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id="toc-Orbit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Axial_tilt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Axial_tilt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Axial tilt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Axial_tilt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rotation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rotation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Rotation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rotation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orbital_clearing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orbital_clearing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.4 Orbital clearing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orbital_clearing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Physical characteristics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Size_and_shape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size_and_shape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Size and shape </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Size_and_shape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Mass </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_differentiation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_differentiation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Internal differentiation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_differentiation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atmosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atmosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.4 Atmosphere </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atmosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magnetosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnetosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.5 Magnetosphere </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnetosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Secondary characteristics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_and_etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 History and etymology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_and_etymology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History and etymology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History_and_etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_civilizations_and_classical_planets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_civilizations_and_classical_planets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Ancient civilizations and classical planets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_civilizations_and_classical_planets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Babylon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Babylon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Babylon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Babylon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greco-Roman_astronomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greco-Roman_astronomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Greco-Roman astronomy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greco-Roman_astronomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_astronomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_astronomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Medieval astronomy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_astronomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_Revolution_and_discovery_of_outer_planets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_Revolution_and_discovery_of_outer_planets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Scientific Revolution and discovery of outer planets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_Revolution_and_discovery_of_outer_planets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defining_the_term_planet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defining_the_term_planet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Defining the term planet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defining_the_term_planet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Criticisms_and_alternatives_to_IAU_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms_and_alternatives_to_IAU_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1 Criticisms and alternatives to IAU definition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticisms_and_alternatives_to_IAU_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exoplanets_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exoplanets_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Exoplanets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exoplanets_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-IAU_working_definition_of_exoplanets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IAU_working_definition_of_exoplanets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.1 IAU working definition of exoplanets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IAU_working_definition_of_exoplanets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mythology_and_naming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mythology_and_naming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Mythology and naming </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mythology_and_naming-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Mythology and naming subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Mythology_and_naming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Symbols </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Planet</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 233 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-233" aria-hidden="true" > 233 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeet" title="Planeet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Planeet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Planet" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%95%E1%88%8B%E1%8A%94%E1%89%B5" title="ፕላኔት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፕላኔት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaaneet" title="Plaaneet – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Plaaneet" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="ग्रह – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="ग्रह" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dweligende_tungol" title="Dweligende tungol – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Dweligende tungol" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A8" title="كوكب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كوكب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A6%DC%A0%DC%9D%DC%9B%DC%90" title="ܦܠܝܛܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܦܠܝܛܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Մոլորակներ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մոլորակներ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet%C3%A2" title="Planetâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Planetâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan%C3%A8ta" title="Planèta – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Planèta" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%B9" title="গ্ৰহ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="গ্ৰহ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="ग्रह – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="ग्रह" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yv%C3%B3ra" title="Yvóra – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Yvóra" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Planet" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B2%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D9%86" title="گزه‌گن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="گزه‌گن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan%C3%A9t" title="Planét – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Planét" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9" title="গ্রহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গ্রহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palanit" title="Palanit – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Palanit" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/He%CC%8Dk-chhe%E2%81%BF" title="He̍k-chheⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="He̍k-chheⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Planet" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Планета – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Планета" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Планета – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Планета" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Плянэта – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Плянэта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="ग्रह – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ग्रह" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Планета – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Планета" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Planet" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D" title="གཡོ་སྐར། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གཡོ་སྐར།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planedenn" title="Planedenn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Planedenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Гараг – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Гараг" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Планета – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Планета" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chindeya" title="Chindeya – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chindeya" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanya" title="Chanya – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Chanya" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianeta" title="Pianeta – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Pianeta" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planed" title="Planed – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Planed" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Planet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A8" title="كوكب – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كوكب" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planehta" title="Planehta – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Planehta" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Planet" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8E%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%80%DE%A6" title="ގުރަހަ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ގުރަހަ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="ग्रह – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="ग्रह" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeet" title="Planeet – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Planeet" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Πλανήτης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πλανήτης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianaid" title="Pianaid – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Pianaid" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Чарытеште – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Чарытеште" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planedo" title="Planedo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Planedo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praneta" title="Praneta – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Praneta" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="سیاره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیاره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grah" title="Grah – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Grah" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gongustj%C3%B8rnur" title="Gongustjørnur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Gongustjørnur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan%C3%A8te" title="Planète – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Planète" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeet" title="Planeet – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Planeet" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Planet" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%A1in%C3%A9ad" title="Pláinéad – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pláinéad" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planaid" title="Planaid – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Planaid" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planaid" title="Planaid – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Planaid" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Дуне – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Дуне" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B9" title="ગ્રહ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ગ્રહ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0ng-s%C3%AAn" title="Hàng-sên – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hàng-sên" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Һариг – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Һариг" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%96%89%EC%84%B1" title="행성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="행성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duniyoyi" title="Duniyoyi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Duniyoyi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8Dk%C5%AB_hele" title="Hōkū hele – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Hōkū hele" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Մոլորակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մոլորակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="ग्रह – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ग्रह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Planet" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeto" title="Planeto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Planeto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbara_ala" title="Mbara ala – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Mbara ala" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Planet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planete" title="Planete – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Planete" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ullugiaq" title="Ullugiaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Ullugiaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Планетæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Планетæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umzulane" title="Umzulane – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umzulane" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reikistjarna" title="Reikistjarna – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Reikistjarna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianeta" title="Pianeta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pianeta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%91_%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%AA" title="כוכב לכת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כוכב לכת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planit" title="Planit – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Planit" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B9" title="ಗ್ರಹ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗ್ರಹ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90" title="პლანეტა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პლანეტა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%9B%DB%81%D9%8F%D8%AF" title="گرٛہُد – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="گرٛہُد" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ғаламшар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ғаламшар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Planet" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayari" title="Sayari – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sayari" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Планет – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Планет" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mweta" title="Mweta – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Mweta" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan%C3%A8t" title="Planèt – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Planèt" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan%C3%A8t" title="Planèt – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Planèt" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerst%C3%AArk" title="Gerstêrk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Gerstêrk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Планета – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Планета" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Planet" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan%C4%93ta" title="Planēta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Planēta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan%C3%A9it" title="Planéit – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Planéit" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Планета – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Планета" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeet" title="Planeet – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Planeet" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monz%C9%94%CC%81t%C9%94_mwa_mal%C3%ADli" title="Monzɔ́tɔ mwa malíli – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Monzɔ́tɔ mwa malíli" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/plini" title="plini – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="plini" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianeta" title="Pianeta – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Pianeta" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolyg%C3%B3" title="Bolygó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bolygó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan%C3%A8t" title="Planèt – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Planèt" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Планета – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Планета" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fajiry" title="Fajiry – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fajiry" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%82" title="ഗ്രഹം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗ്രഹം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjaneta" title="Pjaneta – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Pjaneta" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="ग्रह – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ग्रह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90" title="პლანეტა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პლანეტა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A8" title="كوكب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كوكب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%87_(%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85)" title="گردله (نجوم) – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="گردله (نجوم)" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Planet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A4_(%EA%AF%88%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9C)" title="ꯊꯄꯤ (ꯈꯦꯟꯆꯣꯡꯂꯣꯜ) – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯊꯄꯤ (ꯈꯦꯟꯆꯣꯡꯂꯣꯜ)" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Planet" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A0ng-s%C4%ADng" title="Giàng-sĭng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Giàng-sĭng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Гараг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гараг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9F%E1%80%BA" title="ဂြိုဟ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂြိုဟ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citlaltlalli" title="Citlaltlalli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Citlaltlalli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veivuravura" title="Veivuravura – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Veivuravura" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeet" title="Planeet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Planeet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeet" title="Planeet – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Planeet" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="ग्रह – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ग्रह" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%83" title="गरः – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="गरः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%83%91%E6%98%9F" title="惑星 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="惑星" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chianeta" title="Chianeta – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Chianeta" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Сайрат – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Сайрат" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeete" title="Planeete – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Planeete" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Planet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Planet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plian%C3%A8te" title="Plianète – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Plianète" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planete" title="Planete – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Planete" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Планете – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Планете" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%B9" title="ଗ୍ରହ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଗ୍ରହ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilaaneetoota" title="Pilaaneetoota – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Pilaaneetoota" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyora" title="Sayyora – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sayyora" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF" title="ਗ੍ਰਹਿ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗ੍ਰਹਿ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Planet" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="سیارا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سیارا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%82%8F" title="ဂျိုလ်ႏ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဂျိုလ်ႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="سياره – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سياره" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planit" title="Planit – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Planit" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%96" title="ភព – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភព" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan%C3%A8te" title="Planète – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Planète" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianeta" title="Pianeta – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Pianeta" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Planet" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Planet" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyyare" title="Seyyare – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Seyyare" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_(A%C3%9Ftronomie)" title="Planet (Aßtronomie) – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Planet (Aßtronomie)" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet%C4%83" title="Planetă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Planetă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiyaron" title="Shiyaron – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Shiyaron" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Planet" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiqsimuyuhina" title="Tiqsimuyuhina – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tiqsimuyuhina" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Планета – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Планета" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Планета – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Планета" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Планета – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Планета" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%92" title="سیارے – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="سیارے" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praneta" title="Praneta – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Praneta" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Planet" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Planet" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polanete" title="Polanete – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Polanete" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeti" title="Planeti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Planeti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianeta" title="Pianeta – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pianeta" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%9A" title="ග්‍රහලෝක – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ග්‍රහලෝක" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Planet" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%DA%BE" title="گرھ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="گرھ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan%C3%A9ta" title="Planéta – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Planéta" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Planet" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Планита – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Планита" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meere" title="Meere – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Meere" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%95" title="ھەسارە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھەسارە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Планета – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Планета" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bintang" title="Bintang – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Bintang" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeetta" title="Planeetta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Planeetta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Planet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="கோள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கோள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itrikli" title="Itrikli – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Itrikli" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Планета – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Планета" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88" title="လူၵ်ႈ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="လူၵ်ႈ" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">တႆး</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%82" title="గ్రహం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గ్రహం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C" title="ดาวเคราะห์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดาวเคราะห์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%91%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сайёра – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сайёра" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B9" title="ಗ್ರಹ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಗ್ರಹ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gezegen" title="Gezegen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gezegen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%CC%B1lanet" title="Pi̱lanet – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Pi̱lanet" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Планета – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Планета" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Планета – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Планета" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%81" title="سیارہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سیارہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%95" title="سەييارە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سەييارە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndaundeiqbyaij" title="Ndaundeiqbyaij – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ndaundeiqbyaij" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianeta" title="Pianeta – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Pianeta" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Planet" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0nh_tinh" title="Hành tinh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hành tinh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Planet" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hod%27ot%C3%A4ht" title="Hod'otäht – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Hod'otäht" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bole_(astronomeye)" title="Bole (astronomeye) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Bole (astronomeye)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wayuunaiki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F" title="行星 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="行星" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planete" title="Planete – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Planete" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F" title="行星 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="行星" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%98" title="פלאנעט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פלאנעט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%A1n%E1%BA%B9%CC%81t%C3%AC" title="Plánẹ́tì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Plánẹ́tì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F" title="行星 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="行星" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geyren%C4%B1k" title="Geyrenık – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Geyrenık" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planete" title="Planete – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Planete" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Planeta" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F" title="行星 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="行星" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bintang_ider" title="Bintang ider – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Bintang ider" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polanet" title="Polanet – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Polanet" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a href="https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Планета – Pannonian Rusyn" lang="rsk" hreflang="rsk" data-title="Планета" data-language-autonym="Руски" data-language-local-name="Pannonian Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Руски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%A1%E2%B4%B3" title="ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q634#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Planet" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Large, round non-stellar astronomical object</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the astronomical object. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Planet_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Planet (disambiguation)">Planet (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Planet_collage_to_scale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Planet_collage_to_scale.jpg/330px-Planet_collage_to_scale.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Planet_collage_to_scale.jpg/500px-Planet_collage_to_scale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Planet_collage_to_scale.jpg/960px-Planet_collage_to_scale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The eight planets of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> with size to scale (up to down, left to right): <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a> (outer planets), <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a> (inner planets)</figcaption></figure> A planet is a large, <a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_equilibrium" title="Hydrostatic equilibrium">rounded</a> <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">astronomical body</a> that is generally required to be in <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbit</a> around a <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">star</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stellar_remnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stellar remnant">stellar remnant</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf" title="Brown dwarf">brown dwarf</a>, and is not one itself.<a href="#cite_note-exodef-1">[1]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> has eight planets by the most restrictive definition of the term: the <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">terrestrial planets</a> <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Giant_planet" title="Giant planet">giant planets</a> <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a>. The best available theory of planet formation is the <a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis" title="Nebular hypothesis">nebular hypothesis</a>, which posits that an <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_cloud" title="Interstellar cloud">interstellar cloud</a> collapses out of a <a href="/wiki/Nebula" title="Nebula">nebula</a> to create a young <a href="/wiki/Protostar" title="Protostar">protostar</a> orbited by a <a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">protoplanetary disk</a>. Planets grow in this disk by the gradual accumulation of material driven by <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a>, a process called <a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">accretion</a>. The word planet comes from the Greek <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:πλανήτης">πλανήται</a> (planḗtai) 'wanderers'. In <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">antiquity</a>, this word referred to the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>, and five points of light visible to the naked eye that moved across the background of the stars—namely, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. Planets have historically had religious associations: <a href="/wiki/History_of_astronomy#Early_History" title="History of astronomy">multiple cultures</a> identified celestial bodies with gods, and these connections with mythology and <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> persist in the schemes for naming newly discovered Solar System bodies. Earth itself was recognized as a planet when <a href="/wiki/Heliocentrism" title="Heliocentrism">heliocentrism</a> supplanted <a href="/wiki/Geocentric_model" title="Geocentric model">geocentrism</a> during the 16th and 17th centuries. With the development of the <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescope</a>, the meaning of planet broadened to include objects only visible with assistance: the <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">moons</a> of the planets beyond Earth; the <a href="/wiki/Ice_giant" title="Ice giant">ice giants</a> Uranus and Neptune; <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a> and other bodies later recognized to be part of the <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">asteroid belt</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Pluto_(dwarf_planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluto (dwarf planet)">Pluto</a>, later found to be the largest member of the collection of icy bodies known as the <a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a>. The discovery of other large objects in the Kuiper belt, particularly <a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a>, spurred debate about how exactly to define a planet. In 2006, the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a> (IAU) adopted a definition of a planet in the Solar System, placing the four terrestrial planets and the four giant planets in the planet category; Ceres, Pluto, and Eris are in the category of <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarf planet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IAU-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-WSGESP-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-planetarysociety-4">[4]</a> Many <a href="/wiki/Planetary_science" title="Planetary science">planetary scientists</a> have nonetheless continued to apply the term planet more broadly, including dwarf planets as well as rounded satellites like the Moon.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Further advances in astronomy led to the discovery of over five thousand planets outside the Solar System, termed <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">exoplanets</a>. These often show unusual features that the Solar System planets do not show, such as <a href="/wiki/Hot_Jupiter" title="Hot Jupiter">hot Jupiters</a>—giant planets that orbit close to their parent stars, like <a href="/wiki/51_Pegasi_b" title="51 Pegasi b">51 Pegasi b</a>—and extremely <a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">eccentric orbits</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/HD_20782_b" title="HD 20782 b">HD 20782 b</a>. The discovery of brown dwarfs and planets larger than Jupiter also spurred debate on the definition, regarding where exactly to draw the line between a planet and a star. Multiple exoplanets have been found to orbit in the <a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_habitable_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumstellar habitable zone">habitable zones</a> of their stars (where liquid water can potentially exist on a <a href="/wiki/Planetary_surface" title="Planetary surface">planetary surface</a>), but Earth remains the only planet known to support <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis" title="Nebular hypothesis">Nebular hypothesis</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Artists' impressions</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:167px;max-width:167px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:123px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Mysterious_Case_of_the_Disappearing_Dust.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/The_Mysterious_Case_of_the_Disappearing_Dust.jpg/165px-The_Mysterious_Case_of_the_Disappearing_Dust.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/The_Mysterious_Case_of_the_Disappearing_Dust.jpg/248px-The_Mysterious_Case_of_the_Disappearing_Dust.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/The_Mysterious_Case_of_the_Disappearing_Dust.jpg/330px-The_Mysterious_Case_of_the_Disappearing_Dust.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A protoplanetary disk</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:221px;max-width:221px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:123px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA18469-AsteroidCollision-NearStarNGC2547-ID8-2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/PIA18469-AsteroidCollision-NearStarNGC2547-ID8-2013.jpg/219px-PIA18469-AsteroidCollision-NearStarNGC2547-ID8-2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="219" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/PIA18469-AsteroidCollision-NearStarNGC2547-ID8-2013.jpg/329px-PIA18469-AsteroidCollision-NearStarNGC2547-ID8-2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/PIA18469-AsteroidCollision-NearStarNGC2547-ID8-2013.jpg/438px-PIA18469-AsteroidCollision-NearStarNGC2547-ID8-2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4005" data-file-height="2253" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Protoplanets colliding during planet formation</div></div></div></div></div> It is not known with certainty how planets are formed. The prevailing theory is that they coalesce during the collapse of a <a href="/wiki/Nebula" title="Nebula">nebula</a> into a thin disk of gas and dust. A <a href="/wiki/Protostar" title="Protostar">protostar</a> forms at the core, surrounded by a rotating <a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">protoplanetary disk</a>. Through <a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">accretion</a> (a process of sticky collision) dust particles in the disk steadily accumulate <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a> to form ever-larger bodies. Local concentrations of mass known as <a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">planetesimals</a> form, and these accelerate the accretion process by drawing in additional material by their gravitational attraction. These concentrations become increasingly dense until they collapse inward under gravity to form <a href="/wiki/Protoplanet" title="Protoplanet">protoplanets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> After a planet reaches a mass somewhat larger than Mars's mass, it begins to accumulate an extended <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>,<a href="#cite_note-dangelo_bodenheimer_2013-7">[7]</a> greatly increasing the capture rate of the planetesimals by means of <a href="/wiki/Drag_(physics)" title="Drag (physics)">atmospheric drag</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-dangelo2014-9">[9]</a> Depending on the accretion history of solids and gas, a <a href="/wiki/Giant_planet" title="Giant planet">giant planet</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Ice_giant" title="Ice giant">ice giant</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">terrestrial planet</a> may result.<a href="#cite_note-lhdb2009-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-ddl2011-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-chambes2011-12">[12]</a> It is thought that the <a href="/wiki/Regular_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Regular satellite">regular satellites</a> of Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus formed in a similar way;<a href="#cite_note-arxiv0812-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-dangelo_podolak_2015-14">[14]</a> however, <a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a> was likely <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_capture" title="Gravitational capture">captured</a> by Neptune,<a href="#cite_note-Agnor06-15">[15]</a> and Earth's Moon<a href="#cite_note-taylor1998-16">[16]</a> and Pluto's Charon might have formed in collisions.<a href="#cite_note-Stern_2015-17">[17]</a> When the protostar has grown such that it ignites to form a star, the surviving disk is removed from the inside outward by <a href="/wiki/Photoevaporation" title="Photoevaporation">photoevaporation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poynting%E2%80%93Robertson_effect" title="Poynting–Robertson effect">Poynting–Robertson drag</a> and other effects.