at Windsor Castle. Biden was the 14th US president that the Queen had met.<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2021, Elizabeth cancelled a planned trip to Northern Ireland and stayed overnight at King Edward VII's Hospital for "preliminary investigations".<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On Christmas Day 2021, while she was staying at Windsor Castle, 19-year-old Jaswant Singh Chail broke into the gardens using a rope ladder and carrying a <a href="/wiki/Crossbow" title="Crossbow">crossbow</a> with the aim of assassinating Elizabeth in revenge for the <a href="/wiki/Amritsar_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Amritsar massacre">Amritsar massacre</a>. Before he could enter any buildings, he was arrested and detained under the <a href="/wiki/Mental_Health_Act_2007" title="Mental Health Act 2007">Mental Health Act</a>. In February 2023, Chail pleaded guilty to <a href="/wiki/Treason_Act_1842#Section_2" title="Treason Act 1842">attempting to injure or alarm the sovereign</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was sentenced in October to a 9-year custodial sentence plus an additional 5 years on extended licence. The sentencing judge also placed Chail under a hybrid order under section 45A of the <a href="/wiki/Mental_Health_Act_1983" title="Mental Health Act 1983">Mental Health Act 1983</a>, ordering that he remain at <a href="/wiki/Broadmoor_Hospital" title="Broadmoor Hospital">Broadmoor Hospital</a> to be transferred into custody only after receiving psychiatric treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Platinum_Jubilee_and_beyond">Platinum Jubilee and beyond</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_II_Platinum_Jubilee_2022_-_Platinum_Pageant_(52124830349).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Platinum_Jubilee_2022_-_Platinum_Pageant_%2852124830349%29.jpg/220px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_Platinum_Jubilee_2022_-_Platinum_Pageant_%2852124830349%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Platinum_Jubilee_2022_-_Platinum_Pageant_%2852124830349%29.jpg/330px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_Platinum_Jubilee_2022_-_Platinum_Pageant_%2852124830349%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Platinum_Jubilee_2022_-_Platinum_Pageant_%2852124830349%29.jpg/440px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_Platinum_Jubilee_2022_-_Platinum_Pageant_%2852124830349%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5629" data-file-height="3637" /></a><figcaption>With the royal family on the balcony of Buckingham Palace following the <a href="/wiki/Platinum_Jubilee_Pageant" title="Platinum Jubilee Pageant">Platinum Jubilee Pageant</a>, June 2022</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Platinum_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II">Elizabeth's Platinum Jubilee celebrations</a> began on 6 February 2022, marking 70 years since her accession.<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her <a href="/wiki/Accession_day" title="Accession day">accession day</a> message, she renewed her commitment to a lifetime of public service, which she had originally made in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later that month, Elizabeth fell ill with COVID-19 along with several family members, but she only exhibited "mild cold-like symptoms" and recovered by the end of the month.<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was present at <a href="/wiki/A_Service_of_Thanksgiving_for_the_life_of_The_Duke_of_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="A Service of Thanksgiving for the life of The Duke of Edinburgh">the service of thanksgiving for her husband</a> at Westminster Abbey on 29 March,<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was unable to attend both the annual <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Day" title="Commonwealth Day">Commonwealth Day</a> service that month<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Maundy" title="Royal Maundy">Royal Maundy</a> service in April, because of "episodic mobility problems".<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May, she missed the <a href="/wiki/State_Opening_of_Parliament" title="State Opening of Parliament">State Opening of Parliament</a> for the first time in 59 years. (She did not attend the state openings in 1959 and 1963 as she was pregnant with Prince Andrew and Prince Edward, respectively.)<sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Queen was largely confined to balcony appearances during the public jubilee celebrations, and she missed the <a href="/wiki/Platinum_Jubilee_National_Service_of_Thanksgiving" title="Platinum Jubilee National Service of Thanksgiving">National Service of Thanksgiving</a> on 3 June.<sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 13 June, she became the second-longest reigning monarch in history (among those whose exact dates of reign are known), with 70 years and 127 days on the throne—surpassing <a href="/wiki/King_Bhumibol_Adulyadej" class="mw-redirect" title="King Bhumibol Adulyadej">King Bhumibol Adulyadej</a> of Thailand.<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 6 September, she appointed her 15th British prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Liz Truss</a>, at Balmoral Castle in Scotland. This was the only occasion on which Elizabeth received a new prime minister at a location other than Buckingham Palace.<sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No other British monarch appointed as many prime ministers.<sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Queen's last public message was issued on 7 September, in which she expressed her sympathy for those affected by the <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_stabbings" class="mw-redirect" title="Saskatchewan stabbings">Saskatchewan stabbings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elizabeth did not plan to <a href="/wiki/Abdicate" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdicate">abdicate</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandreth2004370–371Marr2011395_250-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandreth2004370–371Marr2011395-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though she took on fewer public engagements in her later years and Prince Charles performed more of her duties.<sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She told Canadian governor-general <a href="/wiki/Adrienne_Clarkson" title="Adrienne Clarkson">Adrienne Clarkson</a> in a meeting in 2002 that she would never abdicate, saying, "It is not our tradition. Although, I suppose if I became completely gaga, one would have to do something."<sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2022, Elizabeth met the Archbishop of Canterbury, <a href="/wiki/Justin_Welby" title="Justin Welby">Justin Welby</a>, who "came away thinking there is someone who has no fear of death, has hope in the future, knows the rock on which she stands and that gives her strength."<sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II">Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memorial_Offerings_to_Queen_Elizabeth_II_at_the_George_VI_and_Queen_Elizabeth_Memorial_(11).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Memorial_Offerings_to_Queen_Elizabeth_II_at_the_George_VI_and_Queen_Elizabeth_Memorial_%2811%29.jpg/220px-Memorial_Offerings_to_Queen_Elizabeth_II_at_the_George_VI_and_Queen_Elizabeth_Memorial_%2811%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Memorial_Offerings_to_Queen_Elizabeth_II_at_the_George_VI_and_Queen_Elizabeth_Memorial_%2811%29.jpg/330px-Memorial_Offerings_to_Queen_Elizabeth_II_at_the_George_VI_and_Queen_Elizabeth_Memorial_%2811%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Memorial_Offerings_to_Queen_Elizabeth_II_at_the_George_VI_and_Queen_Elizabeth_Memorial_%2811%29.jpg/440px-Memorial_Offerings_to_Queen_Elizabeth_II_at_the_George_VI_and_Queen_Elizabeth_Memorial_%2811%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4533" data-file-height="3385" /></a><figcaption>Tributes left in <a href="/wiki/The_Mall,_London" title="The Mall, London">The Mall, London</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 8 September 2022, Buckingham Palace stated, "Following further evaluation this morning, the Queen's doctors are concerned for Her Majesty's health and have recommended she remain under medical supervision. The Queen remains comfortable and at Balmoral."<sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her <a href="/wiki/Immediate_family" title="Immediate family">immediate family</a> rushed to Balmoral.<sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She died peacefully at 15:10 <a href="/wiki/British_Summer_Time" title="British Summer Time">BST</a> at the age of 96.<sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-COD_259-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COD-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her death was announced to the public at 18:30,<sup id="cite_ref-261" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-262" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> setting in motion <a href="/wiki/Operation_London_Bridge" title="Operation London Bridge">Operation London Bridge</a> and, because she died in Scotland, <a href="/wiki/Operation_London_Bridge#Operation_Unicorn" title="Operation London Bridge">Operation Unicorn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-263" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-264" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elizabeth was the first monarch to die in Scotland since <a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a> in 1542.<sup id="cite_ref-265" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her <a href="/wiki/Death_certificate" title="Death certificate">death certificate</a> recorded her cause of death as "<a href="/wiki/Old_age" title="Old age">old age</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-COD_259-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COD-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-266" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to her former prime minister <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a><sup id="cite_ref-267" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the biographer <a href="/wiki/Gyles_Brandreth" title="Gyles Brandreth">Gyles Brandreth</a>, she was suffering from a form of <a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone marrow cancer">bone marrow cancer</a>, which Brandreth wrote was <a href="/wiki/Multiple_myeloma" title="Multiple myeloma">multiple myeloma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-268" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-268"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 12 September, Elizabeth's coffin was carried up the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mile" title="Royal Mile">Royal Mile</a> in a procession to <a href="/wiki/St_Giles%27_Cathedral" title="St Giles' Cathedral">St Giles' Cathedral</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Scotland" title="Crown of Scotland">Crown of Scotland</a> was placed on it.<sup id="cite_ref-269" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-269"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her coffin lay at rest at the cathedral for 24 hours, guarded by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Company_of_Archers" title="Royal Company of Archers">Royal Company of Archers</a>, during which around 33,000 people filed past it.<sup id="cite_ref-270" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-270"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 13 September, the coffin was flown to <a href="/wiki/RAF_Northolt" title="RAF Northolt">RAF Northolt</a> in west London, before continuing its journey by road to Buckingham Palace.<sup id="cite_ref-271" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-271"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 September, her coffin was taken in a military procession to <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Hall" title="Westminster Hall">Westminster Hall</a>, where Elizabeth's body <a href="/wiki/Lay_in_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Lay in state">lay in state</a> for four days. The coffin was guarded by members of both the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign%27s_Bodyguard" title="Sovereign's Bodyguard">Sovereign's Bodyguard</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Household_Division" title="Household Division">Household Division</a>. An estimated 250,000 members of the public <a href="/wiki/Queue_for_the_lying-in-state_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Queue for the lying-in-state of Elizabeth II">filed past the coffin</a>, as did politicians and other public figures.<sup id="cite_ref-272" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-272"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-273" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-273"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 16 September, Elizabeth's children held <a href="/wiki/Vigil_of_the_Princes#Queen_Elizabeth_II" title="Vigil of the Princes">a vigil</a> around her coffin, and the next day her eight grandchildren did the same.<sup id="cite_ref-secondvigil_274-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-secondvigil-274"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-275" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-275"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_II%27s_Funeral_and_Procession_(19.Sep.2022)_-_23.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Queen_Elizabeth_II%27s_Funeral_and_Procession_%2819.Sep.2022%29_-_23.jpg/220px-Queen_Elizabeth_II%27s_Funeral_and_Procession_%2819.Sep.2022%29_-_23.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Queen_Elizabeth_II%27s_Funeral_and_Procession_%2819.Sep.2022%29_-_23.jpg/330px-Queen_Elizabeth_II%27s_Funeral_and_Procession_%2819.Sep.2022%29_-_23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Queen_Elizabeth_II%27s_Funeral_and_Procession_%2819.Sep.2022%29_-_23.jpg/440px-Queen_Elizabeth_II%27s_Funeral_and_Procession_%2819.Sep.2022%29_-_23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4135" data-file-height="2757" /></a><figcaption>Elizabeth's coffin on the <a href="/wiki/State_Gun_Carriage_of_the_Royal_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="State Gun Carriage of the Royal Navy">State Gun Carriage of the Royal Navy</a>, during the procession to <a href="/wiki/Wellington_Arch" title="Wellington Arch">Wellington Arch</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Elizabeth's <a href="/wiki/State_funerals_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="State funerals in the United Kingdom">state funeral</a> was held at Westminster Abbey on 19 September, which marked the first time a monarch's funeral service was held at the Abbey since <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a> in 1760.<sup id="cite_ref-276" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-276"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>270<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than a million people lined the streets of <a href="/wiki/Central_London" title="Central London">central London</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-SkyN-Crowds_277-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SkyN-Crowds-277"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the day was declared a holiday in several Commonwealth countries. In Windsor, a final procession involving 1,000 military personnel took place, which 97,000 people witnessed.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_News-2022_278-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-2022-278"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>272<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SkyN-Crowds_277-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SkyN-Crowds-277"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elizabeth's <a href="/wiki/Fell_pony" title="Fell pony">fell pony</a> and two <a href="/wiki/Royal_corgis" title="Royal corgis">royal corgis</a> stood at the side of the procession.<sup id="cite_ref-279" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-279"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a committal service at <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle" title="St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle">St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle</a>, Elizabeth's body was interred with her husband Philip's in the <a href="/wiki/King_George_VI_Memorial_Chapel" title="King George VI Memorial Chapel">King George VI Memorial Chapel</a> later the same day, in a private ceremony attended by her closest family members.<sup id="cite_ref-280" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-280"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_News-2022_278-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-2022-278"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>272<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-281" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-281"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>275<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-282" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-282"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>276<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Personality_and_image_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Personality and image of Elizabeth II">Personality and image of Elizabeth II</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beliefs,_activities,_and_interests"><span id="Beliefs.2C_activities.2C_and_interests"></span>Beliefs, activities, and interests</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_II_-_1974_Royal_Tour_of_NZ_-_Oamaru_with_Mayor_Bill_Laney_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Queen_Elizabeth_II_-_1974_Royal_Tour_of_NZ_-_Oamaru_with_Mayor_Bill_Laney_%284%29.jpg/170px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_-_1974_Royal_Tour_of_NZ_-_Oamaru_with_Mayor_Bill_Laney_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Queen_Elizabeth_II_-_1974_Royal_Tour_of_NZ_-_Oamaru_with_Mayor_Bill_Laney_%284%29.jpg/255px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_-_1974_Royal_Tour_of_NZ_-_Oamaru_with_Mayor_Bill_Laney_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Queen_Elizabeth_II_-_1974_Royal_Tour_of_NZ_-_Oamaru_with_Mayor_Bill_Laney_%284%29.jpg/340px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_-_1974_Royal_Tour_of_NZ_-_Oamaru_with_Mayor_Bill_Laney_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2470" data-file-height="3652" /></a><figcaption>Patting a dog in New Zealand, 1974</figcaption></figure> <p>Elizabeth rarely gave interviews, and little was known of her political opinions, which she did not express explicitly in public. It is against convention to ask or reveal the monarch's views. When <i>Times</i> journalist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Routledge" title="Paul Routledge">Paul Routledge</a> asked her about the <a href="/wiki/Miners%27_strike_of_1984%E2%80%9385" class="mw-redirect" title="Miners' strike of 1984–85">miners' strike of 1984–85</a> during a royal tour of the newspaper's offices, she replied that it was "all about one man" (a reference to <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Scargill" title="Arthur Scargill">Arthur Scargill</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-BBCRoutledge1999_283-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCRoutledge1999-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>277<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with which Routledge disagreed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoutledge1994xiii_284-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoutledge1994xiii-284"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>278<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Routledge was widely criticised in the media for asking the question and claimed that he was unaware of the protocols.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoutledge1994xiii_284-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoutledge1994xiii-284"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>278<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/2014_Scottish_independence_referendum" title="2014 Scottish independence referendum">2014 Scottish independence referendum</a>, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> was overheard saying that Elizabeth was pleased with the outcome.<sup id="cite_ref-285" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-285"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>279<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She had arguably issued a public coded statement about the referendum by telling one woman outside Balmoral Kirk that she hoped people would think "very carefully" about the outcome. It emerged later that Cameron had specifically requested that she register her concern.<sup id="cite_ref-286" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-286"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>280<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elizabeth had a deep sense of religious and <a href="/wiki/Civic_duty" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic duty">civic duty</a>, and took her <a href="/wiki/Coronation_Oath" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronation Oath">Coronation Oath</a> seriously.<sup id="cite_ref-287" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-287"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from her <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom#Religious_role" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">official religious role</a> as <a href="/wiki/Supreme_governor" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme governor">supreme governor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">established</a> Church of England, she worshipped with that church and with the national <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-288" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-288"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>282<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She demonstrated support for <a href="/wiki/Inter-faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter-faith">inter-faith</a> relations and met with leaders of other churches and religions, including five popes: <a href="/wiki/Pius_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius XII">Pius XII</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_XXIII" class="mw-redirect" title="John XXIII">John XXIII</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benedict_XVI" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-289" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-289"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>283<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A personal note about her faith often featured in her annual <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Message" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas Message">Christmas Message</a> broadcast to the Commonwealth. In 2000, she said:<sup id="cite_ref-290" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-290"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>284<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>To many of us, our beliefs are of fundamental importance. For me the teachings of Christ and my own personal accountability before God provide a framework in which I try to lead my life. I, like so many of you, have drawn great comfort in difficult times from Christ's words and example.</p></blockquote> <p>Elizabeth was <a href="/wiki/Patron" class="mw-redirect" title="Patron">patron</a> of more than 600 organisations and charities.<sup id="cite_ref-291" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-291"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>285<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Charities_Aid_Foundation" title="Charities Aid Foundation">Charities Aid Foundation</a> estimated that Elizabeth helped raise over £1.4 billion for her patronages during her reign.<sup id="cite_ref-292" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-292"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>286<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her main leisure interests included <a href="/wiki/Horses_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Horses of Elizabeth II">equestrianism</a> and dogs, especially her <a href="/wiki/Pembroke_Welsh_Corgi" title="Pembroke Welsh Corgi">Pembroke Welsh Corgis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-293" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-293"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>287<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her lifelong love of corgis began in 1933 with <a href="/wiki/Dookie_(dog)" title="Dookie (dog)">Dookie</a>, the first of many royal corgis.<sup id="cite_ref-294" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-294"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>288<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scenes of a relaxed, informal home life were occasionally witnessed; she and her family, from time to time, prepared a meal together and washed the dishes afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-295" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-295"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>289<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_depiction_and_public_opinion">Media depiction and public opinion</h3></div> <p>In the 1950s, as a young woman at the start of her reign, Elizabeth was depicted as a glamorous "fairytale Queen".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond200622_296-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond200622-296"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>290<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the trauma of the Second World War, it was a time of hope, a period of progress and achievement heralding a "new <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabethan age">Elizabethan age</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond200635Pimlott2001180Roberts200082Shawcross200250_297-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond200635Pimlott2001180Roberts200082Shawcross200250-297"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>291<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lord Altrincham's accusation in 1957 that her speeches sounded like those of a "<a href="/wiki/Prig" title="Prig">priggish</a> schoolgirl" was an extremely rare criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond200635Pimlott2001280Shawcross200276_298-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond200635Pimlott2001280Shawcross200276-298"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>292<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1960s, attempts to portray a more modern image of the monarchy were made in the television documentary <i><a href="/wiki/Royal_Family_(film)" title="Royal Family (film)">Royal Family</a></i> and by televising <a href="/wiki/Prince_Charles%27s_investiture_as_Prince_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Charles's investiture as Prince of Wales">Prince Charles's investiture as Prince of Wales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond200666–67,_84,_87–89Bradford2012160–163Hardman201122,_210–213Lacey2002222–226Marr2011237Pimlott2001378–392Roberts200084–86_299-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond200666–67,_84,_87–89Bradford2012160–163Hardman201122,_210–213Lacey2002222–226Marr2011237Pimlott2001378–392Roberts200084–86-299"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>293<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elizabeth also instituted other new practices; her first royal walkabout, meeting ordinary members of the public, took place during a tour of Australia and New Zealand in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardman2011213–214_300-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardman2011213–214-300"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>294<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her wardrobe developed a recognisable, signature style driven more by function than fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardman201141_301-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardman201141-301"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>295<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In public, she took to wearing mostly solid-colour <a href="/wiki/Overcoat" title="Overcoat">overcoats</a> and decorative hats, allowing her to be seen easily in a crowd.<sup id="cite_ref-302" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-302"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>296<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of her reign, nearly one third of Britons had seen or met Elizabeth in person.<sup id="cite_ref-303" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-303"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>297<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At Elizabeth's Silver Jubilee in 1977, the crowds and celebrations were genuinely enthusiastic;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond200697Bradford2012189Pimlott2001449–450Roberts200087Shawcross20021114–117_304-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond200697Bradford2012189Pimlott2001449–450Roberts200087Shawcross20021114–117-304"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>298<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but, in the 1980s, public criticism of the royal family increased, as the personal and working lives of Elizabeth's children came under media scrutiny.