Browse Image Galleries | Britannica.com

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Bioluminescence emission of light by an organism."/> </div> <div class="grid-lg"> <div class="title">Jellyfish</div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="grid-sm-33 grid-xs-50 md-browse-carousel-item "> <a data-layout-gt-sm="row" data-layout="column" class="grid no-gutter" href="/web/20180309191056/https://www.britannica.com/gallery/honeybees" data-value="ANIMALS"> <div class="grid-lg grid-xs-100"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309191056im_/https://amedia.britannica.com/225x120/69/162669-118-28C503B7.jpg" alt="Honey bee with full pollen sac on flower. (insect, pollination; bug; honeybee)"/> </div> <div class="grid-lg"> <div class="title">Honeybees</div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="grid-sm-33 grid-xs-50 md-browse-carousel-item "> <a data-layout-gt-sm="row" data-layout="column" class="grid no-gutter" href="/web/20180309191056/https://www.britannica.com/gallery/gallery-the-first-cloned-cat-and-her-relatives" data-value="ANIMALS"> <div class="grid-lg grid-xs-100"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309191056im_/https://amedia.britannica.com/225x120/47/158247-118-7D2112D4.jpg" alt="cloning. First cloned cat. First cloned companion animal. CC (copy cat) female domestic shorthair cat (b. Dec. 22, 2001) photo Jan. 18, 2002. Cloned at Texas A&M Univ. College of Vet. Med. & Biomedical Sciences. Reproductive cloning genetics DNA cc cat"/> </div> <div class="grid-lg"> <div class="title">The First Cloned Cat and Her Relatives</div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="grid-sm-33 grid-xs-50 md-browse-carousel-item "> <a data-layout-gt-sm="row" data-layout="column" class="grid no-gutter" href="/web/20180309191056/https://www.britannica.com/gallery/gallery-11-adorable-pocket-size-frogs" data-value="ANIMALS"> <div class="grid-lg grid-xs-100"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309191056im_/https://amedia.britannica.com/225x120/70/161670-118-986BA4D1.jpg" alt="Red eyed tree frog."/> </div> <div class="grid-lg"> <div class="title">11 Adorable Pocket-size Frogs</div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="grid-sm-33 grid-xs-50 md-browse-carousel-item "> <a data-layout-gt-sm="row" data-layout="column" class="grid no-gutter" href="/web/20180309191056/https://www.britannica.com/gallery/image-gallery-siberian-huskies" data-value="ANIMALS"> <div class="grid-lg grid-xs-100"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309191056im_/https://amedia.britannica.com/225x120/55/163355-118-03C9D58E.jpg" alt="Close-up of the face of a Siberian husky dog (working dog)."/> </div> <div class="grid-lg"> <div class="title">Siberian Huskies</div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="grid-sm-33 grid-xs-50 md-browse-carousel-item "> <a data-layout-gt-sm="row" data-layout="column" class="grid no-gutter" href="/web/20180309191056/https://www.britannica.com/gallery/primates" data-value="ANIMALS"> <div class="grid-lg grid-xs-100"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309191056im_/https://amedia.britannica.com/225x120/28/148328-118-E5BB5C8C.jpg" alt="Tarsier (Tarsius Syrichta)in tree, Mindanao"/> </div> <div class="grid-lg"> <div class="title">Primates</div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="grid-sm-33 grid-xs-50 md-browse-carousel-item "> <a data-layout-gt-sm="row" data-layout="column" class="grid no-gutter" href="/web/20180309191056/https://www.britannica.com/gallery/dogs" data-value="ANIMALS"> <div class="grid-lg grid-xs-100"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309191056im_/https://amedia.britannica.com/225x120/99/152499-118-9A7A0F6B.jpg" alt="Beagle. Close-up of Beagle. Beagle small hound-dog breed popular as both a pet and a hunter."/> </div> <div class="grid-lg"> <div class="title">Dogs</div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="grid-sm-33 grid-xs-50 md-browse-carousel-item "> <a data-layout-gt-sm="row" data-layout="column" class="grid no-gutter" href="/web/20180309191056/https://www.britannica.com/gallery/image-gallery-cows" data-value="ANIMALS"> <div class="grid-lg grid-xs-100"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309191056im_/https://amedia.britannica.com/225x120/62/76962-118-39C8020E.jpg" alt="Polled Hereford cow"/> </div> <div class="grid-lg"> <div class="title">Cows</div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="grid-sm-33 grid-xs-50 md-browse-carousel-item "> <a data-layout-gt-sm="row" data-layout="column" class="grid no-gutter" href="/web/20180309191056/https://www.britannica.com/gallery/whales" data-value="ANIMALS"> <div class="grid-lg grid-xs-100"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309191056im_/https://amedia.britannica.com/225x120/07/135707-118-4DBA9B67.jpg" alt="Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) breaching."