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Thereafter there still may be many protoplanets orbiting the star or each other, but over time many will collide, either to form a larger, combined protoplanet or release material for other protoplanets to absorb.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Those objects that have become massive enough will capture most matter in their orbital neighbourhoods to become planets. Protoplanets that have avoided collisions may become <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">natural satellites</a> of planets through a process of gravitational capture, or remain in belts of other objects to become either dwarf planets or <a href="/wiki/Small_Solar_System_body" title="Small Solar System body">small bodies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:15-044a-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/15-044a-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg/200px-15-044a-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/15-044a-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg/300px-15-044a-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/15-044a-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg/400px-15-044a-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2917" data-file-height="2918" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:15-044b-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/15-044b-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg/250px-15-044b-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/15-044b-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg/330px-15-044b-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/15-044b-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg/500px-15-044b-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2917" data-file-height="2919" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Supernova_remnant" title="Supernova remnant">Supernova remnant</a> ejecta producing planet-forming material</div></div></div></div> The energetic impacts of the smaller planetesimals (as well as <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">radioactive decay</a>) will heat up the growing planet, causing it to at least partially melt. The interior of the planet begins to differentiate by density, with higher density materials sinking toward the <a href="/wiki/Planetary_core" title="Planetary core">core</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Smaller terrestrial planets lose most of their atmospheres because of this accretion, but the lost gases can be replaced by outgassing from the <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a> and from the subsequent impact of <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comets</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> (smaller planets will lose any atmosphere they gain through various <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_escape" title="Atmospheric escape">escape mechanisms</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a>). With the discovery and observation of <a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">planetary systems</a> around stars other than the Sun, it is becoming possible to elaborate, revise or even replace this account. The level of <a href="/wiki/Metallicity" title="Metallicity">metallicity</a>—an astronomical term describing the abundance of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical elements</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> greater than 2 (<a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>)—appears to determine the likelihood that a star will have planets.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Hence, a metal-rich <a href="/wiki/Population_I_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Population I star">population I star</a> is more likely to have a substantial planetary system than a metal-poor, <a href="/wiki/Population_II_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Population II star">population II star</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Planets_in_the_Solar_System">Planets in the Solar System</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></div> According to the <a href="/wiki/IAU_definition_of_planet" title="IAU definition of planet">IAU definition</a>, there are eight planets in the Solar System, which are (in increasing distance from the Sun):<a href="#cite_note-IAU-2">[2]</a> Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Jupiter is the largest, at 318 <a href="/wiki/Earth_mass" title="Earth mass">Earth masses</a>, whereas Mercury is the smallest, at 0.055 Earth masses.<a href="#cite_note-JPL-physical-parameters-29">[29]</a> The planets of the Solar System can be divided into categories based on their composition. <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">Terrestrials</a> are similar to Earth, with bodies largely composed of <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rock</a> and metal: Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. Earth is the largest terrestrial planet.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis59-30">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Giant_planet" title="Giant planet">Giant planets</a> are significantly more massive than the terrestrials: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis59-30">[30]</a> They differ from the terrestrial planets in composition. The <a href="/wiki/Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">gas giants</a>, Jupiter and Saturn, are primarily composed of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> and helium and are the most massive planets in the Solar System. Saturn is one third as massive as Jupiter, at 95 Earth masses.<a href="#cite_note-M19-31">[31]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ice_giant" title="Ice giant">ice giants</a>, Uranus and Neptune, are primarily composed of low-boiling-point materials such as water, <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>, with thick atmospheres of hydrogen and helium. They have a significantly lower mass than the gas giants (only 14 and 17 Earth masses).<a href="#cite_note-M19-31">[31]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solar_System_true_color_(captions).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Solar_System_true_color_%28captions%29.jpg/960px-Solar_System_true_color_%28captions%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Solar_System_true_color_%28captions%29.jpg/1200px-Solar_System_true_color_%28captions%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>The Sun's, planets', dwarf planets' and moons' size to scale, labelled. Distance of objects is not to scale. The asteroid belt lies between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, the Kuiper belt lies beyond Neptune's orbit.</figcaption></figure> Dwarf planets are gravitationally rounded, but have not cleared their orbits of other <a href="/wiki/Small_Solar_System_body" title="Small Solar System body">bodies</a>. In increasing order of average distance from the Sun, the ones generally agreed among astronomers are <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sedna_(dwarf_planet)" title="Sedna (dwarf planet)">Sedna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Grundy2019-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-JWST-33">[33]</a> Ceres is the largest object in the <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">asteroid belt</a>, located between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. The other eight all orbit beyond Neptune. Orcus, Pluto, Haumea, Quaoar, and Makemake orbit in the <a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a>, which is a second belt of small Solar System bodies beyond the orbit of Neptune. Gonggong and Eris orbit in the <a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">scattered disc</a>, which is somewhat further out and, unlike the Kuiper belt, is unstable towards interactions with Neptune. Sedna is the largest known <a href="/wiki/Detached_object" title="Detached object">detached object</a>, a population that never comes close enough to the Sun to interact with any of the classical planets; the origins of their orbits are still being debated. All nine are similar to terrestrial planets in having a solid surface, but they are made of ice and rock rather than rock and metal. Moreover, all of them are smaller than Mercury, with Pluto being the largest known dwarf planet and Eris being the most massive.<a href="#cite_note-Brown_Schaller_2007-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> There are at least nineteen <a href="/wiki/Planetary-mass_moon" title="Planetary-mass moon">planetary-mass moons</a> or satellite planets—moons large enough to take on ellipsoidal shapes:<a href="#cite_note-planetarysociety-4">[4]</a> <ul><li>One satellite of Earth: the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a></li> <li>Four <a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">satellites of Jupiter</a>: <a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a></li> <li>Seven <a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn">satellites of Saturn</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mimas_(moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimas (moon)">Mimas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enceladus" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tethys_(moon)" title="Tethys (moon)">Tethys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dione_(moon)" title="Dione (moon)">Dione</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhea_(moon)" title="Rhea (moon)">Rhea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iapetus_(moon)" title="Iapetus (moon)">Iapetus</a></li> <li>Five <a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus" title="Moons of Uranus">satellites of Uranus</a>: <a href="/wiki/Miranda_(moon)" title="Miranda (moon)">Miranda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ariel_(moon)" title="Ariel (moon)">Ariel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umbriel" title="Umbriel">Umbriel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titania_(moon)" title="Titania (moon)">Titania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oberon_(moon)" title="Oberon (moon)">Oberon</a></li> <li>One <a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune" title="Moons of Neptune">satellite of Neptune</a>: <a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a></li> <li>One <a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Pluto" title="Moons of Pluto">satellite of Pluto</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charon_(moon)" title="Charon (moon)">Charon</a></li></ul> The Moon, Io, and Europa have compositions similar to the terrestrial planets; the others are made of ice and rock like the dwarf planets, with <a href="/wiki/Tethys_(moon)" title="Tethys (moon)">Tethys</a> being made of almost pure ice. Europa is often considered an icy planet, though, because its surface ice layer makes it difficult to study its interior.<a href="#cite_note-planetarysociety-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Ganymede and Titan are larger than Mercury by radius, and Callisto almost equals it, but all three are much less massive. Mimas is the smallest object generally agreed to be a <a href="/wiki/Geophysical_definition_of_planet" title="Geophysical definition of planet">geophysical planet</a>, at about six millionths of Earth's mass, though there are many larger bodies that may not be geophysical planets (e.g. <a href="/wiki/120347_Salacia" title="120347 Salacia">Salacia</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Grundy2019-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exoplanets">Exoplanets</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">Exoplanet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exoplanet_detections_per_year.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Exoplanet detections per year" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Exoplanet_detections_per_year.png/260px-Exoplanet_detections_per_year.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Exoplanet_detections_per_year.png/390px-Exoplanet_detections_per_year.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Exoplanet_detections_per_year.png/520px-Exoplanet_detections_per_year.png 2x" data-file-width="5750" data-file-height="3500" /></a><figcaption>Exoplanet detections per year as of August 2023 (by <a href="/wiki/NASA_Exoplanet_Archive" title="NASA Exoplanet Archive">NASA Exoplanet Archive</a>)<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></figcaption></figure> An <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">exoplanet</a> is a planet outside the Solar System. As of 26 January 2024, there are 7,408 confirmed <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">exoplanets</a> in 5,086 <a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">planetary systems</a>, with 1,033 systems <a href="/wiki/List_of_multiplanetary_systems" title="List of multiplanetary systems">having more than one planet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Exoplanet_Catalog_(EPE)-38">[38]</a> Known exoplanets range in size from gas giants <a href="/wiki/WASP-17b" title="WASP-17b">about twice as large as Jupiter</a> down to <a href="/wiki/Kepler-37b" title="Kepler-37b">just over the size of the Moon</a>. Analysis of <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_microlensing" title="Gravitational microlensing">gravitational microlensing</a> data suggests a minimum average of 1.6 bound planets for every star in the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nature.com-39">[39]</a> In early 1992, radio astronomers <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Wolszczan" title="Aleksander Wolszczan">Aleksander Wolszczan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dale_Frail" title="Dale Frail">Dale Frail</a> announced the discovery of two planets orbiting the <a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">pulsar</a> <a href="/wiki/PSR_1257%2B12" class="mw-redirect" title="PSR 1257+12">PSR 1257+12</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wolszczan-40">[40]</a> This discovery was confirmed and is generally considered to be the first definitive detection of exoplanets. Researchers suspect they formed from a disk remnant left over from the <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a> that produced the pulsar.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The first confirmed discovery of an exoplanet orbiting an ordinary <a href="/wiki/Main_sequence" title="Main sequence">main-sequence</a> star occurred on 6 October 1995, when <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Michel Mayor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Didier Queloz</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Geneva" title="University of Geneva">University of Geneva</a> announced the detection of <a href="/wiki/51_Pegasi_b" title="51 Pegasi b">51 Pegasi b</a>, an exoplanet around <a href="/wiki/51_Pegasi" title="51 Pegasi">51 Pegasi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-whatworlds-42">[42]</a> From then until the <a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler space telescope</a> mission, most of the known exoplanets were gas giants comparable in mass to Jupiter or larger as they were more easily detected. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_using_the_Kepler_space_telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="List of exoplanets discovered using the Kepler space telescope">catalog of Kepler candidate planets</a> consists mostly of planets the size of Neptune and smaller, down to smaller than Mercury.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barclay-2013-44">[44]</a> In 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler space telescope</a> team reported the discovery of the first Earth-sized exoplanets orbiting a <a href="/wiki/Solar_analog" title="Solar analog">Sun-like star</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kepler-20e" title="Kepler-20e">Kepler-20e</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kepler-20f" title="Kepler-20f">Kepler-20f</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-20111220-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nature-20111220-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20111220-47">[47]</a> Since that time, more than 100 planets have been identified that are approximately the <a href="/wiki/Earth_radius" title="Earth radius">same size as Earth</a>, 20 of which orbit in the <a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_habitable_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumstellar habitable zone">habitable zone</a> of their star—the range of orbits where a terrestrial planet could sustain liquid water on its surface, given enough atmospheric pressure.<a href="#cite_note-kopparapu-2013-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> One in five Sun-like stars is thought to have an Earth-sized planet in its habitable zone, which suggests that the nearest would be expected to be within 12 <a href="/wiki/Light-year" title="Light-year">light-years</a> distance from Earth.<a href="#cite_note-1in5earthsized-53">[a]</a> The frequency of occurrence of such terrestrial planets is one of the variables in the <a href="/wiki/Drake_equation" title="Drake equation">Drake equation</a>, which estimates the number of <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">intelligent, communicating civilizations</a> that exist in the Milky Way.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> There are types of planets that do not exist in the Solar System: <a href="/wiki/Super-Earth" title="Super-Earth">super-Earths</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mini-Neptune" title="Mini-Neptune">mini-Neptunes</a>, which have masses between that of Earth and Neptune. Objects less than about twice the mass of Earth are expected to be rocky like Earth; beyond that, they become a mixture of volatiles and gas like Neptune.<a href="#cite_note-ChenKipping-55">[54]</a> The planet <a href="/wiki/Gliese_581c" title="Gliese 581c">Gliese 581c</a>, with a mass 5.5–10.4 times the mass of Earth,<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> attracted attention upon its discovery for potentially being in the habitable zone,<a href="#cite_note-BBC1-57">[56]</a> though later studies concluded that it is actually too close to its star to be habitable.<a href="#cite_note-blo07-58">[57]</a> Planets more massive than Jupiter are also known, extending seamlessly into the realm of brown dwarfs.<a href="#cite_note-Hatzes-59">[58]</a> Exoplanets have been found that are much closer to their parent star than any planet in the Solar System is to the Sun. Mercury, the closest planet to the Sun at 0.4 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a>, takes 88 days for an orbit, but <a href="/wiki/Ultra-short_period_planet" title="Ultra-short period planet">ultra-short period planets</a> can orbit in less than a day. The <a href="/wiki/Kepler-11" title="Kepler-11">Kepler-11</a> system has five of its planets in shorter orbits than Mercury's, all of them much more massive than Mercury. There are <a href="/wiki/Hot_Jupiter" title="Hot Jupiter">hot Jupiters</a>, such as 51 Pegasi b,<a href="#cite_note-whatworlds-42">[42]</a> that orbit very close to their star and may evaporate to become <a href="/wiki/Chthonian_planet" title="Chthonian planet">chthonian planets</a>, which are the leftover cores. There are also exoplanets that are much farther from their star. Neptune is 30 AU from the Sun and takes 165 years to orbit, but there are exoplanets that are thousands of AU from their star and take more than a million years to orbit (e.g. <a href="/wiki/COCONUTS-2b" title="COCONUTS-2b">COCONUTS-2b</a>).<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attributes">Attributes</h2></div> Although each planet has unique physical characteristics, a number of broad commonalities do exist among them. Some of these characteristics, such as <a href="/wiki/Ring_system" title="Ring system">rings</a> or natural satellites, have only as yet been observed in planets in the Solar System, whereas others are commonly observed in exoplanets.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dynamic_characteristics">Dynamic characteristics</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Orbit">Orbit</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">Orbit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orbital_elements" title="Orbital elements">orbital elements</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kepler%27s_laws_of_planetary_motion" title="Kepler's laws of planetary motion">Kepler's laws of planetary motion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exoplanetology#Orbital_parameters" class="mw-redirect" title="Exoplanetology">Exoplanetology § Orbital parameters</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TheKuiperBelt_Orbits_Pluto_Ecliptic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/TheKuiperBelt_Orbits_Pluto_Ecliptic.svg/330px-TheKuiperBelt_Orbits_Pluto_Ecliptic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/TheKuiperBelt_Orbits_Pluto_Ecliptic.svg/450px-TheKuiperBelt_Orbits_Pluto_Ecliptic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/TheKuiperBelt_Orbits_Pluto_Ecliptic.svg/600px-TheKuiperBelt_Orbits_Pluto_Ecliptic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>The orbit of the planet Neptune compared to that of <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a>. Note the elongation of Pluto's orbit in relation to Neptune's (<a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">eccentricity</a>), as well as its large angle to the ecliptic (<a href="/wiki/Inclination" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclination">inclination</a>).