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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mongol_approach_to_Đại_Việt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mongol_approach_to_Đại_Việt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Mongol approach to Đại Việt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mongol_approach_to_Đại_Việt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_invasion_of_Đại_Việt_(1258)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_invasion_of_Đại_Việt_(1258)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 First invasion of Đại Việt (1258) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-First_invasion_of_Đại_Việt_(1258)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle First invasion of Đại Việt (1258) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-First_invasion_of_Đại_Việt_(1258)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mongol_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mongol_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Mongol forces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mongol_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invasion_of_Champa_(1283)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasion_of_Champa_(1283)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Invasion of Champa (1283) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Invasion_of_Champa_(1283)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Invasion of Champa (1283) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Invasion_of_Champa_(1283)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background_and_diplomacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background_and_diplomacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Background and diplomacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background_and_diplomacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaign_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_invasion_of_Đại_Việt_(1285)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_invasion_of_Đại_Việt_(1285)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Second invasion of Đại Việt (1285) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Second_invasion_of_Đại_Việt_(1285)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Second invasion of Đại Việt (1285) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Second_invasion_of_Đại_Việt_(1285)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Interlude_(1260–1284)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interlude_(1260–1284)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Interlude (1260–1284) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interlude_(1260–1284)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mongol_advance_(January_–_May_1285)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mongol_advance_(January_–_May_1285)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Mongol advance (January – May 1285) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mongol_advance_(January_–_May_1285)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnamese_counterattack_(May_–_June_1285)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnamese_counterattack_(May_–_June_1285)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Vietnamese counterattack (May – June 1285) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnamese_counterattack_(May_–_June_1285)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_invasion_of_Đại_Việt_(1287–1288)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_invasion_of_Đại_Việt_(1287–1288)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Third invasion of Đại Việt (1287–1288) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Third_invasion_of_Đại_Việt_(1287–1288)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Third invasion of Đại Việt (1287–1288) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Third_invasion_of_Đại_Việt_(1287–1288)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background_and_preparations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background_and_preparations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Background and preparations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background_and_preparations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaign_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Aftermath </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Aftermath subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Yuan_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yuan_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Yuan dynasty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yuan_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Đại_Việt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Đại_Việt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Đại Việt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Đại_Việt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Champa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Champa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Champa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Champa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transmission_of_gunpowder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transmission_of_gunpowder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Transmission of gunpowder </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transmission_of_gunpowder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Mongol invasions of Vietnam</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" > 16 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85" title="الغزو المغولي لفيتنام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الغزو المغولي لفيتنام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasiones_mongolas_de_Vietnam" title="Invasiones mongolas de Vietnam – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Invasiones mongolas de Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasions_mongoles_du_Vi%C3%AAt_Nam" title="Invasions mongoles du Viêt Nam – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Invasions mongoles du Viêt Nam" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasi_Vietnam_oleh_Mongol" title="Invasi Vietnam oleh Mongol – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Invasi Vietnam oleh Mongol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasioni_mongole_del_Vietnam" title="Invasioni mongole del Vietnam – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Invasioni mongole del Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serangan_Mongol_ke_atas_Vietnam" title="Serangan Mongol ke atas Vietnam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Serangan Mongol ke atas Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%87%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BE" title="Монголчуудын Вьетнам руу хийсэн довтолгоо – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Монголчуудын Вьетнам руу хийсэн довтолгоо" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolinvasjonene_av_Vietnam" title="Mongolinvasjonene av Vietnam – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mongolinvasjonene av Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Монгольские вторжения во Вьетнам – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Монгольские вторжения во Вьетнам" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamin%E2%80%93mongolien_sota" title="Vietnamin–mongolien sota – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vietnamin–mongolien sota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolernas_invasion_av_Vietnam" title="Mongolernas invasion av Vietnam – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mongolernas invasion av Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="வியட்நாம் மீதான மங்கோலியர்களின் படையெடுப்புகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வியட்நாம் மீதான மங்கோலியர்களின் படையெடுப்புகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C4%9Follar%C4%B1n_Vietnam_seferleri" title="Moğolların Vietnam seferleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Moğolların Vietnam seferleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%92%27%D1%94%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Монгольські вторгнення до В'єтнаму – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Монгольські вторгнення до В'єтнаму" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_tranh_Nguy%C3%AAn_M%C3%B4ng_%E2%80%93_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Chiến tranh Nguyên Mông – Đại Việt – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chiến tranh Nguyên Mông – Đại Việt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%99%E8%B6%8A%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="蒙越戰爭 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蒙越戰爭" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2448644#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Mongol invasions of Đại Việt and Champa<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Mongol invasions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan%27s_campaigns" title="Kublai Khan's campaigns">Kublai Khan's campaigns</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuan_invasions_of_Southeast_Asia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Yuan_invasions_of_Southeast_Asia.jpg/300px-Yuan_invasions_of_Southeast_Asia.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="401" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Yuan_invasions_of_Southeast_Asia.jpg/450px-Yuan_invasions_of_Southeast_Asia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Yuan_invasions_of_Southeast_Asia.jpg/600px-Yuan_invasions_of_Southeast_Asia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="2404" /></a> Mongol <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a> campaigns against kingdoms of Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi2006486-2">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1258, 1283–1284, 1285 and 1287–88</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Champa and Đại Việt (modern-day Vietnam)</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> See <a href="#Aftermath">Aftermath</a> section</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> (1258) <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> (1283–85 and 1287–88)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Đại Việt</a> under <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Trần dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Chinese exiles</a> and deserters</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 1257–1258: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Möngke Khan</a> <a href="/wiki/Uriyangkhadai" title="Uriyangkhadai">Uriyangkhadai</a> <a href="/wiki/Aju" title="Aju">Aju</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaidu_(Khongirad)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaidu (Khongirad) (page does not exist)">Qaidu</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[b]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechegtu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chechegtu (page does not exist)">Chechegtu</a> <hr />1283–1285: <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sogetu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sogetu (page does not exist)">Sogetu</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Nasr_al-Din_(Yunnan)" title="Nasr al-Din (Yunnan)">Nasr ad-Din</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yiqmis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yiqmis (page does not exist)">Yiqmis</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Heng_(Yuan_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Heng (Yuan dynasty) (page does not exist)">Li Heng</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%81%92_(%E5%85%83%E6%9C%9D)" class="extiw" title="zh:李恒 (元朝)">zh</a>] <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Toghon_(son_of_Kublai)" title="Toghon (son of Kublai)">Toghon</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014129-4">[2]</a> Qutuq<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012289–292-5">[3]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ariq_Qaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ariq Qaya (page does not exist)">Ariq Qaya</a> [<a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%82_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7" class="extiw" title="ug:ئارىق قايا">ug</a>] <a href="/w/index.php?title=Omar_(Yuan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omar (Yuan) (page does not exist)">Omar</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Gui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Gui (page does not exist)">Liu Gui</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aqatai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aqatai (page does not exist)">Aqatai</a> <hr />1287–1288: <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> <a href="/wiki/Toghon_(son_of_Kublai)" title="Toghon (son of Kublai)">Toghon</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Omar_(Yuan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omar (Yuan) (page does not exist)">Omar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>) <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_%C3%8Dch_T%E1%BA%AFc" title="Trần Ích Tắc">Trần Ích Tắc</a> Abači <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Chun-Ching&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Chun-Ching (page does not exist)">Liu Chun-Ching</a> Fan Yi  <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a> Esen-Temür <a href="/wiki/Nasr_al-Din_(Yunnan)" title="Nasr al-Din (Yunnan)">Nasr ad-Din</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Wenhu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Wenhu (page does not exist)">Zhang Wenhu</a> [<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_V%C4%83n_H%E1%BB%95_(nh%C3%A0_Nguy%C3%AAn)" class="extiw" title="vi:Trương Văn Hổ (nhà Nguyên)">vi</a>] <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aoluchi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aoluchi (page does not exist)">Aoluchi</a> </td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 1257–1258: <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Th%C3%A1i_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Thái Tông">Trần Thái Tông</a> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Ph%E1%BB%A5_Tr%E1%BA%A7n" title="Lê Phụ Trần">Lê Tần</a> <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Th%E1%BB%A7_%C4%90%E1%BB%99" title="Trần Thủ Độ">Trần Thủ Độ</a> <hr />1283–1285: <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Th%C3%A1nh_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Thánh Tông">Trần Thánh Tông</a> <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Nh%C3%A2n_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Nhân Tông">Trần Nhân Tông</a> <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_H%C6%B0ng_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o" title="Trần Hưng Đạo">Trần Hưng Đạo</a> <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Quang_Kh%E1%BA%A3i" title="Trần Quang Khải">Trần Quang Khải</a> <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Qu%E1%BB%91c_To%E1%BA%A3n" title="Trần Quốc Toản">Trần Quốc Toản</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_B%C3%ACnh_Tr%E1%BB%8Dng" title="Trần Bình Trọng">Trần Bình Trọng</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_%C3%8Dch_T%E1%BA%AFc" title="Trần Ích Tắc">Trần Ích Tắc</a>  <a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Ng%C5%A9_L%C3%A3o" title="Phạm Ngũ Lão">Phạm Ngũ Lão</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Kho%C3%A1i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nguyễn Khoái (page does not exist)">Nguyễn Khoái</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BB%97_H%C3%A0nh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Đỗ Hành (page does not exist)">Đỗ Hành</a> Zhao Zhong <a href="/wiki/Indravarman_V" title="Indravarman V">Indravarman V</a> <a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%BF_M%C3%A2n" title="Chế Mân">Prince Harijit</a> <hr />1287–1288: <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Nh%C3%A2n_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Nhân Tông">Trần Nhân Tông</a> <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_H%C6%B0ng_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o" title="Trần Hưng Đạo">Trần Hưng Đạo</a> <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Quang_Kh%E1%BA%A3i" title="Trần Quang Khải">Trần Quang Khải</a> <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Kh%C3%A1nh_D%C6%B0" title="Trần Khánh Dư">Trần Khánh Dư</a> <a href="/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Ng%C5%A9_L%C3%A3o" title="Phạm Ngũ Lão">Phạm Ngũ Lão</a> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> First invasion (1258): ~3,000 Mongols 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Yi people</a> (Atwood estimate)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004579-6">[4]</a> 5,000 Mongol and 20,000 Yunnanese troops (Taylor estimate)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013124-7">[5]</a> ~10,000 Mongols 20,000 Yi people (Vietnamese estimate)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHàPhạm200366–68-8">[6]</a> Second invasion (1285): ~80,000–300,000 (some speak of 500,000) in March 1285<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMan2012350-9">[7]</a> Third invasion (1288): Remaining forces from the second invasion, Reinforcements: 70,000 Yuan troops 21,000 tribal auxiliaries 500 ships<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004579–580-10">[8]</a> Total: 170,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014127-11">[9]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Second invasion of Đại Việt and Champa (1283–1285): 30,000 Chams<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012288-12">[10]</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 100,000 Vietnamese<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012292-13">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 1285: 50,000 captured<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMan2012351-14">[12]</a> 1288: 90,000 killed or drowned<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012302-15">[13]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 1258: 10,000 killed<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Template:Campaignbox Mongol invasions and conquests"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Mongol invasions and conquests"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Mongol invasions and conquests"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mongol_invasions_andconquests" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Mongol invasions and conquests</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightsteelblue;">Asia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#d4dfed;text-align:right;font-weight:normal; line-height:130%; padding:0.2em; width:5em; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_campaigns_in_Central_Asia" title="Mongol campaigns in Central Asia">Central Asia</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Qara_Khitai" title="Mongol conquest of the Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezm</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#d4dfed;text-align:right;font-weight:normal; line-height:130%; padding:0.2em; width:5em; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid;"><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia">Caucassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Anatolia" title="Mongol conquest of Anatolia">Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Persia_and_Mesopotamia" title="Mongol invasion of Persia and Mesopotamia">Persia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_campaign_against_the_Nizaris" title="Mongol campaign against the Nizaris">Nizari state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad" title="Siege of Baghdad">Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_the_Levant" title="Mongol invasions of the Levant">Levant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_raids_into_Palestine" title="Mongol raids into Palestine">Palestine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#d4dfed;text-align:right;font-weight:normal; line-height:130%; padding:0.2em; width:5em; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_China" title="Mongol conquest of China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Western_Xia" title="Mongol conquest of Western Xia">Western Xia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Jin_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty">Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Eastern_Xia" title="Mongol conquest of Eastern Xia">Eastern Xia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty">Song</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Tibet" title="Mongol invasions of Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Korea" title="Mongol invasions of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Sakhalin" title="Mongol invasions of Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Japan</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#d4dfed;text-align:right;font-weight:normal; line-height:130%; padding:0.2em; width:5em; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid;"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vietnam</a></li> <li>Burma (<a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="First Mongol invasion of Burma">First</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="Second Mongol invasion of Burma">Second</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Java" title="Mongol invasion of Java">Java</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#d4dfed;text-align:right;font-weight:normal; line-height:130%; padding:0.2em; width:5em; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid;">Other invasions</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_India" title="Mongol invasions of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_campaigns_in_Siberia" title="Mongol campaigns in Siberia">Siberia</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightsteelblue;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Europe</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Volga_Bulgaria" title="Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria">Volga Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumans#Mongol_invasions" title="Cumans">Cumania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Durdzuketi" title="Mongol invasions of Durdzuketi">Durdzuketi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Circassia" title="Mongol invasion of Circassia">Circassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alania#Mongol_conquest_and_aftermath_(13th–14th_centuries)" title="Alania">Alania</a></li> <li>Poland and Bohemia (<a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="First Mongol invasion of Poland">First</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="Second Mongol invasion of Poland">Second</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="Third Mongol invasion of Poland">Third</a>)</li> <li>Hungary and Croatia (<a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary" title="First Mongol invasion of Hungary">First</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary" title="Second Mongol invasion of Hungary">Second</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_incursions_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Mongol incursions in the Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Bulgaria_and_Serbia" title="Mongol invasion of Bulgaria and Serbia">Bulgaria and Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Latin_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Lithuania" title="Mongol invasions of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Byzantine_Thrace" title="Mongol invasion of Byzantine Thrace">Byzantine Thrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_conflict_with_the_Nogai_Horde" title="Serbian conflict with the Nogai Horde">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese%E2%80%93Mongol_Wars" title="Genoese–Mongol