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond2006117Roberts200091_305-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond2006117Roberts200091-305"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her popularity sank to a low point in the 1990s. Under pressure from public opinion, she began to pay income tax for the first time, and Buckingham Palace was opened to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond2006134Pimlott2001556–561,_570_306-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond2006134Pimlott2001556–561,_570-306"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>300<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although support for <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Republicanism in Britain">republicanism in Britain</a> seemed higher than at any time in living memory, republican ideology was still a minority viewpoint, and Elizabeth herself had high approval ratings.<sup id="cite_ref-307" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-307"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>301<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Criticism was focused on the institution of the monarchy itself, and the conduct of Elizabeth's wider family, rather than her own behaviour and actions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPimlott2001578_308-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPimlott2001578-308"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>302<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Discontent with the monarchy reached its peak on the death of Diana, Princess of Wales, although Elizabeth's personal popularity—as well as general support for the monarchy—rebounded after her live television broadcast to the world five days after Diana's death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond2006134Pimlott2001624–625_309-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond2006134Pimlott2001624–625-309"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>303<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_in_Brisbane_1982.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Queen_in_Brisbane_1982.jpg/220px-Queen_in_Brisbane_1982.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Queen_in_Brisbane_1982.jpg/330px-Queen_in_Brisbane_1982.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Queen_in_Brisbane_1982.jpg/440px-Queen_in_Brisbane_1982.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3988" data-file-height="2434" /></a><figcaption>In <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a>, Australia, 1982</figcaption></figure> <p>In November 1999, <a href="/wiki/1999_Australian_republic_referendum" title="1999 Australian republic referendum">a referendum in Australia</a> on the future of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian monarchy">Australian monarchy</a> favoured its retention in preference to an indirectly elected head of state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardman2011310Lacey2002387Roberts2000101Shawcross2002218_310-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardman2011310Lacey2002387Roberts2000101Shawcross2002218-310"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>304<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many republicans credited Elizabeth's personal popularity with the survival of the monarchy in Australia. In 2010, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Julia_Gillard" title="Julia Gillard">Julia Gillard</a> noted that there was a "deep affection" for Elizabeth in Australia and that another referendum on the monarchy should wait until after her reign.<sup id="cite_ref-311" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-311"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>305<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gillard's successor, <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Turnbull" title="Malcolm Turnbull">Malcolm Turnbull</a>, who led the republican campaign in 1999, similarly believed that Australians would not vote to become a republic in her lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-312" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-312"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>306<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "She's been an extraordinary head of state", Turnbull said in 2021, "and I think frankly, in Australia, there are more Elizabethans than there are monarchists."<sup id="cite_ref-313" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-313"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>307<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, referendums in both <a href="/wiki/2008_Tuvaluan_constitutional_referendum" title="2008 Tuvaluan constitutional referendum">Tuvalu in 2008</a> and <a href="/wiki/2009_Vincentian_constitutional_referendum" title="2009 Vincentian constitutional referendum">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines in 2009</a> saw voters reject proposals to become republics.<sup id="cite_ref-314" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-314"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>308<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Polls in Britain in 2006 and 2007 revealed strong support for the monarchy,<sup id="cite_ref-315" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-315"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>309<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2012, Elizabeth's Diamond Jubilee year, her approval ratings hit 90 per cent.<sup id="cite_ref-316" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-316"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>310<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her family came under scrutiny again in the last few years of her life due to her son Andrew's association with convicted sex offenders <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Epstein" title="Jeffrey Epstein">Jeffrey Epstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghislaine_Maxwell" title="Ghislaine Maxwell">Ghislaine Maxwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Giuffre_v._Prince_Andrew" title="Virginia Giuffre v. Prince Andrew">his lawsuit</a> with <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Giuffre" title="Virginia Giuffre">Virginia Giuffre</a> amidst accusations of sexual impropriety, and her grandson Harry and his wife <a href="/wiki/Meghan,_Duchess_of_Sussex" title="Meghan, Duchess of Sussex">Meghan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Megxit" title="Megxit">exit from the working royal family</a> and subsequent move to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-317" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-317"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>311<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polling in Great Britain during the Platinum Jubilee, however, showed support for maintaining the monarchy<sup id="cite_ref-318" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-318"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>312<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Elizabeth's personal popularity remained strong.<sup id="cite_ref-319" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-319"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>313<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2021 she remained the third <a href="/wiki/Most_admired_woman" class="mw-redirect" title="Most admired woman">most admired woman</a> in the world according to the annual <a href="/wiki/Gallup_poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup poll">Gallup poll</a>, her 52 appearances on the list meaning she had been in the top ten more than any other woman in the poll's history.<sup id="cite_ref-320" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-320"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>314<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elizabeth was portrayed in a variety of media by many notable artists, including painters <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Annigoni" title="Pietro Annigoni">Pietro Annigoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Blake_(artist)" title="Peter Blake (artist)">Peter Blake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinwe_Chukwuogo-Roy" title="Chinwe Chukwuogo-Roy">Chinwe Chukwuogo-Roy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terence_Cuneo" title="Terence Cuneo">Terence Cuneo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucian_Freud" title="Lucian Freud">Lucian Freud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rolf_Harris" title="Rolf Harris">Rolf Harris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damien_Hirst" title="Damien Hirst">Damien Hirst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juliet_Pannett" title="Juliet Pannett">Juliet Pannett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tai-Shan_Schierenberg" title="Tai-Shan Schierenberg">Tai-Shan Schierenberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-321" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-321"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>315<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NPG1_322-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPG1-322"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>316<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable photographers of Elizabeth included <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Beaton" title="Cecil Beaton">Cecil Beaton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yousuf_Karsh" title="Yousuf Karsh">Yousuf Karsh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Hussein_(photographer)" title="Anwar Hussein (photographer)">Anwar Hussein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annie_Leibovitz" title="Annie Leibovitz">Annie Leibovitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Anson,_5th_Earl_of_Lichfield" title="Patrick Anson, 5th Earl of Lichfield">Lord Lichfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terry_O%27Neill_(photographer)" title="Terry O'Neill (photographer)">Terry O'Neill</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Swannell_(photographer)" title="John Swannell (photographer)">John Swannell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Wilding" title="Dorothy Wilding">Dorothy Wilding</a>. The first official <a href="/wiki/Portrait_photograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Portrait photograph">portrait photograph</a> of Elizabeth was taken by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Adams_(photographer)" title="Marcus Adams (photographer)">Marcus Adams</a> in 1926.<sup id="cite_ref-NPG_323-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPG-323"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>317<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Titles,_styles,_honours,_and_arms"><span id="Titles.2C_styles.2C_honours.2C_and_arms"></span>Titles, styles, honours, and arms</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_honours_of_Elizabeth_II" title="List of titles and honours of Elizabeth II">List of titles and honours of Elizabeth II</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Cypher_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Royal_Cypher_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II.svg/150px-Royal_Cypher_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Royal_Cypher_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II.svg/225px-Royal_Cypher_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Royal_Cypher_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II.svg/300px-Royal_Cypher_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="465" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Royal_cypher" title="Royal cypher">Royal cypher</a> of Elizabeth II, surmounted by <a href="/wiki/St_Edward%27s_Crown" title="St Edward's Crown">St Edward's Crown</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Personal_flag_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Personal_flag_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II.svg/150px-Personal_flag_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Personal_flag_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II.svg/225px-Personal_flag_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Personal_flag_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II.svg/300px-Personal_flag_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Personal flag of Elizabeth II</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Titles_and_styles">Titles and styles <span class="anchor" id="Royal_cypher"></span></h3></div> <p>Elizabeth held many titles and honorary military positions throughout <a href="/wiki/The_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="The Commonwealth">the Commonwealth</a>, was sovereign of many orders in her own countries and received honours and awards from around the world. In each of her realms, she had a distinct title that follows a similar formula: <i>Queen of Saint Lucia and of Her other Realms and Territories</i> in <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a>, <i>Queen of Australia and Her other Realms and Territories</i> in Australia, etc. She was also styled <i><a href="/wiki/Defender_of_the_Faith" title="Defender of the Faith">Defender of the Faith</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arms">Arms</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Flags of Elizabeth II">Flags of Elizabeth II</a></div> <p>From 21 April 1944 until her accession, Elizabeth's arms consisted of a <a href="/wiki/Lozenge_(heraldry)" title="Lozenge (heraldry)">lozenge</a> bearing the <a href="/wiki/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom">royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom</a> differenced with a <a href="/wiki/Label_(heraldry)" title="Label (heraldry)">label</a> of three points <a href="/wiki/Argent" title="Argent">argent</a>, the centre point bearing a <a href="/wiki/Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose">Tudor rose</a> and the first and third a <a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Saint_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross of Saint George">cross of Saint George</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-324" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-324"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>318<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon her accession, she inherited the various arms her father held as sovereign, with a subsequently modified representation of the crown. Elizabeth also possessed <a href="/wiki/Heraldic_banner" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraldic banner">royal standards</a> and personal flags for use <a href="/wiki/Royal_Standard_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Royal Standard of the United Kingdom">in the United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_standards_of_Canada" title="Royal standards of Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Personal_Australian_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Personal Australian Flag">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Personal_New_Zealand_Flag" title="Queen's Personal New Zealand Flag">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Personal_Jamaican_Flag" title="Queen's Personal Jamaican Flag">Jamaica</a>, and elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-325" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-325"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>319<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="center"><div class="thumb tnone" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:708px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed thumbcaption" style="display:flex; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:0; padding-bottom:0; padding-left:0; text-align:left;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 169.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 167.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Elizabeth,_Duchess_of_Edinburgh_(1947-1952).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms as Duchess of Edinburgh (1947–1952)"><img alt="Coat of arms as Duchess of Edinburgh (1947–1952)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Coat_of_Arms_of_Elizabeth%2C_Duchess_of_Edinburgh_%281947-1952%29.svg/251px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Elizabeth%2C_Duchess_of_Edinburgh_%281947-1952%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="168" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Coat_of_Arms_of_Elizabeth%2C_Duchess_of_Edinburgh_%281947-1952%29.svg/376px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Elizabeth%2C_Duchess_of_Edinburgh_%281947-1952%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Coat_of_Arms_of_Elizabeth%2C_Duchess_of_Edinburgh_%281947-1952%29.svg/501px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Elizabeth%2C_Duchess_of_Edinburgh_%281947-1952%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms as <a href="/wiki/Duchess_of_Edinburgh" title="Duchess of Edinburgh">Duchess of Edinburgh</a> (1947–1952)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 124px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(St_Edward%27s_Crown).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom"><img alt="Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28St_Edward%27s_Crown%29.svg/186px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28St_Edward%27s_Crown%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="124" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28St_Edward%27s_Crown%29.svg/279px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28St_Edward%27s_Crown%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28St_Edward%27s_Crown%29.svg/372px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28St_Edward%27s_Crown%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom">Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 124px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_Scotland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom for use in Scotland"><img alt="Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom for use in Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_Scotland.svg/186px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="124" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_Scotland.svg/279px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_Scotland.svg/372px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_for_use_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom for use in Scotland">Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom for use in Scotland</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 88.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 86.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Royal coat of arms of Canada"><img alt="Royal coat of arms of Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg/130px-Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg/196px-Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg/261px-Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="706" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal coat of arms of Canada">Royal coat of arms of Canada</a></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issue">Issue</h2></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" scope="col">Name </th> <th rowspan="2" scope="col">Birth </th> <th colspan="2" scope="col">Marriage </th> <th rowspan="2" scope="col">Children </th> <th rowspan="2" scope="col">Grandchildren </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col">Date </th> <th scope="col">Spouse </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a> </th> <td rowspan="3"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1948-11-14</span>) </span>14 November 1948<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 76)</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">29 July 1981 <div style="font-size:85%;">Divorced 28 August 1996</div> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lady_Diana_Spencer" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Diana Spencer">Lady Diana Spencer</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales" title="William, Prince of Wales">William, Prince of Wales</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George_of_Wales" title="Prince George of Wales">Prince George of Wales</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Charlotte_of_Wales_(born_2015)" title="Princess Charlotte of Wales (born 2015)">Princess Charlotte of Wales</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Louis_of_Wales" title="Prince Louis of Wales">Prince Louis of Wales</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prince_Harry,_Duke_of_Sussex" title="Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex">Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Archie_of_Sussex" title="Prince Archie of Sussex">Prince Archie of Sussex</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Lilibet_of_Sussex" title="Princess Lilibet of Sussex">Princess Lilibet of Sussex</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 April 2005 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Camilla_Parker_Bowles" class="mw-redirect" title="Camilla Parker Bowles">Camilla Parker Bowles</a> </td> <td colspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">None </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Princess_Royal" title="Anne, Princess Royal">Anne, Princess Royal</a> </th> <td rowspan="3"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1950-08-15</span>) </span>15 August 1950<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 74)</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">14 November 1973 <div style="font-size:85%;">Divorced 23 April 1992</div> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Phillips" title="Mark Phillips">Mark Phillips</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peter_Phillips" title="Peter Phillips">Peter Phillips</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>Savannah Phillips</li><li>Isla Phillips</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zara_Tindall" title="Zara Tindall">Zara Tindall</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>Mia Tindall</li><li>Lena Tindall</li><li>Lucas Tindall</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 December 1992 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Laurence" title="Timothy Laurence">Timothy Laurence</a> </td> <td colspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">None </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Andrew,_Duke_of_York" title="Prince Andrew, Duke of York">Prince Andrew, Duke of York</a> </th> <td rowspan="2"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1960-02-19</span>) </span>19 February 1960<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 64)</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">23 July 1986 <div style="font-size:85%;">Divorced 30 May 1996</div> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Ferguson" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarah Ferguson">Sarah Ferguson</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Princess_Beatrice,_Mrs_Edoardo_Mapelli_Mozzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Beatrice, Mrs Edoardo Mapelli Mozzi">Princess Beatrice, Mrs Edoardo Mapelli Mozzi</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>Sienna Mapelli Mozzi</li><li>Athena Mapelli Mozzi</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Princess_Eugenie,_Mrs_Jack_Brooksbank" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Eugenie, Mrs Jack Brooksbank">Princess Eugenie, Mrs Jack Brooksbank</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>August Brooksbank</li><li>Ernest Brooksbank</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh</a> </th> <td rowspan="2"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1964-03-10</span>) </span>10 March 1964<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 60)</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">19 June 1999 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Rhys-Jones" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophie Rhys-Jones">Sophie Rhys-Jones</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lady_Louise_Mountbatten-Windsor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor">Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">None </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Mountbatten-Windsor,_Earl_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="James Mountbatten-Windsor, Earl of Wessex">James Mountbatten-Windsor, Earl of Wessex</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">None </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Royal_descendants_of_Queen_Victoria_and_of_King_Christian_IX" title="Royal descendants of Queen Victoria and of King Christian IX">Royal descendants of Queen Victoria and of King Christian IX</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268078990">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Elizabeth II<sup id="cite_ref-326" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-326"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>320<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VII of the United Kingdom">Edward VII of the United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/George_V_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George V of the United Kingdom">George V of the United Kingdom</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Alexandra_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Alexandra of Denmark">Princess Alexandra of Denmark</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/George_VI_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George VI of the United Kingdom">George VI of the United Kingdom</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Teck" title="Francis, Duke of Teck">Francis, Duke of Teck</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Mary_of_Teck" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Mary of Teck">Princess Mary of Teck</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Mary_Adelaide_of_Cambridge" title="Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge">Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/Claude_Bowes-Lyon,_13th_Earl_of_Strathmore_and_Kinghorne" title="Claude Bowes-Lyon, 13th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne">Claude Bowes-Lyon, 13th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Claude_Bowes-Lyon,_14th_Earl_of_Strathmore_and_Kinghorne" title="Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne">Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">13. <a href="/wiki/Frances_Bowes-Lyon,_Countess_of_Strathmore_and_Kinghorne" title="Frances Bowes-Lyon, Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne">Frances Smith</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Lady_Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon">Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cavendish-Bentinck" title="Charles Cavendish-Bentinck">Charles Cavendish-Bentinck</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Cavendish-Bentinck" class="mw-redirect" title="Cecilia Cavendish-Bentinck">Cecilia Cavendish-Bentinck</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">15. <a href="/wiki/Louisa_Cavendish-Bentinck" title="Louisa Cavendish-Bentinck">Louisa Burnaby</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finances_of_the_British_royal_family" title="Finances of the British royal family">Finances of the British royal family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Household of Elizabeth II">Household of Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Elizabeth_II" title="List of things named after Elizabeth II">List of things named after Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jubilees_of_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="List of jubilees of Elizabeth II">List of jubilees of Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_special_addresses_made_by_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="List of special addresses made by Elizabeth II">List of special addresses made by Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_eponyms_in_Canada" title="Royal eponyms in Canada">Royal eponyms in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_covers_of_Time_magazine_(1920s)" title="List of covers of Time magazine (1920s)">List of covers of <i>Time</i> magazine (1920s</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_covers_of_Time_magazine_(1940s)" title="List of covers of Time magazine (1940s)">1940s</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_covers_of_Time_magazine_(1950s)" title="List of covers of Time magazine (1950s)">1950s</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_covers_of_Time_magazine_(2010s)" title="List of covers of Time magazine (2010s)">2010s)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-religion-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-religion_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As monarch, Elizabeth was <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Governor_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Supreme Governor of the Church of England">Supreme Governor of the Church of England</a>. She was also a member of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-baptism-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-baptism_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Her godparents were: King George V and Queen Mary; Lord Strathmore; <a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn</a> (her paternal great-granduncle); <a href="/wiki/Princess_Mary,_Viscountess_Lascelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Mary, Viscountess Lascelles">Princess Mary, Viscountess Lascelles</a> (her paternal aunt); and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Elphinstone,_Lady_Elphinstone" title="Mary Elphinstone, Lady Elphinstone">Lady Elphinstone</a> (her maternal aunt).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandreth2004103Hoey200240_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandreth2004103Hoey200240-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The oft-quoted speech was written by <a href="/wiki/Dermot_Morrah" title="Dermot Morrah">Dermot Morrah</a>, a journalist for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oldie_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oldie-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-television-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-television_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Television coverage of the coronation was instrumental in boosting the medium's popularity; the number of <a href="/wiki/Television_licences_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Television licences in the United Kingdom">television licences in the United Kingdom</a> doubled to 3<span class="nowrap"> </span>million,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPimlott2001207_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPimlott2001207-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many of the more than 20<span class="nowrap"> </span>million British viewers watched television for the first time in the homes of their friends or neighbours.