</figcaption></figure> In the Solar System, all the planets orbit the Sun in the same direction as the <a href="/wiki/Solar_rotation" title="Solar rotation">Sun rotates</a>: <a href="/wiki/Counter-clockwise" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-clockwise">counter-clockwise</a> as seen from above the Sun's north pole. At least one exoplanet, <a href="/wiki/WASP-17b" title="WASP-17b">WASP-17b</a>, has been found to orbit in the opposite direction to its star's rotation.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> The period of one revolution of a planet's orbit is known as its <a href="/wiki/Sidereal_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidereal period">sidereal period</a> or year.<a href="#cite_note-young-63">[62]</a> A planet's year depends on its distance from its star; the farther a planet is from its star, the longer the distance it must travel and the slower its speed, since it is less affected by its star's <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a>. No planet's orbit is perfectly circular, and hence the distance of each from the host star varies over the course of its year. The closest approach to its star is called its <a href="/wiki/Periastron" class="mw-redirect" title="Periastron">periastron</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Perihelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion">perihelion</a> in the Solar System, whereas its farthest separation from the star is called its <a href="/wiki/Apastron" class="mw-redirect" title="Apastron">apastron</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aphelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphelion">aphelion</a>). As a planet approaches periastron, its speed increases as it trades <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_energy" title="Gravitational energy">gravitational potential energy</a> for <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a>, just as a falling object on Earth accelerates as it falls. As the planet nears apastron, its speed decreases, just as an object thrown upwards on Earth slows down as it reaches the apex of its <a href="/wiki/Trajectory" title="Trajectory">trajectory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> Each planet's orbit is delineated by a set of elements: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">eccentricity</a> of an orbit describes the elongation of a planet's elliptical (oval) orbit. Planets with low eccentricities have more circular orbits, whereas planets with high eccentricities have more elliptical orbits. The planets and large moons in the Solar System have relatively low eccentricities, and thus nearly circular orbits.<a href="#cite_note-young-63">[62]</a> The comets and many Kuiper belt objects, as well as several exoplanets, have very high eccentricities, and thus exceedingly elliptical orbits.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Semi-major_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-major axis">semi-major axis</a> gives the size of the orbit. It is the distance from the midpoint to the longest diameter of its elliptical orbit. This distance is not the same as its apastron, because no planet's orbit has its star at its exact centre.<a href="#cite_note-young-63">[62]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Inclination" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclination">inclination</a> of a planet tells how far above or below an established reference plane its orbit is tilted. In the Solar System, the reference plane is the plane of Earth's orbit, called the <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a>. For exoplanets, the plane, known as the sky plane or plane of the sky, is the plane perpendicular to the observer's line of sight from Earth.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> The orbits of the eight major planets of the Solar System all lie very close to the ecliptic; however, some smaller objects like Pallas, Pluto, and Eris orbit at far more extreme angles to it, as do comets.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> The large moons are generally not very inclined to their parent planets' <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equators</a>, but Earth's Moon, Saturn's Iapetus, and Neptune's Triton are exceptions. Triton is unique among the large moons in that it orbits <a href="/wiki/Retrograde_and_prograde_motion" title="Retrograde and prograde motion">retrograde</a>, i.e. in the direction opposite to its parent planet's rotation.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a></li> <li>The points at which a planet crosses above and below its reference plane are called its <a href="/wiki/Ascending_node" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascending node">ascending</a> and <a href="/wiki/Descending_node" class="mw-redirect" title="Descending node">descending nodes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-young-63">[62]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Longitude_of_the_ascending_node" title="Longitude of the ascending node">longitude of the ascending node</a> is the angle between the reference plane's 0 longitude and the planet's ascending node. The <a href="/wiki/Argument_of_periapsis" title="Argument of periapsis">argument of periapsis</a> (or perihelion in the Solar System) is the angle between a planet's ascending node and its closest approach to its star.<a href="#cite_note-young-63">[62]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Axial_tilt">Axial tilt</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">Axial tilt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AxialTiltObliquity.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/AxialTiltObliquity.png/250px-AxialTiltObliquity.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/AxialTiltObliquity.png/330px-AxialTiltObliquity.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/AxialTiltObliquity.png/500px-AxialTiltObliquity.png 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>Earth's <a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">axial tilt</a> is about 23.4°. It oscillates between 22.1° and 24.5° on a 41,000-year cycle and is currently decreasing.</figcaption></figure> Planets have varying degrees of axial tilt; they spin at an angle to the <a href="/wiki/Reference_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Reference plane">plane</a> of their stars' equators. This causes the amount of light received by each hemisphere to vary over the course of its year; when the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a> points away from its star, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a> points towards it, and vice versa. Each planet therefore has <a href="/wiki/Season" title="Season">seasons</a>, resulting in changes to the <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> over the course of its year. The time at which each hemisphere points farthest or nearest from its star is known as its <a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">solstice</a>. Each planet has two in the course of its orbit; when one hemisphere has its summer solstice with its day being the longest, the other has its winter solstice when its day is shortest. The varying amount of light and heat received by each hemisphere creates annual changes in weather patterns for each half of the planet. Jupiter's axial tilt is very small, so its seasonal variation is minimal; Uranus, on the other hand, has an axial tilt so extreme it is virtually on its side, which means that its hemispheres are either continually in sunlight or continually in darkness around the time of <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Uranus" title="Climate of Uranus">its solstices</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Weather-70">[69]</a> In the Solar System, Mercury, Venus, Ceres, and Jupiter have very small tilts; Pallas, Uranus, and Pluto have extreme ones; and Earth, Mars, Vesta, Saturn, and Neptune have moderate ones.<a href="#cite_note-factsheets-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schorghofer2016-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carry2009-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thomas1997b-74">[73]</a> Among exoplanets, axial tilts are not known for certain, though most hot Jupiters are believed to have a negligible axial tilt as a result of their proximity to their stars.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> Similarly, the axial tilts of the planetary-mass moons are near zero,<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> with Earth's Moon at 6.687° as the biggest exception;<a href="#cite_note-Lang2011-77">[76]</a> additionally, Callisto's axial tilt varies between 0 and about 2 degrees on timescales of thousands of years.<a href="#cite_note-galileantilt-78">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rotation">Rotation</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Exoplanetology#Rotation_and_axial_tilt" class="mw-redirect" title="Exoplanetology">Exoplanetology § Rotation and axial tilt</a></div> The planets rotate around invisible axes through their centres. A planet's <a href="/wiki/Rotation_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotation period">rotation period</a> is known as a <a href="/wiki/Day" title="Day">stellar day</a>. Most of the planets in the Solar System rotate in the same direction as they orbit the Sun, which is counter-clockwise as seen from above the Sun's <a href="/wiki/Poles_of_astronomical_bodies#Geographic_poles" title="Poles of astronomical bodies">north pole</a>. The exceptions are Venus<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> and Uranus,<a href="#cite_note-Belton-1984-80">[79]</a> which rotate clockwise, though Uranus's extreme axial tilt means there are differing conventions on which of its poles is "north", and therefore whether it is rotating clockwise or anti-clockwise.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> Regardless of which convention is used, Uranus has a <a href="/wiki/Retrograde_rotation" class="mw-redirect" title="Retrograde rotation">retrograde rotation</a> relative to its orbit.<a href="#cite_note-Belton-1984-80">[79]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Solar_system_bodies_rotation_animation.svg"><img resource="/wiki/File:Solar_system_bodies_rotation_animation.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Solar_system_bodies_rotation_animation.svg/250px-Solar_system_bodies_rotation_animation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Solar_system_bodies_rotation_animation.svg/330px-Solar_system_bodies_rotation_animation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Solar_system_bodies_rotation_animation.svg/500px-Solar_system_bodies_rotation_animation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of the rotation period (sped up 10 000 times, negative values denoting retrograde), flattening and axial tilt of the planets and the Moon <a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Solar_system_bodies_rotation_animation.svg">(SVG animation)</a></figcaption></figure> The rotation of a planet can be induced by several factors during formation. A net <a href="/wiki/Angular_momentum" title="Angular momentum">angular momentum</a> can be induced by the individual angular momentum contributions of accreted objects. The accretion of gas by the giant planets contributes to the angular momentum. Finally, during the last stages of planet building, a <a href="/wiki/Stochastic_process" title="Stochastic process">stochastic process</a> of protoplanetary accretion can randomly alter the spin axis of the planet.<a href="#cite_note-araa31-82">[81]</a> There is great variation in the length of day between the planets, with Venus taking 243 <a href="/wiki/Julian_day" title="Julian day">days</a> to rotate, and the giant planets only a few hours.<a href="#cite_note-planetcompare-83">[82]</a> The rotational periods of exoplanets are not known, but for <a href="/wiki/Hot_Jupiter" title="Hot Jupiter">hot Jupiters</a>, their proximity to their stars means that they are <a href="/wiki/Tidal_locking" title="Tidal locking">tidally locked</a> (that is, their orbits are in sync with their rotations). This means, they always show one face to their stars, with one side in perpetual day, the other in perpetual night.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> Mercury and Venus, the closest planets to the Sun, similarly exhibit very slow rotation: Mercury is tidally locked into a 3:2 spin–orbit resonance (rotating three times for every two revolutions around the Sun),<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> and Venus's rotation may be in equilibrium between <a href="/wiki/Tidal_force" title="Tidal force">tidal forces</a> slowing it down and <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_tide" title="Atmospheric tide">atmospheric tides</a> created by solar heating speeding it up.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> All the large moons are tidally locked to their parent planets;<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> Pluto and Charon are tidally locked to each other,<a href="#cite_note-Young1997-89">[88]</a> as are Eris and Dysnomia,<a href="#cite_note-Szakats2022-90">[89]</a> and probably <a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a> and its moon <a href="/wiki/Vanth_(moon)" title="Vanth (moon)">Vanth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brown2023-91">[90]</a> The other dwarf planets with known rotation periods rotate faster than Earth; Haumea rotates so fast that it has been distorted into a <a href="/wiki/Triaxial_ellipsoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Triaxial ellipsoid">triaxial ellipsoid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rabinowitz2005-92">[91]</a> The exoplanet <a href="/wiki/Tau_Bo%C3%B6tis_b" title="Tau Boötis b">Tau Boötis b</a> and its parent star <a href="/wiki/Tau_Bo%C3%B6tis" title="Tau Boötis">Tau Boötis</a> appear to be mutually tidally locked.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Orbital_clearing">Orbital clearing</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Clearing_the_neighbourhood" title="Clearing the neighbourhood">Clearing the neighbourhood</a></div> The defining dynamic characteristic of a planet, according to the IAU definition, is that it has cleared its neighborhood. A planet that has cleared its neighborhood has accumulated enough mass to gather up or sweep away all the <a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">planetesimals</a> in its orbit. In effect, it orbits its star in isolation, as opposed to sharing its orbit with a multitude of similar-sized objects. As described above, this characteristic was mandated as part of the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">IAU</a>'s official <a href="/wiki/2006_definition_of_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 definition of planet">definition of a planet</a> in August 2006.<a href="#cite_note-IAU-2">[2]</a> Although to date this criterion only applies to the Solar System, a number of young extrasolar systems have been found in which evidence suggests orbital clearing is taking place within their <a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_disc" title="Circumstellar disc">circumstellar discs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_characteristics">Physical characteristics</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Size_and_shape">Size and shape</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Earth#Size_and_shape" title="Earth">Earth § Size and shape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_body#Size" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomical body">Astronomical body § Size</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Planetary_coordinate_system" title="Planetary coordinate system">Planetary coordinate system</a></div> Gravity causes planets to be pulled into a roughly spherical shape, so a planet's size can be expressed roughly by an average radius (for example, <a href="/wiki/Earth_radius_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth radius (unit)">Earth radius</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_radius" title="Jupiter radius">Jupiter radius</a>). However, planets are not perfectly spherical; for example, the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation" title="Earth's rotation">Earth's rotation</a> causes it to be slightly flattened at the poles with a <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_bulge" title="Equatorial bulge">bulge around the equator</a>.<a href="#cite_note-milbert_smith96-96">[95]</a> Therefore, a better approximation of Earth's shape is an <a href="/wiki/Oblate_spheroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Oblate spheroid">oblate spheroid</a>, whose equatorial diameter is 43 kilometers (27 mi) larger than the <a href="/wiki/Geographical_pole" title="Geographical pole">pole</a>-to-pole diameter.<a href="#cite_note-ngdc2006-97">[96]</a> Generally, a planet's shape may be described by giving polar and equatorial radii of a <a href="/wiki/Spheroid" title="Spheroid">spheroid</a> or specifying a <a href="/wiki/Reference_ellipsoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Reference ellipsoid">reference ellipsoid</a>. From such a specification, the planet's flattening, surface area, and volume can be calculated; its <a href="/wiki/Normal_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal gravity">normal gravity</a> can be computed knowing its size, shape, rotation rate, and mass.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mass">Mass</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Planetary_mass" title="Planetary mass">Planetary mass</a></div> A planet's defining physical characteristic is that it is massive enough for the force of its own gravity to dominate over the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic force">electromagnetic forces</a> binding its physical structure, leading to a state of <a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_equilibrium" title="Hydrostatic equilibrium">hydrostatic equilibrium</a>. This effectively means that all planets are spherical or spheroidal. Up to a certain mass, an object can be irregular in shape, but beyond that point, which varies depending on the chemical makeup of the object, gravity begins to pull an object towards its own centre of mass until the object collapses into a sphere.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> Mass is the prime attribute by which planets are distinguished from stars. No objects between the masses of the Sun and Jupiter exist in the Solar System, but there are exoplanets of this size. The lower <a href="/wiki/Stellar_mass" title="Stellar mass">stellar mass</a> limit is estimated to be around 75 to 80 times that of Jupiter (<a href="/wiki/Jupiter_mass" title="Jupiter mass"><var>M</var>J</a>). Some authors advocate that this be used as the upper limit for planethood, on the grounds that the internal physics of objects does not change between approximately one Saturn mass (beginning of significant self-compression) and the onset of hydrogen burning and becoming a <a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf">red dwarf</a> star.<a href="#cite_note-ChenKipping-55">[54]</a> Beyond roughly 13 <var>M</var>J (at least for objects with solar-type <a href="/wiki/Isotopic_abundance" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotopic abundance">isotopic abundance</a>), an object achieves conditions suitable for <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">nuclear fusion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</a>: this has sometimes been advocated as a boundary,<a href="#cite_note-exoworkdef-100">[99]</a> even though deuterium burning does not last very long and most brown dwarfs have long since finished burning their deuterium.<a href="#cite_note-Hatzes-59">[58]</a> This is not universally agreed upon: the <a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_Planets_Encyclopaedia" title="Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia">exoplanets Encyclopaedia</a> includes objects up to 60 <var>M</var>J,<a href="#cite_note-corot-101">[100]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet_Data_Explorer" title="Exoplanet Data Explorer">Exoplanet Data Explorer</a> up to 24 <var>M</var>J.<a href="#cite_note-eod-102">[101]</a> The smallest known exoplanet with an accurately known mass is <a href="/wiki/PSR_B1257%2B12A" class="mw-redirect" title="PSR B1257+12A">PSR B1257+12A</a>, one of the first exoplanets discovered, which was found in 1992 in orbit around a <a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">pulsar</a>. Its mass is roughly half that of the planet Mercury.<a href="#cite_note-konacki2003-103">[102]</a> Even smaller is <a href="/wiki/WD_1145%2B017_b" title="WD 1145+017 b">WD 1145+017 b</a>, orbiting a white dwarf; its mass is roughly that of the dwarf planet Haumea, and it is typically termed a minor planet.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> The smallest known planet orbiting a main-sequence star other than the Sun is <a href="/wiki/Kepler-37b" title="Kepler-37b">Kepler-37b</a>, with a mass (and radius) that is probably slightly higher than that of the Moon.<a href="#cite_note-Barclay-2013-44">[44]</a> The smallest object in the Solar System generally agreed to be a geophysical planet is Saturn's moon Mimas, with a radius about 3.1% of Earth's and a mass about 0.00063% of Earth's.<a href="#cite_note-Jacobson2022-105">[104]</a> Saturn's smaller moon <a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(moon)" title="Phoebe (moon)">Phoebe</a>, currently an irregular body of 1.7% Earth's radius<a href="#cite_note-Thomas2010-106">[105]</a> and 0.00014% Earth's mass,<a href="#cite_note-Jacobson2022-105">[104]</a> is thought to have attained hydrostatic equilibrium and differentiation early in its history before being battered out of shape by impacts.