Wars">Gazaria</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam" title="Template:Campaignbox Mongol invasions of Vietnam"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Mongol invasions of Vietnam"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Mongol invasions of Vietnam"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Mongol invasions of Vietnam</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#First_Mongol_invasion_in_1258">1st invasion (1258)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_B%C3%ACnh_L%E1%BB%87_Nguy%C3%AAn" title="Battle of Bình Lệ Nguyên">Binh Le Nguyen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2nd invasion (1282–1285)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Th%E1%BB%8B_N%E1%BA%A1i_Bay" title="Battle of Thị Nại Bay">Bay of Thi Nai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ch%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Battle of Chương Dương">Chuong Duong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">3rd invasion (1287–1288)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_B%E1%BA%A1ch_%C4%90%E1%BA%B1ng_(1288)" title="Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288)">Bach Dang River</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> Four major military campaigns were launched by the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>, and later the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>, against the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Đại Việt</a> (modern-day northern <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>) ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Trần dynasty</a> and the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> (modern-day central Vietnam) in 1258, 1282–1284, 1285, and 1287–88. The campaigns are treated by a number of scholars as a success due to the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">tributary relations</a> with Đại Việt despite the Mongols suffering major military defeats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201617-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeatherford2005212-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHucker1975285-19">[17]</a> In contrast, modern Vietnamese historiography regards the war as a major victory against the foreign invaders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAymonier189316-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201617-17">[15]</a> The first invasion began in 1258 under the united Mongol Empire, as it looked for alternative paths to invade the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>. The Mongol general <a href="/wiki/Uriyangkhadai" title="Uriyangkhadai">Uriyangkhadai</a> was successful in capturing the Vietnamese capital <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Thang Long</a> (modern-day Hanoi) before turning north in 1259 to <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty">invade the Song dynasty</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a> as part of a coordinated Mongol attack with armies attacking in <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> under <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Möngke Khan</a> and other Mongol armies attacking in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaw2013361–371-21">[19]</a> The first invasion also established tributary relations between the Vietnamese kingdom, formerly a Song dynasty tributary state, and the Yuan dynasty. In 1283, <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> and the Yuan dynasty launched a naval invasion of Champa that also resulted in the establishment of tributary relations. Intending to demand greater tribute and direct Yuan oversight of local affairs in Đại Việt and Champa, the Yuan launched another invasion in 1285. The second invasion of Đại Việt failed to accomplish its goals, and the Yuan launched a third invasion in 1287 with the intent of replacing the uncooperative Đại Việt ruler <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Nh%C3%A2n_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Nhân Tông">Trần Nhân Tông</a> with the defected Trần prince <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_%C3%8Dch_T%E1%BA%AFc" title="Trần Ích Tắc">Trần Ích Tắc</a>. By the end of the second and third invasions, which involved both initial successes and eventual major defeats for the Mongols, both Đại Việt and Champa decided to accept the nominal supremacy of the Yuan dynasty and became tributary states to avoid further conflict.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullietCrossleyHeadrickHirsch2014336-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201617-26-23">[21]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_China" title="Mongol conquest of China">Mongol conquest of China</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_conquest_of_Yunnan">The conquest of Yunnan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The conquest of Yunnan">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:China_-_Southern_Song_Dynasty-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/China_-_Southern_Song_Dynasty-en.svg/200px-China_-_Southern_Song_Dynasty-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/China_-_Southern_Song_Dynasty-en.svg/300px-China_-_Southern_Song_Dynasty-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/China_-_Southern_Song_Dynasty-en.svg/400px-China_-_Southern_Song_Dynasty-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="825" /></a><figcaption>Dali and Dai Viet in 1142</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg/160px-YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg/240px-YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg/320px-YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3221" data-file-height="4018" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a>, the fifth <a href="/wiki/Great_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Khan">Great Khan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>, and the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a></figcaption></figure> By the 1250s, the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> controlled large tracts of <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> including much of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_China" title="North China">North China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest Asia">Southwest Asia</a>. <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Möngke Khan</a> (r. 1251–59) planned to attack the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> in southern China from three directions in 1259.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen2006405-24">[22]</a> To avoid a costly frontal assault on the Song, which would have required a risky forced crossing of the lower Yangtze, Möngke decided to establish a base of operations in southwestern China, from which a flank attack could be staged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen2006405-24">[22]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Kurultai" title="Kurultai">Kurultai</a> of the summer of 1252, Möngke ordered his brother Kublai to lead the southwest campaign against the Song in <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>. In the autumn of 1252, 100,000 Mongols advanced to the <a href="/wiki/Tao_River" title="Tao River">Tao River</a>, then penetrated the <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_Basin" title="Sichuan Basin">Sichuan Basin</a>, defeating a Song army and established a major base in Sichuan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen2006405-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014116-25">[23]</a> When Mongke learned that the king <a href="/w/index.php?title=Duan_Xingzhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duan Xingzhi (page does not exist)">Duan Xingzhi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dali_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Dali kingdom">Dali</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> (a kingdom ruled by the Duan dynasty) refused to negotiate and that his prime minister <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gao_Xiang_(Dali)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gao Xiang (Dali) (page does not exist)">Gao Xiang</a> murdered the envoys that Möngke had sent to Dali to demand the king's surrender, Möngke ordered Kublai and <a href="/wiki/Uriyangkhadai" title="Uriyangkhadai">Uriyangkhadai</a> to attack Dali in summer 1253.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman202047-26">[24]</a> In September 1253, Kublai launched a three-pronged attack on Dali.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014116-25">[23]</a> The western army led by Uriyangkhadai, marching from modern-day <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a> through eastern <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> toward Dali; the eastern army led by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Dezhen_(1222%E2%80%931259)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Dezhen (1222–1259) (page does not exist)">Wang Dezhen</a> marched south from Sichuan, and passed just west of <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a> before reuniting briefly with Kublai's army in the town of <a href="/wiki/Xichang" title="Xichang">Xichang</a>. Kublai's army met and engaged with Dali forces along the <a href="/wiki/Jinsha_River" title="Jinsha River">Jinsha River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman202047-26">[24]</a> After several skirmishes in which Dali forces repeatedly turned back the Mongol raids, Kublai's army crossed the river on inflated rafts of <a href="/wiki/Sheepskin" title="Sheepskin">sheepskin</a> in the night, and routed Dali defensive positions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014117-27">[25]</a> With Dali forces in disarray, three Mongol columns quickly captured the capital of Dali on December 15, 1253, and even though its ruler had rejected Kublai's submission order, the capital and its inhabitants were spared.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen2006405–406-28">[26]</a> Duan Xingzhi and Gao Xiang both fled, but Gao was soon captured and beheaded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014118-29">[27]</a> Duan Xingzhi fled to Shanchan (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a>) and continued to resist the Mongols with aid from local clans until autumn 1255 when he was finally captured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014118-29">[27]</a> As they had done during other invasions, the Mongols left the native dynasty in place under the supervision of Mongolian officials.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen2006407-30">[28]</a> Bin Yang noted that the Duan clan was recruited to assist with further invasions of the Burmese <a href="/wiki/Pagan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Empire">Pagan Empire</a> and the initial successful attack on the Vietnamese kingdom of <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Đại Việt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014118-29">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mongol_approach_to_Đại_Việt">Mongol approach to Đại Việt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mongol approach to Đại Việt">edit</a>]</div> At the end of 1254, Kublai returned to Mongolia to consult with his brother about the khagan title. Uriyangkhadai was left in Yunnan, and from 1254 to 1257 he conducted campaigns against local <a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Yi and Lolo tribes</a>. In early 1257 he returned to Gansu and sent messengers to Mongke's court informing his sovereign that Yunnan was now firmly under Mongolian control. Pleased, the emperor honored and generously rewarded Uriyangkhadai for his fine achievement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen2006407-30">[28]</a> Uriyangkhadai subsequently returned to Yunnan and began preparing for the first Mongolian incursions into <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen2006407-30">[28]</a> The <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Đại Việt</a> kingdom, or Annam, emerged in the 960s as the Vietnamese had carved up their territories in northern Vietnam (the Red River Delta) from the local Tang remnant regime since the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang empire</a> in 907. The kingdom had gone through four dynasties, all of which had kept a regulated peaceful tributary relationship with the Chinese Song empire. In the autumn of 1257, Uriyangkhadai sent two envoys to the Vietnamese ruler <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Th%C3%A1i_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Thái Tông">Trần Thái Tông</a> (known as Trần Nhật Cảnh by the Mongols) demanding submission and a passage to attack the Song from the south.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESun2014206-31">[29]</a> Trần Thái Tông opposed the encroachment of a foreign army across his territory to attack their ally, therefore the envoys were imprisoned,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESun2014207-32">[30]</a> and soldiers on elephants were prepared to deter the Mongol troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201618-33">[31]</a> After the three successive envoys were imprisoned in the capital <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Thang Long</a> (modern-day Hanoi) of Đại Việt, Uriyangkhadai invaded Đại Việt with generals Trechecdu and Aju in the rear.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVuSharrock201484-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004579-6">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_invasion_of_Đại_Việt_(1258)">First invasion of Đại Việt (1258)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First invasion of Đại Việt (1258)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chongquannguyenlan1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Chongquannguyenlan1.svg/180px-Chongquannguyenlan1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Chongquannguyenlan1.svg/270px-Chongquannguyenlan1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Chongquannguyenlan1.svg/360px-Chongquannguyenlan1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1086" /></a><figcaption>First Mongol–Vietnamese war (1257-1258)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongol_warrior_of_Genghis_Khan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Mongol_warrior_of_Genghis_Khan.jpg/200px-Mongol_warrior_of_Genghis_Khan.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Mongol_warrior_of_Genghis_Khan.jpg/300px-Mongol_warrior_of_Genghis_Khan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Mongol_warrior_of_Genghis_Khan.jpg/400px-Mongol_warrior_of_Genghis_Khan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>Mongol warrior on horseback, preparing a mounted archery shot.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mongol_forces">Mongol forces</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mongol forces">edit</a>]</div> In early 1258, a Mongol column under <a href="/wiki/Uriyangkhadai" title="Uriyangkhadai">Uriyangkhadai</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/Subutai" title="Subutai">Subutai</a>, entered Đại Việt via Yunnan. According to Vietnamese sources, the Mongol army consisted of at least 30,000 soldiers of whom at least 2,000 were <a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Yi</a> troops from the <a href="/wiki/Dali_Kingdom" title="Dali Kingdom">Dali Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHàPhạm200366–68-8">[6]</a> Modern scholarship points to a force of several thousand Mongols, ordered by Kublai to invade with Uriyangkhadai in command, which battled with the Viet forces on 17 January 1258.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014121-35">[33]</a> Some Western sources estimated that the Mongol army consisted of about 3,000 Mongol warriors with an additional 10,000 Yi soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004579-6">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaign">Campaign</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Campaign">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_B%C3%ACnh_L%E1%BB%87_Nguy%C3%AAn" title="Battle of Bình Lệ Nguyên">Battle of Bình Lệ Nguyên</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zh%C3%BAl%C3%ADn_d%C3%A0_sh%C3%AC_ch%C5%ABsh%C4%81n_t%C3%BA-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Zh%C3%BAl%C3%ADn_d%C3%A0_sh%C3%AC_ch%C5%ABsh%C4%81n_t%C3%BA-2.jpg/250px-Zh%C3%BAl%C3%ADn_d%C3%A0_sh%C3%AC_ch%C5%ABsh%C4%81n_t%C3%BA-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Zh%C3%BAl%C3%ADn_d%C3%A0_sh%C3%AC_ch%C5%ABsh%C4%81n_t%C3%BA-2.jpg/375px-Zh%C3%BAl%C3%ADn_d%C3%A0_sh%C3%AC_ch%C5%ABsh%C4%81n_t%C3%BA-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Zh%C3%BAl%C3%ADn_d%C3%A0_sh%C3%AC_ch%C5%ABsh%C4%81n_t%C3%BA-2.jpg/500px-Zh%C3%BAl%C3%ADn_d%C3%A0_sh%C3%AC_ch%C5%ABsh%C4%81n_t%C3%BA-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>Vietnamese elephant, extracted from the Truc Lam Mahasattva scroll</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C4%90ao_tr%E1%BA%A7n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/%C4%90ao_tr%E1%BA%A7n.jpg/250px-%C4%90ao_tr%E1%BA%A7n.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/%C4%90ao_tr%E1%BA%A7n.jpg/375px-%C4%90ao_tr%E1%BA%A7n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/%C4%90ao_tr%E1%BA%A7n.jpg/500px-%C4%90ao_tr%E1%BA%A7n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>13th-century sword đao and iron-hooks. <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Trần dynasty</a> period, <a href="/wiki/National_Treasure_(Vietnam)" title="National Treasure (Vietnam)">National Treasure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Military_History_Museum" title="Vietnam Military History Museum">Vietnam Military History Museum</a></figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_B%C3%ACnh_L%E1%BB%87_Nguy%C3%AAn" title="Battle of Bình Lệ Nguyên">Battle of Bình Lệ Nguyên</a>, the Vietnamese used war elephants. Emperor <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Th%C3%A1i_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Thái Tông">Trần Thái Tông</a> even led his army from atop an elephant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVuSharrock201485-36">[34]</a> Mongol general <a href="/wiki/Aju" title="Aju">Aju</a> ordered his troops to fire arrows at the elephants' feet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVuSharrock201485-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201618-33">[31]</a> The animals turned in panic and caused disorder in the Vietnamese army, which was routed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVuSharrock201485-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201618-33">[31]</a> The Vietnamese senior leaders were able to escape on pre-prepared boats, while part of their army was destroyed at No Nguyen (modern <a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Tr%C3%AC" title="Việt Trì">Việt Trì</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_(Asia)" title="Red River (Asia)">Red River</a>). The remainder of the Đại Việt army again suffered a major defeat in a fierce battle at the Phú Lộ bridge the following day. This led the Vietnamese monarch to evacuate the capital. The Đại Việt annals reported that the evacuation was carried out "in an orderly manner"; however, this is viewed[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] as an embellishment, because the Vietnamese had to retreat in disarray, leaving their weapons behind in the capital.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVuSharrock201485-36">[34]</a> Emperor Trần Thái Tông fled to an offshore island,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012284-37">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen2006407-30">[28]</a> while the Mongols occupied the capital city, <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Thăng Long</a> (modern-day Hanoi). They found their envoys in prison, with one of them already deceased. In revenge, Mongols massacred the city's inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESun2014207-32">[30]</a> Although the Mongols had successfully captured the capital, the provinces around the capital were still under Vietnamese control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVuSharrock201485-36">[34]</a> While Chinese source material is sometimes misinterpreted as saying that Uriyangkhadai withdrew from Vietnam due to poor climate,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuell2009-38">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaw2013361-371-39">[37]</a> Uriyangkhadai left Thang Long after nine days to invade the Song dynasty in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a> in a coordinated Mongol attack, with some armies attacking in <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> under <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Möngke Khan</a> and other armies attacking in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaw2013361–371-21">[19]</a> The Mongol army gained the popular local nickname of "Buddhist enemies" because they did not loot or kill while moving north to <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVuSharrock201486-40">[38]</a> After the loss of a prince and the capital, emperor Trần Thái Tông submitted to the Mongols.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201618-33">[31]</a> According to Vietnamese historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%AA_T%E1%BA%AFc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lê Tắc (page does not exist)">Lê Tắc</a> (1263-1342), the Trần army suffered 10,000 deaths in two battles against Uriyangkhadai's Mongols between January 17–22.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> One month after fleeing the capital in 1258, emperor Trần Thái Tông returned and commenced regular diplomatic relations and a <a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">tributary relationship</a> with the Mongol court, treating the Mongols as equals to the embattled Southern Song dynasty without renouncing Đại Việt's ties to the Song.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201619-42">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen2006407-30">[28]</a> In March 1258, emperor Trần Thái Tông retired and let his son, prince <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Th%C3%A1nh_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Thánh Tông">Trần Hoảng</a>, succeed to the throne. In the same year, the new emperor sent envoys to the Mongols in <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESun2014207-32">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen2006407-30">[28]</a> Having the submission and assistance of the new emperor of Đại Việt, Uriyangkhadai immediately assembled an army of 3,000 Mongol cavalry and 10,000 Dali troops upon his return to Yunnan. Via Đại Việt, he launched a new assault on the Song in the summer of 1259, moving into <a href="/wiki/Guilin" title="Guilin">Guilin</a> and reaching as far as <a href="/wiki/Tan_Prefecture_(Hunan)" title="Tan Prefecture (Hunan)">Tanzhou</a> (in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Hunan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunan Province">Hunan Province</a>) in a joint offensive led by Möngke.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014122-43">[41]</a> The sudden death of Möngke in August 1259 halted the Mongol efforts to conquer Song China. In Mongolia, prince <a href="/wiki/Ariq_B%C3%B6ke" title="Ariq Böke">Ariq Böke</a> proclaimed himself as ruler of the Mongol Empire. In China, prince <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai</a> also declared himself as the ruler of the empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi2006422–423-44">[42]</a> In the following years, the Mongols were preoccupied with <a href="/wiki/Toluid_Civil_War" title="Toluid Civil War">the succession struggle between Ariq Böke and Kublai</a>, and the two kingdoms in Vietnam were left in peace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014122-43">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Invasion_of_Champa_(1283)">Invasion of Champa (1283)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Invasion of Champa (1283)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongol_empire_1290_and_the_travel_of_Marco_Polo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Mongol_empire_1290_and_the_travel_of_Marco_Polo.png/200px-Mongol_empire_1290_and_the_travel_of_Marco_Polo.