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriggs1995420_<i_lang="en">[[wikt:ff.#English|ff.]]</i>Pimlott2001207Roberts200082_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriggs1995420_<i_lang="en">[[wikt:ff.#English|ff.]]</i>Pimlott2001207Roberts200082-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In North America, almost 100<span class="nowrap"> </span>million viewers watched recorded broadcasts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacey2002182_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELacey2002182-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-finances-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-finances_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Times_Rich_List_1989" title="Sunday Times Rich List 1989">Sunday Times Rich List 1989</a></i> put her number one on the list with a reported wealth of £5.2 billion (approximately £12.6 billion in 2023's value),<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-UKGDP_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-UKGDP-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it included state assets like the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Collection" title="Royal Collection">Royal Collection</a> that were not hers personally.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1993, Buckingham Palace called estimates of £100 million "grossly overstated".<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1971, <a href="/wiki/Jock_Colville" title="Jock Colville">Jock Colville</a>, her former private secretary and a director of her bank, <a href="/wiki/Coutts" title="Coutts">Coutts</a>, estimated her wealth at £2 million (equivalent to about £15 million in 1993<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-UKGDP_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-UKGDP-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-russia-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-russia_164-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The only previous state visit by a British monarch to Russia was made by <a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="King Edward VII">King Edward VII</a> in 1908. The King never stepped ashore, and met <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II" title="Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a> on <a href="/wiki/Royal_yacht" title="Royal yacht">royal yachts</a> off the Baltic port of what is now <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>, Estonia.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Elizabeth_II_to_Russia" title="State visit by Elizabeth II to Russia">four-day visit</a>, which was considered to be one of the most important foreign trips of Elizabeth's reign,<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> she and Philip attended events in Moscow and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGazette33153" class="citation magazine cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33153/page/1">"No. 33153"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>, 21 April 1926, p. 1</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+33153&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1926-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F33153%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradford201222Brandreth2004103Marr201176Pimlott20012–3Lacey200275–76Roberts200074-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradford201222Brandreth2004103Marr201176Pimlott20012–3Lacey200275–76Roberts200074_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBradford2012">Bradford 2012</a>, p. 22; <a href="#CITEREFBrandreth2004">Brandreth 2004</a>, p. 103; <a href="#CITEREFMarr2011">Marr 2011</a>, p. 76; <a href="#CITEREFPimlott2001">Pimlott 2001</a>, pp. 2–3; <a href="#CITEREFLacey2002">Lacey 2002</a>, pp. 75–76; <a href="#CITEREFRoberts2000">Roberts 2000</a>, p. 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoey200240-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoey200240_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoey2002">Hoey 2002</a>, p. 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandreth2004103Hoey200240-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandreth2004103Hoey200240_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrandreth2004">Brandreth 2004</a>, p. 103; <a href="#CITEREFHoey2002">Hoey 2002</a>, p. 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandreth2004103-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandreth2004103_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrandreth2004">Brandreth 2004</a>, p. 103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPimlott200112-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPimlott200112_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPimlott2001">Pimlott 2001</a>, p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson1987205-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamson1987205_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliamson1987">Williamson 1987</a>, p. 205</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPimlott200115-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPimlott200115_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPimlott2001">Pimlott 2001</a>, p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELacey200256Nicolson1952433Pimlott200114–16-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacey200256Nicolson1952433Pimlott200114–16_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLacey2002">Lacey 2002</a>, p. 56; <a href="#CITEREFNicolson1952">Nicolson 1952</a>, p. 433; <a href="#CITEREFPimlott2001">Pimlott 2001</a>, pp. 14–16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford195026Pimlott200120Shawcross200221-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford195026Pimlott200120Shawcross200221_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrawford1950">Crawford 1950</a>, p. 26; <a href="#CITEREFPimlott2001">Pimlott 2001</a>, p. 20; <a href="#CITEREFShawcross2002">Shawcross 2002</a>, p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandreth2004124Lacey200262–63Pimlott200124,_69-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandreth2004124Lacey200262–63Pimlott200124,_69_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrandreth2004">Brandreth 2004</a>, p. 124; <a href="#CITEREFLacey2002">Lacey 2002</a>, pp. 62–63; <a href="#CITEREFPimlott2001">Pimlott 2001</a>, pp. 24, 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December 2015, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160507231247/https://www.royal.uk/her-majesty-the-queen?ch=5">archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Her+Majesty+The+Queen%3A+Early+life+and+education&rft.pub=Royal+Household&rft.date=2015-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.uk%2Fher-majesty-the-queen%3Fch%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarr201184Pimlott200147-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarr201184Pimlott200147_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarr2011">Marr 2011</a>, p. 84; <a href="#CITEREFPimlott2001">Pimlott 2001</a>, p. 47</span> </li> <li 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href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodey2015" class="citation news cs2">Goodey, Emma (21 December 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/queen-elizabeth-queen-mother">"Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother"</a>, <i>The Royal Family</i>, Royal Household, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160507183311/https://www.royal.uk/queen-elizabeth-queen-mother">archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2016</span></cite><span 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Revealed%3A+Damien+Hirst%27s+only+portrait+of+the+Queen+found+in+government+archives&rft.date=2016-02-12&rft.aulast=Riley&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2Fqueen-elizabeth-II%2F12155026%2FRevealed-Damien-Hirsts-only-portrait-of-the-Queen-found-in-government-archives.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPG1-322"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NPG1_322-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?sort=dateAsc&LinkID=mp01454&displayNo=60&displayStyle=thumb&wPage=0">"Elizabeth II"</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203023806/https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?sort=dateAsc&LinkID=mp01454&displayNo=60&displayStyle=thumb&wPage=0">archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elizabeth+II&rft.pub=National+Portrait+Gallery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npg.org.uk%2Fcollections%2Fsearch%2Fperson.php%3Fsort%3DdateAsc%26LinkID%3Dmp01454%26displayNo%3D60%26displayStyle%3Dthumb%26wPage%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPG-323"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NPG_323-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp04999/marcus-adams?role=art">"Marcus Adams"</a>, National Portrait Gallery, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115011943/https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp04999/marcus-adams?role=art">archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marcus+Adams&rft.pub=National+Portrait+Gallery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npg.org.uk%2Fcollections%2Fsearch%2Fperson%2Fmp04999%2Fmarcus-adams%3Frole%3Dart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131106035558/https://ltgov.bc.ca/lg/honours-awards/heraldry/shields/PrincessElizabeth1951.htm">"Coat of Arms: Her Royal Highness The Princess Elizabeth"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_British_Columbia" title="Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia">Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ltgov.bc.ca/lg/honours-awards/heraldry/shields/PrincessElizabeth1951.htm">the original</a> on 6 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coat+of+Arms%3A+Her+Royal+Highness+The+Princess+Elizabeth&rft.pub=Lieutenant+Governor+of+British+Columbia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fltgov.bc.ca%2Flg%2Fhonours-awards%2Fheraldry%2Fshields%2FPrincessElizabeth1951.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerry2016" class="citation news cs2">Berry, Ciara (15 January 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/personal-flags">"Personal flags"</a>, <i>The Royal Family</i>, Royal Household, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160507180249/https://www.royal.uk/personal-flags">archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Family&rft.atitle=Personal+flags&rft.date=2016-01-15&rft.aulast=Berry&rft.aufirst=Ciara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.uk%2Fpersonal-flags&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFLoudaMaclagan1999">Louda & Maclagan 1999</a>, p. 34;</li><li><a href="#CITEREFMontgomery-Massingberd1973">Montgomery-Massingberd 1973</a>, pp. 252, 293, 307;</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs2"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wagner" title="Anthony Wagner">Wagner, A. R.</a> (1940), "Some of the Sixty-four Ancestors of Her Majesty the Queen", <i>Genealogist's Magazine</i>, <b>9</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">7–</span>13</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genealogist%27s+Magazine&rft.atitle=Some+of+the+Sixty-four+Ancestors+of+Her+Majesty+the+Queen&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=A.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+II" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBedell_Smith2017" class="citation book cs2"><a href="/wiki/Sally_Bedell_Smith" title="Sally Bedell Smith">Bedell Smith, Sally</a> (2017), <i>Elizabeth the Queen: The Woman Behind the Throne</i>, Penguin Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4059-3216-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4059-3216-5"><bdi>978-1-4059-3216-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabeth+the+Queen%3A+The+Woman+Behind+the+Throne&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4059-3216-5&rft.aulast=Bedell+Smith&rft.aufirst=Sally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBond2006" class="citation book cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jennie_Bond" title="Jennie Bond">Bond, Jennie</a> (2006), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elizabetheightyg0000bond"><i>Elizabeth: Eighty Glorious Years</i></a></span>, Carlton Publishing Group, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-8444-2260-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-8444-2260-7"><bdi>1-8444-2260-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabeth%3A+Eighty+Glorious+Years&rft.pub=Carlton+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-8444-2260-7&rft.aulast=Bond&rft.aufirst=Jennie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felizabetheightyg0000bond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBousfieldToffoli2002" class="citation book cs2">Bousfield, Arthur; Toffoli, Gary (2002), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fiftyyearsqueent0000bous"><i>Fifty Years the Queen</i></a></span>, Dundurn Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5500-2360-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5500-2360-2"><bdi>978-1-5500-2360-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fifty+Years+the+Queen&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-5500-2360-2&rft.aulast=Bousfield&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft.au=Toffoli%2C+Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffiftyyearsqueent0000bous&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradford2002" class="citation book cs2"><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Bradford" title="Sarah Bradford">Bradford, Sarah</a> (2002), <i>Elizabeth: A Biography of Her Majesty the Queen</i> (2nd ed.), Penguin, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1419-3333-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1419-3333-7"><bdi>978-0-1419-3333-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabeth%3A+A+Biography+of+Her+Majesty+the+Queen&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-1419-3333-7&rft.aulast=Bradford&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradford2012" class="citation book cs2">Bradford, Sarah (2012), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/queenelizabethhe0000brad"><i>Queen Elizabeth II: Her Life in Our Times</i></a></span>, Penguin, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6709-1911-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6709-1911-6"><bdi>978-0-6709-1911-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+Elizabeth+II%3A+Her+Life+in+Our+Times&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-6709-1911-6&rft.aulast=Bradford&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fqueenelizabethhe0000brad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandreth2004" class="citation book cs2"><a href="/wiki/Gyles_Brandreth" title="Gyles Brandreth">Brandreth, Gyles</a> (2004), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philipelizabeth0000bran"><i>Philip and Elizabeth: Portrait of a Marriage</i></a></span>, Century, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-6103-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7126-6103-4"><bdi>0-7126-6103-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philip+and+Elizabeth%3A+Portrait+of+a+Marriage&rft.pub=Century&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7126-6103-4&rft.aulast=Brandreth&rft.aufirst=Gyles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphilipelizabeth0000bran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriggs1995" class="citation book cs2"><a href="/wiki/Asa_Briggs" title="Asa Briggs">Briggs, Asa</a> (1995), <i>The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom</i>, vol. 4, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-1921-2967-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-1921-2967-8"><bdi>0-1921-2967-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Broadcasting+in+the+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-1921-2967-8&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=Asa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBush2007" class="citation book cs2">Bush, Karen (2007), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/everythingdogsex0001bush"><i>Everything Dogs Expect You to Know</i></a></span>, London: New Holland, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8453-7954-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8453-7954-4"><bdi>978-1-8453-7954-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everything+Dogs+Expect+You+to+Know&rft.place=London&rft.pub=New+Holland&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-8453-7954-4&rft.aulast=Bush&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feverythingdogsex0001bush&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2003" class="citation book cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell_(biographer)" title="John Campbell (biographer)">Campbell, John</a> (2003), <i>Margaret Thatcher: The Iron Lady</i>, Jonathan Cape, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-2240-6156-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-2240-6156-9"><bdi>0-2240-6156-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Margaret+Thatcher%3A+The+Iron+Lady&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-2240-6156-9&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford1950" class="citation book cs2"><a href="/wiki/Marion_Crawford" title="Marion Crawford">Crawford, Marion</a> (1950), <i>The Little Princesses</i>, Cassell & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Little+Princesses&rft.pub=Cassell+%26+Co.&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Marion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_Books1991" class="citation book cs2">Elliot, Caroline, ed. (1991), <i>The BBC Book of Royal Memories: 1947–1990</i>, BBC Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5633-6008-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5633-6008-7"><bdi>978-0-5633-6008-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+BBC+Book+of+Royal+Memories%3A+1947%E2%80%931990&rft.pub=BBC+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-5633-6008-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardman2011" class="citation book cs2"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hardman" title="Robert Hardman">Hardman, Robert</a> (2011), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ourqueen0000hard_t3g5"><i>Our Queen</i></a></span>, Hutchinson, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-0919-3689-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-0919-3689-1"><bdi>978-0-0919-3689-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Queen&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-0919-3689-1&rft.aulast=Hardman&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fourqueen0000hard_t3g5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardman2019" class="citation book cs2">Hardman, Robert (2019), <i>Queen of the World</i>, Penguin Random House, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7808-9818-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7808-9818-6"><bdi>978-1-7808-9818-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+of+the+World&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-7808-9818-6&rft.aulast=Hardman&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeald2007" class="citation book cs2"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Heald" title="Tim Heald">Heald, Tim</a> (2007), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/princessmargaret0000heal_n5q7"><i>Princess Margaret: A Life Unravelled</i></a></span>, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2978-4820-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2978-4820-2"><bdi>978-0-2978-4820-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Princess+Margaret%3A+A+Life+Unravelled&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-2978-4820-2&rft.aulast=Heald&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprincessmargaret0000heal_n5q7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoey2002" class="citation book cs2">Hoey, Brian (2002), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hermajestyfiftyr0000hoey_y9q3"><i>Her Majesty: Fifty Regal Years</i></a></span>, HarperCollins, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-0065-3136-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-0065-3136-9"><bdi>0-0065-3136-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Her+Majesty%3A+Fifty+Regal+Years&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-0065-3136-9&rft.aulast=Hoey&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhermajestyfiftyr0000hoey_y9q3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoey2022" class="citation book cs2">Hoey, Brian (2022), <i>Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II: Platinum Jubilee Celebration: 70 Years: 1952–2022</i>, Rizzoli, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8416-5939-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8416-5939-8"><bdi>978-1-8416-5939-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Her+Majesty+Queen+Elizabeth+II%3A+Platinum+Jubilee+Celebration%3A+70+Years%3A+1952%E2%80%932022&rft.pub=Rizzoli&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-8416-5939-8&rft.aulast=Hoey&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnappett2016" class="citation book cs2">Knappett, Gill (2016), <i>The Queen at 90: A Royal Birthday Souvenir</i>, Pitkin, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-7031-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-7031-0"><bdi>978-0-7509-7031-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Queen+at+90%3A+A+Royal+Birthday+Souvenir&rft.pub=Pitkin&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-7031-0&rft.aulast=Knappett&rft.aufirst=Gill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacey2002" class="citation book cs2"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lacey" title="Robert Lacey">Lacey, Robert</a> (2002), <i>Royal: Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II</i>, Little, Brown, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-3168-5940-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-3168-5940-0"><bdi>0-3168-5940-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal%3A+Her+Majesty+Queen+Elizabeth+II&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-3168-5940-0&rft.aulast=Lacey&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoudaMaclagan1999" class="citation book cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Louda" title="Jiří Louda">Louda, Jiří</a>; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Maclagan" title="Michael Maclagan">Maclagan, Michael</a> (1999) [1981], <i>Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe</i> (2nd ed.), London: Little, Brown, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3168-4820-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3168-4820-6"><bdi>978-0-3168-4820-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lines+of+Succession%3A+Heraldry+of+the+Royal+Families+of+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-3168-4820-6&rft.aulast=Louda&rft.aufirst=Ji%C5%99%C3%AD&rft.au=Maclagan%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacmillan1972" class="citation book cs2"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan, Harold</a> (1972), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pointingway1959100macm"><i>Pointing the Way 1959–1961</i></a></span>, Macmillan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-3331-2411-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-3331-2411-1"><bdi>0-3331-2411-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pointing+the+Way+1959%E2%80%931961&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-3331-2411-1&rft.aulast=Macmillan&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpointingway1959100macm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarr2011" class="citation book cs2"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Marr" title="Andrew Marr">Marr, Andrew</a> (2011), <i>The Diamond Queen: Elizabeth II and Her People</i>, Macmillan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2307-4852-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2307-4852-1"><bdi>978-0-2307-4852-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diamond+Queen%3A+Elizabeth+II+and+Her+People&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-2307-4852-1&rft.aulast=Marr&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2003" class="citation book cs2">Mitchell, James (2003), "Scotland: Cultural Base and Economic Catalysts", in Hollowell, Jonathan (ed.), <i>Britain Since 1945</i>, Wiley-Blackwell, pp. <span class="nowrap">109–</span>125, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470758328.ch5">10.1002/9780470758328.ch5</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6312-0967-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6312-0967-6"><bdi>978-0-6312-0967-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Scotland%3A+Cultural+Base+and+Economic+Catalysts&rft.btitle=Britain+Since+1945&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E109-%3C%2Fspan%3E125&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470758328.ch5&rft.isbn=978-0-6312-0967-6&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontgomery-Massingberd1973" class="citation book cs2"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Massingberd" title="Hugh Massingberd">Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh</a>, ed. (1973), "The Royal Lineage", <i>Burke's Guide to the Royal Family</i>, London: Burke's Peerage, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-2206-6222-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-2206-6222-3"><bdi>0-2206-6222-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Royal+Lineage&rft.btitle=Burke%27s+Guide+to+the+Royal+Family&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Burke%27s+Peerage&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-2206-6222-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeil1996" class="citation book cs2"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Neil" title="Andrew Neil">Neil, Andrew</a> (1996), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fulldisclosure0000neil"><i>Full Disclosure</i></a></span>, Macmillan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-3336-4682-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-3336-4682-7"><bdi>0-3336-4682-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Full+Disclosure&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-3336-4682-7&rft.aulast=Neil&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffulldisclosure0000neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolson1952" class="citation book cs2"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Nicolson" title="Harold Nicolson">Nicolson, Harold</a> (1952), <i>King George the Fifth: His Life and Reign</i>, Constable & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+George+the+Fifth%3A+His+Life+and+Reign&rft.pub=Constable+%26+Co.&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Nicolson&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetropoulos2006" class="citation book cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Petropoulos" title="Jonathan Petropoulos">Petropoulos, Jonathan</a> (2006), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/royalsreichprinc0000petr"><i>Royals and the Reich: The Princes von Hessen in Nazi Germany</i></a></span>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-1951-6133-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-1951-6133-5"><bdi>0-1951-6133-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royals+and+the+Reich%3A+The+Princes+von+Hessen+in+Nazi+Germany&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-1951-6133-5&rft.aulast=Petropoulos&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froyalsreichprinc0000petr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPimlott2001" class="citation book cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Pimlott" title="Ben Pimlott">Pimlott, Ben</a> (2001), <i>The Queen: Elizabeth II and the Monarchy</i>, HarperCollins, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-0025-5494-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-0025-5494-1"><bdi>0-0025-5494-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Queen%3A+Elizabeth+II+and+the+Monarchy&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-0025-5494-1&rft.aulast=Pimlott&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2000" class="citation book cs2"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Roberts (historian)">Roberts, Andrew</a> (2000), <a href="/wiki/Antonia_Fraser" title="Antonia Fraser">Fraser, Antonia</a> (ed.), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/houseofwindsor0000unse"><i>The House of Windsor</i></a></span>, Cassell & Co., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-3043-5406-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-3043-5406-6"><bdi>0-3043-5406-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+House+of+Windsor&rft.pub=Cassell+%26+Co.