<a href="#cite_note-planetlike-107">[106]</a> Some asteroids may be fragments of <a href="/wiki/Protoplanet" title="Protoplanet">protoplanets</a> that began to accrete and differentiate, but suffered catastrophic collisions, leaving only a metallic or rocky core today,<a href="#cite_note-Gaffey1984-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hardersen-Gaffey-Abell-2005-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Asphaug-Reufer-2014-110">[109]</a> or a reaccumulation of the resulting debris.<a href="#cite_note-Yang2020-111">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Internal_differentiation">Internal differentiation</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Planetary_differentiation" title="Planetary differentiation">Planetary differentiation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jupiter_interior.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Jupiter_interior.png/250px-Jupiter_interior.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Jupiter_interior.png/330px-Jupiter_interior.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Jupiter_interior.png/500px-Jupiter_interior.png 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of the interior of Jupiter, with a rocky core overlaid by a deep layer of metallic hydrogen</figcaption></figure> Every planet began its existence in an entirely fluid state; in early formation, the denser, heavier materials sank to the centre, leaving the lighter materials near the surface. Each therefore has a <a href="/wiki/Planetary_differentiation" title="Planetary differentiation">differentiated</a> interior consisting of a dense <a href="/wiki/Planetary_core" title="Planetary core">planetary core</a> surrounded by a <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a> that either is or was a <a href="/wiki/Fluid" title="Fluid">fluid</a>. The terrestrial planets' mantles are sealed within hard <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crusts</a>,<a href="#cite_note-terrestrial-112">[111]</a> but in the giant planets the mantle simply blends into the upper cloud layers. The terrestrial planets have cores of elements such as <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> and mantles of <a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicates</a>. Jupiter and Saturn are believed to have cores of rock and metal surrounded by mantles of <a href="/wiki/Metallic_hydrogen" title="Metallic hydrogen">metallic hydrogen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> Uranus and Neptune, which are smaller, have rocky cores surrounded by mantles of water, <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Volatile_(astrogeology)" title="Volatile (astrogeology)">ices</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> The fluid action within these planets' cores creates a <a href="/wiki/Geodynamo" class="mw-redirect" title="Geodynamo">geodynamo</a> that generates a <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a>.<a href="#cite_note-terrestrial-112">[111]</a> Similar differentiation processes are believed to have occurred on some of the large moons and dwarf planets,<a href="#cite_note-Grundy2019-32">[32]</a> though the process may not always have been completed: Ceres, Callisto, and Titan appear to be incompletely differentiated.<a href="#cite_note-Neumann2015-115">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Monteux2014-116">[115]</a> The asteroid Vesta, though not a dwarf planet because it was battered by impacts out of roundness, has a differentiated interior<a href="#cite_note-Vestainterior-117">[116]</a> similar to that of Venus, Earth, and Mars.<a href="#cite_note-Asphaug-Reufer-2014-110">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Atmosphere">Atmosphere</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">Atmosphere</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_atmospheres" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraterrestrial atmospheres">extraterrestrial atmospheres</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_skies" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraterrestrial skies">Extraterrestrial skies</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg/250px-Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg/330px-Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg/500px-Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3027" data-file-height="2010" /></a><figcaption>Earth's atmosphere</figcaption></figure> All of the Solar System planets <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mercury" title="Atmosphere of Mercury">except Mercury</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> have substantial <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmospheres</a> because their gravity is strong enough to keep gases close to the surface. Saturn's largest moon <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a> also has a substantial atmosphere thicker than that of Earth;<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> Neptune's largest moon <a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a><a href="#cite_note-Solar_System-120">[119]</a> and the dwarf planet <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> have more tenuous atmospheres.<a href="#cite_note-Lellouch_2015-121">[120]</a> The larger giant planets are massive enough to keep large amounts of the light gases hydrogen and helium, whereas the smaller planets lose these gases into <a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_medium" title="Interplanetary medium">space</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> Analysis of exoplanets suggests that the threshold for being able to hold on to these light gases occurs at about 2.0+0.7 −0.6 M🜨, so that Earth and Venus are near the maximum size for rocky planets.<a href="#cite_note-ChenKipping-55">[54]</a> The composition of Earth's atmosphere is different from the other planets because the various life processes that have transpired on the planet have introduced free molecular <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-zeilik-123">[122]</a> The atmospheres of Mars and Venus are both dominated by <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, but differ drastically in density: the average surface pressure of <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars" title="Atmosphere of Mars">Mars's atmosphere</a> is less than 1% that of Earth's (too low to allow liquid water to exist),<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> while the average surface pressure of <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Venus" title="Atmosphere of Venus">Venus's atmosphere</a> is about 92 times that of Earth's.<a href="#cite_note-Basilevsky2003-125">[124]</a> It is likely that Venus's atmosphere was the result of a <a href="/wiki/Runaway_greenhouse_effect" title="Runaway greenhouse effect">runaway greenhouse effect</a> in its history, which today makes it the hottest planet by surface temperature, hotter even than Mercury.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> Despite hostile surface conditions, temperature, and pressure at about 50–55 km altitude in Venus's atmosphere are close to Earthlike conditions (the only place in the Solar System beyond Earth where this is so), and this region has been suggested as a plausible base for future <a href="/wiki/Space_exploration#Human_spaceflight_and_habitation" title="Space exploration">human exploration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Badescu-127">[126]</a> Titan has the only <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>-rich planetary atmosphere in the Solar System other than Earth's. Just as Earth's conditions are close to the <a href="/wiki/Triple_point" title="Triple point">triple point</a> of water, allowing it to exist in all three states on the planet's surface, so Titan's are to the triple point of <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> Planetary atmospheres are affected by the varying <a href="/wiki/Insolation" class="mw-redirect" title="Insolation">insolation</a> or internal energy, leading to the formation of dynamic <a href="/wiki/Weather_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Weather system">weather systems</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane">hurricanes</a> (on Earth), planet-wide <a href="/wiki/Dust_storm" title="Dust storm">dust storms</a> (on Mars), a greater-than-Earth-sized <a href="/wiki/Anticyclonic_storm" title="Anticyclonic storm">anticyclone</a> on Jupiter (called the <a href="/wiki/Great_Red_Spot" title="Great Red Spot">Great Red Spot</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Great_Dark_Spot" title="Great Dark Spot">holes in the atmosphere</a> (on Neptune).<a href="#cite_note-Weather-70">[69]</a> Weather patterns detected on exoplanets include a hot region on <a href="/wiki/HD_189733_b" title="HD 189733 b">HD 189733 b</a> twice the size of the Great Red Spot,<a href="#cite_note-knutson-129">[128]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">clouds</a> on the hot Jupiter <a href="/wiki/Kepler-7b" title="Kepler-7b">Kepler-7b</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ArXiv-20130930-130">[129]</a> the super-Earth <a href="/wiki/Gliese_1214_b" class="mw-redirect" title="Gliese 1214 b">Gliese 1214 b</a>, and others.<a href="#cite_note-NAT-20140101a-131">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> Hot Jupiters, due to their extreme proximities to their host stars, have been shown to be losing their atmospheres into space due to stellar radiation, much like the tails of comets.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> These planets may have vast differences in temperature between their day and night sides that produce supersonic winds,<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> although multiple factors are involved and the details of the atmospheric dynamics that affect the day-night temperature difference are complex.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Magnetosphere">Magnetosphere</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere">Magnetosphere</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/w/index.php?title=File:Structure_of_the_magnetosphere_LanguageSwitch.svg&lang=en" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Structure_of_the_magnetosphere_LanguageSwitch.svg/250px-Structure_of_the_magnetosphere_LanguageSwitch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Structure_of_the_magnetosphere_LanguageSwitch.svg/330px-Structure_of_the_magnetosphere_LanguageSwitch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Structure_of_the_magnetosphere_LanguageSwitch.svg/500px-Structure_of_the_magnetosphere_LanguageSwitch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">Earth's magnetosphere</a> (diagram)</figcaption></figure> One important characteristic of the planets is their intrinsic <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_moment" title="Magnetic moment">magnetic moments</a>, which in turn give rise to magnetospheres. The presence of a magnetic field indicates that the planet is still geologically alive. In other words, magnetized planets have flows of <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductivity">electrically conducting</a> material in their interiors, which generate their magnetic fields. These fields significantly change the interaction of the planet and solar wind. A magnetized planet creates a cavity in the solar wind around itself called the magnetosphere, which the wind cannot penetrate. The magnetosphere can be much larger than the planet itself. In contrast, non-magnetized planets have only small magnetospheres induced by interaction of the <a href="/wiki/Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">ionosphere</a> with the solar wind, which cannot effectively protect the planet.<a href="#cite_note-Kivelson2007-138">[137]</a> Of the eight planets in the Solar System, only Venus and Mars lack such a magnetic field.<a href="#cite_note-Kivelson2007-138">[137]</a> Of the magnetized planets, the magnetic field of Mercury is the weakest and is barely able to deflect the <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a>. Jupiter's moon <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a> has a magnetic field several times stronger, and Jupiter's is the strongest in the Solar System (so intense in fact that it poses a serious health risk to future crewed missions to all its moons inward of Callisto<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a>). The magnetic fields of the other giant planets, measured at their surfaces, are roughly similar in strength to that of Earth, but their magnetic moments are significantly larger. The magnetic fields of Uranus and Neptune are strongly tilted relative to the planets' rotational <a href="/wiki/Axis_of_rotation" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis of rotation">axes</a> and displaced from the planets' centres.<a href="#cite_note-Kivelson2007-138">[137]</a> In 2003, a team of astronomers in Hawaii observing the star <a href="/wiki/HD_179949" title="HD 179949">HD 179949</a> detected a bright spot on its surface, apparently created by the magnetosphere of an orbiting hot Jupiter.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_characteristics">Secondary characteristics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">Natural satellite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ring_system" title="Ring system">ring system</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Voyager_2_-_Saturn_Rings_-_3085_7800_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Voyager_2_-_Saturn_Rings_-_3085_7800_2.png/170px-Voyager_2_-_Saturn_Rings_-_3085_7800_2.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Voyager_2_-_Saturn_Rings_-_3085_7800_2.png/255px-Voyager_2_-_Saturn_Rings_-_3085_7800_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Voyager_2_-_Saturn_Rings_-_3085_7800_2.png/340px-Voyager_2_-_Saturn_Rings_-_3085_7800_2.png 2x" data-file-width="707" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn">rings of Saturn</a></figcaption></figure> Several planets or dwarf planets in the Solar System (such as Neptune and Pluto) have orbital periods that are in <a href="/wiki/Orbital_resonance" title="Orbital resonance">resonance</a> with each other or with smaller bodies. This is common in satellite systems (e.g. the resonance between Io, <a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a>, and Ganymede around Jupiter, or between Enceladus and Dione around Saturn). All except Mercury and Venus have <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">natural satellites</a>, often called "moons". Earth has one, Mars has two, and the giant planets have numerous moons in complex planetary-type systems. Except for Ceres and Sedna, all the consensus dwarf planets are known to have at least one moon as well. Many moons of the giant planets have features similar to those on the terrestrial planets and dwarf planets, and some have been studied as possible abodes of life (especially Europa and Enceladus).<a href="#cite_note-Grasset2000-142">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fortes2000-143">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-Taubner_et_al._2018-145">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-Affholder_et_al._2021-146">[145]</a> The four giant planets are orbited by <a href="/wiki/Planetary_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary ring">planetary rings</a> of varying size and complexity. The rings are composed primarily of dust or particulate matter, but can host tiny '<a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn#Propeller_moonlets" title="Rings of Saturn">moonlets</a>' whose gravity shapes and maintains their structure. Although the origins of planetary rings are not precisely known, they are believed to be the result of natural satellites that fell below their parent planets' <a href="/wiki/Roche_limit" title="Roche limit">Roche limits</a> and were torn apart by <a href="/wiki/Tidal_force" title="Tidal force">tidal forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> The dwarf planets Haumea<a href="#cite_note-Ortiz2017-149">[148]</a> and Quaoar also have rings.<a href="#cite_note-Morgado2023-150">[149]</a> No secondary characteristics have been observed around exoplanets. The <a href="/wiki/Sub-brown_dwarf" title="Sub-brown dwarf">sub-brown dwarf</a> <a href="/wiki/Cha_110913%E2%88%92773444" title="Cha 110913−773444">Cha 110913−773444</a>, which has been described as a <a href="/wiki/Rogue_planet" title="Rogue planet">rogue planet</a>, is believed to be orbited by a tiny <a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Protoplanetary disc">protoplanetary disc</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Luhman-151">[150]</a> and the sub-brown dwarf <a href="/wiki/OTS_44" title="OTS 44">OTS 44</a> was shown to be surrounded by a substantial protoplanetary disk of at least 10 Earth masses.<a href="#cite_note-joergens2013_AA558-152">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_etymology">History and etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_astronomy" title="History of astronomy">History of astronomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Solar_System_astronomy" title="Timeline of Solar System astronomy">Timeline of Solar System astronomy</a></div>The idea of planets has evolved over the history of astronomy, from the divine lights of antiquity to the earthly objects of the scientific age. The concept has expanded to include worlds not only in the Solar System, but in multitudes of other extrasolar systems. The consensus as to what counts as a planet, as opposed to other objects, has changed several times. It previously encompassed <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">moons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarf planets</a> like <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a>,<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-asteroids-154">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-metzger22-155">[154]</a> and there continues to be some disagreement today.<a href="#cite_note-metzger22-155">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_civilizations_and_classical_planets">Ancient civilizations and classical planets</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apparent_retrograde_motion_of_Mars_in_2003.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Apparent_retrograde_motion_of_Mars_in_2003.gif/250px-Apparent_retrograde_motion_of_Mars_in_2003.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Apparent_retrograde_motion_of_Mars_in_2003.gif/330px-Apparent_retrograde_motion_of_Mars_in_2003.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Apparent_retrograde_motion_of_Mars_in_2003.gif 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>The motion of 'lights' moving across the sky is the basis of the classical definition of planets: wandering stars.</figcaption></figure> The five <a href="/wiki/Classical_planet" title="Classical planet">classical planets</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>, being visible to the naked eye, have been known since ancient times and have had a significant impact on <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_cosmology" title="Religious cosmology">religious cosmology</a>, and ancient <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>. In ancient times, astronomers noted how certain lights moved across the sky, as opposed to the "<a href="/wiki/Fixed_stars" title="Fixed stars">fixed stars</a>", which maintained a constant relative position in the sky.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> Ancient Greeks called these lights <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:πλάνης">πλάνητες</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%80%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἀστήρ">ἀστέρες</a> (planētes asteres) 'wandering stars' or simply <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:πλανήτης">πλανῆται</a> (planētai) 'wanderers'<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> from which today's word "planet" was derived.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-oed-160">[159]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Ancient_China" title="History of China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, and indeed all pre-modern civilizations,<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> it was almost universally believed that Earth was the <a href="/wiki/Geocentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Geocentric">center of the Universe</a> and that all the "planets" circled Earth. The reasons for this perception were that stars and planets appeared to revolve around Earth each day<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> and the apparently <a href="/wiki/Common_sense" title="Common sense">common-sense</a> perceptions that Earth was solid and stable and that it was not moving but at rest.<a href="#cite_note-TMU-164">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Babylon">Babylon</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">Babylonian astronomy</a></div> The first civilization known to have a functional theory of the planets were the <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonians</a>, who lived in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> in the first and second millennia BC. The oldest surviving planetary astronomical text is the Babylonian <a href="/wiki/Venus_tablet_of_Ammisaduqa" title="Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa">Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa</a>, a 7th-century BC copy of a list of observations of the motions of the planet Venus, that probably dates as early as the second millennium BC.