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Mongol_empire_1290_and_the_travel_of_Marco_Polo.png/300px-Mongol_empire_1290_and_the_travel_of_Marco_Polo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Mongol_empire_1290_and_the_travel_of_Marco_Polo.png/400px-Mongol_empire_1290_and_the_travel_of_Marco_Polo.png 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="851" /></a><figcaption>Mongol Yuan campaigns against Burma, Champa, and Dai Viet and the route of <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a>. Drawn by German archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Albert_Herrmann" title="Albert Herrmann">Albert Herrmann</a>. The location of Cangigu (i.e., Caugigu, which was Tung-king, or Kiao-chi, or Annam) was too far to the west, inside the Mien (Burma) country, contrary to the interpretation of the great French sinologist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Pelliot" title="Paul Pelliot">Paul Pelliot</a> and modern Marco-Polo scholars. See the <a href="/wiki/File:Marco_Polo_in_Caugigu_-_Map.jpg" title="File:Marco Polo in Caugigu - Map.jpg">Yule-Cordier map version</a> below.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C%E1%BB%A5m_th%C3%A1p_B%C3%A1nh_%C3%8Dt,_Tuy_Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc,_B%C3%ACnh_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/C%E1%BB%A5m_th%C3%A1p_B%C3%A1nh_%C3%8Dt%2C_Tuy_Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc%2C_B%C3%ACnh_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh.JPG/250px-C%E1%BB%A5m_th%C3%A1p_B%C3%A1nh_%C3%8Dt%2C_Tuy_Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc%2C_B%C3%ACnh_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/C%E1%BB%A5m_th%C3%A1p_B%C3%A1nh_%C3%8Dt%2C_Tuy_Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc%2C_B%C3%ACnh_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh.JPG/375px-C%E1%BB%A5m_th%C3%A1p_B%C3%A1nh_%C3%8Dt%2C_Tuy_Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc%2C_B%C3%ACnh_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/C%E1%BB%A5m_th%C3%A1p_B%C3%A1nh_%C3%8Dt%2C_Tuy_Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc%2C_B%C3%ACnh_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh.JPG/500px-C%E1%BB%A5m_th%C3%A1p_B%C3%A1nh_%C3%8Dt%2C_Tuy_Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc%2C_B%C3%ACnh_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Modern-day remains of <a href="/wiki/Vijaya_(Champa)" title="Vijaya (Champa)">Vijaya</a> (Đồ Bàn)</figcaption></figure> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Champa_Wars" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Champa_wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Champa wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Champa_wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Champa wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Champa_wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Champa wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Champa_Wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> Wars</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Sino–Cham wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A2m_%E1%BA%A4p#History" title="Lâm Ấp">First Sino–Cham war</a> (248)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A2m_%E1%BA%A4p#History" title="Lâm Ấp">Second Sino–Cham War</a> (445–446)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino%E2%80%93Cham_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino–Cham war">Third Sino–Cham war</a> (605)</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Khmer%E2%80%93Cham_wars" title="Khmer–Cham wars">Khmer–Cham wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer%E2%80%93Cham_wars#Khmer_invasion_of_Kauthara_(950)" title="Khmer–Cham wars">Kauthara (950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer%E2%80%93Cham_wars#Khmer_invasions_of_Northern_Champa_(1074–1080)" title="Khmer–Cham wars">Northern Champa (1074–1080)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer%E2%80%93Cham_wars#Suryavarman_II's_wars_(1128–1150)" title="Khmer–Cham wars">Suryavarman II's wars (1128–1150)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer%E2%80%93Cham_wars#Cham_invasions_of_Angkor_(1170–1177)" title="Khmer–Cham wars">Angkor (1177)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer%E2%80%93Cham_wars#Jayavarman_VII's_conquest_of_Champa_(1190–1203)" title="Khmer–Cham wars">Khmer occupation (1190–1220)</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cham%E2%80%93Vietnamese_wars" title="History of the Cham–Vietnamese wars">Cham–Vietnamese wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cham%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War_(982)#Background" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham–Vietnamese War (982)">Hoa Lư (979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War_(982)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham–Vietnamese War (982)">Cham–Vietnamese War (982)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cham%E2%80%93Vietnamese_wars#List_of_conflicts" title="History of the Cham–Vietnamese wars">Amaravati (1044)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cham%E2%80%93Vietnamese_wars#List_of_conflicts" title="History of the Cham–Vietnamese wars">Vijaya (1069)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cham%E2%80%93Vietnamese_wars#List_of_conflicts" title="History of the Cham–Vietnamese wars">1104–1107</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War_(1367%E2%80%931390)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham–Vietnamese War (1367–1390)">Chế Bồng Nga's war (1367–1390)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vijaya" title="Battle of Vijaya">Battle of Vijaya</a> (1377)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cham%E2%80%93Vietnamese_wars#List_of_conflicts" title="History of the Cham–Vietnamese wars">1400–1407</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cham%E2%80%93Vietnamese_wars#List_of_conflicts" title="History of the Cham–Vietnamese wars">Vijaya (1446)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War_(1471)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham–Vietnamese War (1471)">Cham–Vietnamese War (1471)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katip_Sumat_uprising" title="Katip Sumat uprising">Katip Sumat uprising</a> (1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja_Thak_Wa_uprising" title="Ja Thak Wa uprising">Ja Thak Wa uprising</a> (1833–1834)</li></ul> Cham–Mongolian war <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Invasion_of_Champa_in_1282">Mongol invasion of 1282-1284</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background_and_diplomacy">Background and diplomacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Background and diplomacy">edit</a>]</div> With the defeat of the Song dynasty in 1276, the newly established <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuan Empire">Yuan dynasty</a> turned its attention to the south, particularly <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> and Đại Việt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012285-45">[43]</a> Kublai was interested in Champa because, by geographical location, it dominated the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">sea routes</a> between China and the states of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> and India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012285-45">[43]</a> The Mongol court viewed Champa as a key region to control trade in Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2022880:_"Momoki_Shiro_notes_that_the_establishment_of_a_foothold_in_Champa_by_an_official_of_this_position,_entrusted_with_the_administration_of_conquered_territory,_is_evidence_that_the_Yuan_court_regarded_Champa_as_a_pivotal_region_for_the_dominance_of_trade_between_the_South_China_Sea_and_the_Indian_Ocean."_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2022880:_"Momoki_Shiro_notes_that_the_establishment_of_a_foothold_in_Champa_by_an_official_of_this_position,_entrusted_with_the_administration_of_conquered_territory,_is_evidence_that_the_Yuan_court_regarded_Champa_as_a_pivotal_region_for_the_dominance_of_trade_between_the_South_China_Sea_and_the_Indian_Ocean."-46">[44]</a> The position of Historian Geoff Wade is that they would be able to gain access to commodities from the states across the Indian Ocean through Arab and Persian merchants managing trade from Champa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2022880:_"Geoff_Wade_contends_that_Arab_and_Persian_traders_operating_in_the_South_China_Sea_could_have_been_the_managers_of_trade_from_several_of_the_Cham_polities,_gaining_access_to_commodities_from_Africa,_the_Persian_Gulf,_as_well_as_Island_Southeast_Asia."_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2022880:_"Geoff_Wade_contends_that_Arab_and_Persian_traders_operating_in_the_South_China_Sea_could_have_been_the_managers_of_trade_from_several_of_the_Cham_polities,_gaining_access_to_commodities_from_Africa,_the_Persian_Gulf,_as_well_as_Island_Southeast_Asia."-47">[45]</a> Although the king of Champa accepted the status of a Mongol <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset1970290-48">[46]</a> his submission was unwilling. In late 1281, Kublai issued the edict ordering the mobilization of a hundred ships and ten thousand men, consisting of official Yuan forces, former Song troops and sailors, to invade <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lavo_Kingdom" title="Lavo Kingdom">Lopburi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar</a> and other countries, and Champa "will be instructed to furnish the food supplies of the troops."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012286-49">[47]</a> However, his plans were canceled, as the Yuan court discussed that they would send envoys to these countries to make them submit to the Yuan. This suggestion was successfully adopted, but these missions all had to pass by or stop at Champa. Kublai knew that pro-Song sentiment was strong in Champa, as the Cham king had been sympathetic to the Song cause.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012286-49">[47]</a> A large number of Chinese officials, soldiers and civilians who fled from the Mongols were refugees in Champa, and they had inspired and incited to hate the Yuan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012287-50">[48]</a> Thus, in the summer of 1282, when Yuan envoys He Zizhi, Hangfu Jie, Yu Yongxian, and Yilan passed through Champa, they were detained and imprisoned by the Cham <a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%BF_M%C3%A2n" title="Chế Mân">Prince Harijit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012287-50">[48]</a> In summer 1282, Kublai ordered <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sogetu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sogetu (page does not exist)">Sogetu</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Jalairs" title="Jalairs">Jalairs</a>, the governor of <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, to lead a punitive expedition to the Chams. Kublai declared: "The old king (Jaya Indravarman V) is innocent. The ones who oppose to our order are his son (Harijit) and a Southern Chinese."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012287-50">[48]</a> In late 1282, Sogetu led a maritime invasion of Champa with 5,000 men, but could only muster 100 ships and 250 landing crafts because most of the Yuan ships had been lost in the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">invasions of Japan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelgado2008158-51">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaign_2">Campaign</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Campaign">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Th%E1%BB%8B_N%E1%BA%A1i_Bay" title="Battle of Thị Nại Bay">Battle of Thị Nại Bay</a></div> Sogetu's fleet arrived on Champa's shore, near modern-day <a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%E1%BB%8B_N%E1%BA%A1i_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thị Nại Bay (page does not exist)">Thị Nại Bay</a> [<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A7m_Th%E1%BB%8B_N%E1%BA%A1i" class="extiw" title="vi:Đầm Thị Nại">vi</a>], in February 1283.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurton2010201-52">[50]</a> The Cham defenders had already prepared a fortified wooden palisade on the west shore of the bay.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012287-50">[48]</a> The Mongols landed at midnight of the 13th February and attacked the stockade on three sides. The Cham defenders opened the gate, marched to the beach and met the Yuan with 10,000 men and several scores of elephants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012288-12">[10]</a> Undaunted, the highly experienced Mongol general selected points of attack and launched an assault so fierce that they broke through.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurton2010201-52">[50]</a> The Yuan eventually routed their enemy and captured Cham forts and their vast supplies. Sogetu arrived in the Cham capital <a href="/wiki/Vijaya_(Champa)" title="Vijaya (Champa)">Vijaya</a> and captured the city two days later, but then withdrew and set up camps outside the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012288-12">[10]</a> The aged Champa king <a href="/wiki/Indravarman_V" title="Indravarman V">Indravarman V</a> abandoned his temporary headquarters in the palace, and set fire to his warehouses and retreated out of the capital, avoiding Mongol attempts to capture him in the hills.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012288-12">[10]</a> The Cham king and prince Harijit both refused to visit the Yuan camp. The Cham executed two captured Yuan envoys and ambushed Sogetu's troops in the mountains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012288-12">[10]</a> As the Cham delegates continued to offer excuses, the Yuan commanders gradually began to realize that the Chams had no intention of coming to terms and were only using the negotiations to stall for time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012288-12">[10]</a> From a captured spy, Sogetu knew that Indravarman had 20,000 men with him in the mountains; he had summoned Cham reinforcements from <a href="/wiki/Ninh_Thu%E1%BA%ADn_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninh Thuận Province">Panduranga</a> (<a href="/wiki/Phan_Rang%E2%80%93Th%C3%A1p_Ch%C3%A0m" title="Phan Rang–Tháp Chàm">Phan Rang</a>) in the south, and also dispatched emissaries to Đại Việt, the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> to seek aid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012288–289-53">[51]</a> On 16 March, Sogetu sent a strong force into the mountains to seek and destroy the hideout of the Cham king. It was ambushed and driven back with heavy losses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012289-54">[52]</a> His son would wage <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a> against the Yuan for the next two years, eventually wearing down the invaders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelgado2008159-55">[53]</a> The Yuan withdrew to the wooden stockade on the beach to await reinforcements and supplies. Sogetu's men unloaded the supplies, cleared fields farming rice so he was able to harvest 150,000 <a href="/wiki/Picul" title="Picul">piculs</a> of rice that summer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012289-54">[52]</a> Sogetu sent two officers to threaten the king of the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_VIII" title="Jayavarman VIII">Jayavarman VIII</a>, but they were detained.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012289-54">[52]</a> Stymied by the withdrawal of the Champa king, Sogetu asked Kublai for reinforcements. In March 1284 another Yuan fleet with more than 20,000 troops in 200 ships under <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ataqai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ataqai (page does not exist)">Ataqai</a> and <a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_L%C3%BD_H%E1%BA%A3i_Nha" class="extiw" title="vi:A Lý Hải Nha">Ariq Qaya</a> anchored off the coast of Vijaya. Sogetu presented his plan to have reinforcements to invade Champa marching through the vassalised Đại Việt. Kublai accepted his plan and put his son <a href="/wiki/Toghon_(son_of_Kublai)" title="Toghon (son of Kublai)">Toghan</a> in command, with Sogetu as second in command.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012289-54">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_invasion_of_Đại_Việt_(1285)">Second invasion of Đại Việt (1285)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Second invasion of Đại Việt (1285)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Nh%C3%A2n_T%C3%B4ng_TL%C4%90SXSC%C4%90.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Nh%C3%A2n_T%C3%B4ng_TL%C4%90SXSC%C4%90.png/200px-Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Nh%C3%A2n_T%C3%B4ng_TL%C4%90SXSC%C4%90.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Nh%C3%A2n_T%C3%B4ng_TL%C4%90SXSC%C4%90.png/300px-Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Nh%C3%A2n_T%C3%B4ng_TL%C4%90SXSC%C4%90.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Nh%C3%A2n_T%C3%B4ng_TL%C4%90SXSC%C4%90.png/400px-Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Nh%C3%A2n_T%C3%B4ng_TL%C4%90SXSC%C4%90.png 2x" data-file-width="848" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Nh%C3%A2n_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Nhân Tông">Trần Nhân Tông</a>, the political leader of Đại Việt during the Mongol invasion, ruled from 1278 to 1293</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interlude_(1260–1284)">Interlude (1260–1284)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Interlude (1260–1284)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marco_Polo_in_Caugigu_-_Map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Marco_Polo_in_Caugigu_-_Map.jpg/200px-Marco_Polo_in_Caugigu_-_Map.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Marco_Polo_in_Caugigu_-_Map.jpg/300px-Marco_Polo_in_Caugigu_-_Map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Marco_Polo_in_Caugigu_-_Map.jpg/400px-Marco_Polo_in_Caugigu_-_Map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Marco Polo's itinerary in South West China and South East Asia in the Yule-Cordier edition of Marco Polo's Travels. The location of Caugigu (which was a different name for the kingdom of Dai Viet, i.e., Kiao-chi, or Tung-King, or Annam) in this map is more accurate than in the <a href="/wiki/File:Mongol_empire_1290_and_the_travel_of_Marco_Polo.png" title="File:Mongol empire 1290 and the travel of Marco Polo.png">map by A. Herrmann</a> above.</figcaption></figure> In 1261, Kublai <a href="/wiki/Enfeoffed" class="mw-redirect" title="Enfeoffed">enfeoffed</a> Trần Thánh Tông as "King of Annam" (Annan guowang) and began operating a nominal <a href="/wiki/Darughachi" title="Darughachi">darughachi</a> (tax collector) in Dai Viet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013128-56">[54]</a> The darughachi, <a href="/wiki/Ajall_Shams_al-Din_Omar" title="Ajall Shams al-Din Omar">Sayyid Ajall</a>, reported that the Vietnamese king had corrupted him occasionally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013128,_ibid-57">[55]</a> In 1267, Kublai was dissatisfied with the tributary arrangement, which granted the Yuan dynasty the same amount of tribute that the former Song dynasty had received, and demanded larger payments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201619-42">[40]</a> He sent his son Hugaci to the Vietnamese court with a list of demands,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013128,_ibid-57">[55]</a> such as both monarchs submitting in person, censuses, taxes in both money and labor, incense, gold, silver, <a href="/wiki/Cinnabar" title="Cinnabar">cinnabar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agarwood" title="Agarwood">agarwood</a>, sandalwood, <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tortoiseshell" title="Tortoiseshell">tortoiseshell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">pearls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros_horn" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhinoceros horn">rhinoceros horn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> floss, and <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_ceramics" title="Vietnamese ceramics">porcelain</a> cups – requirements that neither of the two kingdoms had met.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201619-42">[40]</a> Later that year, Kublai required that the Đại Việt court send two Muslim merchants, whom he believed to be in Đại Việt, to China, in order for them to serve on missions in the Western regions, and designated the heir apparent of the Yuan as "Prince of Yunnan" to take control of Dali, Shanshan (<a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a>) and Đại Việt. This meant that Đại Việt would be incorporated into the Yuan Empire, which the Vietnamese found totally unacceptable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESun2014208-58">[56]</a> In 1278, Trần Thái Tông died. King Trần Thánh Tông retired and made crown prince <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Nh%C3%A2n_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Nhân Tông">Trần Khâm</a> (known as Trần Nhân Tông, and to the Mongol as Trần Nhật Tôn) his successor. Kublai sent a mission led by Chai Chun to Đại Việt, and once again urged the new king to come to China in person, but the king refused.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESun2014212-59">[57]</a> The Yuan then refused to recognize him as king, and tried to place a Vietnamese defector as king of Đại Việt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaw2006105-60">[58]</a> Frustrated with the failed diplomatic missions, many Yuan officials urged Kublai to send a punitive expedition to Đại Việt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESun2014213-61">[59]</a> In 1283, Khublai Khan sent Ariq Qaya to Đại Việt with an imperial request for Đại Việt to help attack Champa through Vietnamese territory, and demands for provisions and other support for the Yuan army, but the king refused.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014123-62">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201619-42">[40]</a> In 1284, Kublai appointed his son <a href="/wiki/Toghon_(son_of_Kublai)" title="Toghon (son of Kublai)">Toghon</a> to command an overland force to assist Sogetu. Toghon demanded that the Vietnamese allow his passage to Champa, in order to attack the Cham army from both north and south, but they refused, and concluded that this was the pretext for a Yuan conquest of Đại Việt. Nhân Tông ordered a defensive war against the Yuan invasion, with Prince <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Qu%E1%BB%91c_Tu%E1%BA%A5n" class="mw-redirect" title="Trần Quốc Tuấn">Trần Quốc Tuấn</a> in charge of the army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013133-63">[61]</a> A Yuan envoy recorded that the Vietnamese had already sent 500 ships to help the Cham.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012291-64">[62]</a> In fall 1284, Toghon began moving his troops to the borders with Đại Việt, and in December an envoy reported that Kublai had ordered Toghon, Pingzhang Ali and Ariq Qaya to enter Đại Việt under the guise of attacking Champa, but instead to invade Đại Việt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014123-62">[60]</a> Southern Song Chinese military officers and civilian officials who had intermarried with the Vietnamese ruling elite then went to serve the government in Champa, as recorded by Zheng Sixiao.