/> </div> <div class="grid-lg"> <div class="title">Whales</div> </div> </a> </div></div> </div> <div class="md-quiz-carousel-slide"> <div class="grid grid-gutters-xs"> <div class="grid-sm-33 grid-xs-50 md-browse-carousel-item "> <a data-layout-gt-sm="row" data-layout="column" class="grid no-gutter" href="/web/20180309191056/https://www.britannica.com/gallery/image-gallery-turtles" data-value="ANIMALS"> <div class="grid-lg grid-xs-100"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309191056im_/https://amedia.britannica.com/225x120/62/150362-118-C9E51A6F.jpg" alt="The hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) in Egypt, Africa largely tropical and common in coral reef habitats. Cheloniidae, Endangered. Homepage blog 2011, science and technology, animal"/> </div> <div class="grid-lg"> <div class="title">Turtles</div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="grid-sm-33 grid-xs-50 md-browse-carousel-item "> <a data-layout-gt-sm="row" data-layout="column" class="grid no-gutter" href="/web/20180309191056/https://www.britannica.com/gallery/image-gallery-sharks" data-value="ANIMALS"> <div class="grid-lg grid-xs-100"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309191056im_/https://amedia.britannica.com/225x120/88/151688-118-F20BF428.jpg" alt="white shark. white shark (Carcharodon carcharias), also called great white shark or white pointer near Guadalupe Island (Isla Guadalupe), Mexico, Baja California peninsula, Pacific Ocean."/> </div> <div class="grid-lg"> <div class="title">Sharks</div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="grid-sm-33 grid-xs-50 md-browse-carousel-item "> <a data-layout-gt-sm="row" data-layout="column" class="grid no-gutter" href="/web/20180309191056/https://www.britannica.com/gallery/image-gallery-owls" data-value="ANIMALS"> <div class="grid-lg grid-xs-100"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309191056im_/https://amedia.britannica.com/225x120/71/158271-118-B3BE2482.jpg" alt="Common barn owl (Tyto alba) eating a mouse. Owls, birds."/> </div> <div class="grid-lg"> <div class="title">Owls</div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="grid-sm-33 grid-xs-50 md-browse-carousel-item "> <a data-layout-gt-sm="row" data-layout="column" class="grid no-gutter" href="/web/20180309191056/https://www.britannica.com/gallery/orangutans" data-value="ANIMALS"> <div class="grid-lg grid-xs-100"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309191056im_/https://amedia.britannica.com/225x120/39/146439-118-F8C36E13.jpg" alt="Mother orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) with her baby (photo taken in a zoo)."/> </div> <div class="grid-lg"> <div class="title">Orangutans</div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="grid-sm-33 grid-xs-50 md-browse-carousel-item "> <a data-layout-gt-sm="row" data-layout="column" class="grid no-gutter" href="/web/20180309191056/https://www.britannica.com/gallery/mosquitoes" data-value="ANIMALS"> <div class="grid-lg grid-xs-100"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309191056im_/https://amedia.britannica.com/225x120/61/152161-118-92210FDC.jpg" alt="Mosquito."/> </div> <div class="grid-lg"> <div class="title">Mosquitoes</div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="grid-sm-33 grid-xs-50 md-browse-carousel-item "> <a data-layout-gt-sm="row" data-layout="column" class="grid no-gutter" href="/web/20180309191056/https://www.britannica.com/gallery/image-gallery-lions" data-value="ANIMALS"> <div class="grid-lg grid-xs-100"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309191056im_/https://amedia.britannica.com/225x120/30/150930-118-F2AE1AA6.jpg" alt="Male lion (Panthera leo) in Nambia, South Africa. Savannah, mammal"/> </div> <div class="grid-lg"> <div class="title">Lions</div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="grid-sm-33 grid-xs-50 md-browse-carousel-item "> <a data-layout-gt-sm="row" data-layout="column" class="grid no-gutter" href="/web/20180309191056/https://www.britannica.com/gallery/frogs" data-value="ANIMALS"> <div class="grid-lg grid-xs-100"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309191056im_/https://amedia.britannica.com/225x120/38/154238-118-32B29DB0.jpg" alt="poison frog. Poison frog (family Dendrobatidae), also called poison dart frog, dart-poison frog, or poison arrow frog. Endangered dendrobates tinctorius or yellowback in south american amazon rain forest."/> </div> <div class="grid-lg"> <div class="title">Frogs</div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="grid-sm-33 grid-xs-50 md-browse-carousel-item "> <a data-layout-gt-sm="row" data-layout="column" class="grid no-gutter" href="/web/20180309191056/https://www.britannica.com/gallery/image-gallery-eagles" data-value="ANIMALS"> <div class="grid-lg grid-xs-100"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309191056im_/https://amedia.britannica.com/225x120/92/152292-118-57621172.jpg" alt="American Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus); bird."/> </div> <div class="grid-lg"> <div class="title">Eagles</div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="grid-sm-33 grid-xs-50 md-browse-carousel-item "> <a data-layout-gt-sm="row" data-layout="column" class="grid no-gutter" href="/web/20180309191056/https://www.britannica.com/gallery/crocodiles" data-value="ANIMALS"> <div class="grid-lg grid-xs-100"> <img 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