<a href="#cite_note-practice-165">[164]</a> The <a href="/wiki/MUL.APIN" title="MUL.APIN">MUL.APIN</a> is a pair of <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> tablets dating from the 7th century BC that lays out the motions of the Sun, Moon, and planets over the course of the year.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> Late Babylonian astronomy is the origin of Western astronomy and indeed all Western efforts in the <a href="/wiki/Exact_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Exact science">exact sciences</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Aaboe,_Asger-167">[166]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Enuma_anu_enlil" class="mw-redirect" title="Enuma anu enlil">Enuma anu enlil</a>, written during the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Assyrian">Neo-Assyrian</a> period in the 7th century BC,<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> comprises a list of <a href="/wiki/Omen" title="Omen">omens</a> and their relationships with various celestial phenomena including the motions of the planets.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-ancientmes-170">[169]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Inferior_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior planet">inferior planets</a> <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a> and the superior planets <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a> were all identified by <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">Babylonian astronomers</a>. These would remain the only known planets until the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescope</a> in early modern times.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greco-Roman_astronomy">Greco-Roman astronomy</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Ancient Greek astronomy</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greeks</a> initially did not attach as much significance to the planets as the Babylonians. In the 6th and 5th centuries BC, the <a href="/wiki/Pythagoreans" class="mw-redirect" title="Pythagoreans">Pythagoreans</a> appear to have developed <a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_astronomical_system" title="Pythagorean astronomical system">their own independent planetary theory</a>, which consisted of the Earth, Sun, Moon, and planets revolving around a "Central Fire" at the center of the Universe. <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a> or <a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a> is said to have been the first to identify the evening star (<a href="/wiki/Hesperos" class="mw-redirect" title="Hesperos">Hesperos</a>) and morning star (<a href="/wiki/Phosphoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphoros">Phosphoros</a>) as one and the same (<a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a>, Greek corresponding to Latin <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>),<a href="#cite_note-burnet-172">[171]</a> though this had long been known in Mesopotamia.<a href="#cite_note-Cooley-173">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> In the 3rd century BC, <a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Samos" title="Aristarchus of Samos">Aristarchus of Samos</a> proposed a <a href="/wiki/Heliocentrism" title="Heliocentrism">heliocentric</a> system, according to which Earth and the planets revolved around the Sun. The geocentric system remained dominant until the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TMU-164">[163]</a> By the 1st century BC, during the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>, the Greeks had begun to develop their own mathematical schemes for predicting the positions of the planets. These schemes, which were based on geometry rather than the arithmetic of the Babylonians, would eventually eclipse the Babylonians' theories in complexity and comprehensiveness and account for most of the astronomical movements observed from Earth with the naked eye. These theories would reach their fullest expression in the <a href="/wiki/Almagest" title="Almagest">Almagest</a> written by <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> in the 2nd century CE. So complete was the domination of Ptolemy's model that it superseded all previous works on astronomy and remained the definitive astronomical text in the Western world for 13 centuries.<a href="#cite_note-practice-165">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-almagest-175">[174]</a> To the Greeks and Romans, there were seven known planets, each presumed to be <a href="/wiki/Geocentric_model" title="Geocentric model">circling Earth</a> according to the complex laws laid out by Ptolemy. They were, in increasing order from Earth (in Ptolemy's order and using modern names): the Moon, Mercury, Venus, the Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn.<a href="#cite_note-oed-160">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-almagest-175">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_astronomy">Medieval astronomy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">Indian astronomy</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1660_illustration_of_Claudius_Ptolemy%27s_geocentric_model_of_the_Universe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/1660_illustration_of_Claudius_Ptolemy%27s_geocentric_model_of_the_Universe.jpg/330px-1660_illustration_of_Claudius_Ptolemy%27s_geocentric_model_of_the_Universe.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/1660_illustration_of_Claudius_Ptolemy%27s_geocentric_model_of_the_Universe.jpg/500px-1660_illustration_of_Claudius_Ptolemy%27s_geocentric_model_of_the_Universe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/1660_illustration_of_Claudius_Ptolemy%27s_geocentric_model_of_the_Universe.jpg/960px-1660_illustration_of_Claudius_Ptolemy%27s_geocentric_model_of_the_Universe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12970" data-file-height="10993" /></a><figcaption>1660 illustration of Claudius Ptolemy's geocentric model</figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of the Western Roman Empire</a>, astronomy developed further in India and the medieval Islamic world. In 499 CE, the Indian astronomer <a href="/wiki/Aryabhata" title="Aryabhata">Aryabhata</a> propounded a planetary model that explicitly incorporated <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation" title="Earth's rotation">Earth's rotation</a> about its axis, which he explains as the cause of what appears to be an apparent westward motion of the stars. He also theorized that the orbits of planets were <a href="/wiki/Ellipse" title="Ellipse">elliptical</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> Aryabhata's followers were particularly strong in <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>, where his principles of the diurnal rotation of Earth, among others, were followed and a number of secondary works were based on them.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> The astronomy of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a> mostly took place in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, and later in the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> and India. These astronomers, like the polymath <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham" title="Ibn al-Haytham">Ibn al-Haytham</a>, generally accepted geocentrism, although they did dispute Ptolemy's system of epicycles and sought alternatives. The 10th-century astronomer <a href="/wiki/Abu_Sa%27id_al-Sijzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Sa'id al-Sijzi">Abu Sa'id al-Sijzi</a> accepted that the Earth rotates around its axis.<a href="#cite_note-Scientia-179">[178]</a> In the 11th century, the <a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Venus" title="Transit of Venus">transit of Venus</a> was observed by <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> His contemporary <a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">Al-Biruni</a> devised a method of determining the Earth's radius using <a href="/wiki/Trigonometry" title="Trigonometry">trigonometry</a> that, unlike the older method of <a href="/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes">Eratosthenes</a>, only required observations at a single mountain.<a href="#cite_note-The_Lost_Art_of_Finding_Our_Way-181">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_Revolution_and_discovery_of_outer_planets">Scientific Revolution and discovery of outer planets</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Heliocentrism" title="Heliocentrism">Heliocentrism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Solar_System,_with_the_orbits_of_5_remarkable_comets._LOC_2013593161.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/The_Solar_System%2C_with_the_orbits_of_5_remarkable_comets._LOC_2013593161.jpg/220px-The_Solar_System%2C_with_the_orbits_of_5_remarkable_comets._LOC_2013593161.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/The_Solar_System%2C_with_the_orbits_of_5_remarkable_comets._LOC_2013593161.jpg/330px-The_Solar_System%2C_with_the_orbits_of_5_remarkable_comets._LOC_2013593161.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/The_Solar_System%2C_with_the_orbits_of_5_remarkable_comets._LOC_2013593161.jpg/440px-The_Solar_System%2C_with_the_orbits_of_5_remarkable_comets._LOC_2013593161.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3957" data-file-height="6475" /></a><figcaption>True-scale Solar System poster made by <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Bowen" title="Emanuel Bowen">Emanuel Bowen</a> in 1747. At that time, Uranus, Neptune, and the asteroid belts had all not yet been discovered.</figcaption></figure> With the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Heliocentric_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliocentric model">heliocentric model</a> of <a href="/wiki/Copernicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernicus">Copernicus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galileo" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileo">Galileo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kepler" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepler">Kepler</a>, use of the term "planet" changed from something that moved around the sky relative to the <a href="/wiki/Fixed_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed star">fixed star</a> to a body that orbited the Sun, directly (a primary planet) or indirectly (a secondary or satellite planet). Thus the Earth was added to the roster of planets,<a href="#cite_note-galileo_project-182">[181]</a> and the Sun was removed. The Copernican count of primary planets stood until 1781, when <a href="/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschel</a> discovered <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dreyer-183">[182]</a> When four satellites of Jupiter (the <a href="/wiki/Galilean_moons" title="Galilean moons">Galilean moons</a>) and five of Saturn were discovered in the 17th century, they joined Earth's Moon in the category of "satellite planets" or "secondary planets" orbiting the primary planets, though in the following decades they would come to be called simply "satellites" for short. Scientists generally considered planetary satellites to also be planets until about the 1920s, although this usage was not common among non-scientists.<a href="#cite_note-metzger22-155">[154]</a> In the first decade of the 19th century, four new 'planets' were discovered: <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a> (in 1801), <a href="/wiki/2_Pallas" title="2 Pallas">Pallas</a> (in 1802), <a href="/wiki/3_Juno" title="3 Juno">Juno</a> (in 1804), and <a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">Vesta</a> (in 1807). It soon became apparent that they were rather different from previously known planets: they shared the same general region of space, between Mars and Jupiter (the <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">asteroid belt</a>), with sometimes overlapping orbits. This was an area where only one planet had been expected, and they were much smaller than all other planets; indeed, it was suspected that they might be shards of a larger planet that had broken up. Herschel called them <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroids</a> (from the Greek for "starlike") because even in the largest telescopes they resembled stars, without a resolvable disk.<a href="#cite_note-asteroids-154">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> The situation was stable for four decades, but in the 1840s several additional asteroids were discovered (<a href="/wiki/5_Astraea" title="5 Astraea">Astraea</a> in 1845; <a href="/wiki/6_Hebe" title="6 Hebe">Hebe</a>, <a href="/wiki/7_Iris" title="7 Iris">Iris</a>, and <a href="/wiki/8_Flora" title="8 Flora">Flora</a> in 1847; <a href="/wiki/9_Metis" title="9 Metis">Metis</a> in 1848; and <a href="/wiki/10_Hygiea" title="10 Hygiea">Hygiea</a> in 1849). New "planets" were discovered every year; as a result, astronomers began tabulating the asteroids (<a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">minor planets</a>) separately from the major planets and assigning them numbers instead of abstract <a href="/wiki/Planetary_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary symbol">planetary symbols</a>,<a href="#cite_note-asteroids-154">[153]</a> although they continued to be considered as small planets.<a href="#cite_note-metzger19-185">[184]</a> <a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_Neptune" title="Discovery of Neptune">Neptune was discovered in 1846</a>, its position having been predicted thanks to its gravitational influence upon Uranus. Because the orbit of Mercury appeared to be affected in a similar way, it was believed in the late 19th century that there might be <a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Vulcan (hypothetical planet)">another planet even closer to the Sun</a>. However, the discrepancy between Mercury's orbit and the predictions of Newtonian gravity was instead explained by an improved theory of gravity, Einstein's <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> was discovered in 1930. After initial observations led to the belief that it was larger than Earth,<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> the object was immediately accepted as the ninth major planet. Further monitoring found the body was actually much smaller: in 1936, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Arthur_Lyttleton" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond Arthur Lyttleton">Ray Lyttleton</a> suggested that Pluto may be an escaped satellite of <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a>,<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fred_Lawrence_Whipple" title="Fred Lawrence Whipple">Fred Whipple</a> suggested in 1964 that Pluto may be a comet.<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> The discovery of its large moon <a href="/wiki/Charon_(moon)" title="Charon (moon)">Charon</a> in 1978 showed that Pluto was only 0.2% the mass of Earth.<a href="#cite_note-ChristyHarrington1978-191">[190]</a> As this was still substantially more massive than any known asteroid, and because no other <a href="/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_objects" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-Neptunian objects">trans-Neptunian objects</a> had been discovered at that time, Pluto kept its planetary status, only officially losing it in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pluto_loses_status_as_a_planet-2006-193">[192]</a> In the 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Kuiper" title="Gerard Kuiper">Gerard Kuiper</a> published papers on the origin of the asteroids. He recognized that asteroids were typically not spherical, as had previously been thought, and that the <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_family" title="Asteroid family">asteroid families</a> were remnants of collisions. Thus he differentiated between the largest asteroids as "true planets" versus the smaller ones as collisional fragments. From the 1960s onwards, the term "minor planet" was mostly displaced by the term "asteroid", and references to the asteroids as planets in the literature became scarce, except for the geologically evolved largest three: Ceres, and less often Pallas and Vesta.<a href="#cite_note-metzger19-185">[184]</a> The beginning of Solar System exploration by space probes in the 1960s spurred a renewed interest in planetary science. A split in definitions regarding satellites occurred around then: planetary scientists began to reconsider the large moons as also being planets, but astronomers who were not planetary scientists generally did not.<a href="#cite_note-metzger22-155">[154]</a> (This is not exactly the same as the definition used in the previous century, which classed all satellites as secondary planets, even non-round ones like Saturn's <a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(moon)" title="Hyperion (moon)">Hyperion</a> or Mars's <a href="/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deimos_(moon)" title="Deimos (moon)">Deimos</a>.)<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> All the eight major planets and their planetary-mass moons have since been explored by spacecraft, as have many asteroids and the dwarf planets Ceres and Pluto; however, so far the only planetary-mass body beyond Earth that has been explored by humans is the Moon.<a href="#cite_note-196">[b]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defining_the_term_planet">Defining the term planet</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Definition_of_planet" title="Definition of planet">Definition of planet</a></div> A growing number of astronomers argued for Pluto to be declassified as a planet, because many similar objects approaching its size had been found in the same region of the Solar System (the <a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a>) during the 1990s and early 2000s. Pluto was found to be just one "small" body in a population of thousands.<a href="#cite_note-plutoplanet-197">[195]</a> They often referred to the demotion of the asteroids as a precedent, although that had been done based on their geophysical differences from planets rather than their being in a belt.<a href="#cite_note-metzger22-155">[154]</a> Some of the larger <a href="/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object" title="Trans-Neptunian object">trans-Neptunian objects</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/50000_Quaoar" class="mw-redirect" title="50000 Quaoar">Quaoar</a>, <a href="/wiki/90377_Sedna" class="mw-redirect" title="90377 Sedna">Sedna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a>,<a href="#cite_note-planeta-198">[196]</a> were heralded in the popular press as the <a href="/wiki/Tenth_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenth planet">tenth planet</a>. The announcement of Eris in 2005, an object 27% more massive than Pluto, created the impetus for an official definition of a planet,<a href="#cite_note-plutoplanet-197">[195]</a> as considering Pluto a planet would logically have demanded that Eris be considered a planet as well. Since different procedures were in place for naming planets versus non-planets, this created an urgent situation because under the rules Eris could not be named without defining what a planet was.<a href="#cite_note-metzger22-155">[154]</a> At the time, it was also thought that the size required for a trans-Neptunian object to become round was about the same as that required for the moons of the giant planets (about 400 km diameter), a figure that would have suggested about 200 round objects in the Kuiper belt and thousands more beyond.<a href="#cite_note-Brown-199">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-BrownList-200">[198]</a> Many astronomers argued that the public would not accept a definition creating a large number of planets.<a href="#cite_note-metzger22-155">[154]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:375px; ;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="">The <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a>'s definition of a planet in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <div><ol><li>Object is in <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbit</a> around the Sun</li><li>Object has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a <a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_equilibrium" title="Hydrostatic equilibrium">hydrostatic equilibrium</a> (nearly round) shape</li><li>Object has <a href="/wiki/Cleared_the_neighbourhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleared the neighbourhood">cleared the neighbourhood</a> around its orbit</li></ol></div> Source: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iau.org/static/resolutions/Resolution_GA26-5-6.pdf">"IAU 2006 General Assembly: Resolutions 5 and 6"</a> (PDF). IAU. 24 August 2006. Retrieved 23 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=IAU+2006+General+Assembly%3A+Resolutions+5+and+6&rft.date=2006-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iau.org%2Fstatic%2Fresolutions%2FResolution_GA26-5-6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanet" class="Z3988"> </blockquote> </div>To acknowledge the problem, the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a> (IAU) set about creating the <a href="/wiki/IAU_definition_of_planet" title="IAU definition of planet">definition of planet</a> and produced one in August 2006. Under this definition, the Solar System is considered to have eight planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune). Bodies that fulfill the first two conditions but not the third are classified as <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarf planets</a>, provided they are not <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">natural satellites</a> of other planets. Originally an IAU committee had proposed a definition that would have included a larger number of planets as it did not include (c) as a criterion.