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014122-43">[41]</a> Southern Song soldiers were part of the Vietnamese army prepared by King <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Th%C3%A1nh_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Thánh Tông">Trần Thánh Tông</a> against the second Mongol invasion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014124-65">[63]</a> Also in the same year, the Venetian traveler <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> almost certainly visited Đại Việt<a href="#cite_note-69">[d]</a> (Caugigu)<a href="#cite_note-names-71">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marco-Polo-Caugigu-68">[c]</a> almost when the Yuan and the Vietnamese were ready for war,<a href="#cite_note-Marco-Polo-Caugigu-68">[c]</a> then he went to <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a> via Heni (Amu).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaw2006107-73">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War">War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: War">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Painting_of_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_H%C6%B0ng_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_(1228_-_1300),_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty,_Vietnam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Painting_of_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_H%C6%B0ng_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_%281228_-_1300%29%2C_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty%2C_Vietnam.jpg/160px-Painting_of_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_H%C6%B0ng_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_%281228_-_1300%29%2C_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty%2C_Vietnam.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Painting_of_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_H%C6%B0ng_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_%281228_-_1300%29%2C_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty%2C_Vietnam.jpg/240px-Painting_of_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_H%C6%B0ng_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_%281228_-_1300%29%2C_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty%2C_Vietnam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Painting_of_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_H%C6%B0ng_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_%281228_-_1300%29%2C_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty%2C_Vietnam.jpg/320px-Painting_of_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_H%C6%B0ng_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_%281228_-_1300%29%2C_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty%2C_Vietnam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Prince <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Qu%E1%BB%91c_Tu%E1%BA%A5n" class="mw-redirect" title="Trần Quốc Tuấn">Trần Quốc Tuấn</a> (1228–1300), who was known to the Mongol as Hưng Đạo đại Vương, the military hero of Đại Việt during the second and third Mongols invasions</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chongquannguyenlan2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Chongquannguyenlan2.svg/160px-Chongquannguyenlan2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Chongquannguyenlan2.svg/240px-Chongquannguyenlan2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Chongquannguyenlan2.svg/320px-Chongquannguyenlan2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="969" data-file-height="1412" /></a><figcaption>Second Mongol invasion of Vietnam (1284–1285)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mongol_advance_(January_–_May_1285)">Mongol advance (January – May 1285)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mongol advance (January – May 1285)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cochin_Chinese_State_Boat_by_John_Crawfurd_1828.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Cochin_Chinese_State_Boat_by_John_Crawfurd_1828.png/250px-Cochin_Chinese_State_Boat_by_John_Crawfurd_1828.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Cochin_Chinese_State_Boat_by_John_Crawfurd_1828.png/375px-Cochin_Chinese_State_Boat_by_John_Crawfurd_1828.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Cochin_Chinese_State_Boat_by_John_Crawfurd_1828.png/500px-Cochin_Chinese_State_Boat_by_John_Crawfurd_1828.png 2x" data-file-width="1160" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption>Vietnamese sailing boat, 1828, image by <a href="/wiki/John_Crawfurd" title="John Crawfurd">John Crawfurd</a></figcaption></figure> The Yuan land army invaded Đại Việt under the command of prince Toghon and Uighur general Ariq Qaya, while Tangut general Li Heng and Muslim general Omar led the navy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012293-74">[69]</a> Another Yuan column entered Đại Việt from Yunnan, led by <a href="/wiki/Nasr_al-Din_(Yunnan)" title="Nasr al-Din (Yunnan)">Nasr ad-Din bin Sayyid Ajall</a> – the Khwarezmian general who was appointed to govern Yunnan and lead the <a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma#Border_war_(1277–1278)" title="First Mongol invasion of Burma">second campaign</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bagan">Kingdom of Bagan</a> in winter 1277 – while Yunnan was left to the hands of Yaghan Tegin. The Vietnamese forces were reported to number 100,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012292-13">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_H%C6%B0ng_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o" title="Trần Hưng Đạo">Trần Hưng Đạo</a> was the general of the combined Đại Việt land and naval forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELienSharrockChapter_6-75">[70]</a> Yuan troops crossed the <a href="/wiki/Friendship_Pass" title="Friendship Pass">Nam Quan Pass</a> on 27 January 1285, divided in six columns while working their way down the rivers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012292-13">[11]</a> After defeating Vietnamese troops at the battles of Khả Ly and Nội Bàng (in present-day <a href="/wiki/L%E1%BB%A5c_Ng%E1%BA%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Lục Ngạn">Lục Ngạn</a>), Mongol forces under Omar reached Prince Quốc Tuấn's stronghold at Vạn Kiếp (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%AD_Linh" title="Chí Linh">Chí Linh</a>) on 10 February, and three days later they broke the Vietnamese defenses to reach the north bank of the <a href="/wiki/C%E1%BA%A7u_River" title="Cầu River">Cầu River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012292-13">[11]</a> On 18  February, the Mongols used captured boats and defeated the Vietnamese, successfully crossing the river. All captured soldiers found to have the words "Sát Thát" ("Death to the Mongols") tattooed on their arms were executed. Instead of advancing further south, the victorious Yuan forces remained on the north bank of the river, fighting daily skirmishes but making few advances against the Vietnamese in the south.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012292-13">[11]</a> Toghon sent an officer name Tanggudai to instruct Sogetu, who was in <a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Huế">Huế</a>, to march north in a <a href="/wiki/Pincer_movement" title="Pincer movement">pincer movement</a> while at the same time sending frantic appeals for reinforcements from China, and wrote to the Vietnamese king that the Yuan forces had come in, not as enemies but as allies against Champa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012292-13">[11]</a> In late February, Sogetu's forces marching north through the pass of <a href="/wiki/Ngh%E1%BB%87_An" class="mw-redirect" title="Nghệ An">Nghệ An</a>, capturing the cities of <a href="/wiki/Vinh" title="Vinh">Vinh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thanh_Ho%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanh Hoá">Thanh Hoá</a>, as well as Vietnamese supply bases in <a href="/wiki/Nam_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh" title="Nam Định">Nam Định</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ninh_B%C3%ACnh" title="Ninh Bình">Ninh Bình</a>, and taking prisoner 400 Song officers who had fought alongside the Vietnamese. Prince Quốc Tuấn divided his forces in an effort to prevent Sogetu from joining with Toghon, but this effort failed and they were overwhelmed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012293-74">[69]</a> Phạm Ngũ Lão fought against the Mongols in this second Mongol invasion as well as in the third Mongol invasion.<a href="#cite_note-77">[f]</a><a href="#cite_note-3rd_invasion-79">[g]</a> Trần envoys offered peace terms, which were rejected by Toghon and Omar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELienSharrockChapter_6-75">[70]</a> In late February, Toghon launched a full offensive against Đại Việt. A Yuan fleet under the command of Omar attacked along the <a href="/wiki/%C4%90u%E1%BB%91ng_River" title="Đuống River">Đuống River</a>, captured Thang Long and drove king Nhân Tông to the sea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012293-74">[69]</a> After hearing about the successive defeats, king <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Nh%C3%A2n_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Nhân Tông">Trần Nhân Tông</a> travelled by small boat to meet Trần Hưng Đạo in <a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Ninh" class="mw-redirect" title="Quảng Ninh">Quảng Ninh</a> and ask him if Đại Việt should surrender.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELienSharrockChapter_6-75">[70]</a> Trần Hưng Đạo resisted and asked for the aid of the private armies of the Trần princes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELienSharrockChapter_6-75">[70]</a> Many Vietnamese royals and nobles were frightened and defected to the Yuan, including prince <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_%C3%8Dch_T%E1%BA%AFc" title="Trần Ích Tắc">Trần Ích Tắc</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014126-80">[73]</a> Having successfully captured the capital Thăng Long, the Yuan found that the city's grain had been taken to deny Yuan access to supplies and therefore Yuan forces could not turn the occupied capital into a strategic gain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelgado2008159-55">[53]</a> The following day, Toghon entered the capital and found nothing but an empty palace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014125-81">[74]</a> Trần Hưng Đạo escorted the Trần royalty to their royal estates at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thi%C3%AAn_Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thiên Trường (page does not exist)">Thiên Trường</a> [<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi%C3%AAn_Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng" class="extiw" title="vi:Thiên Trường">vi</a>] in <a href="/wiki/Nam_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_province" title="Nam Định province">Nam Định</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELienSharrockChapter_6-75">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013133-63">[61]</a> The Yuan forces under Omar launched two naval offensives in April and drove the Vietnamese forces further south.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012293-74">[69]</a> The Trần forces had their forces surrounded by the Yuan army while their king fled along the coast to <a href="/wiki/Thanh_H%C3%B3a" title="Thanh Hóa">Thanh Hóa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELienSharrockChapter_6-75">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vietnamese_counterattack_(May_–_June_1285)">Vietnamese counterattack (May – June 1285)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Vietnamese counterattack (May – June 1285)">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:125px;max-width:125px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:172px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Viet_military_officers,_1100-1300_AD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Viet_military_officers%2C_1100-1300_AD.jpg/123px-Viet_military_officers%2C_1100-1300_AD.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Viet_military_officers%2C_1100-1300_AD.jpg/185px-Viet_military_officers%2C_1100-1300_AD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Viet_military_officers%2C_1100-1300_AD.jpg/246px-Viet_military_officers%2C_1100-1300_AD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="1291" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Vietnamese military officers during Lý-Trần dynasties.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:163px;max-width:163px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:172px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Viet_royal_guards,_1100-1300.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Viet_royal_guards%2C_1100-1300.jpg/161px-Viet_royal_guards%2C_1100-1300.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Viet_royal_guards%2C_1100-1300.jpg/242px-Viet_royal_guards%2C_1100-1300.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Viet_royal_guards%2C_1100-1300.jpg/322px-Viet_royal_guards%2C_1100-1300.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1185" data-file-height="1274" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Vietnamese Imperial Guards during Lý-Trần dynasties. The medieval Vietnamese army consisted mostly of lightly-armored troops, but were capable of maritime-warfare.</div></div></div></div></div> In May 1285, the situation began to change, as the Yuan had overextended their supply network. Toghon ordered Sogetu to lead his troops in an attack on Nam Định (the main Vietnamese base) to seize supplies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012294-82">[75]</a> As fighting broke out, Toghon ordered Sogetu to return to Champa and for Omar to join his withdrawal on the Red River.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELienSharrockChapter_6-75">[70]</a> Toghon prepared to leave Đại Việt for Siming in Guangxi, China, with the warm weather and disease in Đại Việt given as the official reason.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELienSharrockChapter_6-75">[70]</a> In a naval battle in Hàm Tử (in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Kho%C3%A1i_Ch%C3%A2u_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoái Châu District">Khoái Châu District</a>) in late May 1285, a contingent of Yuan troops was defeated by a <a href="/wiki/Partisan_(military)" title="Partisan (military)">partisan</a> force consisting of former Song troops led by Zhao Zhong under prince Nhật Duật and native militia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014126-80">[73]</a> On 9 June 1285, Mongol troops evacuated Thăng Long to withdraw to China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012294-82">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELienSharrockChapter_6-75">[70]</a> The <a href="/wiki/History_of_Yuan" title="History of Yuan">History of Yuan</a> records the Mongols withdrawing from Thăng Long because "the Mongol troops and horses could not exercise their familiar skills in battle there" while the <a href="/wiki/An_Nam_ch%C3%AD_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c" title="An Nam chí lược">An Nam chí lược</a> records that "Annam attacked and retook the capital La Thành (Thănh Long)."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELienSharrockChapter_6-75">[70]</a> Taking advantage, the Vietnamese force under Prince Quốc Tuấn sailed north and attacked the Yuan camp at Vạn Kiếp, and further severed Yuan supplies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013134-76">[71]</a> Many Yuan generals were killed in the battle, among them the senior Li Heng, who was struck by a poisoned arrow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014127-11">[9]</a> The Yuan forces collapsed into disarray, and Sogetu was killed in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ch%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Battle of Chương Dương">Battle of Chương Dương</a> near the capital by a joint force of <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Quang_Kh%E1%BA%A3i" title="Trần Quang Khải">Trần Quang Khải</a>, Phạm Ngũ Lão and Trần Quốc Tuấn in June 1285.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone201776-83">[76]</a> To protect Toghon, the Yuan soldiers made a copper box in which they hid him inside until they were able to retreat to the Guangxi border.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012295-84">[77]</a> Yuan generals Omar and Liu Gui ran to the sea and escaped to China in a small boat. The Yuan remnants retreated to China in late June 1285, as the Vietnamese king and royals returned to the capital in Thăng Long following six-month conflict.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012295-84">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013135-85">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Third_invasion_of_Đại_Việt_(1287–1288)">Third invasion of Đại Việt (1287–1288)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Third invasion of Đại Việt (1287–1288)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chongquannguyenlan3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Chongquannguyenlan3.svg/180px-Chongquannguyenlan3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Chongquannguyenlan3.svg/270px-Chongquannguyenlan3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Chongquannguyenlan3.svg/360px-Chongquannguyenlan3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1158" data-file-height="867" /></a><figcaption>Third Mongol invasion of Vietnam (1287-1288)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background_and_preparations">Background and preparations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Background and preparations">edit</a>]</div> In 1286, Kublai appointed <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Th%C3%A1nh_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Thánh Tông">Trần Thánh Tông</a>'s younger brother, Prince <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_%C3%8Dch_T%E1%BA%AFc" title="Trần Ích Tắc">Trần Ích Tắc</a>, as the King of Đại Việt from afar with the intent of dealing with the uncooperative incumbent <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Nh%C3%A2n_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Nhân Tông">Trần Nhân Tông</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201624-86">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012296-87">[80]</a> Trần Ích Tắc, who had already surrendered to the Yuan, was willing to lead a Yuan army into Đại Việt to take the throne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201624-86">[79]</a> The Khan cancelled plans underway for a third invasion of Japan in August to concentrate military preparations in the south.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013136-88">[81]</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2022909:_"Qubilai_Qa’an_prepared_for_a_third_invasion,_planned_for_August_1286,_but_this_was_cancelled_due_to_the_defeat_of_the_Mongols_in_their_Vietnam_campaign._Internal_unrest_also_made_later_plans_impossible_to_carry_out."_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2022909:_"Qubilai_Qa’an_prepared_for_a_third_invasion,_planned_for_August_1286,_but_this_was_cancelled_due_to_the_defeat_of_the_Mongols_in_their_Vietnam_campaign._Internal_unrest_also_made_later_plans_impossible_to_carry_out."-89">[82]</a> He accused the Vietnamese of raiding China, and pressed the efforts of China should be directed towards winning the war against Đại Việt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012281-90">[83]</a> In October 1287, the Yuan land forces commanded by Toghon (assisted by <a href="/wiki/Nasr_al-Din_(Yunnan)" title="Nasr al-Din (Yunnan)">Nasr al-Din</a> and Kublai's grandson Esen-Temür; Esen-Temur meanwhile was fighting in Burma)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMan2012351-14">[12]</a> moved southwards from <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> in three divisions led by general Abači and Changyu,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012297-91">[84]</a> with the naval expedition led by generals Omar, Zhang Wenhu, and Aoluchi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201624-86">[79]</a> The army was complemented by a large naval force that advanced from <a href="/wiki/Qinzhou" title="Qinzhou">Qinzhou</a>, with the intent to form a large pincer movement against the Vietnamese.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201624-86">[79]</a> The force was composed of 70,000 <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_people" title="Jurchen people">Jurchen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> from Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Hunan, and Guangdong; 6,000 Yunnanese troops; 1,000 former Song troops; 6,000 Guangxi troops; 17,000 <a href="/wiki/Li_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Li people">Li</a> troops from <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a>; and 18,000 crewmen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012297-91">[84]</a> Total Yuan forces raised up to 170,000 men for this invasion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014127-11">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaign_3">Campaign</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Campaign">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_B%E1%BA%A1ch_%C4%90%E1%BA%B1ng_(1288)" title="Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288)">Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288)</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C%E1%BB%8Dc_nh%E1%BB%8Dn_B%E1%BA%A1ch_%C4%90%E1%BA%B1ng_1288.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/C%E1%BB%8Dc_nh%E1%BB%8Dn_B%E1%BA%A1ch_%C4%90%E1%BA%B1ng_1288.JPG/160px-C%E1%BB%8Dc_nh%E1%BB%8Dn_B%E1%BA%A1ch_%C4%90%E1%BA%B1ng_1288.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/C%E1%BB%8Dc_nh%E1%BB%8Dn_B%E1%BA%A1ch_%C4%90%E1%BA%B1ng_1288.JPG/240px-C%E1%BB%8Dc_nh%E1%BB%8Dn_B%E1%BA%A1ch_%C4%90%E1%BA%B1ng_1288.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/C%E1%BB%8Dc_nh%E1%BB%8Dn_B%E1%BA%A1ch_%C4%90%E1%BA%B1ng_1288.JPG/320px-C%E1%BB%8Dc_nh%E1%BB%8Dn_B%E1%BA%A1ch_%C4%90%E1%BA%B1ng_1288.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Wooden stakes from the Bach Dang river in Museum of Vietnam</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cua_song_Bach_Dang.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Cua_song_Bach_Dang.JPG/200px-Cua_song_Bach_Dang.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Cua_song_Bach_Dang.JPG/300px-Cua_song_Bach_Dang.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Cua_song_Bach_Dang.JPG/400px-Cua_song_Bach_Dang.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A1ch_%C4%90%E1%BA%B1ng_River" title="Bạch Đằng River">Bạch Đằng River</a></figcaption></figure> The Yuan were successful in the early phases of the invasion, occupying and looting the Đại Việt capital.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201624-86">[79]</a> In January 1288, as Omar's fleet passed through the <a href="/wiki/Ha_Long_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Ha Long Bay">Ha Long Bay</a> to join Toghon's forces in Vạn Kiếp, followed by Zhang Wenhu's supply fleet, the Vietnamese navy under prince <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Kh%C3%A1nh_D%C6%B0" title="Trần Khánh Dư">Trần Khánh Dư</a> attacked and destroyed Wenhu's fleet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201626-92">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013136-88">[81]</a> The Yuan land army under Toghon and naval fleet under Omar, both already in Vạn Kiếp, were unaware of the loss of their supply fleet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201626-92">[85]</a> Despite that, in February 1288 Toghon ordered to attack the Vietnamese forces. Toghon returned to the capital Thăng Long to loot food, while Omar destroyed king <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Th%C3%A1i_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Thái Tông">Trần Thái Tông</a>'s tomb in <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A1i_B%C3%ACnh" title="Thái Bình">Thái Bình</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013136-88">[81]</a> Due to a lack of food supplies, Toghon and Omar's army retreated from Thăng Long to their fortified main base in Vạn Kiếp northeast of Hanoi on 5 March 1288.