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-3043-5406-6&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhouseofwindsor0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoutledge1994" class="citation book cs2"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Routledge" title="Paul Routledge">Routledge, Paul</a> (1994), <i>Scargill: The Unauthorized Biography</i>, London: Harper Collins, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-0063-8077-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-0063-8077-8"><bdi>0-0063-8077-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scargill%3A+The+Unauthorized+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-0063-8077-8&rft.aulast=Routledge&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShawcross2002" class="citation book cs2"><a href="/wiki/William_Shawcross" title="William Shawcross">Shawcross, William</a> (2002), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/queencountry0000shaw"><i>Queen and Country</i></a></span>, McClelland & Stewart, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7710-8056-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7710-8056-5"><bdi>0-7710-8056-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+and+Country&rft.pub=McClelland+%26+Stewart&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7710-8056-5&rft.aulast=Shawcross&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fqueencountry0000shaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomaszewski2002" class="citation book cs2">Tomaszewski, Fiona K. (2002), <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ORBUeMM3guAC&pg=PA22"><i>A Great Russia: Russia and the Triple Entente, 1905–1914</i></a></span>, Greenwood Publishing Group, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2759-7366-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2759-7366-7"><bdi>978-0-2759-7366-7</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230113010743/https://books.google.com/books?id=ORBUeMM3guAC&pg=PA22">archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Great+Russia%3A+Russia+and+the+Triple+Entente%2C+1905%E2%80%931914&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-2759-7366-7&rft.aulast=Tomaszewski&rft.aufirst=Fiona+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DORBUeMM3guAC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarwick2002" class="citation book cs2">Warwick, Christopher (2002), <i>Princess Margaret: A Life of Contrasts</i>, London: Carlton Publishing Group, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2330-5106-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2330-5106-2"><bdi>978-0-2330-5106-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Princess+Margaret%3A+A+Life+of+Contrasts&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Carlton+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-2330-5106-2&rft.aulast=Warwick&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson1987" class="citation book cs2">Williamson, David (1987), <i>Debrett's Kings and Queens of Britain</i>, Webb & Bower, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0--86350-101-X" title="Special:BookSources/0--86350-101-X"><bdi>0--86350-101-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debrett%27s+Kings+and+Queens+of+Britain&rft.pub=Webb+%26+Bower&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0--86350-101-X&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWyatt1999" class="citation book cs2"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wyatt" title="Woodrow Wyatt">Wyatt, Woodrow</a> (1999), Curtis, Sarah (ed.), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/journalsofwoodro0002wyat"><i>The Journals of Woodrow Wyatt</i></a></span>, vol. II, Macmillan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-3337-7405-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-3337-7405-1"><bdi>0-3337-7405-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Journals+of+Woodrow+Wyatt&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-3337-7405-1&rft.aulast=Wyatt&rft.aufirst=Woodrow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjournalsofwoodro0002wyat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabeth+II" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header"><span class="spoken-wikipedia-listen-to">Listen to this article</span> (<span class="duration"><span class="h">1</span> hour and <span class="min">11</span> minutes</span>)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="4233" data-mwtitle="En-Elizabeth_II-article-20230422.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/En-Elizabeth_II-article-20230422.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a0/En-Elizabeth_II-article-20230422.ogg/En-Elizabeth_II-article-20230422.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Spoken Wikipedia"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></span></span></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:En-Elizabeth_II-article-20230422.ogg" title="File:En-Elizabeth II-article-20230422.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 22 April 2023<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2023-04-22</span>)</span>, and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/queen-elizabeth">Queen Elizabeth II</a> at the Royal Family website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/royal-family/queen.html">Queen Elizabeth II</a> at the website of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rct.uk/collection/people/queen-elizabeth-ii-queen-of-the-united-kingdom-1926-2022#/type/subject">Queen Elizabeth II</a> at the website of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Collection_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Collection Trust">Royal Collection Trust</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-61605149">Obituary</a> at <a href="/wiki/BBC_News_Online" title="BBC News Online">BBC News Online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp01454">Portraits of Queen Elizabeth II</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9682#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0703070/">Queen Elizabeth II</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9682#P345" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?elizabethii">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9682#P2190" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:#aaa 1px solid;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align: center">Titles and succession</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Elizabeth II </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Windsor" title="House of Windsor">House of Windsor</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 21 April 1926</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 8 September 2022</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="7">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of the United Kingdom">Queen of the United Kingdom</a> </b><br />6 February 1952 – 8 September 2022 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="4">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Australia">Queen of Australia</a> </b><br />6 February 1952 – 8 September 2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Canada">Queen of Canada</a> </b><br />6 February 1952 – 8 September 2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of New Zealand">Queen of New Zealand</a> </b><br />6 February 1952 – 8 September 2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Sri_Lanka#Monarch_(1948–1972)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of heads of state of Sri Lanka">Queen of Ceylon</a> </b><br />6 February 1952 – 22 May 1972 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="17"><b>Republics established </b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Pakistan">Queen of Pakistan</a> </b><br />6 February 1952 – 23 March 1956 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of South Africa">Queen of South Africa</a> </b><br />6 February 1952 – 31 May 1961 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="17"><b>New title</b><br /><div style="font-size:90%">Independence from the United Kingdom</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Ghana" title="Queen of Ghana">Queen of Ghana</a> </b><br />6 March 1957 – 1 July 1960 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Nigeria">Queen of Nigeria</a> </b><br />1 October 1960 – 1 October 1963 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Queen of Sierra Leone">Queen of Sierra Leone</a> </b><br />27 April 1961 – 19 April 1971 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Tanganyika" title="Queen of Tanganyika">Queen of Tanganyika</a> </b><br />9 December 1961 – 9 December 1962 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Queen of Trinidad and Tobago">Queen of Trinidad and Tobago</a> </b><br />31 August 1962 – 1 August 1976 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Uganda" title="Queen of Uganda">Queen of Uganda</a> </b><br />9 October 1962 – 9 October 1963 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Kenya" title="Queen of Kenya">Queen of Kenya</a> </b><br />12 December 1963 – 12 December 1964 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malawi" title="Queen of Malawi">Queen of Malawi</a> </b><br />6 July 1964 – 6 July 1966 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malta" title="Queen of Malta">Queen of Malta</a> </b><br />21 September 1964 – 13 December 1974 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Gambia" title="Queen of the Gambia">Queen of the Gambia</a> </b><br />18 February 1965 – 24 April 1970 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Guyana" title="Queen of Guyana">Queen of Guyana</a> </b><br />26 May 1966 – 23 February 1970 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Barbados">Queen of Barbados</a> </b><br />30 November 1966 – 30 November 2021 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Mauritius" title="Queen of Mauritius">Queen of Mauritius</a> </b><br />12 March 1968 – 12 March 1992 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Fiji" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Fiji">Queen of Fiji</a> </b><br />10 October 1970 – 6 October 1987 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Jamaica">Queen of Jamaica</a> </b><br />6 August 1962 – 8 September 2022 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="11">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of the Bahamas">Queen of the Bahamas</a> </b><br />10 July 1973 – 8 September 2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Grenada">Queen of Grenada</a> </b><br />7 February 1974 – 8 September 2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New title</b><br /><div style="font-size:90%">Independence from Australia</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Papua New Guinea">Queen of Papua New Guinea</a> </b><br />16 September 1975 – 8 September 2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="7"><b>New title</b><br /><div style="font-size:90%">Independence from the United Kingdom</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of the Solomon Islands">Queen of the Solomon Islands</a> </b><br />7 July 1978 – 8 September 2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Tuvalu">Queen of Tuvalu</a> </b><br />1 October 1978 – 8 September 2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Saint Lucia">Queen of Saint Lucia</a> </b><br />22 February 1979 – 8 September 2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Queen of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> </b><br />27 October 1979 – 8 September 2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Belize" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Belize">Queen of Belize</a> </b><br />21 September 1981 – 8 September 2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Antigua and Barbuda">Queen of Antigua and Barbuda</a> </b><br />1 November 1981 – 8 September 2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Queen of Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> </b><br />19 September 1983 – 8 September 2022 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF157;">Honorary titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Commonwealth" title="Head of the Commonwealth">Head of the Commonwealth</a> </b><br />6 February 1952 – 8 September 2022 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Jellicoe,_2nd_Earl_Jellicoe" title="George Jellicoe, 2nd Earl Jellicoe">The Earl Jellicoe</a></div><i><b>as <a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty" title="First Lord of the Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</a> </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Admiral_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom">Lord High Admiral</a> </b><br />1 April 1964 – 10 June 2011 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">The Duke of Edinburgh</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">The Duke of Edinburgh</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Admiral_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom">Lord High Admiral</a> </b><br />9 April 2021 – 8 September 2022 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Elizabeth_II618" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Elizabeth_II" title="Template:Elizabeth II"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Elizabeth_II" title="Template talk:Elizabeth II"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Elizabeth_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Elizabeth II"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Elizabeth_II618" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elizabeth II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of the United Kingdom">Queen of the United Kingdom</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a> (1952–2022)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_headed_by_Elizabeth_II" title="List of sovereign states headed by Elizabeth II">Realms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ceylon_(1948%E2%80%931972)" title="Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)">Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Fiji" title="Monarchy of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Gambia" title="Queen of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Ghana" title="Queen of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Guyana" title="Queen of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Kenya" title="Queen of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malawi" title="Queen of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malta" title="Queen of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Mauritius" title="Queen of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Nigeria_(1960%E2%80%931963)" title="Monarchy of Nigeria (1960–1963)">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Monarchy of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Queen of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Monarchy of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_South_Africa" title="Monarchy of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Tanganyika" title="Queen of Tanganyika">Tanganyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Queen of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Tuvalu" title="Monarchy of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Uganda" title="Queen of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_honours_of_Elizabeth_II" title="List of titles and honours of Elizabeth II">Titles and<br />honours</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Commonwealth" title="Head of the Commonwealth">Head of the Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defender_of_the_Faith" title="Defender of the Faith">Defender of the Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Governor_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Supreme Governor of the Church of England">Supreme Governor of the Church of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_British_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of the British Armed Forces">Head of the British Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces">Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Armed_Forces_(New_Zealand)" title="Head of the Armed Forces (New Zealand)">Head of the Armed Forces (New Zealand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Mann" title="Lord of Mann">Lord of Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Normandy" title="Duke of Normandy">Duke of Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Family_Order_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Royal Family Order of Elizabeth II">Royal Family Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cross" title="Elizabeth Cross">Elizabeth Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Emblem" title="Elizabeth Emblem">Elizabeth Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Official_Birthday" title="King's Official Birthday">Queen's Official Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Flags of Elizabeth II">Flags</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh</a> (husband)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Princess_Royal" title="Anne, Princess Royal">Anne, Princess Royal</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Andrew,_Duke_of_York" title="Prince Andrew, Duke of York">Prince Andrew, Duke of York</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Margaret,_Countess_of_Snowdon" title="Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon">Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountbatten-Windsor" title="Mountbatten-Windsor">Mountbatten-Windsor</a> family</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princesses_Elizabeth_and_Margaret%27s_Christmas_pantomimes" title="Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret's Christmas pantomimes">Christmas pantomimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_birthday_speech_of_Princess_Elizabeth" title="21st birthday speech of Princess Elizabeth">21st birthday speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Princess_Elizabeth_and_Philip_Mountbatten" title="Wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten">Wedding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Elizabeth_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wedding dress of Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom">Wedding dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Elizabeth_and_Philip_Mountbatten%27s_wedding_cakes" title="Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten's wedding cakes">Wedding cake</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accession and<br />coronation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_accession_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Proclamation of accession of Elizabeth II">Proclamation of accession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Coronation of Elizabeth II">Coronation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_guests_at_the_coronation_of_Elizabeth_II" title="List of guests at the coronation of Elizabeth II">Guests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_participants_in_the_coronation_procession_of_Elizabeth_II" title="List of participants in the coronation procession of Elizabeth II">Participants in the procession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_chicken" title="Coronation chicken">Coronation chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_gown_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Coronation gown of Elizabeth II">Coronation gown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Coronation_Medal" title="Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal">Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Coronation_Honours" title="1953 Coronation Honours">Honours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Coronation_Award" title="Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Award">Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Queen%27s_Beasts" title="The Queen's Beasts">The Queen's Beasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_Arches" title="Coronation Arches">Coronation Arches</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orb_and_Sceptre" title="Orb and Sceptre">Orb and Sceptre</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/O_taste_and_see" title="O taste and see">O taste and see</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treetops_Hotel" title="Treetops Hotel">Treetops Hotel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MacCormick_v_Lord_Advocate" title="MacCormick v Lord Advocate">MacCormick v Lord Advocate</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Household_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Household of Elizabeth II">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_and_image_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Personality and image of Elizabeth II">Personality and image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Elizabeth_II" title="List of prime ministers of Elizabeth II">Prime ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillar_Box_War" title="Pillar Box War">Pillar Box War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Rhodesia" title="Queen of Rhodesia">Queen of Rhodesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithgow_Plot" title="Lithgow Plot">Lithgow Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Australian_constitutional_crisis" title="1975 Australian constitutional crisis">1975 Australian constitutional crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palace_letters" title="Palace letters">Palace letters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Sarjeant" title="Marcus Sarjeant">Marcus Sarjeant incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_John_Lewis" title="Christopher John Lewis">Christopher John Lewis incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Fagan_(intruder)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Fagan (intruder)">Michael Fagan incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Fijian_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1987 Fijian coups d'état">1987 Fijian coups d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Windsor_Castle_fire" title="1992 Windsor Castle fire">1992 Windsor Castle fire</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annus_horribilis#Elizabeth_II" title="Annus horribilis">Annus horribilis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong" title="Handover of Hong Kong">Handover of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Death of Diana, Princess of Wales">Death of Diana, Princess of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Australian_republic_referendum" title="1999 Australian republic referendum">1999 Australian republic referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth_Agreement" title="Perth Agreement">Perth Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Opening_of_Parliament" title="State Opening of Parliament">State Opening of Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_State_Opening_of_Parliament" title="2021 State Opening of Parliament">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_State_Opening_of_Parliament" title="2022 State Opening of Parliament">2022</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_jubilees_of_British_monarchs#Elizabeth_II" title="List of jubilees of British monarchs">Jubilees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Silver_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II">Silver Jubilee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_events_during_the_Silver_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II" title="List of events during the Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Silver_Jubilee_Medal" title="Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal">Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Silver_Jubilee_and_Birthday_Honours" title="1977 Silver Jubilee and Birthday Honours">Honours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_Gardens,_Lambeth" title="Jubilee Gardens, Lambeth">Jubilee Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_line" title="Jubilee line">Jubilee line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_Walkway" title="Jubilee Walkway">Jubilee Walkway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Ruby Jubilee of Elizabeth II">Ruby Jubilee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Anniversary_Prizes" title="Queen's Anniversary Prizes">Queen's Anniversary Prizes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Golden_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II">Golden Jubilee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prom_at_the_Palace" title="Prom at the Palace">Prom at the Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_at_the_Palace" title="Party at the Palace">Party at the Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Golden_Jubilee_Medal" title="Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal">Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Golden_Jubilee_Honours" title="2002 Golden Jubilee Honours">Honours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Odyssey_(UK_Roller_Coaster)" title="The Odyssey (UK Roller Coaster)">The Odyssey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_royal_tour_of_Canada" title="2002 royal tour of Canada">2002 royal tour of Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II">Diamond Jubilee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Jubilee_Pageant" title="Diamond Jubilee Pageant">Pageant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Jubilee_Armed_Forces_Parade_and_Muster" title="Diamond Jubilee Armed Forces Parade and Muster">Armed Forces Parade and Muster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thames_Diamond_Jubilee_Pageant" title="Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant">Thames Pageant</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gloriana_(barge)" title="Gloriana (barge)">Gloriana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MV_Spirit_of_Chartwell" title="MV Spirit of Chartwell">Spirit of Chartwell</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Jubilee_Concert" title="Diamond Jubilee Concert">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Diamond_Jubilee_Flotilla" title="Gibraltar Diamond Jubilee Flotilla">Gibraltar Flotilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal" title="Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal">Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Diamond_Jubilee_Honours" title="2012 Diamond Jubilee Honours">Honours</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sapphire_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Sapphire Jubilee of Elizabeth II">Sapphire Jubilee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Sapphire_Jubilee_Snowflake_Brooch" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapphire Jubilee Snowflake Brooch">Sapphire Jubilee Snowflake Brooch</a> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II">Platinum Jubilee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Platinum_Jubilee_Medal" title="Queen Elizabeth II Platinum Jubilee Medal">Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Queen%27s_Platinum_Jubilee_Beacons" title="The Queen's Platinum Jubilee Beacons">Beacons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_line" title="Elizabeth line">Elizabeth line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_Party_at_the_Palace" title="Platinum Party at the Palace">Platinum Party at the Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_Jubilee_Pageant" title="Platinum Jubilee Pageant">Pageant</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Platinum_Jubilee_Celebration:_A_Gallop_Through_History" title="Platinum Jubilee Celebration: A Gallop Through History">Platinum Jubilee Celebration: A Gallop Through History</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Trooping_the_Colour" title="2022 Trooping the Colour">Trooping the Colour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_Jubilee_National_Service_of_Thanksgiving" title="Platinum Jubilee National Service of Thanksgiving">National Service of Thanksgiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_Pudding" title="Platinum Pudding">Platinum Pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Queen%27s_Green_Canopy" title="The Queen's Green Canopy">The Queen's Green Canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_Jubilee_Civic_Honours" title="Platinum Jubilee Civic Honours">Platinum Jubilee Civic Honours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas_Platinum_Jubilee_Sailing_Regatta" title="The Bahamas Platinum Jubilee Sailing Regatta">The Bahamas Platinum Jubilee Sailing Regatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Queen%27s_Platinum_Jubilee_Concert" title="The Queen's Platinum Jubilee Concert">The Queen's Platinum Jubilee Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Jubilee_Read" title="Big Jubilee Read">Big Jubilee Read</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Queenhood" title="Queenhood">Queenhood</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Platinum_Jubilee_Gardens" title="Queen's Platinum Jubilee Gardens">Queen's Platinum Jubilee Gardens</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Commonwealth_visits_made_by_Elizabeth_II" title="List of Commonwealth visits made by Elizabeth II">Commonwealth<br />tours</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_tours_of_Aden_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal tours of Aden Colony">Aden Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_tours_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Royal tours of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_tours_of_Australia" title="Royal tours of Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_official_openings_by_Elizabeth_II_in_Australia" title="List of official openings by Elizabeth II in Australia">official openings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_tours_of_Canada#Elizabeth_II" title="Royal tours of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_tours_of_Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal tours of Ceylon">Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_tours_of_Jamaica" title="Royal tours of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_visits_to_New_Zealand" title="Royal visits to New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_tours_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Royal tours of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_tours_of_Sierra_Leone" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal tours of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ships_used10" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ships used</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Vanguard_(23)" title="HMS