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> After much discussion, it was decided via a vote that those bodies should instead be classified as dwarf planets.<a href="#cite_note-Pluto_loses_status_as_a_planet-2006-193">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Criticisms_and_alternatives_to_IAU_definition">Criticisms and alternatives to IAU definition</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_gravitationally_rounded_objects_of_the_Solar_System" title="List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System">List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:25_solar_system_objects_smaller_than_Earth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/25_solar_system_objects_smaller_than_Earth.jpg/500px-25_solar_system_objects_smaller_than_Earth.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/25_solar_system_objects_smaller_than_Earth.jpg/960px-25_solar_system_objects_smaller_than_Earth.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1486" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>The planetary-mass moons to scale, compared with Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, and Pluto. Sub-planetary <a href="/wiki/Proteus_(moon)" title="Proteus (moon)">Proteus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nereid_(moon)" title="Nereid (moon)">Nereid</a> (about the same size as Mimas) have been included for comparison. Unimaged <a href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)" title="Dysnomia (moon)">Dysnomia</a> (intermediate in size between Tethys and Enceladus) is not shown; it is in any case probably not a solid body.<a href="#cite_note-Brown2023-91">[90]</a></figcaption></figure> The IAU definition has not been universally used or accepted. In <a href="/wiki/Planetary_geology" title="Planetary geology">planetary geology</a>, celestial objects are <a href="/wiki/Geophysical_definition_of_planet" title="Geophysical definition of planet">defined as planets by geophysical characteristics</a>. A celestial body may acquire a dynamic (planetary) geology at approximately the mass required for its mantle to become plastic under its own weight. This leads to a state of <a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_equilibrium" title="Hydrostatic equilibrium">hydrostatic equilibrium</a> where the body acquires a stable, round shape, which is adopted as the hallmark of planethood by geophysical definitions. For example:<a href="#cite_note-Stern_Levison_2002-203">[201]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">a substellar-mass body that has never undergone nuclear fusion and has enough gravitation to be round due to hydrostatic equilibrium, regardless of its orbital parameters.<a href="#cite_note-Astronomy-204">[202]</a></blockquote> In the Solar System, this mass is generally less than the mass required for a body to clear its orbit; thus, some objects that are considered "planets" under geophysical definitions are not considered as such under the IAU definition, such as Ceres and Pluto.<a href="#cite_note-planetarysociety-4">[4]</a> (In practice, the requirement for hydrostatic equilibrium is universally relaxed to a requirement for rounding and compaction under self-gravity; Mercury is not actually in hydrostatic equilibrium,<a href="#cite_note-Mercury-205">[203]</a> but is universally included as a planet regardless.)<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a> Proponents of such definitions often argue that location should not matter and that planethood should be defined by the intrinsic properties of an object.<a href="#cite_note-planetarysociety-4">[4]</a> Dwarf planets had been proposed as a category of small planet (as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">planetoids</a> as sub-planetary objects) and planetary geologists continue to treat them as planets despite the IAU definition.<a href="#cite_note-Grundy2019-32">[32]</a> The number of dwarf planets even among known objects is not certain. In 2019, Grundy et al. argued based on the low densities of some mid-sized trans-Neptunian objects that the limiting size required for a trans-Neptunian object to reach equilibrium was in fact much larger than it is for the icy moons of the giant planets, being about 900–1000 km diameter.<a href="#cite_note-Grundy2019-32">[32]</a> There is general consensus on Ceres in the asteroid belt<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> and on the eight trans-Neptunians that probably cross this threshold—<a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sedna_(dwarf_planet)" title="Sedna (dwarf planet)">Sedna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-JWST-33">[33]</a> Planetary geologists may include the nineteen known <a href="/wiki/Planetary-mass_moon" title="Planetary-mass moon">planetary-mass moons</a> as "satellite planets", including Earth's Moon and Pluto's <a href="/wiki/Charon_(moon)" title="Charon (moon)">Charon</a>, like the early modern astronomers.<a href="#cite_note-planetarysociety-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-News.discovery.com-209">[207]</a> Some go even further and include as planets relatively large, geologically evolved bodies that are nonetheless not very round today, such as Pallas and Vesta;<a href="#cite_note-planetarysociety-4">[4]</a> rounded bodies that were completely disrupted by impacts and re-accreted like Hygiea;<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yang2020-111">[110]</a> or even everything at least the diameter of Saturn's moon <a href="/wiki/Mimas_(moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimas (moon)">Mimas</a>, the smallest planetary-mass moon. (This may even include objects that are not round but happen to be larger than Mimas, like Neptune's moon <a href="/wiki/Proteus_(moon)" title="Proteus (moon)">Proteus</a>.)<a href="#cite_note-planetarysociety-4">[4]</a> Astronomer <a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Margot" title="Jean-Luc Margot">Jean-Luc Margot</a> proposed a mathematical criterion that determines whether an object can clear its orbit during the lifetime of its host star, based on the mass of the planet, its semimajor axis, and the mass of its host star.<a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> The formula produces a value called π that is greater than 1 for planets.<a href="#cite_note-not-confuse-π-214">[c]</a> The eight known planets and all known exoplanets have π values above 100, while Ceres, Pluto, and Eris have π values of 0.1, or less. Objects with π values of 1 or more are expected to be approximately spherical, so that objects that fulfill the orbital-zone clearance requirement around Sun-like stars will also fulfill the roundness requirement<a href="#cite_note-Margot-213">[211]</a> – though this may not be the case around very low-mass stars.<a href="#cite_note-Margot_2024-215">[212]</a> In 2024, Margot and collaborators proposed a revised version of the criterion with a uniform clearing timescale of 10 billion years (the approximate main-sequence lifetime of the Sun) or 13.8 billion years (the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_Universe" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of the Universe">age of the Universe</a>) to accommodate planets orbiting brown dwarfs.<a href="#cite_note-Margot_2024-215">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exoplanets_2">Exoplanets</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet#History_of_detection" title="Exoplanet">Exoplanet § History of detection</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf" title="Brown dwarf">Brown dwarf</a></div> Even before the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">exoplanets</a>, there were particular disagreements over whether an object should be considered a planet if it was part of a distinct population such as a <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">belt</a>, or if it was large enough to generate energy by the <a href="/wiki/Thermonuclear_fusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermonuclear fusion">thermonuclear fusion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-plutoplanet-197">[195]</a> Complicating the matter even further, bodies too small to generate energy by fusing deuterium can form by <a href="/wiki/Nebula" title="Nebula">gas-cloud</a> collapse just like stars and brown dwarfs, even down to the mass of Jupiter:<a href="#cite_note-216">[213]</a> there was thus disagreement about whether how a body formed should be taken into account.<a href="#cite_note-plutoplanet-197">[195]</a> In 1992, astronomers <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Wolszczan" title="Aleksander Wolszczan">Aleksander Wolszczan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dale_Frail" title="Dale Frail">Dale Frail</a> announced the discovery of planets around a <a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">pulsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/PSR_B1257%2B12" title="PSR B1257+12">PSR B1257+12</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wolszczan-40">[40]</a> This discovery is generally considered to be the first definitive detection of a planetary system around another star. Then, on 6 October 1995, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Michel Mayor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Didier Queloz</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Observatory" title="Geneva Observatory">Geneva Observatory</a> announced the first definitive detection of an exoplanet orbiting an ordinary <a href="/wiki/Main_sequence" title="Main sequence">main-sequence</a> star (<a href="/wiki/51_Pegasi" title="51 Pegasi">51 Pegasi</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Mayor-217">[214]</a> The discovery of exoplanets led to another ambiguity in defining a planet: the point at which a planet becomes a star. Many known exoplanets are many times the mass of Jupiter, approaching that of stellar objects known as <a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf" title="Brown dwarf">brown dwarfs</a>. Brown dwarfs are generally considered stars due to their theoretical ability to fuse <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</a>, a heavier isotope of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>. Although objects more massive than 75 times that of Jupiter fuse simple hydrogen, objects of 13 Jupiter masses can fuse deuterium. Deuterium is quite rare, constituting less than 0.0026% of the hydrogen in the galaxy, and most brown dwarfs would have ceased fusing deuterium long before their discovery, making them effectively indistinguishable from supermassive planets.<a href="#cite_note-218">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="IAU_working_definition_of_exoplanets">IAU working definition of exoplanets</h4></div> The 2006 IAU definition presents some challenges for exoplanets because the language is specific to the Solar System and the criteria of roundness and orbital zone clearance are not presently observable for exoplanets.<a href="#cite_note-exodef-1">[1]</a> In 2018, this definition was reassessed and updated as knowledge of exoplanets increased.<a href="#cite_note-iauexo-219">[216]</a> The current official working definition of an exoplanet is as follows:<a href="#cite_note-exoworkdef-100">[99]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> <ol><li>Objects with true masses below the limiting mass for thermonuclear fusion of deuterium (currently calculated to be 13 Jupiter masses for objects of solar metallicity) that orbit stars, brown dwarfs, or stellar remnants and that have a mass ratio with the central object below the <a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point#Stability" title="Lagrange point">L4/L5 instability</a> (M/Mcentral < 2/(25+√621) are "planets" (no matter how they formed). The minimum mass/size required for an extrasolar object to be considered a planet should be the same as that used in our Solar System.</li> <li>Substellar objects with true masses above the limiting mass for thermonuclear fusion of deuterium are "brown dwarfs", no matter how they formed nor where they are located.</li> <li>Free-floating objects in young star clusters with masses below the limiting mass for thermonuclear fusion of deuterium are not "planets", but are "sub-brown dwarfs" (or whatever name is most appropriate).<a href="#cite_note-exoworkdef-100">[99]</a></li></ol> </blockquote> The IAU noted that this definition could be expected to evolve as knowledge improves.<a href="#cite_note-exoworkdef-100">[99]</a> A 2022 review article discussing the history and rationale of this definition suggested that the words "in young star clusters" should be deleted in clause 3, as such objects have now been found elsewhere, and that the term "sub-brown dwarfs" should be replaced by the more current "free-floating planetary mass objects". The term "<a href="/wiki/Planetary-mass_object" title="Planetary-mass object">planetary mass object</a>" has also been used to refer to ambiguous situations concerning exoplanets, such as objects with mass typical for a planet that are free-floating or orbit a brown dwarf instead of a star.<a href="#cite_note-iauexo-219">[216]</a> Free-floating objects of planetary mass have sometimes been called planets anyway, specifically <a href="/wiki/Rogue_planet" title="Rogue planet">rogue planets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-eso2120-220">[217]</a> The limit of 13 Jupiter masses is not universally accepted. Objects below this mass limit can sometimes burn deuterium, and the amount of deuterium that is burned depends on an object's composition.<a href="#cite_note-bodenheimer2013-221">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[219]</a> Furthermore, deuterium is quite scarce, so the stage of deuterium burning does not actually last very long; unlike hydrogen burning in a star, deuterium burning does not significantly affect the future evolution of an object.<a href="#cite_note-Hatzes-59">[58]</a> The relationship between mass and radius (or density) show no special feature at this limit, according to which brown dwarfs have the same physics and internal structure as lighter Jovian planets, and would more naturally be considered planets.<a href="#cite_note-Hatzes-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-ChenKipping-55">[54]</a> Thus, many catalogues of exoplanets include objects heavier than 13 Jupiter masses, sometimes going up to 60 Jupiter masses.<a href="#cite_note-223">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-corot-101">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-eod-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[221]</a> (The limit for hydrogen burning and becoming a <a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf">red dwarf</a> star is about 80 Jupiter masses.)<a href="#cite_note-Hatzes-59">[58]</a> The situation of main-sequence stars has been used to argue for such an inclusive definition of "planet" as well, as they also differ greatly along the two orders of magnitude that they cover, in their structure, atmospheres, temperature, spectral features, and probably formation mechanisms; yet they are all considered as one class, being all hydrostatic-equilibrium objects undergoing nuclear burning.<a href="#cite_note-Hatzes-59">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mythology_and_naming">Mythology and naming</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Weekday_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Weekday names">Weekday names</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classical_planet" title="Classical planet">classical planet</a></div> The naming of planets differs between planets of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">exoplanets</a> (planets of other <a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">planetary systems</a>). Exoplanets are commonly named after their parent star and their order of discovery within its planetary system, such as <a href="/wiki/Proxima_Centauri_b" title="Proxima Centauri b">Proxima Centauri b</a>. (The lettering starts at b, with a considered to represent the parent star.) The names for the planets of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> (other than <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> are derived from naming practices developed consecutively by the <a href="/wiki/Babylonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonians">Babylonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greeks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Romans</a> of <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">antiquity</a>. The practice of grafting the names of gods onto the planets was almost certainly borrowed from the Babylonians by the ancient Greeks, and thereafter from the Greeks by the Romans. The Babylonians named Venus after the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> goddess of love with the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> name <a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a>; Mars after their god of war, <a href="/wiki/Nergal" title="Nergal">Nergal</a>; Mercury after their god of wisdom <a href="/wiki/Nabu" title="Nabu">Nabu</a>; Jupiter after their chief god, <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a>; and Saturn after their god of farming, <a href="/wiki/Ninurta" title="Ninurta">Ninurta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-225">[222]</a> There are too many concordances between Greek and Babylonian naming conventions for them to have arisen separately.<a href="#cite_note-practice-165">[164]</a> Given the differences in mythology, the correspondence was not perfect. For instance, the Babylonian Nergal was a god of war, and thus the Greeks identified him with Ares. Unlike Ares, Nergal was also a god of pestilence and ruler of the underworld.<a href="#cite_note-226">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[225]</a> In ancient Greece, the two great luminaries, the Sun and the Moon, were called <a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a> and <a href="/wiki/Selene" title="Selene">Selene</a>, two ancient <a href="/wiki/Titan_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titan (mythology)">Titanic</a> deities; the slowest planet, Saturn, was called <a href="/wiki/Phaenon" title="Phaenon">Phainon</a>, the shiner; followed by <a href="/wiki/Phaethon" title="Phaethon">Phaethon</a>, Jupiter, "bright"; the red planet, Mars was known as <a href="/wiki/Pyroeis" title="Pyroeis">Pyroeis</a>, the "fiery"; the brightest, Venus, was known as <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_(morning_star)" title="Phosphorus (morning star)">Phosphoros</a>, the light bringer; and the fleeting final planet, Mercury, was called <a href="/wiki/Stilbon_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stilbon (mythology)">Stilbon</a>, the gleamer. The Greeks assigned each planet to one among their pantheon of gods, the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Olympians</a> and the earlier Titans:<a href="#cite_note-practice-165">[164]</a> <ul><li>Helios and Selene were the names of both planets and gods, both of them Titans (later supplanted by Olympians <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a>);</li> <li>Phainon was sacred to <a href="/wiki/Cronus" title="Cronus">Cronus</a>, the Titan who fathered the Olympians, associated with the harvest;</li> <li>Phaethon was sacred to <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>, Cronus's son who deposed him as king;</li> <li>Pyroeis was given to <a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a>, son of Zeus and god of war;</li> <li>Phosphoros was ruled by <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a>, the goddess of love; and</li> <li>Stilbon with its speedy motion, was ruled over by <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a>, messenger of the gods and god of learning and wit.<a href="#cite_note-practice-165">[164]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olympians.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Olympians.jpg/170px-Olympians.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Olympians.jpg/255px-Olympians.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Olympians.jpg/340px-Olympians.jpg 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>The Greek gods of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Olympus</a>, after whom the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>'s Roman names of the planets are derived</figcaption></figure> Although modern Greeks still use their ancient names for the planets, other European languages, because of the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> and, later, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, use the Roman (Latin) names rather than the Greek ones. The Romans inherited <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European mythology</a> as the Greeks did and shared with them a <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">common pantheon</a> under different names, but the Romans lacked the rich narrative traditions that Greek poetic culture had given <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">their gods</a>. During the later period of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, Roman writers borrowed much of the Greek narratives and applied them to their own pantheon, to the point where they became virtually indistinguishable.