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012301-93">[86]</a> They planned to withdraw from Đại Việt but waited for the supplies to arrive before departing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201626-92">[85]</a> As food supplies ran low and their position became untenable, on the 30th March 1288 Toghon ordered a retreat to China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012301-93">[86]</a> He boarded a large warship while Prince Hưng Đạo, aware of the Yuan retreat, prepared to attack. The Vietnamese destroyed bridges and roads and created traps along the route of the retreating Yuan army. They pursued Toghon's forces to <a href="/wiki/L%E1%BA%A1ng_S%C6%A1n" title="Lạng Sơn">Lạng Sơn</a>, where on April 10th,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012302-15">[13]</a> Toghon himself was struck by a poisoned arrow,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014129-4">[2]</a> and was forced to abandon his ship and avoid highways as he was escorted back through the forests to Siming in Guangxi, China by his few remaining troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012302-15">[13]</a> Most of Toghon's land force were killed or captured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012302-15">[13]</a> Meanwhile, the Yuan fleet commanded by Omar was retreating through the Bạch Đằng river.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012301-93">[86]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A1ch_%C4%90%E1%BA%B1ng_River" title="Bạch Đằng River">Bạch Đằng River</a> in April 1288, Prince Hưng Đạo commanding the Vietnamese forces staged an ambush on Omar's Yuan fleet in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_B%E1%BA%A1ch_%C4%90%E1%BA%B1ng_(1288)" title="Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288)">third Battle of Bạch Đằng</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201624-86">[79]</a> The Vietnamese placed hidden metal-tipped wooden stakes in the riverbed and attacked the fleet once it had been impaled on the stakes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201626-92">[85]</a> Omar himself was taken prisoner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013136-88">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012302-15">[13]</a> The Yuan fleet was destroyed and the army retreated in disarray without supplies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201626-92">[85]</a> A few days later, Zhang Wenhu, who believed that the Yuan armies were still in Vạn Kiếp and was unaware of the Yuan defeat, sailed his transport fleet into the Bạch Đằng river and was destroyed by the Vietnamese navy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012302-15">[13]</a> Only Wenhu and a few Yuan soldiers managed to escape.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012302-15">[13]</a> Phạm Ngũ Lão fought against the Mongols in this third Mongol invasion as well as in the second Mongol invasion mentioned above.<a href="#cite_note-95">[h]</a><a href="#cite_note-3rd_invasion-79">[g]</a> Several thousand Yuan troops, unfamiliar with the terrain, were lost and never regained contact with the main force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201624-86">[79]</a> An account of the battle by <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%AA_T%E1%BA%AFc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lê Tắc (page does not exist)">Lê Tắc</a>, a Vietnamese scholar who defected to the Yuan in 1285, said that the remnants of the army followed him north in retreat and reached Yuan-controlled territory on the Lunar New Year's Day in 1289.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201624-86">[79]</a> When the Yuan troops were withdrawn before <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> season, Lê Tắc went north with them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201625-96">[88]</a> Many of his companions, ten thousand died between the mountain passes of the Sino-Viet borderlands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201624-86">[79]</a> After the war Lê Tắc got permanently exiled in China, and was appointed by the Yuan government to the position of Prefect of Pacified Siam (Tongzhi Anxianzhou).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201625-96">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yuan_dynasty">Yuan dynasty</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Yuan dynasty">edit</a>]</div> The Yuan dynasty was unable to militarily defeat the Vietnamese and the Cham.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiksicYian2016489-97">[89]</a> Kublai, angry over the Yuan defeats in Đại Việt, banished prince Toghon to <a href="/wiki/Yangzhou" title="Yangzhou">Yangzhou</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMan2012353-98">[90]</a> and wanted to launch another invasion, but was persuaded in 1291 to send <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Rites" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Rites">Minister of Rites</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Lidao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Lidao (page does not exist)">Zhang Lidao</a> to induce <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Nh%C3%A2n_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Nhân Tông">Trần Nhân Tông</a> to come to China. The Yuan mission arrived at the Vietnamese capital on 18 March 1292 and stayed in a guesthouse, where the king made a protocol with Zhang.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESun2014221-99">[91]</a> Trần Nhân Tông sent a mission with a memo to return with Zhang Lidao to China. In the memo, Trần Nhân Tông explained his inability to visit China. The detail said that of ten Vietnamese envoys to Dadu, six or seven of them died on the way.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESun2014223-100">[92]</a> He wrote a letter to Kublai Khan describing the death and destruction the Mongol armies had wrought, vividly recounting the brutality of the soldiers and the desecration of sacred Buddhist sites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiksicYian2016489-97">[89]</a> Instead of going to Dadu himself, the Vietnamese king sent a golden statue to the Yuan court and an apology for his "sins".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012302-15">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014129-4">[2]</a> Another Yuan mission was sent in September 1292.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESun2014223-100">[92]</a> As late as 1293, Kublai Khan planned a fourth military campaign to install Trần Ích Tắc as the King of Đại Việt, but the plans for the campaign were halted when Kublai Khan died in early 1294.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201625-96">[88]</a> The new Yuan emperor, <a href="/wiki/Tem%C3%BCr_Khan" title="Temür Khan">Temür Khan</a> announced that the war with Đại Việt was over, and sent a mission to Đại Việt to restore friendly relations between the two countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012303-101">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Đại_Việt">Đại Việt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Đại Việt">edit</a>]</div> Three Mongol and Yuan invasions devastated Đại Việt, but the Vietnamese did not succumb to Yuan demands. Eventually, not a single Trần king or prince visited China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESun2014227-102">[94]</a> The Trần dynasty of Đại Việt decided to accept the supremacy of the Yuan dynasty in order to avoid further conflicts. In 1289, Đại Việt released most of the Mongol prisoners of war to China, but Omar, whose return Kublai particularly demanded, was intentionally drowned when the boat transporting him was contrived to sink. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013136-88">[81]</a> In the winter of 1289–1290, King Trần Nhân Tông led an attack into modern-day Laos, against the advice of his advisors, with the goal of preventing raids from the inhabitants of the highlands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013137-103">[95]</a> Famines and starvations ravaged the country from 1290 to 1292. There were no records of what caused the crop failures, but possible factors included neglect of the water control system due to the war, the mobilization of men away from the rice fields, and floods or drought.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013137-103">[95]</a> Although Đại Việt repelled the Yuan, the capital <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Thăng Long</a> was razed, many Buddhist sites were decimated, and the Vietnamese suffered major losses in population and property.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiksicYian2016489-97">[89]</a> Nhân Tông rebuilt the Thăng Long citadel in 1291 and 1293.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiksicYian2016489-97">[89]</a> In 1293, Kublai detained the Vietnamese envoy, Đào Tử Kí, because Trần Nhân Tông refused to go to Khanbaliq in person. Kublai's successor <a href="/wiki/Tem%C3%BCr_Khan" title="Temür Khan">Temür Khan</a> (r.1294-1307), later released all detained envoys and resumed their <a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">tributary relationship</a> initially established after the first invasion, which continued to the end of the Yuan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullietCrossleyHeadrickHirsch2014336-22">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Champa">Champa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Champa">edit</a>]</div> The Champa Kingdom decided to accept the supremacy of the Yuan dynasty and also established a tributary relationship with the Yuan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullietCrossleyHeadrickHirsch2014336-22">[20]</a> Afterwards, Champa was never mentioned in the History of Yuan again as a target for the Mongols.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELienSharrockChapter_6-75">[70]</a> In 1305, Cham King <a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%BF_M%C3%A2n" title="Chế Mân">Chế Mân</a> (r. 1288 – 1307) married the Vietnamese princess <a href="/wiki/Huy%E1%BB%81n_Tr%C3%A2n" title="Huyền Trân">Huyền Trân</a> (daughter of Trần Nhân Tông) as he ceded two provinces Ô and Lý to Đại Việt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAymonier189316-20">[18]</a> What following next was a series of chronic <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cham%E2%80%93Vietnamese_wars" title="History of the Cham–Vietnamese wars">Cham–Vietnamese fighting and major wars</a> over the disputed control of ceded provinces for the rest of the 14th century. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transmission_of_gunpowder">Transmission of gunpowder</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Transmission of gunpowder">edit</a>]</div> Before the 13th century, gunpowder in Vietnam was used in the form of firecrackers for entertainment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201642-104">[96]</a> During the Mongol invasions, an influx of Chinese immigrants from the Southern Song fleeing to Southeast Asia brought gunpowder weapons with them, such as <a href="/wiki/Fire_arrow" title="Fire arrow">fire arrows</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fire_lance" title="Fire lance">fire lances</a>. The Vietnamese and the Cham developed these weapons further in the next century;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1987313-105">[97]</a> when the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> conquered Đại Việt in 1407, they found that the Vietnamese were skillful in making a type of fire lance that fires an arrow and a number of lead bullets as co-viative <a href="/wiki/Projectiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Projectiles">projectiles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1987240-106">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1987311-107">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy">Legacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> Despite the military defeats suffered during the campaigns, they are often treated as a success by historians for the Mongols due to the establishment of tributary relations with Đại Việt and Champa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201617-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeatherford2005212-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHucker1975285-19">[17]</a> The initial Mongol goal of placing Đại Việt, a tributary state of the Southern Song dynasty, as their own tributary state was accomplished after the first invasion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201617-17">[15]</a> However, the Mongols failed to impose their demands of greater tribute and direct <a href="/wiki/Darughachi" title="Darughachi">darughachi</a> oversight over Đại Việt's internal affairs during their second invasion and their goal of replacing the uncooperative <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Nh%C3%A2n_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Nhân Tông">Trần Nhân Tông</a> with <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_%C3%8Dch_T%E1%BA%AFc" title="Trần Ích Tắc">Trần Ích Tắc</a> as the King of Đại Việt during the third invasion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201619-42">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201624-86">[79]</a> Nonetheless, friendly relations were established and Dai Viet continued to pay tribute to the Mongol court.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons199853-108">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2012242-109">[101]</a> Vietnamese historiography emphasizes the Vietnamese military victories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201617-17">[15]</a> The three invasions, and the Battle of Bạch Đằng in particular, are remembered within Vietnam and Vietnamese historiography as prototypical examples of Vietnamese resistance against foreign aggression.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201619-42">[40]</a> Prince <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Qu%E1%BB%91c_Tu%E1%BA%A5n" class="mw-redirect" title="Trần Quốc Tuấn">Trần Hưng Đạo</a> is greatly remembered as a national hero who secured Vietnamese independence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMan2012353-98">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/48px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/64px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vietnam" title="Portal:Vietnam">Vietnam portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasions">Mongol invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cham%E2%80%93Vietnamese_wars" title="History of the Cham–Vietnamese wars">History of the Cham–Vietnamese wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty_military_tactics_and_organization" title="Trần dynasty military tactics and organization">Trần dynasty military tactics and organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_military_tactics_and_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol military tactics and organization">Mongol military tactics and organization</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> or the Mongol–Viet wars and the Mongol–Cham war </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> (Tsutsumi 1989: 130) A imperial son-in-law (fuma 駙馬) of Kublai, an <a href="/wiki/Khongirad" title="Khongirad">Khongirad</a>, not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Kaidu" title="Kaidu">Qaidu</a> Khan of the <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Marco-Polo-Caugigu-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marco-Polo-Caugigu_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marco-Polo-Caugigu_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marco-Polo-Caugigu_68-2">c</a> See the detailed documentation on Marco Polo's Caugigu (or Đại Việt) by well-known scholars and how to use the chart <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:From_Marco_Polo_to_Pham_Ngu_Lao_1284.pdf" class="extiw" title="c:File:From Marco Polo to Pham Ngu Lao 1284.pdf">From Marco Polo to Pham Ngu Lao, 1284</a> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marco-polo-caugigu-pham-ngu-lao-dai-viet-1285">Marco Polo's Caugigu - Phạm Ngũ Lão's Đại Việt - 1285.</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVu-Quoc-Loc2023-72">[67]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Marco Polo's "account is in almost perfect agreement with what we know from Chinese sources on the production or imports, forms, values and exchange rates, weights, denominations as well as use of these currencies in public and private domains. These findings support the argument of Haw<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaw200647-66">[64]</a> and others that Marco Polo's account of the itinerary from Cambaluc to Yunnan, Myanmar and Annam [Đại Việt or Caugigu] is so good (and so much better than has ever previously been appreciated) that he almost certainly undertook it himself."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogel2013420-67">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marco-Polo-Caugigu-68">[c]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-names-71"><a href="#cite_ref-names_71-0">^</a> Caugigu refers to Giao Chỉ, or Đại Việt, or Annam at the time, the northern part of modern-day Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolo2008354-70">[66]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> "At the same time [late 1284], Tran Quoc Tuan and his son-in-law Pham Ngu Lao led a force in several hundred war boats through the rivers back to Van Kiep, the headquarters for Togan’s supply line from the border to Thang Long."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013134-76">[71]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-3rd_invasion-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-3rd_invasion_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-3rd_invasion_79-1">b</a> "Trận Bạch-đằng-giang đánh vào tháng ba năm mậu-tí (1288) lấy được chiến-thuyền của quân Nguyên hơn 400 chiếc và bắt được quân-sĩ rất nhiều. 5. HƯNG-ĐẠO-VƯƠNG ĐẠI PHÁ NGUYÊN-BINH. Thoát Hoan nghe tin quân thủy vỡ tan rồi, dẫn bọn Trình bằng Phi, A bát Xích, Áo lỗ Xích, Trương Quân, Trương Ngọc, đi đường bộ chạy về đến ải Nội-bàng, bỗng gặp quân phục của Phạm ngũ Lão đổ ra đánh."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrần_Trọng_Kim1920-78">[72]</a> In this classic 1920 Vietnam-history book,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrần_Trọng_Kim1920-78">[72]</a> it was explicitly stated that Phạm ngũ Lão participated in the battle against the Mongols in 1288. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> "Tran Quoc Tuan’s son-in-law Pham Ngu Lao, who gained fame for laying ambushes for Togan in the northern mountains, actively led soldiers on the frontiers until just before his death in 1320."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013139-94">[87]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi2006486-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi2006486_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRossabi2006">Rossabi 2006</a>, p. 486. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014129-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014129_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014129_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014129_4-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2014">Anderson 2014</a>, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012289–292-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012289–292_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLo2012">Lo 2012</a>, pp. 289–292. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004579-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004579_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004579_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004579_6-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAtwood2004">Atwood 2004</a>, p. 579. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013124-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013124_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor2013">Taylor 2013</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHàPhạm200366–68-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHàPhạm200366–68_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHàPhạm200366–68_8-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHàPhạm2003">Hà & Phạm 2003</a>, pp. 66–68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMan2012350-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMan2012350_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMan2012">Man 2012</a>, p. 350. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004579–580-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004579–580_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAtwood2004">Atwood 2004</a>, pp. 579–580. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014127-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014127_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014127_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014127_11-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2014">Anderson 2014</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012288-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012288_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012288_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012288_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012288_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012288_12-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012288_12-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFLo2012">Lo 2012</a>, p. 288. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012292-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012292_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012292_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012292_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012292_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012292_13-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012292_13-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFLo2012">Lo 2012</a>, p. 292. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMan2012351-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMan2012351_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMan2012351_14-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMan2012">Man 2012</a>, p. 351. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012302-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012302_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012302_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012302_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012302_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012302_15-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012302_15-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012302_15-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012302_15-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFLo2012">Lo 2012</a>, p. 302. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Le Tac, <a href="/wiki/An_Nam_ch%C3%AD_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c" title="An Nam chí lược">An Nam chí lược</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201617-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201617_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201617_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201617_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201617_17-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201617_17-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaldanza2016">Baldanza 2016</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeatherford2005212-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeatherford2005212_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeatherford2005212_18-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeatherford2005">Weatherford 2005</a>, p. 