Vanguard (23)">HMS <i>Vanguard</i> (23)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Gothic_(1947)" title="SS Gothic (1947)">SS <i>Gothic</i> (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMY_Britannia" title="HMY Britannia">HMY <i>Britannia</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State visits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_visits_made_by_Elizabeth_II" title="List of state visits made by Elizabeth II">Outgoing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Elizabeth_II_to_Spain" title="State visit by Elizabeth II to Spain">State visit to Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Elizabeth_II_to_Russia" title="State visit by Elizabeth II to Russia">State visit to Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Elizabeth_II_to_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="State visit by Elizabeth II to the Republic of Ireland">State visit to Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_visits_received_by_Elizabeth_II" title="List of state visits received by Elizabeth II">Incoming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Pope_Benedict_XVI_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="State visit by Pope Benedict XVI to the United Kingdom">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Michael_D._Higgins_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="State visit by Michael D. Higgins to the United Kingdom">President Michael D. Higgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="State visit by Xi Jinping to the United Kingdom">President Xi Jinping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Broadcasts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Christmas_message#Elizabeth_II" title="Royal Christmas message">Christmas messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_address_by_the_British_monarch#Elizabeth_II" title="Special address by the British monarch">Special addresses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural depictions of Elizabeth II">Depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Crawford" title="Marion Crawford"><i>The Little Princesses</i> (1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_BFG" title="The BFG"><i>The BFG</i> (1982)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Queen_and_I_(novel)" title="The Queen and I (novel)"><i>The Queen and I</i> (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Camilla_(novel)" title="Queen Camilla (novel)"><i>Queen Camilla</i> (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Uncommon_Reader" title="The Uncommon Reader"><i>The Uncommon Reader</i> (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnie-the-Pooh_Meets_the_Queen" title="Winnie-the-Pooh Meets the Queen"><i>Winnie-the-Pooh Meets the Queen</i> (2016)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Journey" title="Royal Journey"><i>Royal Journey</i> (1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Queen_Is_Crowned" title="A Queen Is Crowned"><i>A Queen Is Crowned</i> (1953)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_New_Zealand_Journey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal New Zealand Journey (page does not exist)"><i>Royal New Zealand Journey</i> (1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Queen_in_Australia" title="The Queen in Australia"><i>The Queen in Australia</i> (1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Tour_of_the_Caribbean" title="The Royal Tour of the Caribbean"><i>The Royal Tour of the Caribbean</i> (1966)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Family_(film)" title="Royal Family (film)"><i>Royal Family</i> (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_R:_A_Year_in_the_Life_of_the_Queen" title="Elizabeth R: A Year in the Life of the Queen"><i>Elizabeth R: A Year in the Life of the Queen</i> (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy:_The_Royal_Family_at_Work" title="Monarchy: The Royal Family at Work"><i>Monarchy: The Royal Family at Work</i> (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Diamond_Queen_(TV_programme)" title="The Diamond Queen (TV programme)"><i>The Diamond Queen</i> (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_at_90:_A_Family_Tribute" title="Elizabeth at 90: A Family Tribute"><i>Elizabeth at 90: A Family Tribute</i> (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Coronation_(film)" title="The Coronation (film)"><i>The Coronation</i> (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth:_A_Portrait_in_Parts" title="Elizabeth: A Portrait in Parts"><i>Elizabeth: A Portrait in Parts</i> (2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth:_The_Unseen_Queen" title="Elizabeth: The Unseen Queen"><i>Elizabeth: The Unseen Queen</i> (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Fictionalised film<br />and television<br />depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spitting_Image" title="Spitting Image"><i>Spitting Image</i> (1984–96);</a> <a href="/wiki/Spitting_Image_(2020_TV_series)" title="Spitting Image (2020 TV series)">(2020–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_BFG_(1989_film)" title="The BFG (1989 film)"><i>The BFG</i> (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Question_of_Attribution" title="A Question of Attribution"><i>A Question of Attribution</i> (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willi_und_die_Windzors" title="Willi und die Windzors"><i>Willi und die Windzors</i> (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty_(2001_film)" title="Her Majesty (2001 film)"><i>Her Majesty</i> (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Queen_(2006_film)" title="The Queen (2006 film)"><i>The Queen</i> (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Snuke" title="The Snuke"><i>South Park: The Snuke</i> (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Queen_(British_TV_serial)" title="The Queen (British TV serial)"><i>The Queen</i> (2009 TV serial)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony#Happy_and_Glorious_(21:25–21:35)" title="2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony"><i>Happy and Glorious</i> (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Royal_Night_Out" title="A Royal Night Out"><i>A Royal Night Out</i> (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minions_(film)" title="Minions (film)"><i>Minions</i> (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_BFG_(2016_film)" title="The BFG (2016 film)"><i>The BFG</i> (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Crown_(TV_series)" title="The Crown (TV series)"><i>The Crown</i> (2016–23)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Queen%27s_Corgi" title="The Queen's Corgi"><i>The Queen's Corgi</i> (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_Christmas_message" title="Alternative Christmas message">2020 alternative Christmas message</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prince_(TV_series)" title="The Prince (TV series)"><i>The Prince</i> (2021)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Question_of_Attribution" title="A Question of Attribution"><i>A Question of Attribution</i> (1988)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Audience_(2013_play)" title="The Audience (2013 play)"><i>The Audience</i> (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handbagged" title="Handbagged"><i>Handbagged</i> (2013)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Portraits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_Piece_at_the_Royal_Lodge,_Windsor" title="Conversation Piece at the Royal Lodge, Windsor">Herbert James Gunn (1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattle_Queen" title="Wattle Queen">William Dargie (1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Annigoni%27s_portraits_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Pietro Annigoni's portraits of Elizabeth II">Pietro Annigoni (1955, 1969 and 1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reigning_Queens" title="Reigning Queens">Andy Warhol (1985)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Elizabeth_II_(Stone)" title="Portrait of Elizabeth II (Stone)">Richard Stone (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Queen_(Justin_Mortimer_portrait)" title="The Queen (Justin Mortimer portrait)">Justin Mortimer (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty_Queen_Elizabeth_II_%E2%80%93_An_80th_Birthday_Portrait" title="Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II – An 80th Birthday Portrait">Rolf Harris (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Coronation_Theatre:_Portrait_of_HM_Queen_Elizabeth_II" title="The Coronation Theatre: Portrait of HM Queen Elizabeth II">Ralph Heimans (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beautiful_Portrait,_The_Queen" title="Beautiful Portrait, The Queen">Damien Hirst (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_(painting)" title="Queen Elizabeth II (painting)">Henry Ward (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algorithm_Queen" title="Algorithm Queen">Ai-Da (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Stamps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilding_series" title="Wilding series">Wilding series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_domestic_rate_stamp_(Canada)" title="Queen Elizabeth II domestic rate stamp (Canada)">Canadian domestic rate stamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_series_stamps" title="Castle series stamps">Castle series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_definitives" title="Country definitives">Country definitives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machin_series" title="Machin series">Machin series</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Machin_stamps" title="List of Machin stamps">list</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Statues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Elizabeth_II,_Windsor_Great_Park" title="Equestrian statue of Elizabeth II, Windsor Great Park">Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Elizabeth_II_(Winnipeg)" title="Statue of Elizabeth II (Winnipeg)">Winnipeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Elizabeth_II,_Lagos" title="Statue of Elizabeth II, Lagos">Lagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Elizabeth_II_(Toronto)" title="Statue of Elizabeth II (Toronto)">Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Elizabeth_II,_York_Minster" title="Statue of Elizabeth II, York Minster">York Minster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Elizabeth_II,_Oakham" title="Statue of Elizabeth II, Oakham">Oakham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh,_Antrim" title="Statue of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, Antrim">Antrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II,_Newcastle-under-Lyme" title="Statue of Queen Elizabeth II, Newcastle-under-Lyme">Newcastle-under-Lyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II,_Andover" title="Statue of Queen Elizabeth II, Andover">Andover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_Queen_Elizabeth_II,_London" title="Memorial to Queen Elizabeth II, London">London (planned)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_Queen_(Sex_Pistols_song)" title="God Save the Queen (Sex Pistols song)">God Save the Queen</a>" (Sex Pistols song)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty_(song)" title="Her Majesty (song)">Her Majesty</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_corgis" title="Royal corgis">Corgis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dookie_(dog)" title="Dookie (dog)">Dookie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_(dog)" title="Susan (dog)">Susan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Horses_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Horses of Elizabeth II">Horses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aureole_(horse)" title="Aureole (horse)">Aureole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_(horse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese (horse)">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrozza" title="Carrozza">Carrozza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunfermline_(horse)" title="Dunfermline (horse)">Dunfermline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estimate_(horse)" title="Estimate (horse)">Estimate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_of_Fashion_(horse)" title="Height of Fashion (horse)">Height of Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highclere_(horse)" title="Highclere (horse)">Highclere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pall_Mall_(horse)" title="Pall Mall (horse)">Pall Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_(horse)" title="Winston (horse)">Winston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II">Death</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_death_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Reactions to the death of Elizabeth II">Reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queue_for_the_lying-in-state_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Queue for the lying-in-state of Elizabeth II">Queue for the lying-in-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Elizabeth_II#State_funeral" title="Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II">State funeral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_London_Bridge" title="Operation London Bridge">Operation London Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_guests_at_the_state_funeral_of_Elizabeth_II" title="List of guests at the state funeral of Elizabeth II">Guests</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Like_as_the_hart_(Weir)" title="Like as the hart (Weir)">Like as the hart</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Who_shall_separate_us%3F" title="Who shall separate us?">Who shall separate us?</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Sleep,_Dearie,_Sleep" title="Sleep, Dearie, Sleep">Sleep, Dearie, Sleep</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Memorial_Day" title="Queen Elizabeth II Memorial Day">Queen Elizabeth II Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Demise_Honours" title="2023 Demise Honours">Honours</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewels_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Jewels of Elizabeth II">Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Elizabeth_II" title="List of things named after Elizabeth II">Namesakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagana_Lodge" title="Sagana Lodge">Sagana Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Guardamangia" title="Villa Guardamangia">Villa Guardamangia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorgi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorgi">Dorgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Party_at_the_Palace" title="Children's Party at the Palace">Children's Party at the Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Queen%27s_Birthday_Party" title="The Queen's Birthday Party">The Queen's Birthday Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_Charles" title="Jeannette Charles">Jeannette Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Queen_Elizabeth%27" title="Rosa 'Queen Elizabeth'">Rosa 'Queen Elizabeth'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_cake" title="Queen Elizabeth cake">Queen Elizabeth cake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">← George VI</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III →</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs189" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template talk:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs189" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Scottish</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">British</a> monarchs</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of England until 1603</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of Scotland until 1603</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfweard_of_Wessex" title="Ælfweard of Wessex">Ælfweard</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_I" title="Edmund I">Edmund I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadred" title="Eadred">Eadred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadwig" title="Eadwig">Eadwig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_England" title="Edgar, King of England">Edgar the Peaceful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Martyr" title="Edward the Martyr">Edward the Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside">Edmund Ironside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Harefoot" title="Harold Harefoot">Harold Harefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut">Harthacnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Godwinson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edgar_%C3%86theling" title="Edgar Ætheling">Edgar Ætheling</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen,_King_of_England" title="Stephen, King of England">Stephen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Empress_Matilda" title="Empress Matilda">Matilda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry the Young King</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Jane</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Kenneth I MacAlpin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Domnall_mac_Ailp%C3%ADn" title="Domnall mac Ailpín">Donald I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Causantín mac Cináeda">Constantine I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Áed mac Cináeda">Áed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giric" title="Giric">Giric</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eochaid_ab_Rhun" title="Eochaid ab Rhun">Eochaid</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_II_of_Scotland" title="Donald II of Scotland">Donald II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Scotland" title="Constantine II of Scotland">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_I_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm I of Scotland">Malcolm I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulf" title="Indulf">Indulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub,_King_of_Scotland" title="Dub, King of Scotland">Dub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuil%C3%A9n" title="Cuilén">Cuilén</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb,_King_of_Scotland" title="Amlaíb, King of Scotland">Amlaíb</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_II_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth II of Scotland">Kenneth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_of_Scotland" title="Constantine III of Scotland">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_III_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth III of Scotland">Kenneth III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_II_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm II of Scotland">Malcolm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_I_of_Scotland" title="Duncan I of Scotland">Duncan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth,_King_of_Scotland" title="Macbeth, King of Scotland">Macbeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulach" title="Lulach">Lulach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_II_of_Scotland" title="Duncan II of Scotland">Duncan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_Scotland" title="Edgar, King of Scotland">Edgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Scotland" title="Alexander I of Scotland">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_IV_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm IV of Scotland">Malcolm IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_Balliol" title="Edward Balliol">Edward Balliol</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Robert II of Scotland">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Monarchs_of_England_and_Scotland_after_the_Union_of_the_Crowns_from_160384"> <ul><li><b>Monarchs of England and Scotland after the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a> from 1603</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I & VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">The Protectorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard Cromwell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II & VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III & II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II" title="Mary II">Mary II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_British_monarchs_after_the_Acts_of_Union_170757"> <ul><li><b>British monarchs after the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_princesses632" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_princesses" title="Template:British princesses"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_princesses" title="Template talk:British princesses"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_princesses" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British princesses"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_princesses632" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/British_princess" title="British princess">British princesses</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>The generations indicate descent from <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a>, who formalised the use of the titles <i>prince</i> and <i>princess</i> for members of the British royal family. Where a princess may have been or is descended from George I more than once, her most senior descent, by which she bore or bears her title, is used.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Dorothea_of_Hanover" title="Sophia Dorothea of Hanover">Sophia Dorothea, Queen in Prussia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Princess_Royal_and_Princess_of_Orange" title="Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange">Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Amelia_of_Great_Britain" title="Princess Amelia of Great Britain">Princess Amelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Caroline_of_Great_Britain" title="Princess Caroline of Great Britain">Princess Caroline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Mary_of_Great_Britain" title="Princess Mary of Great Britain">Mary, Landgravine of Hesse-Kassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_of_Great_Britain" title="Louise of Great Britain">Louise, Queen of Denmark and Norway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Augusta_of_Great_Britain" title="Princess Augusta of Great Britain">Augusta, Duchess of Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Elizabeth_of_Great_Britain" title="Princess Elizabeth of Great Britain">Princess Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Louisa_of_Great_Britain" title="Princess Louisa of Great Britain">Princess Louisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Matilda_of_Great_Britain" title="Caroline Matilda of Great Britain">Caroline Matilda, Queen of Denmark and Norway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_Princess_Royal" title="Charlotte, Princess Royal">Charlotte, Princess Royal and Queen of Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Augusta_Sophia_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Augusta Sophia of the United Kingdom">Princess Augusta Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Elizabeth_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom">Elizabeth, Landgravine of Hesse-Homburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Mary,_Duchess_of_Gloucester_and_Edinburgh" title="Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh">Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Sophia_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Sophia of the United Kingdom">Princess Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Amelia_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Amelia of the United Kingdom">Princess Amelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Sophia_of_Gloucester" title="Princess Sophia of Gloucester">Princess Sophia of Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Caroline_of_Gloucester" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Caroline of Gloucester">Princess Caroline of Gloucester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Charlotte_of_Wales_(1796%E2%80%931817)" title="Princess Charlotte of Wales (1796–1817)">Charlotte, Princess Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Elizabeth_of_Clarence" title="Princess Elizabeth of Clarence">Princess Elizabeth of Clarence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Augusta_of_Cambridge" title="Princess Augusta of Cambridge">Augusta, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Mary_Adelaide_of_Cambridge" title="Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge">Princess Mary Adelaide, Duchess of Teck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Princess_Royal" title="Victoria, Princess Royal">Victoria, Princess Royal and German Empress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Alice_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Alice of the United Kingdom">Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Helena_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Helena of the United Kingdom">Helena, Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise,_Duchess_of_Argyll" title="Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll">Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Beatrice_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom">Beatrice, Princess Henry of Battenberg</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Princess_Frederica_of_Hanover" title="Princess Frederica of Hanover">Princess Frederica, Baroness von Pawel-Rammingen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Princess_Marie_of_Hanover" title="Princess Marie of Hanover">Princess Marie of Hanover</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louise,_Princess_Royal" title="Louise, Princess Royal">Louise, Princess Royal and Duchess of Fife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Victoria of the United Kingdom">Princess Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maud_of_Wales" title="Maud of Wales">Maud, Queen of Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_of_Romania" title="Marie of Romania">Marie, Queen of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Victoria_Melita_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Grand Duchess Victoria Feodorovna of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Alexandra_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Alexandra, Princess of Hohenlohe-Langenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Beatrice_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Princess Beatrice of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Princess Beatrice, Duchess of Galliera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Margaret_of_Connaught" title="Princess Margaret of Connaught">Margaret, Crown Princess of Sweden</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Princess_Patricia_of_Connaught" title="Princess Patricia of Connaught">Lady Patricia Ramsay</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Alice,_Countess_of_Athlone" title="Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone">Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Princess_Marie_Louise_of_Hanover" title="Princess Marie Louise of Hanover">Marie Louise, Princess Maximilian of Baden</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Princess_Alexandra_of_Hanover_(born_1882)" title="Princess Alexandra of Hanover (born 1882)">Alexandra, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_Crown_Prince_of_Hanover#Issue" title="Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover">Princess Olga of Hanover</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Princess_Royal_and_Countess_of_Harewood" title="Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood">Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Alexandra,_2nd_Duchess_of_Fife" title="Princess Alexandra, 2nd Duchess of Fife">Alexandra, Princess Arthur of Connaught and Duchess of Fife</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maud_Carnegie,_Countess_of_Southesk" title="Maud Carnegie, Countess of Southesk">Maud Carnegie, Countess of Southesk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Princess_Sibylla_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Princess Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Princess Sibylla, Duchess of Västerbotten</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Princess_Caroline_Mathilde_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Caroline Mathilde of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Princess Caroline Mathilde of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frederica_of_Hanover" title="Frederica of Hanover">Frederica, Queen of Greece</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Queen Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Margaret,_Countess_of_Snowdon" title="Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon">Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Alexandra,_The_Honourable_Lady_Ogilvy" title="Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy">Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Princess_Royal" title="Anne, Princess Royal">Anne, Princess Royal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Beatrice" title="Princess Beatrice">Princess Beatrice, Mrs Edoardo Mapelli Mozzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Eugenie" title="Princess Eugenie">Princess Eugenie, Mrs Jack Brooksbank</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Louise_Windsor" title="Lady Louise Windsor">Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Charlotte_of_Wales_(born_2015)" title="Princess Charlotte of Wales (born 2015)">Princess Charlotte of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Lilibet_of_Sussex" title="Princess Lilibet of Sussex">Princess Lilibet of Sussex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Princesses whose titles were removed and eligible people who do not use the title are shown in