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHucker1975285-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHucker1975285_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHucker1975285_19-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHucker1975">Hucker 1975</a>, p. 285. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAymonier189316-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAymonier189316_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAymonier189316_20-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAymonier1893">Aymonier 1893</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaw2013361–371-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaw2013361–371_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaw2013361–371_21-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaw2013">Haw 2013</a>, pp. 361–371. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullietCrossleyHeadrickHirsch2014336-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullietCrossleyHeadrickHirsch2014336_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullietCrossleyHeadrickHirsch2014336_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullietCrossleyHeadrickHirsch2014336_22-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBullietCrossleyHeadrickHirsch2014">Bulliet et al. 2014</a>, p. 336. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201617-26-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201617-26_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaldanza2016">Baldanza 2016</a>, p. 17-26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen2006405-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2006405_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2006405_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2006405_24-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllsen2006">Allsen 2006</a>, p. 405. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014116-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014116_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014116_25-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2014">Anderson 2014</a>, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman202047-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerman202047_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerman202047_26-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHerman2020">Herman 2020</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014117-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014117_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2014">Anderson 2014</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen2006405–406-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2006405–406_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllsen2006">Allsen 2006</a>, pp. 405–406. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014118-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014118_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014118_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014118_29-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2014">Anderson 2014</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsen2006407-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2006407_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2006407_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2006407_30-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2006407_30-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2006407_30-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsen2006407_30-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllsen2006">Allsen 2006</a>, p. 407. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESun2014206-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESun2014206_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSun2014">Sun 2014</a>, p. 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESun2014207-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESun2014207_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESun2014207_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESun2014207_32-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSun2014">Sun 2014</a>, p. 207. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201618-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201618_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201618_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201618_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201618_33-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaldanza2016">Baldanza 2016</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVuSharrock201484-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVuSharrock201484_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVuSharrock2014">Vu & Sharrock 2014</a>, p. 84. sfn error: no target: CITEREFVuSharrock2014 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014121-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014121_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2014">Anderson 2014</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVuSharrock201485-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVuSharrock201485_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVuSharrock201485_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVuSharrock201485_36-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVuSharrock201485_36-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVuSharrock201485_36-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFVuSharrock2014">Vu & Sharrock 2014</a>, p. 85. sfn error: no target: CITEREFVuSharrock2014 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012284-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012284_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLo2012">Lo 2012</a>, p. 284. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuell2009-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuell2009_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuell2009">Buell 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaw2013361-371-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaw2013361-371_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaw2013">Haw 2013</a>, p. 361-371. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVuSharrock201486-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVuSharrock201486_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVuSharrock2014">Vu & Sharrock 2014</a>, p. 86. sfn error: no target: CITEREFVuSharrock2014 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Le Tac, <a href="/wiki/An_Nam_ch%C3%AD_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c" title="An Nam chí lược">An Nam chí lược</a>, Book 4 (巻4征討運餉): 十二月、師賜弩原、国主陳王遣士卒乗象迎敵。時太師子阿珠、年十八、率善射者射其象、象驚奔反蹂、其衆大潰。翌日陳王断扶鹵橋、対岸而陣、師欲済、未測浅深、乃沿江仰空射之、験箭堕水而不浮者、知為浅処。即以騎兵済、馬躍登岸翌日撃、安南兵潰、大軍継殺万人、斬其宗子富良侯、陳王乃降、於是班師。明年春、陳王上表納款臣附、遣使貢方物」 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201619-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201619_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201619_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201619_42-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201619_42-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201619_42-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201619_42-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaldanza2016">Baldanza 2016</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014122-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014122_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014122_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014122_43-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2014">Anderson 2014</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi2006422–423-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossabi2006422–423_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRossabi2006">Rossabi 2006</a>, pp. 422–423. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012285-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012285_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012285_45-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLo2012">Lo 2012</a>, p. 285. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2022880:_"Momoki_Shiro_notes_that_the_establishment_of_a_foothold_in_Champa_by_an_official_of_this_position,_entrusted_with_the_administration_of_conquered_territory,_is_evidence_that_the_Yuan_court_regarded_Champa_as_a_pivotal_region_for_the_dominance_of_trade_between_the_South_China_Sea_and_the_Indian_Ocean."-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2022880:_"Momoki_Shiro_notes_that_the_establishment_of_a_foothold_in_Champa_by_an_official_of_this_position,_entrusted_with_the_administration_of_conquered_territory,_is_evidence_that_the_Yuan_court_regarded_Champa_as_a_pivotal_region_for_the_dominance_of_trade_between_the_South_China_Sea_and_the_Indian_Ocean."_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2022">Anderson 2022</a>, p. 880: "Momoki Shiro notes that the establishment of a foothold in Champa by an official of this position, entrusted with the administration of conquered territory, is evidence that the Yuan court regarded Champa as a pivotal region for the dominance of trade between the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean.". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2022880:_"Geoff_Wade_contends_that_Arab_and_Persian_traders_operating_in_the_South_China_Sea_could_have_been_the_managers_of_trade_from_several_of_the_Cham_polities,_gaining_access_to_commodities_from_Africa,_the_Persian_Gulf,_as_well_as_Island_Southeast_Asia."-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2022880:_"Geoff_Wade_contends_that_Arab_and_Persian_traders_operating_in_the_South_China_Sea_could_have_been_the_managers_of_trade_from_several_of_the_Cham_polities,_gaining_access_to_commodities_from_Africa,_the_Persian_Gulf,_as_well_as_Island_Southeast_Asia."_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2022">Anderson 2022</a>, p. 880: "Geoff Wade contends that Arab and Persian traders operating in the South China Sea could have been the managers of trade from several of the Cham polities, gaining access to commodities from Africa, the Persian Gulf, as well as Island Southeast Asia.". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset1970290-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset1970290_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrousset1970">Grousset 1970</a>, p. 290. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012286-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012286_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012286_49-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLo2012">Lo 2012</a>, p. 286. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012287-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012287_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012287_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012287_50-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012287_50-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFLo2012">Lo 2012</a>, p. 287. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelgado2008158-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelgado2008158_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDelgado2008">Delgado 2008</a>, p. 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurton2010201-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurton2010201_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurton2010201_52-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPurton2010">Purton 2010</a>, p. 201. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012288–289-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012288–289_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLo2012">Lo 2012</a>, pp. 288–289. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012289-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012289_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012289_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012289_54-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012289_54-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFLo2012">Lo 2012</a>, p. 289. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelgado2008159-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelgado2008159_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelgado2008159_55-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDelgado2008">Delgado 2008</a>, p. 159. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013128-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013128_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor2013">Taylor 2013</a>, p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013128,_ibid-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013128,_ibid_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013128,_ibid_57-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor2013">Taylor 2013</a>, p. 128, ibid. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESun2014208-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESun2014208_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSun2014">Sun 2014</a>, p. 208. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESun2014212-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESun2014212_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSun2014">Sun 2014</a>, p. 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaw2006105-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaw2006105_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaw2006">Haw 2006</a>, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESun2014213-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESun2014213_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSun2014">Sun 2014</a>, p. 213. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014123-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014123_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014123_62-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2014">Anderson 2014</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013133-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013133_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013133_63-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor2013">Taylor 2013</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012291-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012291_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLo2012">Lo 2012</a>, p. 291. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014124-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014124_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2014">Anderson 2014</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaw200647-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaw200647_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaw2006">Haw 2006</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogel2013420-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVogel2013420_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVogel2013">Vogel 2013</a>, p. 420. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolo2008354-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolo2008354_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPolo2008">Polo 2008</a>, p. 354. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVu-Quoc-Loc2023-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVu-Quoc-Loc2023_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVu-Quoc-Loc2023">Vu-Quoc-Loc 2023</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaw2006107-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaw2006107_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaw2006">Haw 2006</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012293-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012293_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012293_74-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012293_74-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012293_74-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFLo2012">Lo 2012</a>, p. 293. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELienSharrockChapter_6-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELienSharrockChapter_6_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELienSharrockChapter_6_75-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELienSharrockChapter_6_75-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELienSharrockChapter_6_75-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELienSharrockChapter_6_75-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELienSharrockChapter_6_75-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELienSharrockChapter_6_75-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELienSharrockChapter_6_75-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELienSharrockChapter_6_75-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELienSharrockChapter_6_75-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELienSharrockChapter_6_75-10">k</a> <a href="#CITEREFLienSharrock">Lien & Sharrock</a>, Chapter 6. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLienSharrock (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013134-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013134_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013134_76-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor2013">Taylor 2013</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrần_Trọng_Kim1920-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrần_Trọng_Kim1920_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrần_Trọng_Kim1920_78-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrần_Trọng_Kim1920">Trần Trọng Kim 1920</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014126-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014126_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014126_80-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2014">Anderson 2014</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014125-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2014125_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2014">Anderson 2014</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012294-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012294_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012294_82-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLo2012">Lo 2012</a>, p. 294. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone201776-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone201776_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStone2017">Stone 2017</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012295-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012295_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012295_84-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLo2012">Lo 2012</a>, p. 295. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013135-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013135_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor2013">Taylor 2013</a>, p. 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201624-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201624_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201624_86-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201624_86-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201624_86-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201624_86-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201624_86-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201624_86-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201624_86-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201624_86-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201624_86-9">j</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaldanza2016">Baldanza 2016</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012296-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012296_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLo2012">Lo 2012</a>, p. 296. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013136-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013136_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013136_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013136_88-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013136_88-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013136_88-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor2013">Taylor 2013</a>, p. 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2022909:_"Qubilai_Qa’an_prepared_for_a_third_invasion,_planned_for_August_1286,_but_this_was_cancelled_due_to_the_defeat_of_the_Mongols_in_their_Vietnam_campaign._Internal_unrest_also_made_later_plans_impossible_to_carry_out."-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2022909:_"Qubilai_Qa’an_prepared_for_a_third_invasion,_planned_for_August_1286,_but_this_was_cancelled_due_to_the_defeat_of_the_Mongols_in_their_Vietnam_campaign._Internal_unrest_also_made_later_plans_impossible_to_carry_out."_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLi2022">Li 2022</a>, p. 909: "Qubilai Qa’an prepared for a third invasion, planned for August 1286, but this was cancelled due to the defeat of the Mongols in their Vietnam campaign. Internal unrest also made later plans impossible to carry out.". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012281-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012281_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLo2012">Lo 2012</a>, p. 281. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012297-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012297_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012297_91-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLo2012">Lo 2012</a>, p. 297. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201626-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201626_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201626_92-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201626_92-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201626_92-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201626_92-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaldanza2016">Baldanza 2016</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012301-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012301_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012301_93-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012301_93-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLo2012">Lo 2012</a>, p. 301. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013139-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013139_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor2013">Taylor 2013</a>, p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201625-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201625_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201625_96-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201625_96-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaldanza2016">Baldanza 2016</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiksicYian2016489-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiksicYian2016489_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiksicYian2016489_97-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiksicYian2016489_97-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiksicYian2016489_97-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiksicYian2016">Miksic & Yian 2016</a>, p. 489. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMan2012353-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMan2012353_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMan2012353_98-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMan2012">Man 2012</a>, p. 353. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESun2014221-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESun2014221_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSun2014">Sun 2014</a>, p. 221. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESun2014223-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESun2014223_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESun2014223_100-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSun2014">Sun 2014</a>, p. 223. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012303-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012303_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLo2012">Lo 2012</a>, p. 303. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESun2014227-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESun2014227_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSun2014">Sun 2014</a>, p. 227. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013137-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013137_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013137_103-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor2013">Taylor 2013</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201642-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201642_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaldanza2016">Baldanza 2016</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1987313-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1987313_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeedham1987">Needham 1987</a>, p. 313. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1987240-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1987240_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeedham1987">Needham 1987</a>, p. 240. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1987311-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1987311_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeedham1987">Needham 1987</a>, p. 311. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons199853-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimons199853_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimons1998">Simons 1998</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2012242-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2012242_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker2012">Walker 2012</a>, p. 242. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAllsen2006" class="citation cs2">Allsen, Thomas (2006), "The rise of the Mongolian empire and Mongolian rule in north China", in Franke, Herbert; Twittchet, Denis C. (eds.), The Cambridge History of China - Volume 6: Alien regimes and border states, 907—1368, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 321–413</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+rise+of+the+Mongolian+empire+and+Mongolian+rule+in+north+China&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+China+-+Volume+6%3A+Alien+regimes+and+border+states%2C+907%E2%80%941368&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=321-413&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Allsen&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasions+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2014" class="citation cs2">Anderson, James A. (2014), "Man and Mongols: the Dali and Đại Việt Kingdoms in the Face of the Northern Invasions", in Anderson, James A.; Whitmore, John K. (eds.), China's Encounters on the South and Southwest: Reforging the Fiery Frontier Over Two Millennia, United States: Brill, pp. 106–134, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-004-28248-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-004-28248-3"><bdi>978-9-004-28248-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Man+and+Mongols%3A+the+Dali+and+%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Kingdoms+in+the+Face+of+the+Northern+Invasions&rft.btitle=China%27s+Encounters+on+the+South+and+Southwest%3A+Reforging+the+Fiery+Frontier+Over+Two+Millennia&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=106-134&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-9-004-28248-3&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasions+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2022" class="citation cs2">Anderson, James A. 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Mongol excursions in Southeast Asia", in May, Timothy; Hope, Michael (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1adnEAAAQBAJ">The Mongol World</a>, United States: Taylor & Francis, pp. 872–889, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-67631-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-67631-1"><bdi>978-1-351-67631-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Outer+Limits+of+Steppe+Power.+Mongol+excursions+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.btitle=The+Mongol+World&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=872-889&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-351-67631-1&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1adnEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasions+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtwood2004" class="citation book cs1">Atwood, Christopher Pratt (2004). 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Ancient Southeast Asia. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-27903-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-27903-7"><bdi>978-1-317-27903-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-27903-7&rft.aulast=Miksic&rft.aufirst=John+Norman&rft.au=Yian%2C+Go+Geok&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasions+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedham1987" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Needham" title="Joseph Needham">Needham, Joseph</a> (1987), Science & Civilisation in China, vol. V:5 pt. 7: The Gunpowder Epic, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-30358-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-30358-3"><bdi>0-521-30358-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+%26+Civilisation+in+China&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-521-30358-3&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasions+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurton2010" class="citation cs2">Purton, Peter (2010), A History of the Late Medieval Siege 1200-1500, The Boydell Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Late+Medieval+Siege+1200-1500&rft.pub=The+Boydell+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Purton&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasions+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossabi2006" class="citation cs2">Rossabi, Morris (2006), "The reign of Khubilai Khan", in Franke, Herbert; Twittchet, Denis C. (eds.), The Cambridge History of China - Volume 6: Alien regimes and border states, 907—1368, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 414–489</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+reign+of+Khubilai+Khan&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+China+-+Volume+6%3A+Alien+regimes+and+border+states%2C+907%E2%80%941368&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=414-489&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Rossabi&rft.aufirst=Morris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasions+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossabi2009" class="citation book cs1">——— (2009). Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Khubilai+Khan%3A+His+Life+and+Times&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Rossabi&rft.aufirst=Morris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasions+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimons1998" class="citation book cs1">Simons, G. (1998). The Vietnam Syndrome: Impact on US Foreign Policy. Palgrave Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vietnam+Syndrome%3A+Impact+on+US+Foreign+Policy&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Simons&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasions+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2017" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Zofia (2017). Genghis Khan: A Biography. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-86367-11-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-86367-11-2"><bdi>978-93-86367-11-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genghis+Khan%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Vij+Books+India+Pvt+Ltd&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-93-86367-11-2&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Zofia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasions+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSun2014" class="citation cs2">Sun, Laichen (2014), "Imperial Ideal Compromised: Northern and Southern Courts Across the New Frontier in the Early Yuan Era", in Anderson, James A.; Whitmore, John K. (eds.), China's Encounters on the South and Southwest: Reforging the Fiery Frontier Over Two Millennia, United States: Brill, pp. 193–231</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Imperial+Ideal+Compromised%3A+Northern+and+Southern+Courts+Across+the+New+Frontier+in+the+Early+Yuan+Era&rft.btitle=China%27s+Encounters+on+the+South+and+Southwest%3A+Reforging+the+Fiery+Frontier+Over+Two+Millennia&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=193-231&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Sun&rft.aufirst=Laichen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasions+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2013" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Keith W. (2013). A History of the Vietnamese. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Vietnamese&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Keith+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasions+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrần_Trọng_Kim1920" class="citation cs2">Trần Trọng Kim (1920), <a class="external text" href="https://vi.wikisource.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_s%E1%BB%AD_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c">Việt Nam Sử Lược</a>, Trung Bắc Tân Văn, Hà Nội, retrieved 19 Jun 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam+S%E1%BB%AD+L%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c&rft.pub=Trung+B%E1%BA%AFc+T%C3%A2n+V%C4%83n%2C+H%C3%A0+N%E1%BB%99i&rft.date=1920&rft.au=Tr%E1%BA%A7n+Tr%E1%BB%8Dng+Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvi.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FVi%25E1%25BB%2587t_Nam_s%25E1%25BB%25AD_l%25C6%25B0%25E1%25BB%25A3c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasions+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988">. <a class="external text" href="https://vi.wikisource.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_s%E1%BB%AD_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c/Quy%E1%BB%83n_I/Ph%E1%BA%A7n_III/Ch%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_VIII">Tome I, Part III, Chapter VIII, The Mongol Invaders (1284-1288)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogel2013" class="citation book cs1">Vogel, Hans Ulrich (2013). Marco Polo was in China: New evidence from currencies, salt and revenue. <a href="/wiki/Koninklijke_Brill" class="mw-redirect" title="Koninklijke Brill">Koninklijke Brill</a> NV, Leiden, the Netherlands.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marco+Polo+was+in+China%3A+New+evidence+from+currencies%2C+salt+and+revenue&rft.pub=Koninklijke+Brill+NV%2C+Leiden%2C+the+Netherlands&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Vogel&rft.aufirst=Hans+Ulrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasions+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2012" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Hugh Dyson (2012). East Asia: A New History. AuthorHouse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1477265161" title="Special:BookSources/978-1477265161"><bdi>978-1477265161</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Asia%3A+A+New+History&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1477265161&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Hugh+Dyson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasions+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVu-Quoc-Loc2023" class="citation cs2">Vu-Quoc-Loc (2023), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marco-polo-caugigu-pham-ngu-lao-dai-viet-1285">Marco Polo's Caugigu - Phạm Ngũ Lão's Đại Việt - 1285</a>, retrieved 23 Apr 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marco+Polo%27s+Caugigu+-+Ph%E1%BA%A1m+Ng%C5%A9+L%C3%A3o%27s+%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+Vi%E1%BB%87t+-+1285&rft.date=2023&rft.au=Vu-Quoc-Loc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarco-polo-caugigu-pham-ngu-lao-dai-viet-1285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasions+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988">, Internet Archive, <a href="/wiki/CC-BY-SA_4.0" class="mw-redirect" title="CC-BY-SA 4.0">CC-BY-SA 4.0</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeatherford2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Weatherford" title="Jack Weatherford">Weatherford, Jack</a> (2005). Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World. <a href="/wiki/Three_Rivers_Press" title="Three Rivers Press">Three Rivers Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-609-80964-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-609-80964-8"><bdi>978-0-609-80964-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genghis+Khan+and+the+Making+of+the+Modern+World&rft.pub=Three+Rivers+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-609-80964-8&rft.aulast=Weatherford&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasions+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Primary sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolo2008" class="citation book cs1">Polo, Marco (2008). The travels of Marco Polo. Translated by W. Marsden and revised by T. Wright, newly revised and edited by Peter Harris, with an introduction by Colin Thubron. New York, London, Toronto: Everyman's Library, Alfred A. Knopf.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+travels+of+Marco+Polo&rft.place=New+York%2C+London%2C+Toronto&rft.series=Translated+by+W.+Marsden+and+revised+by+T.+Wright%2C+newly+revised+and+edited+by+Peter+Harris%2C+with+an+introduction+by+Colin+Thubron&rft.pub=Everyman%27s+Library%2C+Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Polo&rft.aufirst=Marco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasions+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLê1961" class="citation cs2">Lê, Tắc (1961), <a href="/wiki/An_Nam_ch%C3%AD_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c" title="An Nam chí lược">An Nam chí lược</a>, A brief history of Annam, University of Hue</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Nam+ch%C3%AD+l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c%2C+A+brief+history+of+Annam&rft.pub=University+of+Hue&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=L%C3%AA&rft.aufirst=T%E1%BA%AFc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasions+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rustichello_da_Pisa" title="Rustichello da Pisa">Rustichello da Pisa</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Travels_of_Marco_Polo" title="The Travels of Marco Polo">The Travels of Marco Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Lian" title="Song Lian">Song Lian</a> (宋濂), <a href="/wiki/History_of_Yuan" title="History of Yuan">History of Yuan</a> (元史)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid-al-Din_Hamadani" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid-al-Din Hamadani">Rashid-al-Din Hamadani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jami%27_al-tawarikh" title="Jami' al-tawarikh">Jami' al-tawarikh</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Mongol invasions of Vietnam <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Mongol+invasions+of+Vietnam">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Mongol+invasions+of+Vietnam&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mongol_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mongol_Empire" title="Template:Mongol Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mongol_Empire" title="Template talk:Mongol Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mongol_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mongol Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mongol_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Terminology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Terminology</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_nobility" title="Mongolian nobility">Titles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatun" title="Khatun">Khatun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanum" title="Khanum">Khanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinong" title="Jinong">Jinong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khong_Tayiji" title="Khong Tayiji">Khong Tayiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noyan" title="Noyan">Noyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarkhan" title="Tarkhan">Tarkhan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Political</li><li>Military</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jarlig" title="Jarlig">Jarlig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_(route)" title="Yam (route)">Örtöö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orda_(organization)" title="Orda (organization)">Orda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Mongolica" title="Pax Mongolica">Pax Mongolica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassa" title="Yassa">Yassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurultai" title="Kurultai">Kurultai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paiza" title="Paiza">Paiza / Gerege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manghud" title="Manghud">Manghit / Mangudai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumen_(unit)" title="Tumen (unit)">Tümen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheshig" title="Kheshig">Kheshig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darughachi" title="Darughachi">Darughachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="PoliticsOrganizationLife" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Politics</li><li>Organization</li><li>Life</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_and_vassals_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Political divisions and vassals of the Mongol Empire">Administrative divisions and vassals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tug_(banner)" title="Tug (banner)">Banner/Bunchuk/Tug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Invasions and conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_under_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Destruction under the Mongol Empire">Destructiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Seal_of_the_Mongols" title="Imperial Seal of the Mongols">Imperial Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Military of the Mongol Empire">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Religion in the Mongol Empire">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Society of the Mongol Empire">Society and economy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borjigin" title="Borjigin">House of Borjigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_%C3%96gedei" title="House of Ögedei">House of Ögedei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Armenia" title="Mongol Armenia">Mongol Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Mongol_Alliance" title="Byzantine–Mongol Alliance">Byzantine–Mongol Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Mongol_alliance" title="Franco-Mongol alliance">Franco-Mongol alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_battles_of_the_Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe">Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_of_the_Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_states" title="List of Mongol states">Khanates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_%C3%96gedei" title="House of Ögedei">House of Ögedei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wings_of_the_Golden_Horde" title="Wings of the Golden Horde">Wings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almaliq,_Xinjiang" title="Almaliq, Xinjiang">Almalik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avarga" title="Avarga">Avarga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azov" title="Azov">Azov (Azaq)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolghar" title="Bolghar">Bolghar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakorum" title="Karakorum">Karakorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanbaliq" title="Khanbaliq">Dadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majar_(Golden_Horde)" title="Majar (Golden Horde)">Majar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maragheh" title="Maragheh">Maragheh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarshi" title="Qarshi">Qarshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarai_(city)" title="Sarai (city)">Sarai Batu/Berke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saray-J%C3%BCk" title="Saray-Jük">Saray-Jük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangdu" title="Shangdu">Shangdu (Xanadu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soltaniyeh" title="Soltaniyeh">Soltaniyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukek" title="Ukek">Ukek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xacitarxan" title="Xacitarxan">Xacitarxan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="CampaignsBattles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Campaigns</li><li>Battles</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Asia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasion of Central Asia">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_campaigns_in_Siberia" title="Mongol campaigns in Siberia">Siberia (1207-1308)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Sakhalin" title="Mongol invasions of Sakhalin">Sakhalin (1264–1308)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Qara_Khitai" title="Mongol conquest of the Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai (1216–18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire (1219–1221)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Persia_and_Mesopotamia" title="Mongol invasion of Persia and Mesopotamia">Persia (1219–1256)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests#East_Asia" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Western_Xia" title="Mongol conquest of Western Xia">Western Xia (1205 / 1207 / 1209–10 / 1225–27)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Jin_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty">Northern China (1211–34)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Korea" title="Mongol invasions of Korea">Korea (1231–60)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty">Southern China (1235–79)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Tibet" title="Mongol invasions of Tibet">Tibet (1236 / 1240 / 1252)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_China#Conquest_of_Yunnan" title="Mongol conquest of China">Yunnan (1253–56)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Japan (1274 / 1281)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests#Southeast_Asian_and_Korean_vassals" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Southeast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="First Mongol invasion of Burma">Burma (1277 / 1283 / 1287)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Java" title="Mongol invasion of Java">Java (1293)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vietnam (1257 / 1284–88)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="Second Mongol invasion of Burma">Burma (1300–02)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_India" title="Mongol invasions of India">India (1221–1327)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia">Georgia (1220–22 / 1226–31 / 1237–64)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Circassia" title="Mongol invasion of Circassia">Circassia (1237–1300s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Durdzuketi" title="Mongol invasions of Durdzuketi">Chechnya (1237–1300s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Volga_Bulgaria" title="Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria">Volga Bulgaria (1229–36)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasion_of_Alania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mongol invasion of Alania (page does not exist)">Alania (1238–1239)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus' (1223 / 1236–40)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="First Mongol invasion of Poland">Poland and Bohemia (1240–41)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary" title="First Mongol invasion of Hungary">Hungary (1241–42)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_incursions_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Mongol incursions in the Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire (1241–42)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Bulgaria_and_Serbia" title="Mongol invasion of Bulgaria and Serbia">Serbia and Bulgaria (1242)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Latin_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Latin Empire">Latin Empire (1242)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Lithuania" title="Mongol invasions of Lithuania">Lithuania (1258–59)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="Second Mongol invasion of Poland">Poland (1259–60)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Byzantine_Thrace" title="Mongol invasion of Byzantine Thrace">Thrace (1264–65)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary" title="Second Mongol invasion of Hungary">Hungary (1285–86)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="Third Mongol invasion of Poland">Poland (1287–88)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_conflict_with_the_Nogai_Horde" title="Serbian conflict with the Nogai Horde">Serbia (1291)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Anatolia" title="Mongol conquest of Anatolia">Anatolia (1241–43)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_campaign_against_the_Nizaris" title="Mongol campaign against the Nizaris">Alamut (1253–1256)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad" title="Siege of Baghdad">Baghdad (1258)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_the_Levant" title="Mongol invasions of the Levant">Syria (1260–1323)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_raids_into_Palestine" title="Mongol raids into Palestine">Palestine (1260 / 1301)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civil wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Division of the Mongol Empire">Division of the Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toluid_Civil_War" title="Toluid Civil War">Toluid Civil War (1260–64)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berke%E2%80%93Hulagu_war" title="Berke–Hulagu war">Berke–Hulagu war (1262)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaidu%E2%80%93Kublai_war" title="Kaidu–Kublai war">Kaidu–Kublai war (1268–1301)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esen_Buqa%E2%80%93Ayurbarwada_war" title="Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war">Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war (1314–1318)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_rulers" title="List of Mongol rulers">Great Khans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolui" title="Tolui">Tolui (regent)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96gedei_Khan" title="Ögedei Khan">Ögedei Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B6regene_Khatun" title="Töregene Khatun">Töregene Khatun (regent)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Khan" title="Güyük Khan">Güyük Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghul_Qaimish" title="Oghul Qaimish">Oghul Qaimish (regent)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Möngke Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Yuan_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Yuan emperors">Khagans of the Yuan</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Khans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jochi" title="Jochi">Jochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batu_Khan" title="Batu Khan">Batu Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sartaq_Khan" title="Sartaq Khan">Sartaq Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orda_Khan" title="Orda Khan">Orda Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berke" title="Berke">Berke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toqta" title="Toqta">Toqta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zbeg_Khan" title="Özbeg Khan">Özbeg Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khan" title="Chagatai Khan">Chagatai Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duwa" title="Duwa">Duwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebek" title="Kebek">Kebek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulegu_Khan" title="Hulegu Khan">Hulegu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaqa_Khan" title="Abaqa Khan">Abaqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arghun" title="Arghun">Arghun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazan" title="Ghazan">Ghazan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subutai" title="Subutai">Subutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebe" title="Jebe">Jebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqali" title="Muqali">Muqali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negudar" title="Negudar">Negudar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo%27orchu" title="Bo'orchu">Bo'orchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Kan" title="Guo Kan">Guo Kan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boroqul" title="Boroqul">Boroqul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelme" title="Jelme">Jelme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khubilai_Noyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khubilai Noyon (page does not exist)">Khubilai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aju" title="Aju">Aju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayan_of_the_Baarin" title="Bayan of the Baarin">Bayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadan" title="Kadan">Kadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boroldai" title="Boroldai">Boroldai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_Khan" title="Nogai Khan">Nogai Khan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Timeline of the Mongol Empire">Timeline of the Mongol Empire</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Yuan_dynasty_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yuan_dynasty_topics" title="Template:Yuan dynasty topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yuan_dynasty_topics" title="Template talk:Yuan dynasty topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yuan_dynasty_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yuan dynasty topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Yuan_dynasty_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="History of the Yuan dynasty">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Division of the Mongol Empire">Division of the Mongol Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toluid_Civil_War" title="Toluid Civil War">Toluid Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaidu%E2%80%93Kublai_war" title="Kaidu–Kublai war">Kaidu–Kublai war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan%27s_campaigns" title="Kublai Khan's campaigns">Kublai Khan's campaigns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_China" title="Mongol conquest of China">Mongol conquest of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_anti-Mongol_fortresses" title="Sichuan anti-Mongol fortresses">anti-Mongol fortresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty">conquest of the Song dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Xiangyang" title="Battle of Xiangyang">Battle of Xiangyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yamen" title="Battle of Yamen">Yamen</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Sakhalin" title="Mongol invasions of Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_B%E1%BA%A1ch_%C4%90%E1%BA%B1ng_(1288)" title="Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288)">Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Java" title="Mongol invasion of Java">Java invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="First Mongol invasion of Burma">Burma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ngasaunggyan" title="Battle of Ngasaunggyan">Battle of Ngasaunggyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pagan" title="Battle of Pagan">Pagan</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="Second Mongol invasion of Burma">Second Mongol invasion of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esen_Buqa%E2%80%93Ayurbarwada_war" title="Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war">Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Two_Capitals" title="War of the Two Capitals">War of the Two Capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1344_Yellow_River_flood" title="1344 Yellow River flood">1344 Yellow River flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Turban_Rebellions" title="Red Turban Rebellions">Red Turban Rebellions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Turban_invasions_of_Goryeo" title="Red Turban invasions of Goryeo">Red Turban invasions of Goryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Poyang" title="Battle of Lake Poyang">Battle of Lake Poyang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ispah_rebellion" title="Ispah rebellion">Ispah rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Yuan dynasty">Emperors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_emperors_family_tree_(late)#Yuan_dynasty_and_Northern_Yuan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese emperors family tree (late)">family tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_empresses_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="List of empresses of the Yuan dynasty">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Preceptor" title="Imperial Preceptor">Imperial Preceptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshu_Sheng" title="Zhongshu Sheng">Zhongshu Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Buddhist_and_Tibetan_Affairs" title="Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs">Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty">Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia">Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Yuan_rule" title="Mongolia under Yuan rule">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Yuan_rule" title="Manchuria under Yuan rule">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Yuan_rule" title="Tibet under Yuan rule">Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dpon-chen" title="Dpon-chen">Dpon-chen</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goryeo_under_Mongol_rule" title="Goryeo under Mongol rule">Goryeo under Mongol rule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Science and technology of the Yuan dynasty">Science and technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jade_Mirror_of_the_Four_Unknowns" title="Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns">Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaochao" title="Jiaochao">Jiaochao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty_coinage" title="Yuan dynasty coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Yilin" title="Wei Yilin">Shiyi Dexiaofang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(inventor)" title="Wang Zhen (inventor)">Nong Shu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_Platform_at_Juyong_Pass" title="Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass">Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulou_and_Zhonglou_(Beijing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulou and Zhonglou (Beijing)">Gulou and Zhonglou (Beijing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaoying_Temple" title="Miaoying Temple">Miaoying Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda_of_Bailin_Temple" title="Pagoda of Bailin Temple">Pagoda of Bailin Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Azure_Clouds" title="Temple of Azure Clouds">Temple of Azure Clouds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinan_Great_Southern_Mosque" title="Jinan Great Southern Mosque">Jinan Great Southern Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_poetry" title="Yuan poetry">Yuan poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liao" title="History of Liao">History of Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jin" title="History of Jin">Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Song_(Yuan_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Song (Yuan dynasty)">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilin_Guangji" title="Shilin Guangji">Shilin Guangji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menggu_Ziyun" title="Menggu Ziyun">Menggu Ziyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenxian_Tongkao" title="Wenxian Tongkao">Wenxian Tongkao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongyuan_Yinyun" title="Zhongyuan Yinyun">Zhongyuan Yinyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Twenty-four_Filial_Exemplars" title="The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars">The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaju" title="Zaju">Zaju</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Chalk_Circle" title="The Chalk Circle">The Chalk Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Injustice_to_Dou_E" title="The Injustice to Dou E">The Injustice to Dou E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Orphan_of_Zhao" title="The Orphan of Zhao">The Orphan of Zhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_the_Western_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="The Story of the Western Wing">The Story of the Western Wing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semu" title="Semu">Semu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Islam during the Yuan dynasty">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_Yuan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion in Yuan dynasty">Fashion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borjigin" title="Borjigin">Borjigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yuan" title="History of Yuan">History of Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanbaliq" title="Khanbaliq">Khanbaliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangdu" title="Shangdu">Shangdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Champa_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Champa_topics" title="Template:Champa topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Champa_topics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Champa topics (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Champa_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Champa topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Champa_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Champa" title="History of Champa">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_culture" title="Sa Huỳnh culture">Sa Huỳnh culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_T%C3%B4n_Tinh" title="Hồ Tôn Tinh">Hồ Tôn Tinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Era_of_Northern_Domination" title="Second Era of Northern Domination">Chinese rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A2m_%E1%BA%A4p" title="Lâm Ấp">Lâm Ấp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quduqian" title="Quduqian">Quduqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tam_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Tam Kỳ">Boliao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xitu" title="Xitu">Xitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui%E2%80%93L%C3%A2m_%E1%BA%A4p_war" title="Sui–Lâm Ấp war">Sui–Lâm Ấp war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Champa#Champa_at_its_peak" title="History of Champa">Golden Age of Champa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Champa" title="History of Champa">Javanese raid of 774–787</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer%E2%80%93Cham_wars" title="Khmer–Cham wars">Khmer–Cham wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cham%E2%80%93Vietnamese_wars" title="History of the Cham–Vietnamese wars">Cham–Vietnamese wars</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mongol invasion (1283–1285)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War_(1367%E2%80%931390)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham–Vietnamese War (1367–1390)">Champa during the reign of Po Binasuor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Vietnam#History" title="Islam in Vietnam">Islamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War_(1471)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham–Vietnamese War (1471)">Lê Thánh Tông's conquest (1471)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panduranga_(Champa)" title="Panduranga (Champa)">Rump state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Thu%E1%BA%ADn_Th%C3%A0nh" title="Principality of Thuận Thành">Principality of Thuận Thành</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Champa#Later_history_of_Champa" title="History of Champa">Dissolution in 1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa_(Ja_Thak_Wa)" title="Champa (Ja Thak Wa)">New Champa (Champa resistance movement)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Champa" title="Timeline of Champa">Timeline of Champa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Champa" title="King of Champa">List of monarchs of Champa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Champa" title="King of Champa">List of dynasties of Champa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Champa" title="Military of Champa">Military of Champa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa#Geography_of_historical_Champa" title="Champa">Main capitals of Champa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Huế">Kandapurpura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tra_Kieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tra Kieu">Simhapura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninh_Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_district" title="Ninh Phước district">Virapura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indrapura_(Champa)" title="Indrapura (Champa)">Indrapura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijaya_(Champa)" title="Vijaya (Champa)">Vijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phan_Rang%E2%80%93Th%C3%A1p_Ch%C3%A0m" title="Phan Rang–Tháp Chàm">Panduranga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phan_R%C3%AD_C%E1%BB%ADa" title="Phan Rí Cửa">Panrik</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Champa" title="Art of Champa">Art of Champa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BB%B9_S%C6%A1n" title="Mỹ Sơn">Mỹ Sơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Po_Nagar" title="Po Nagar">Po Nagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese music">Cham music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_ceramics#Cham_kilns_(Go_Sanh_ceramics)" title="Vietnamese ceramics">Ware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Đại_Việt_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Template:Đại Việt"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Đại Việt (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Đại Việt"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Đại_Việt_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Đại Việt</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%A9nh_H%E1%BA%A3i_qu%C3%A2n" title="Tĩnh Hải quân">Jinghai Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy_of_the_12_Warlords" title="Anarchy of the 12 Warlords">Anarchy of the 12 Warlords</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song%E2%80%93Vietnamese_war_(981)" class="mw-redirect" title="Song–Vietnamese war (981)">Song–Vietnamese war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer%E2%80%93Cham_wars" title="Khmer–Cham wars">Khmer–Cham wars</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mongol invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War_(1367%E2%80%931390)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham–Vietnamese War (1367–1390)">Chế Bồng Nga's war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_invasion_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming invasion of Vietnam">Ming invasion of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lam_S%C6%A1n_uprising" title="Lam Sơn uprising">Lam Sơn uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War_(1471)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham–Vietnamese War (1471)">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_and_Northern_Dynasties_(Vietnam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern and Northern Dynasties (Vietnam)">Fragmentation period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tonkin" title="Tonkin">Trinh Tonkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochinchina" title="Cochinchina">Nguyen Cochinchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Civil War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Royal Houses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Đinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Lê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Lý</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Trần</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Hồ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_L%C3%AA_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Later Lê dynasty">Later Lê/Lê Duy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tây Sơn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Vietnamese_army" title="Royal Vietnamese army">Royal Vietnamese army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">Historiography</a>/Chronicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t_s%E1%BB%AD_k%C3%BD" title="Đại Việt sử ký">Đại Việt sử ký</a> (1272)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Nam_ch%C3%AD_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c" title="An Nam chí lược">An Nam chí lược</a> (1335)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t_s%E1%BB%AD_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c" title="Đại Việt sử lược">Đại Việt sử lược</a> (1377)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t_s%E1%BB%AD_k%C3%BD_to%C3%A0n_th%C6%B0" title="Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư">Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư</a> (1479)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%A2m_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh_Vi%E1%BB%87t_s%E1%BB%AD_Th%C3%B4ng_gi%C3%A1m_c%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_m%E1%BB%A5c" title="Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục">Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục</a> (1884)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of Vietnam">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine" title="Vietnamese cuisine">Vietnamese cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing_in_Vietnam" title="History of writing in Vietnam">Chinese script (administrative/academic script)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Vietnamese script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Vietnamese_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Vietnamese dance">Traditional Vietnamese dance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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