italics</i>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Duchesses_of_Edinburgh47" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Duchesses_of_Edinburgh" title="Template:Duchesses of Edinburgh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Duchesses_of_Edinburgh" title="Template talk:Duchesses of Edinburgh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Duchesses_of_Edinburgh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Duchesses of Edinburgh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Duchesses_of_Edinburgh47" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Duchess_of_Edinburgh" title="Duchess of Edinburgh">Duchesses of Edinburgh</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Augusta_of_Saxe-Gotha" title="Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha">Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Gloucester_and_Edinburgh" title="Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh">Duchesses of Gloucester and Edinburgh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Maria_Alexandrovna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia">Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Camilla" title="Queen Camilla">Camilla Shand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie,_Duchess_of_Edinburgh" title="Sophie, Duchess of Edinburgh">Sophie Rhys-Jones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_Persons_of_the_Year103" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template talk:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_Persons_of_the_Year103" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year"><i>Time</i> Persons of the Year</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1927–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Chrysler" title="Walter Chrysler">Walter Chrysler</a> (1928)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Owen_D._Young" title="Owen D. Young">Owen D. Young</a> (1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mohandas Gandhi</a> (1930)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a> (1931)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1932)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_S._Johnson" title="Hugh S. Johnson">Hugh S. Johnson</a> (1933)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a> (1935)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson">Wallis Simpson</a> (1936)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling" title="Soong Mei-ling">Soong Mei-ling</a> (1937)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> (1938)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1939)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1940)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1941)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1942)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1943)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">James F. Byrnes</a> (1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1947)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1948)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1949)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">The American Fighting-Man</a> (1950)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh">Mohammed Mosaddeq</a> (1951)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elizabeth II </a> (1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> (1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a> (1954)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harlow_Curtice" title="Harlow Curtice">Harlow Curtice</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Freedom Fighters</a> (1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> (1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> (1958)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> U.S. Scientists: <a href="/wiki/George_Beadle" title="George Beadle">George Beadle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper" title="Charles Stark Draper">Charles Draper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Enders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Donald A. Glaser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a> / <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Edward Purcell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Rabi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Van_Allen" title="James Van Allen">James Van Allen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Woodward</a> </span> (1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> (1962)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Westmoreland" title="William Westmoreland">William Westmoreland</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Baby_boomers" title="Baby boomers">The Generation Twenty-Five and Under</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">The Apollo 8 Astronauts</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank Borman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a> </span> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(United_States)" title="Middle America (United States)">The Middle Americans</a> (1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Sirica" title="John Sirica">John Sirica</a> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Faisal of Saudi Arabia">King Faisal</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> American Women: <a href="/wiki/Susan_Brownmiller" title="Susan Brownmiller">Susan Brownmiller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Byerly" title="Kathleen Byerly">Kathleen Byerly</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alison_Cheek" title="Alison Cheek">Alison Cheek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jill_Ker_Conway" title="Jill Ker Conway">Jill Conway</a> / <a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ella_Grasso" title="Ella Grasso">Ella Grasso</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carla_Anderson_Hills" title="Carla Anderson Hills">Carla Hills</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a> / <a href="/wiki/Susie_Sharp" title="Susie Sharp">Susie Sharp</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_Sutton_(journalist)" title="Carol Sutton (journalist)">Carol Sutton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Addie_L._Wyatt" title="Addie L. Wyatt">Addie Wyatt</a> </span> (1975)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (1976)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> (1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> (1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">The Computer</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ueberroth" title="Peter Ueberroth">Peter Ueberroth</a> (1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">The Endangered Earth</a> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Turner" title="Ted Turner">Ted Turner</a> (1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Peacemakers: <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> </span> (1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Ho" title="David Ho">David Ho</a> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Grove" title="Andrew Grove">Andrew Grove</a> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ken_Starr" title="Ken Starr">Ken Starr</a> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bezos" title="Jeff Bezos">Jeff Bezos</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2000)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudolph Giuliani</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Whistleblowers: <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Cooper_(accountant)" title="Cynthia Cooper (accountant)">Cynthia Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Coleen_Rowley" title="Coleen Rowley">Coleen Rowley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sherron_Watkins" title="Sherron Watkins">Sherron Watkins</a> </span> (2002)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">The American Soldier</a> (2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Good Samaritans: <a href="/wiki/Bono" title="Bono">Bono</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melinda_French_Gates" title="Melinda French Gates">Melinda Gates</a> </span> (2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/You_(Time_Person_of_the_Year)" title="You (Time Person of the Year)">You</a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> (2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> (2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">The Protester</a> (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> (2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> <a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_West_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic" title="Responses to the West African Ebola virus epidemic">Ebola Fighters</a>: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. <a href="/wiki/Kent_Brantly" title="Kent Brantly">Kent Brantly</a> / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / <a href="/wiki/Salome_Karwah" title="Salome Karwah">Salome Karwah</a> </span> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/MeToo_movement" title="MeToo movement">The Silence Breakers</a> (2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Guardians: <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Jamal Khashoggi">Jamal Khashoggi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ressa" title="Maria Ressa">Maria Ressa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wa_Lone" title="Wa Lone">Wa Lone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kyaw_Soe_Oo" title="Kyaw Soe Oo">Kyaw Soe Oo</a> / Staff of <i><a href="/wiki/Capital_Gazette_shooting" title="Capital Gazette shooting">The Capital</a></i> </span> (2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greta_Thunberg" title="Greta Thunberg">Greta Thunberg</a> (2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (2020)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> (2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Spirit of Ukraine</a> (2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Swift" title="Taylor Swift">Taylor Swift</a> (2023)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (2024)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchy_in_Canada188" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_monarchy" title="Template:Canadian monarchy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_monarchy" title="Template talk:Canadian monarchy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_monarchy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian monarchy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchy_in_Canada188" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Monarchy in Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">The Crown</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Canadian_provinces" title="Monarchy in the Canadian provinces">Monarchy in the Canadian provinces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_British_Columbia" title="Monarchy in British Columbia">BC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Alberta" title="Monarchy in Alberta">AB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Saskatchewan" title="Monarchy in Saskatchewan">SK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Manitoba" title="Monarchy in Manitoba">MB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Ontario" title="Monarchy in Ontario">ON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Quebec" title="Monarchy in Quebec">QC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_New_Brunswick" title="Monarchy in New Brunswick">NB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Nova_Scotia" title="Monarchy in Nova Scotia">NS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Prince_Edward_Island" title="Monarchy in Prince Edward Island">PE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Monarchy in Newfoundland and Labrador">NL</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_monarchs" title="List of Canadian monarchs">Monarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">Viceroys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General of Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_general_of_Canada" title="List of governors general of Canada">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(Canada)" title="Lieutenant governor (Canada)">Lieutenant governors in Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_of_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor of British Columbia">BC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_British_Columbia" title="List of lieutenant governors of British Columbia">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_of_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor of Alberta">AB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Alberta" title="List of lieutenant governors of Alberta">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_of_Saskatchewan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor of Saskatchewan">SK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Saskatchewan" title="List of lieutenant governors of Saskatchewan">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_of_Manitoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor of Manitoba">MB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Manitoba" title="List of lieutenant governors of Manitoba">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_of_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor of Ontario">ON</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Ontario" title="List of lieutenant governors of Ontario">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_of_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor of Quebec">QC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Quebec" title="List of lieutenant governors of Quebec">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_of_New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor of New Brunswick">NB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_New_Brunswick" title="List of lieutenant governors of New Brunswick">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia">NS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Nova_Scotia" title="List of lieutenant governors of Nova Scotia">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island">PE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="List of lieutenant governors of Prince Edward Island">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Lieutenant Governor of Newfoundland and Labrador">NL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lieutenant governors of Newfoundland and Labrador">List</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner#Canadian_territories" title="Commissioner">Territorial Commissioners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_on_Vice-Regal_Appointments" title="Advisory Committee on Vice-Regal Appointments">Advisory Committee on Vice-Regal Appointments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitutional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King-in-Council" title="King-in-Council">King-in-Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King-in-Parliament" title="King-in-Parliament">King-in-Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada" title="Court system of Canada">King-on-the-Bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_(law)" title="Peace (law)">King's peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Crown_and_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="The Canadian Crown and the Canadian Armed Forces">The Canadian Crown and the Canadian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Crown_and_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="The Canadian Crown and Indigenous peoples of Canada">The Canadian Crown and Indigenous peoples of Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_copyright#Canada" title="Crown copyright">Crown copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_corporations_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown corporations of Canada">Crown corporations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Consent" title="King's Consent">King's Consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Printer" title="King's Printer">King's Printer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_charter#Canada" title="Royal charter">Royal charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_royal_commissions" title="List of Canadian royal commissions">Royal commissions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ceremonial and symbolic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapels_Royal#Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapels Royal">Chapels Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Collection" title="Crown Collection">Crown Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_royal_symbols" title="Canadian royal symbols">Royal symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_tours_of_Canada" title="Royal tours of Canada">Royal tours</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_royal_tours_of_Canada_(18th%E2%80%9320th_centuries)" title="List of royal tours of Canada (18th–20th centuries)">1786–1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_royal_tours_of_Canada_(21st_century)" title="List of royal tours of Canada (21st century)">2000–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_address_by_the_British_monarch" title="Special address by the British monarch">Special address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_Canadian_sovereign" class="mw-redirect" title="Style of the Canadian sovereign">Title and style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrones_of_Canada" title="Thrones of Canada">Thrones of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Coronation_Contingent" title="Canadian Coronation Contingent">Canadian Coronation Contingent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Secretary_to_the_King" title="Canadian Secretary to the King">Canadian Secretary to the King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Canada" title="History of monarchy in Canada">History of monarchy in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debate_on_the_monarchy_in_Canada" title="Debate on the monarchy in Canada">Debate on the monarchy in Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Barbados&#124;link=Barbados_Heads_of_state_of_Barbados260" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_state_of_Barbados" title="Template:Heads of state of Barbados"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_state_of_Barbados" title="Template talk:Heads of state of Barbados"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_state_of_Barbados" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of state of Barbados"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Barbados&#124;link=Barbados_Heads_of_state_of_Barbados260" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados"><img alt="Barbados" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/23px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/35px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/45px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Barbados" title="List of heads of state of Barbados">Heads of state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Barbados">Queen</a> (1966–2021)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elizabeth II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Barbados" title="President of Barbados">President</a> (from 2021)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Mason" title="Sandra Mason">Mason</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_state_of_Fiji126" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_state_of_Fiji" title="Template:Heads of state of Fiji"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_state_of_Fiji" title="Template talk:Heads of state of Fiji"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_state_of_Fiji" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of state of Fiji"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_state_of_Fiji126" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Fiji" title="List of heads of state of Fiji">Heads of state of Fiji</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Queen (1970–1987)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elizabeth II</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Fiji.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/60px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/90px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/120px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">President (from 1987)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sitiveni_Rabuka" title="Sitiveni Rabuka">Rabuka</a>§</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penaia_Ganilau" title="Penaia Ganilau">Ganilau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamisese_Mara" title="Kamisese Mara">Mara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Bainimarama" title="Frank Bainimarama">Bainimarama</a>§</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josefa_Iloilo" title="Josefa Iloilo">Iloilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Bainimarama" title="Frank Bainimarama">Bainimarama</a>§</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josefa_Iloilo" title="Josefa Iloilo">Iloilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epeli_Nailatikau" title="Epeli Nailatikau">Nailatikau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jioji_Konrote" title="Jioji Konrote">Konrote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiliame_Katonivere" title="Wiliame Katonivere">Katonivere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naiqama_Lalabalavu" title="Naiqama Lalabalavu">Lalabalavu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>§Head of the military regime</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_state_of_The_Gambia234" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_state_of_The_Gambia" title="Template:Heads of state of The Gambia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_state_of_The_Gambia" title="Template talk:Heads of state of The Gambia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_state_of_The_Gambia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of state of The Gambia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_state_of_The_Gambia234" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Gambia" title="List of heads of state of the Gambia">Heads of state</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Gambia" title="Queen of the Gambia">Queen</a> (1965–1970)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elizabeth II</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/32px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/48px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/64px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:The_Gambia" title="Portal:The Gambia">The Gambia portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">President of the First Republic (1970–1994)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawda_Jawara" title="Dawda Jawara">Jawara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military regime (1994–1996)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Jammeh" title="Yahya Jammeh">Jammeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">President of the Second Republic (from 1996)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Jammeh" title="Yahya Jammeh">Jammeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adama_Barrow" title="Adama Barrow">Barrow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_state_of_Ghana399" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_state_of_Ghana" title="Template:Heads of state of Ghana"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_state_of_Ghana" title="Template talk:Heads of state of Ghana"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_state_of_Ghana" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of state of Ghana"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_state_of_Ghana399" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Ghana" title="List of heads of state of Ghana">Heads of state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Queen (1957–1960)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elizabeth II</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ghana.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/60px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/90px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/120px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">President of the First Republic (1960–1966)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Nkrumah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military regime (1966–1969)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Arthur_Ankrah" title="Joseph Arthur Ankrah">Ankrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akwasi_Afrifa" title="Akwasi Afrifa">Afrifa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">President of the Second Republic (1969–1972)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akwasi_Afrifa" title="Akwasi Afrifa">Afrifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nii_Amaa_Ollennu" title="Nii Amaa Ollennu">Ollennu</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Akufo-Addo" title="Edward Akufo-Addo">E. Akufo-Addo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military regime (1972–1979)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Kutu_Acheampong" title="Ignatius Kutu Acheampong">Acheampong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Akuffo" title="Fred Akuffo">Akuffo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Rawlings" title="Jerry Rawlings">Rawlings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">President of the Third Republic (1979–1981)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hilla_Limann" title="Hilla Limann">Limann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military regime (1981–1993)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Rawlings" title="Jerry Rawlings">Rawlings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">President of the Fourth Republic (from 1993)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Rawlings" title="Jerry Rawlings">Rawlings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kufuor" title="John Kufuor">Kufuor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Atta_Mills" title="John Atta Mills">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mahama" title="John Mahama">Mahama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Akufo-Addo" title="Nana Akufo-Addo">N. Akufo-Addo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mahama" title="John Mahama">Mahama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>*Acting President</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_State_of_Guyana105" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_State_of_Guyana" title="Template:Heads of State of Guyana"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_State_of_Guyana" title="Template talk:Heads of State of Guyana"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_State_of_Guyana" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of State of Guyana"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_State_of_Guyana105" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Guyana" title="List of heads of state of Guyana">Heads of State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Queen (1966–1970)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elizabeth II</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Guyana.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/60px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/90px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/120px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">President (from 1970)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Chung" title="Arthur Chung">Chung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbes_Burnham" title="Forbes Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Hoyte" title="Desmond Hoyte">Hoyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheddi_Jagan" title="Cheddi Jagan">C. Jagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Hinds" title="Sam Hinds">Hinds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Jagan" title="Janet Jagan">J. Jagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharrat_Jagdeo" title="Bharrat Jagdeo">Jagdeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Ramotar" title="Donald Ramotar">Ramotar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_A._Granger" title="David A. Granger">Granger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irfaan_Ali" title="Irfaan Ali">Ali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1266661725"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_state_of_Jamaica76" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_State_of_Jamaica" title="Template:Heads of State of Jamaica"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_State_of_Jamaica" title="Template talk:Heads of State of Jamaica"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_State_of_Jamaica" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of State of Jamaica"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_state_of_Jamaica76" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Heads of state of <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monarch (from 1962)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/32px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/48px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/64px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Jamaica" title="Portal:Jamaica">Jamaica portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governor-General (from 1962)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Blackburne" title="Kenneth Blackburne">Blackburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Campbell" title="Clifford Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florizel_Glasspole" title="Florizel Glasspole">Glasspole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Cooke" title="Howard Cooke">Cooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_O._Hall" title="Kenneth O. Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Allen_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Allen (politician)">Allen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_state_of_Kenya103" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_state_of_Kenya" title="Template:Heads of state of Kenya"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_state_of_Kenya" title="Template talk:Heads of state of Kenya"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_state_of_Kenya" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of state of Kenya"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_state_of_Kenya103" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Kenya" title="List of heads of state of Kenya">Heads of state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Kenya" title="Queen of Kenya">Queen of Kenya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elizabeth II</a> (<a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kenya_(1963)" title="Constitution of Kenya (1963)">1963–1964</a>)</li></ul> </div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kenya.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/60px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/90px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/120px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Kenya" title="President of Kenya">President of Kenya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="display:flex"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;flex:1;text-align:left;white-space:nowrap"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Jomo_Kenyatta" title="Jomo Kenyatta">Jomo Kenyatta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jomo_Kenyatta" title="Presidency of Jomo Kenyatta">1964–1978</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_arap_Moi" title="Daniel arap Moi">Daniel arap Moi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Daniel_Moi" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Daniel Moi">1978–2002</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwai_Kibaki" title="Mwai Kibaki">Mwai Kibaki</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Mwai_Kibaki" title="Presidency of Mwai Kibaki">2002–2013</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uhuru_Kenyatta" title="Uhuru Kenyatta">Uhuru Kenyatta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Uhuru_Kenyatta" title="Presidency of Uhuru Kenyatta">2013–2022</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ruto" title="William Ruto">William Ruto</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Ruto" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of William Ruto">2022–present</a>)</li></ol> </div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_state_of_Malawi105" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_state_of_Malawi" title="Template:Heads of state of Malawi"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_state_of_Malawi" title="Template talk:Heads of state of Malawi"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_state_of_Malawi" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of state of Malawi"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_state_of_Malawi105" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Malawi" title="List of heads of state of Malawi">Heads of state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Queen (1964–1966)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elizabeth II</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Malawi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/60px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/90px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/120px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">President (from 1966)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Banda" title="Hastings Banda">H. Banda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakili_Muluzi" title="Bakili Muluzi">Muluzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bingu_wa_Mutharika" title="Bingu wa Mutharika">B. Mutharika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Banda" title="Joyce Banda">J. Banda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Mutharika" title="Peter Mutharika">P. Mutharika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Chakwera" title="Lazarus Chakwera">Chakwera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_State_of_Malta153" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_state_of_Malta" title="Template:Heads of state of Malta"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_state_of_Malta" title="Template talk:Heads of state of Malta"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_state_of_Malta" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of state of Malta"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_State_of_Malta153" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Malta" title="List of heads of state of Malta">Heads of State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Queen (1964–1974)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elizabeth II</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Malta.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/60px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/90px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/120px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">President (from 1974)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Mamo" title="Anthony Mamo">Mamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Buttigieg" title="Anton Buttigieg">Buttigieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hyzler" title="Albert Hyzler">Hyzler</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agatha_Barbara" title="Agatha Barbara">Barbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Xuereb" title="Paul Xuereb">Xuereb</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Aensu_Tabone" title="Ċensu Tabone">Tabone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Mifsud_Bonnici" title="Ugo Mifsud Bonnici">Mifsud Bonnici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_de_Marco" title="Guido de Marco">de Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Fenech_Adami" title="Eddie Fenech Adami">Fenech Adami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Abela" title="George Abela">Abela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Louise_Coleiro_Preca" title="Marie-Louise Coleiro Preca">Coleiro Preca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Vella" title="George Vella">Vella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myriam_Spiteri_Debono" title="Myriam Spiteri Debono">Spiteri Debono</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>*Acting President</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_state_of_Mauritius161" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_state_of_Mauritius" title="Template:Heads of state of Mauritius"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_state_of_Mauritius" title="Template talk:Heads of state of Mauritius"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_state_of_Mauritius" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of state of Mauritius"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_state_of_Mauritius161" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Mauritius" title="List of heads of state of Mauritius">Heads of state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Queen (1968–1992)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elizabeth II</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Mauritius.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/60px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/90px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/120px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">President (from 1992)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veerasamy_Ringadoo" title="Veerasamy Ringadoo">Ringadoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassam_Uteem" title="Cassam Uteem">Uteem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angidi_Chettiar" title="Angidi Chettiar">Chettiar</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariranga_Pillay" title="Ariranga Pillay">Pillay</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Offmann" title="Karl Offmann">Offmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raouf_Bundhun" title="Raouf Bundhun">Bundhun</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anerood_Jugnauth" title="Anerood Jugnauth">Jugnauth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monique_Ohsan_Bellepeau" title="Monique Ohsan Bellepeau">Bellepeau</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kailash_Purryag" title="Kailash Purryag">Purryag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monique_Ohsan_Bellepeau" title="Monique Ohsan Bellepeau">Bellepeau</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameenah_Gurib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ameenah Gurib">Gurib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barlen_Vyapoory" title="Barlen Vyapoory">Vyapoory</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddy_Balancy" title="Eddy Balancy">Balancy</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithvirajsing_Roopun" title="Prithvirajsing Roopun">Roopun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharam_Gokhool" title="Dharam Gokhool">Dharam Gokhool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>*Acting president</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_state_of_Nigeria502" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_state_of_Nigeria" title="Template:Heads of state of Nigeria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_state_of_Nigeria" title="Template talk:Heads of state of Nigeria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_state_of_Nigeria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of state of Nigeria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_state_of_Nigeria502" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Nigeria" title="List of heads of state of Nigeria">Heads of state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Nigeria">Queen</a> (1960–1963)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elizabeth II</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/60px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/90px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/120px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">President of the <a href="/wiki/First_Nigerian_Republic" title="First Nigerian Republic">First Republic</a> (1963–1966)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nnamdi_Azikiwe" title="Nnamdi Azikiwe">Azikiwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military regime (1966–1979)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Aguiyi-Ironsi" title="Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi">Aguiyi-Ironsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakubu_Gowon" title="Yakubu Gowon">Gowon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murtala_Mohammed" class="mw-redirect" title="Murtala Mohammed">Mohammed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olusegun_Obasanjo" title="Olusegun Obasanjo">Obasanjo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">President of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Nigerian_Republic" title="Second Nigerian Republic">Second Republic</a> (1979–1983)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shehu_Shagari" title="Shehu Shagari">Shagari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military regime (1983–1999)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammadu_Buhari" title="Muhammadu Buhari">Buhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Babangida" title="Ibrahim Babangida">Babangida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shonekan" title="Ernest Shonekan">Shonekan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(interim)</span>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sani_Abacha" title="Sani Abacha">Abacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdulsalami_Abubakar" title="Abdulsalami Abubakar">Abubakar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">President of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Nigerian_Republic" title="Fourth Nigerian Republic">Fourth Republic</a> (from 1999)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olusegun_Obasanjo" title="Olusegun Obasanjo">Obasanjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umaru_Musa_Yar%27Adua" title="Umaru Musa Yar'Adua">Yar'Adua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodluck_Jonathan" title="Goodluck Jonathan">Jonathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammadu_Buhari" title="Muhammadu Buhari">Buhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bola_Tinubu" title="Bola Tinubu">Tinubu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>*Civilian; headed transition to abortive <a href="/wiki/Third_Nigerian_Republic" title="Third Nigerian Republic">Third Republic</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_state_of_Pakistan220" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_State_of_Pakistan" title="Template:Heads of State of Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_State_of_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Heads of State of Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_State_of_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of State of Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_state_of_Pakistan220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Pakistan" title="List of heads of state of Pakistan">Heads of state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">Monarch (1947–1956)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elizabeth II</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/90px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/120px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President (from 1956)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iskander_Mirza" title="Iskander Mirza">Mirza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayub Khan (general)">A. Khan</a>§</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan">Y. Khan</a>§</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Bhutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazal_Ilahi_Chaudhry" title="Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry">Chaudhry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia</a>§</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan" title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan">G. Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasim_Sajjad" title="Wasim Sajjad">Sajjad</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farooq_Leghari" title="Farooq Leghari">Leghari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasim_Sajjad" title="Wasim Sajjad">Sajjad</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Rafiq_Tarar" title="Muhammad Rafiq Tarar">Tarar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Musharraf</a>§</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mian_Soomro" title="Muhammad Mian Soomro">Soomro</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asif_Ali_Zardari" title="Asif Ali Zardari">Zardari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamnoon_Hussain" title="Mamnoon Hussain">Hussain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arif_Alvi" title="Arif Alvi">Alvi</a></li> <li>Zardari</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>§Head of the military regime  *Acting President</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_state_of_Sierra_Leone340" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_state_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Template:Heads of state of Sierra Leone"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_state_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Template talk:Heads of state of Sierra Leone"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_state_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of state of Sierra Leone"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_state_of_Sierra_Leone340" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Sierra_Leone" title="List of heads of state of Sierra Leone">Heads of state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Queen (1961–1971)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elizabeth II</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/60px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/90px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/120px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">President of the First Republic (1971–1992)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Okoro_Cole" title="Christopher Okoro Cole">Cole</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siaka_Stevens" title="Siaka Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Saidu_Momoh" title="Joseph Saidu Momoh">Momoh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military regime (1992–1996)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Kanu" title="Yahya Kanu">Kanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentine_Strasser" title="Valentine Strasser">Strasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Maada_Bio" title="Julius Maada Bio">Bio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">President of the Second Republic (1996–1997)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Tejan_Kabbah" title="Ahmad Tejan Kabbah">Kabbah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military regime (1997–1998)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Paul_Koroma" title="Johnny Paul Koroma">J. P. Koroma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">President of the Second Republic (since 1998)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Tejan_Kabbah" title="Ahmad Tejan Kabbah">Kabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bai_Koroma" title="Ernest Bai Koroma">E. B. Koroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Maada_Bio" title="Julius Maada Bio">Bio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>*Acting president</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_state_of_Ceylon_and_Sri_Lanka211" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_state_of_Ceylon_and_Sri_Lanka" title="Template:Heads of state of Ceylon and Sri Lanka"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_state_of_Ceylon_and_Sri_Lanka" title="Template talk:Heads of state of Ceylon and Sri Lanka"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_state_of_Ceylon_and_Sri_Lanka" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of state of Ceylon and Sri Lanka"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_state_of_Ceylon_and_Sri_Lanka211" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="List of heads of state of Sri Lanka">Heads of state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon" title="Dominion of Ceylon">Ceylon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ceylon_(1948%E2%80%931972)" title="Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)">Monarch of Ceylon</a> (1948–1972)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elizabeth II</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ceylon_(1951%E2%80%931972).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Ceylon_%281951%E2%80%931972%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Ceylon_%281951%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Ceylon_%281951%E2%80%931972%29.svg/90px-Flag_of_Ceylon_%281951%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Ceylon_%281951%E2%80%931972%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_Ceylon_%281951%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ceylon_(1951%E2%80%931972).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Ceylon_%281951%E2%80%931972%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Ceylon_%281951%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Ceylon_%281951%E2%80%931972%29.svg/90px-Flag_of_Ceylon_%281951%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Ceylon_%281951%E2%80%931972%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_Ceylon_%281951%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/60px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/90px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/120px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Sri_Lanka" title="President of Sri Lanka">President of Sri Lanka</a> (from 1972)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Gopallawa" title="William Gopallawa">William Gopallawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._R._Jayewardene" title="J. R. Jayewardene">J. R. Jayewardene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranasinghe_Premadasa" title="Ranasinghe Premadasa">Ranasinghe Premadasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingiri_Banda_Wijetunga" title="Dingiri Banda Wijetunga">Dingiri Banda Wijetunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrika_Kumaratunga" title="Chandrika Kumaratunga">Chandrika Kumaratunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahinda_Rajapaksa" title="Mahinda Rajapaksa">Mahinda Rajapaksa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maithripala_Sirisena" title="Maithripala Sirisena">Maithripala Sirisena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotabaya_Rajapaksa" title="Gotabaya Rajapaksa">Gotabaya Rajapaksa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranil_Wickremesinghe" title="Ranil Wickremesinghe">Ranil Wickremesinghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anura_Kumara_Dissanayake" title="Anura Kumara Dissanayake">Anura Kumara Dissanayake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_state_of_South_Africa387" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_state_of_South_Africa" title="Template:Heads of state of South Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_state_of_South_Africa" title="Template talk:Heads of state of South Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_state_of_South_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of state of South Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_state_of_South_Africa387" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_South_Africa" title="List of heads of state of South Africa">Heads of state</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_South_Africa" title="Monarchy of South Africa">Monarch</a> (1910–1961)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elizabeth II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/State_President_of_South_Africa" title="State President of South Africa">State President</a> (1961–1994)<br />(under <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C._R._Swart" title="C. R. Swart">Charles Robberts Swart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eben_D%C3%B6nges" title="Eben Dönges">Eben Dönges</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Naud%C3%A9" title="Tom Naudé">Tom Naudé</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Fouch%C3%A9" title="Jim Fouché">Jim Fouché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_de_Klerk" title="Jan de Klerk">Jan de Klerk</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nico_Diederichs" title="Nico Diederichs">Nico Diederichs</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marais_Viljoen" title="Marais Viljoen">Marais Viljoen</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Vorster" title="John Vorster">John Vorster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marais_Viljoen" title="Marais Viljoen">Marais Viljoen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._W._Botha" title="P. W. Botha">P. W. Botha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Heunis" title="Chris Heunis">Chris Heunis</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Africa" title="President of South Africa">President</a> (from 1994)<br />(post-Apartheid)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Nelson_Mandela" title="Presidency of Nelson Mandela">1994-1999</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thabo_Mbeki" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Thabo Mbeki">1999-2008</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Matsepe-Casaburri" title="Ivy Matsepe-Casaburri">Ivy Matsepe-Casaburri</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kgalema_Motlanthe" title="Kgalema Motlanthe">Kgalema Motlanthe</a> (2008-2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma" title="Jacob Zuma">Jacob Zuma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jacob_Zuma" title="Presidency of Jacob Zuma">2009-2018</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Cyril Ramaphosa</a> (2018-present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>†Died in office *Acting president</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_state_of_Tanzania319" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_state_of_Tanzania" title="Template:Heads of state of Tanzania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_state_of_Tanzania" title="Template talk:Heads of state of Tanzania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_state_of_Tanzania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of state of Tanzania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_state_of_Tanzania319" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Tanzania" title="List of heads of state of Tanzania">Heads of state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Queen of <a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_(1961%E2%80%931964)" title="Tanganyika (1961–1964)">Tanganyika</a> (1961–1962)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elizabeth II</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Tanganyika_(1961%E2%80%931964).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Tanganyika"><img alt="Flag of Tanganyika" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Tanganyika_%281961%E2%80%931964%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Tanganyika_%281961%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Tanganyika_%281961%E2%80%931964%29.svg/90px-Flag_of_Tanganyika_%281961%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Tanganyika_%281961%E2%80%931964%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_Tanganyika_%281961%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a></span><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Tanzania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Tanzania"><img alt="Flag of Tanzania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/60px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/90px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/120px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">President of Tanganyika (1962–1964)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nyerere" title="Julius Nyerere">Nyerere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tanzania* (from 1964)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nyerere" title="Julius Nyerere">Nyerere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Hassan_Mwinyi" title="Ali Hassan Mwinyi">Mwinyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mkapa" title="Benjamin Mkapa">Mkapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakaya_Kikwete" title="Jakaya Kikwete">Kikwete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Magufuli" title="John Magufuli">Magufuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samia_Suluhu_Hassan" title="Samia Suluhu Hassan">Suluhu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>*Merger of <a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_(1961%E2%80%931964)" title="Tanganyika (1961–1964)">Tanganyika</a> and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Zanzibar" title="People's Republic of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_state_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago223" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_State_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Template:Heads of State of Trinidad and Tobago"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_State_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Template talk:Heads of State of Trinidad and Tobago"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_State_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of State of Trinidad and Tobago"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_state_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago223" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="List of heads of state of Trinidad and Tobago">Heads of state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Queen of Trinidad and Tobago">Queen</a> (1962–1976)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elizabeth II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="President of Trinidad and Tobago">President</a> (from 1976)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ellis_Clarke" title="Ellis Clarke">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noor_Hassanali" title="Noor Hassanali">Hassanali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._N._R._Robinson" title="A. N. R. Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Maxwell_Richards" title="George Maxwell Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Carmona" title="Anthony Carmona">Carmona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paula-Mae_Weekes" title="Paula-Mae Weekes">Weekes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Kangaloo" title="Christine Kangaloo">Kangaloo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1976_Trinidad_and_Tobago_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1976 Trinidad and Tobago presidential election (page does not exist)">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1982_Trinidad_and_Tobago_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1982 Trinidad and Tobago presidential election (page does not exist)">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1987_Trinidad_and_Tobago_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1987 Trinidad and Tobago presidential election (page does not exist)">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1992_Trinidad_and_Tobago_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1992 Trinidad and Tobago presidential election (page does not exist)">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1997_Trinidad_and_Tobago_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1997 Trinidad and Tobago presidential election (page does not exist)">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2003_Trinidad_and_Tobago_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2003 Trinidad and Tobago presidential election (page does not exist)">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Trinidad_and_Tobago_presidential_election" title="2008 Trinidad and Tobago presidential election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Trinidad_and_Tobago_presidential_election" title="2013 Trinidad and Tobago presidential election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Trinidad_and_Tobago_presidential_election" title="2018 Trinidad and Tobago presidential election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Trinidad_and_Tobago_presidential_election" title="2023 Trinidad and Tobago presidential election">2023</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_State_of_Uganda105" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_State_of_Uganda" title="Template:Heads of State of Uganda"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_State_of_Uganda" title="Template talk:Heads of State of Uganda"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_State_of_Uganda" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of State of Uganda"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_State_of_Uganda105" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Uganda" title="List of heads of state of Uganda">Heads of State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Queen (1962–1963)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elizabeth II</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Uganda.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/60px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/90px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/120px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">President (from 1963)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutesa_II_of_Buganda" title="Mutesa II of Buganda">Edward Mutesa II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Obote" title="Milton Obote">Milton Obote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idi_Amin" title="Idi Amin">Idi Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Lule" title="Yusuf Lule">Yusuf Lule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Binaisa" title="Godfrey Binaisa">Godfrey Binaisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Muwanga" title="Paulo Muwanga">Paulo Muwanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Commission_of_Uganda" title="Presidential Commission of Uganda">Presidential Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Obote" title="Milton Obote">Milton Obote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazilio_Olara-Okello" title="Bazilio Olara-Okello">Bazilio Olara-Okello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito_Okello" title="Tito Okello">Tito Okello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoweri_Museveni" title="Yoweri Museveni">Yoweri Museveni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="House_of_Windsor326" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Windsor_family" title="Template:Windsor family"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Windsor_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Windsor family (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Windsor_family" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Windsor family"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="House_of_Windsor326" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Windsor" title="House of Windsor">House of Windsor</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Generations are numbered by their descent from <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Teck" title="Mary of Teck">Mary of Teck</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Princess_Royal_and_Countess_of_Harewood" title="Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood">Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester">Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George,_Duke_of_Kent" title="Prince George, Duke of Kent">Prince George, Duke of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_John_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prince John of the United Kingdom">Prince John</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Badge_of_the_House_of_Windsor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Badge_of_the_House_of_Windsor.svg/75px-Badge_of_the_House_of_Windsor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Badge_of_the_House_of_Windsor.svg/113px-Badge_of_the_House_of_Windsor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Badge_of_the_House_of_Windsor.svg/150px-Badge_of_the_House_of_Windsor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="715" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Margaret,_Countess_of_Snowdon" title="Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon">Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Kent">Prince Edward, Duke of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Alexandra,_The_Honourable_Lady_Ogilvy" title="Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy">Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_William_of_Gloucester" title="Prince William of Gloucester">Prince William of Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Michael_of_Kent" title="Prince Michael of Kent">Prince Michael of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Richard,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester">Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Princess_Royal" title="Anne, Princess Royal">Anne, Princess Royal</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Andrew,_Duke_of_York" title="Prince Andrew, Duke of York">Prince Andrew, Duke of York</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Windsor,_Earl_of_St_Andrews" title="George Windsor, Earl of St Andrews">George Windsor, Earl of St Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Helen_Taylor" title="Lady Helen Taylor">Lady Helen Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Nicholas_Windsor" title="Lord Nicholas Windsor">Lord Nicholas Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Windsor,_Earl_of_Ulster" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Windsor, Earl of Ulster">Alexander Windsor, Earl of Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Davina_Windsor" title="Lady Davina Windsor">Lady Davina Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Frederick_Windsor" title="Lord Frederick Windsor">Lord Frederick Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Rose_Gilman" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Rose Gilman">Lady Rose Gilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Gabriella_Kingston" title="Lady Gabriella Kingston">Lady Gabriella Kingston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales" title="William, Prince of Wales">William, Prince of Wales</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Harry,_Duke_of_Sussex" title="Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex">Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Beatrice" title="Princess Beatrice">Princess Beatrice</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Windsor,_Lord_Downpatrick" title="Edward Windsor, Lord Downpatrick">Edward Windsor, Lord Downpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Eugenie" title="Princess Eugenie">Princess Eugenie</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Marina_Windsor" title="Lady Marina Windsor">Lady Marina Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Amelia_Windsor" title="Lady Amelia Windsor">Lady Amelia Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Louise_Mountbatten-Windsor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor">Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xan_Windsor,_Lord_Culloden" class="mw-redirect" title="Xan Windsor, Lord Culloden">Xan Windsor, Lord Culloden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Windsor" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Windsor">Albert Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_Earl_of_Wessex" title="James, Earl of Wessex">James Mountbatten-Windsor, Earl of Wessex</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Windsor" class="mw-redirect" title="Leopold Windsor">Leopold Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Cosima_Windsor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Cosima Windsor">Lady Cosima Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maud_Windsor" class="mw-redirect" title="Maud Windsor">Maud Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Windsor" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Windsor">Louis Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Frederick_Windsor" title="Lord Frederick Windsor">Isabella Windsor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George_of_Wales" title="Prince George of Wales">Prince George of Wales</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Charlotte_of_Wales_(born_2015)" title="Princess Charlotte of Wales (born 2015)">Princess Charlotte of Wales</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Louis_of_Wales" title="Prince Louis of Wales">Prince Louis of Wales</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Archie_of_Sussex" title="Prince Archie of Sussex">Prince Archie of Sussex</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Lilibet_of_Sussex" title="Princess Lilibet of Sussex">Princess Lilibet of Sussex</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>*Descendant of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elizabeth II</a> and therefor a member of the house of <a href="/wiki/Mountbatten-Windsor" title="Mountbatten-Windsor">Mountbatten-Windsor</a>, yet officially considered members of the house of Windsor</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mountbatten-Windsor_family176" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mountbatten-Windsor" title="Template:Mountbatten-Windsor"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Mountbatten-Windsor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Mountbatten-Windsor (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mountbatten-Windsor" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mountbatten-Windsor"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mountbatten-Windsor_family176" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mountbatten-Windsor" title="Mountbatten-Windsor">Mountbatten-Windsor</a> family</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Generations are numbered by their descent from <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elizabeth II</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Princess_Royal" title="Anne, Princess Royal">Anne, Princess Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Andrew,_Duke_of_York" title="Prince Andrew, Duke of York">Prince Andrew, Duke of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Arms_of_Philip%2C_Duke_of_Edinburgh.svg/75px-Arms_of_Philip%2C_Duke_of_Edinburgh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Arms_of_Philip%2C_Duke_of_Edinburgh.svg/113px-Arms_of_Philip%2C_Duke_of_Edinburgh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Arms_of_Philip%2C_Duke_of_Edinburgh.svg/150px-Arms_of_Philip%2C_Duke_of_Edinburgh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales" title="William, Prince of Wales">William, Prince of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Harry,_Duke_of_Sussex" title="Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex">Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Beatrice" title="Princess Beatrice">Princess Beatrice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Eugenie" title="Princess Eugenie">Princess Eugenie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Louise_Windsor" title="Lady Louise Windsor">Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_Earl_of_Wessex" title="James, Earl of Wessex">James Mountbatten-Windsor, Earl of Wessex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George_of_Wales" title="Prince George of Wales">Prince George of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Charlotte_of_Wales_(born_2015)" title="Princess Charlotte of Wales (born 2015)">Princess Charlotte of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Louis_of_Wales" title="Prince Louis of Wales">Prince Louis of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Archie_of_Sussex" title="Prince Archie of Sussex">Prince Archie of Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Lilibet_of_Sussex" title="Princess Lilibet of Sussex">Princess Lilibet of Sussex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/20px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/31px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/40px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="115" data-file-height="108" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Monarchy" title="Portal:Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/21px-British_Empire_1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/32px-British_Empire_1897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/42px-British_Empire_1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1116" data-file-height="849" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:British_Empire" title="Portal:British Empire">British Empire</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/21px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/32px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/42px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:England" title="Portal:England">England</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster,_London_-_May_2007_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png/11px-Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png/17px-Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png/22px-Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="427" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:London" title="Portal:London">London</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Scotland" title="Portal:Scotland">Scotland</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/21px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/32px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/42px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wales" title="Portal:Wales">Wales</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/NIShape.gif/21px-NIShape.gif" decoding="async" width="21" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/NIShape.gif/32px-NIShape.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/NIShape.gif/42px-NIShape.gif 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="405" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Northern_Ireland" title="Portal:Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/42px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Australia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/21px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/32px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/42px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Belize" title="Portal:Belize">Belize</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/17px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/26px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/34px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/21px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/32px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/42px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Jamaica" title="Portal:Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/21px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/32px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/42px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:New_Zealand" title="Portal:New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/21px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/32px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/42px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Tuvalu" title="Portal:Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Elizabeth II</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="extiw" title="c:Queen Elizabeth II">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Queen Elizabeth II">News</a></b> from Wikinews</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="q:Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom">Quotations</a></b> from Wikiquote</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Elizabeth_II" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Elizabeth II">Texts</a></b> from Wikisource</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/UK_Constitution_and_Government/British_Monarchs/Elizabeth_II_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="b:UK Constitution and Government/British Monarchs/Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom">Textbooks</a></b> from Wikibooks</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9682" class="extiw" title="d:Q9682">Data</a></b> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9682#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4999" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9682#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4999" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9682#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121233290">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/20471592">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/327145858093723022004">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/61556/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhXbjdYgPV6GH3PjX3mh3">WorldCat</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjGTWjKTHb3MwpdkYcdgjC">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118529889">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Elizabeth II, Queen of Great Britain, 1926-2022"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80126296">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11974322d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11974322d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00620626">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Elizabeth II <regina di Gran Bretagna>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV258828">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35061288">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000700038&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000082571&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000008243&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX977622">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p07013247X">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90672883">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000111810&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000040207&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000354224">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201704804">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/b8nqqnnv2ndsn1j">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810569004105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/175019">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007260873605171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058508938406706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/10039382">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02957167?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/815289">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118529889.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118529889">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027772357">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10568898">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6q925wx">SNAC</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6tr9s7x">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/34452">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/323282">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_II&oldid=1276142632">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_II&oldid=1276142632</a>"</div></div> <div 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<span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>203 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-bsfwr","wgBackendResponseTime":156,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.880","walltime":"4.422","ppvisitednodes":{"value":36216,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1204023,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":195333,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":29,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":40,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1183482,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3739.220 1 -total"," 32.35% 1209.702 2 Template:Reflist"," 16.73% 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[\"CITEREFBousfieldToffoli2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowdenFaulkner2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBradford2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBradford2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrandreth2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBriggs1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurford2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurns1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBush2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCartner-Morley2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollier2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoughlan2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrawford1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDawson2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelacourt2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDominiczak2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDubois1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwards2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngel1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisher1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisher1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisher1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFosterSaid-Moorhouse2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriel2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFurness2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFurness2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeddes2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibbs1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodey2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodey2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHardman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHardman2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeald2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeald2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeinricks2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHigham2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHinton2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodge2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoey2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoey2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunter2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIreland2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeate2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelso2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnappett2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKottasováPichetaFosterSaid-Moorhouse2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLacey2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLagan2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLauren2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoudaMaclagan1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacQueenTreble2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacmillan1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarr2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDowell2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNeilly2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMills2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinelle2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchell2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontgomery-Massingberd1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeil1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicolson1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNikkash2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetropoulos2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPimlott2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrynn2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuinn2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRayner2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiley2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoutledge1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaw2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShawcross2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherwood2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilver2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSloane1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoames2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanglin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTasker2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTherrien2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomaszewski2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTominey2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurner2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFUtley2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalton1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarwick2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWells2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliamson1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWyatt1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZaccaro2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Waal1994\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Ahnentafel\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Avoid wrap\"] = 1,\n [\"BBC Genome prog\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date and age\"] = 4,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Br separated entries\"] = 1,\n [\"British princesses\"] = 1,\n [\"C-SPAN\"] = 1,\n [\"Canadian monarchy\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 34,\n [\"Cite interview\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 141,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 55,\n [\"Clear\"] = 2,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Elizabeth 02\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Duchesses of Edinburgh\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 6,\n [\"Elizabeth II\"] = 1,\n [\"English, Scottish and British monarchs\"] = 1,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Format price\"] = 2,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Gloss\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 28,\n [\"Heads of State of Barbados\"] = 1,\n [\"Heads of State of Ceylon and Sri Lanka\"] = 1,\n [\"Heads of State of Ghana\"] = 1,\n [\"Heads of State of Guyana\"] = 1,\n [\"Heads of State of Jamaica\"] = 1,\n [\"Heads of State of Kenya\"] = 1,\n [\"Heads of State of Malawi\"] = 1,\n [\"Heads of State of Mauritius\"] = 1,\n [\"Heads of State of Nigeria\"] = 1,\n [\"Heads of State of Pakistan\"] = 1,\n [\"Heads of State of Sierra Leone\"] = 1,\n [\"Heads of State of South Africa\"] = 1,\n [\"Heads of State of Tanzania\"] = 1,\n [\"Heads of State of Trinidad and Tobago\"] = 1,\n [\"Heads of State of Uganda\"] = 1,\n [\"Heads of State of the Gambia\"] = 1,\n [\"Heads of state of Fiji\"] = 1,\n [\"Heads of state of Malta\"] = 1,\n [\"Hidden begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Hidden end\"] = 1,\n [\"IMDb name\"] = 1,\n [\"Image frame\"] = 1,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 2,\n [\"Inflation-fn\"] = 2,\n [\"Inflation/year\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox royalty\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 3,\n [\"Listen voice\"] = 1,\n [\"London Gazette\"] = 6,\n [\"Main\"] = 5,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"Mountbatten-Windsor\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 3,\n [\"Multiref\"] = 32,\n [\"N/A\"] = 4,\n [\"NPG name\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Not a typo\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 2,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 5,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 4,\n [\"S-break\"] = 33,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-hon\"] = 1,\n [\"S-hou\"] = 1,\n [\"S-mil\"] = 1,\n [\"S-new\"] = 3,\n [\"S-non\"] = 1,\n [\"S-reg\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 35,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 61,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 76,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Smalldiv\"] = 3,\n [\"Sndash\"] = 37,\n [\"Spaces\"] = 3,\n [\"Spoken Wikipedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Text\"] = 1,\n [\"Time Persons of the Year\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubli\"] = 6,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikt-lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Windsor family\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n \"Gazette%d+\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","540","20.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","440","16.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","240","9.1"],["type","100","3.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","3.8"],["(for 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-16T03:24:33Z","dateModified":"2025-02-17T03:36:08Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/11\/Queen_Elizabeth_II_official_portrait_for_1959_tour_%28retouched%29_%28cropped%29_%283-to-4_aspect_ratio%29.jpg","headline":"Queen of the United Kingdom from 1952 to 2022"}</script> </body> </html>