<a href="#cite_note-229">[226]</a> When the Romans studied Greek astronomy, they gave the planets their own gods' names: <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercurius</a> (for Hermes), <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a> (Aphrodite), <a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a> (Ares), <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Iuppiter</a> (Zeus), and <a href="/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)" title="Saturn (mythology)">Saturnus</a> (Cronus). However, there was not much agreement on which god a particular planet was associated with; according to <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, while Phainon and Phaethon's associations with Saturn and Jupiter respectively were widely agreed upon, Pyroeis was also associated with the demi-god <a href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a>, Stilbon was also associated with <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>, god of music, healing, and prophecy; Phosphoros was also associated with prominent goddesses <a href="/wiki/Juno_(mythology)" title="Juno (mythology)">Juno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DRGA_Planetae-230">[227]</a> Some Romans, following a belief possibly originating in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> but developed in <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic Egypt">Hellenistic Egypt</a>, believed that the seven gods after whom the planets were named took hourly shifts in looking after affairs on Earth. The order of shifts went Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Sun, Venus, Mercury, Moon (from the farthest to the closest planet).<a href="#cite_note-zerubavel-231">[228]</a> Therefore, the first day was started by Saturn (1st hour), second day by Sun (25th hour), followed by Moon (49th hour), Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, and Venus. Because each day was named by the god that started it, this became the order of the <a href="/wiki/Week-day_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Week-day names">days of the week</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Roman calendar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-weekdays-232">[229]</a> In English, Saturday, Sunday, and Monday are straightforward translations of these Roman names. The other days were renamed after <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BDr" title="Týr">Tīw</a> (Tuesday), <a href="/wiki/Woden" class="mw-redirect" title="Woden">Wōden</a> (Wednesday), <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Þunor</a> (Thursday), and <a href="/wiki/Frige" class="mw-redirect" title="Frige">Frīġ</a> (Friday), the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon gods">Anglo-Saxon gods</a> considered similar or equivalent to Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, and Venus, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-233">[230]</a> Earth's name in English is not derived from Greco-Roman mythology. Because it was only generally accepted as a planet in the 17th century,<a href="#cite_note-galileo_project-182">[181]</a> there is no tradition of naming it after a god. (The same is true, in English at least, of the Sun and the Moon, though they are no longer generally considered planets.) The name originates from the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> word eorþe, which was the word for "ground" and "dirt" as well as the world itself.<a href="#cite_note-234">[231]</a> As with its equivalents in the other <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a>, it derives ultimately from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> word erþō, as can be seen in the English earth, the German Erde, the Dutch aarde, and the Scandinavian jord. Many of the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> retain the old Roman word <a href="/wiki/Terra_(mythology)" title="Terra (mythology)">terra</a> (or some variation of it) that was used with the meaning of "dry land" as opposed to "sea".<a href="#cite_note-235">[232]</a> The non-Romance languages use their own native words. The Greeks retain their original name, <a href="/wiki/Gaia_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaia (mythology)">Γή</a> (Ge).<a href="#cite_note-236">[233]</a> Non-European cultures use other planetary-naming systems. <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> uses a system based on the <a href="/wiki/Navagraha" title="Navagraha">Navagraha</a>, which incorporates the seven traditional planets and the ascending and descending <a href="/wiki/Lunar_node" title="Lunar node">lunar nodes</a> <a href="/wiki/Rahu" title="Rahu">Rahu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ketu_(mythology)" title="Ketu (mythology)">Ketu</a>. The planets are <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a> 'Sun', <a href="/wiki/Chandra" title="Chandra">Chandra</a> 'Moon', <a href="/wiki/Budha" title="Budha">Budha</a> for Mercury, <a href="/wiki/Shukra" title="Shukra">Shukra</a> ('bright') for Venus, <a href="/wiki/Mangala" title="Mangala">Mangala</a> (the god of war) for Mars, <a href="/wiki/B%E1%B9%9Bhaspati" class="mw-redirect" title="Bṛhaspati">Bṛhaspati</a> (councilor of the gods) for Jupiter, and <a href="/wiki/Shani" title="Shani">Shani</a> (symbolic of time) for Saturn.<a href="#cite_note-237">[234]</a> The native <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> names of most of the planets are based on identifications of the Mesopotamian gods with Iranian gods, analogous to the Greek and Latin names. Mercury is Tir (Persian: تیر) for the western Iranian god Tīriya (patron of scribes), analogous to Nabu; Venus is Nāhid (ناهید) for <a href="/wiki/Anahita" title="Anahita">Anahita</a>; Mars is Bahrām (بهرام) for <a href="/wiki/Verethragna" title="Verethragna">Verethragna</a>; and Jupiter is Hormoz (هرمز) for <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a>. The Persian name for Saturn, Keyvān (کیوان), is a borrowing from <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> kajamānu, meaning "the permanent, steady".<a href="#cite_note-238">[235]</a> China and the countries of eastern Asia historically subject to <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cultural_sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese cultural sphere">Chinese cultural influence</a> (such as Japan, <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>) use a naming system based on the <a href="/wiki/Wuxing_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)">five Chinese elements</a>: <a href="/wiki/Water_(classical_element)" title="Water (classical element)">water</a> (Mercury <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" class="extiw" title="wikt:水">水</a>星 "water star"), <a href="/wiki/Metal_(classical_element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal (classical element)">metal</a> (Venus <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%87%91" class="extiw" title="wikt:金">金</a>星 "metal star"), <a href="/wiki/Fire_(classical_element)" title="Fire (classical element)">fire</a> (Mars <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB" class="extiw" title="wikt:火">火</a>星 "fire star"), <a href="/wiki/Wood_(classical_element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood (classical element)">wood</a> (Jupiter <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9C%A8" class="extiw" title="wikt:木">木</a>星 "wood star"), and <a href="/wiki/Earth_(classical_element)" title="Earth (classical element)">earth</a> (Saturn <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F" class="extiw" title="wikt:土">土</a>星 "earth star").<a href="#cite_note-weekdays-232">[229]</a> In traditional <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_astronomy" title="Hebrew astronomy">Hebrew astronomy</a>, the seven traditional planets have (for the most part) descriptive names—the Sun is חמה Ḥammah or "the hot one", the Moon is לבנה Levanah or "the white one", Venus is כוכב נוגה Kokhav Nogah or "the bright planet", Mercury is כוכב Kokhav or "the planet" (given its lack of distinguishing features), Mars is מאדים Ma'adim or "the red one", and Saturn is שבתאי Shabbatai or "the resting one" (in reference to its slow movement compared to the other visible planets).<a href="#cite_note-Hebrew-239">[236]</a> The odd one out is Jupiter, called צדק Tzedeq or "justice".<a href="#cite_note-Hebrew-239">[236]</a> These names, first attested in the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a>, are not the original Hebrew names of the planets. In 377 <a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a> recorded another set of names that seem to have pagan or <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a> associations: those names, since replaced for religious reasons, were probably the historical Semitic names, and may have much earlier roots going back to Babylonian astronomy.<a href="#cite_note-Hebrew-239">[236]</a> The etymologies for the Arabic names of the planets are less well understood. Mostly agreed among scholars are Venus (Arabic: الزهرة, az-Zuhara, "the bright one"<a href="#cite_note-240">[237]</a>), Earth (الأرض, al-ʾArḍ, from the same root as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5" class="extiw" title="wikt:ארץ">eretz</a>), and Saturn (زُحَل, Zuḥal, "withdrawer"<a href="#cite_note-241">[238]</a>). Multiple suggested etymologies exist for Mercury (عُطَارِد, ʿUṭārid), Mars (اَلْمِرِّيخ, al-Mirrīkh), and Jupiter (المشتري, al-Muštarī), but there is no agreement among scholars.<a href="#cite_note-242">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[242]</a> When subsequent planets were discovered in the 18th and 19th centuries, Uranus was named for a <a href="/wiki/Uranus_(mythology)" title="Uranus (mythology)">Greek deity</a> and Neptune for a <a href="/wiki/Neptune_(mythology)" title="Neptune (mythology)">Roman one</a> (the counterpart of <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a>). The asteroids were initially named from mythology as well—<a href="/wiki/Ceres_(mythology)" title="Ceres (mythology)">Ceres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juno_(mythology)" title="Juno (mythology)">Juno</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vesta_(mythology)" title="Vesta (mythology)">Vesta</a> are major Roman goddesses, and Pallas is an epithet of the major Greek goddess <a href="/wiki/Athena_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Athena (mythology)">Athena</a>—but as more and more were discovered, they first started being named after more minor goddesses, and the mythological restriction was dropped starting from the twentieth asteroid <a href="/wiki/20_Massalia" title="20 Massalia">Massalia</a> in 1852.<a href="#cite_note-246">[243]</a> Pluto (named after the <a href="/wiki/Pluto_(mythology)" title="Pluto (mythology)">Greek god of the underworld</a>) was given a classical name, as it was considered a major planet when it was discovered. The names of Uranus (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9" class="extiw" title="wikt:天">天</a>王星 "sky king star"), Neptune (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7" class="extiw" title="wikt:海">海</a>王星 "sea king star"), and Pluto (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%86%A5" class="extiw" title="wikt:冥">冥</a>王星 "underworld king star") in Chinese, Korean, and Japanese are <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calques</a> based on the roles of those gods in Roman and Greek mythology.<a href="#cite_note-bianyulin-247">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[d]</a> In the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wylie_(missionary)" title="Alexander Wylie (missionary)">Alexander Wylie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Li_Shanlan" title="Li Shanlan">Li Shanlan</a> calqued the names of the first 117 asteroids into Chinese, and many of their names are still used today, e.g. Ceres (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A9%80" class="extiw" title="wikt:穀">穀</a>神星 "grain goddess star"), Pallas (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%99%BA" class="extiw" title="wikt:智">智</a>神星 "wisdom goddess star"), Juno (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A9%9A" class="extiw" title="wikt:婚">婚</a>神星 "marriage goddess star"), Vesta (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%81%B6" class="extiw" title="wikt:灶">灶</a>神星 "hearth goddess star"), and Hygiea (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%81%A5" class="extiw" title="wikt:健">健</a>神星 "health goddess star").<a href="#cite_note-lijing-251">[247]</a> Such translations were extended to some later minor planets, including some of the dwarf planets discovered in the 21st century, e.g. Haumea (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A6%8A" class="extiw" title="wikt:妊">妊</a>神星 "pregnancy goddess star"), Makemake (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%B3%A5" class="extiw" title="wikt:鳥">鳥</a>神星 "bird goddess star"), and Eris (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%AC%A9" class="extiw" title="wikt:鬩">鬩</a>神星 "quarrel goddess star"). However, except for the better-known asteroids and dwarf planets, many of them are rare outside Chinese astronomical dictionaries.<a href="#cite_note-bianyulin-247">[244]</a> Hebrew names were chosen for Uranus (אורון Oron, "small light") and Neptune (רהב Rahab, a Biblical sea monster) in 2009;<a href="#cite_note-252">[248]</a> prior to that the names "Uranus" and "Neptune" had simply been borrowed.<a href="#cite_note-253">[249]</a> After more objects were discovered beyond Neptune, naming conventions depending on their orbits were put in place: those in the 2:3 resonance with Neptune (the <a href="/wiki/Plutino" title="Plutino">plutinos</a>) are given names from underworld myths, while others are given names from creation myths. Most of the trans-Neptunian planetoids are named after gods and goddesses from other cultures (e.g. <a href="/wiki/50000_Quaoar" class="mw-redirect" title="50000 Quaoar">Quaoar</a> is named after a <a href="/wiki/Tongva" title="Tongva">Tongva</a> god). There are a few exceptions which continue the Roman and Greek scheme, notably including Eris as it had initially been considered a tenth planet.<a href="#cite_note-WGSBN-Naming-Guidelines-254">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-WGSBN-home-255">[251]</a> The moons (including the planetary-mass ones) are generally given names with some association with their parent planet. The planetary-mass moons of Jupiter are named after four of Zeus' lovers (or other sexual partners); those of Saturn are named after Cronus' brothers and sisters, the Titans; those of Uranus are named after characters from <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Pope</a> (originally specifically from fairy mythology,<a href="#cite_note-Lassell_1852-256">[252]</a> but that ended with the naming of <a href="/wiki/Miranda_(moon)" title="Miranda (moon)">Miranda</a>). Neptune's planetary-mass moon Triton is named after <a href="/wiki/Triton_(mythology)" title="Triton (mythology)">the god's son</a>; Pluto's planetary-mass moon Charon is named after the <a href="/wiki/Charon" title="Charon">ferryman of the dead</a>, who carries the souls of the newly deceased to the underworld (Pluto's domain).<a href="#cite_note-257">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbols">Symbols</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Planetary_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary symbol">Planetary symbol</a></div> <table class="wikitable skin-invert" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; float:right; margin:10px"> <caption>Most common planetary symbols </caption> <tbody><tr style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"> <td>Sun <a href="/wiki/File:Sun_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="☉"><img alt="☉" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Sun_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/14px-Sun_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Sun_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/21px-Sun_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Sun_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/28px-Sun_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></td> <td>Mercury <a href="/wiki/File:Mercury_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="☿"><img alt="☿" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mercury_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/14px-Mercury_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mercury_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/21px-Mercury_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mercury_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/28px-Mercury_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></td> <td>Venus <a href="/wiki/File:Venus_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♀"><img alt="♀" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Venus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/14px-Venus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Venus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/21px-Venus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Venus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/28px-Venus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></td> <td>Earth <a href="/wiki/File:Earth_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="🜨"><img alt="🜨" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/14px-Earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/21px-Earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/28px-Earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></td> <td>Moon <a href="/wiki/File:Moon_decrescent_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="☾"><img alt="☾" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Moon_decrescent_symbol.svg/14px-Moon_decrescent_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Moon_decrescent_symbol.svg/21px-Moon_decrescent_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Moon_decrescent_symbol.svg/28px-Moon_decrescent_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></td> <td>Mars <a href="/wiki/File:Mars_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♂"><img alt="♂" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mars_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/14px-Mars_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mars_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/21px-Mars_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mars_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/28px-Mars_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></td> <td>Jupiter <a href="/wiki/File:Jupiter_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♃"><img alt="♃" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Jupiter_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/14px-Jupiter_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Jupiter_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/21px-Jupiter_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Jupiter_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/28px-Jupiter_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></td> <td>Saturn <a href="/wiki/File:Saturn_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♄"><img alt="♄" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Saturn_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/14px-Saturn_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Saturn_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/21px-Saturn_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Saturn_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/28px-Saturn_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></td> <td>Uranus <a href="/wiki/File:Uranus_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⛢"><img alt="⛢" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Uranus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/14px-Uranus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Uranus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/21px-Uranus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Uranus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/28px-Uranus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> or <a href="/wiki/File:Uranus_monogram_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♅"><img alt="♅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Uranus_monogram_%28fixed_width%29.svg/14px-Uranus_monogram_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Uranus_monogram_%28fixed_width%29.svg/21px-Uranus_monogram_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Uranus_monogram_%28fixed_width%29.svg/28px-Uranus_monogram_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></td> <td>Neptune <a href="/wiki/File:Neptune_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♆"><img alt="♆" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Neptune_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/14px-Neptune_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Neptune_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/21px-Neptune_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Neptune_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/28px-Neptune_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> The written symbols for Mercury, Venus, Jupiter, Saturn, and possibly Mars have been traced to forms found in late Greek papyrus texts.<a href="#cite_note-jones-1999-258">[254]</a> The symbols for Jupiter and Saturn are identified as <a href="/wiki/Monogram" title="Monogram">monograms</a> of the corresponding Greek names, and the symbol for Mercury is a stylized <a href="/wiki/Caduceus" title="Caduceus">caduceus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jones-1999-258">[254]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Annie_Scott_Dill_Maunder" class="mw-redirect" title="Annie Scott Dill Maunder">Annie Scott Dill Maunder</a>, antecedents of the planetary symbols were used in art to represent the gods associated with the classical planets. Bianchini's <a href="/wiki/Planisphere" title="Planisphere">planisphere</a>, discovered by Francesco Bianchini in the 18th century but produced in the 2nd century,<a href="#cite_note-imss-259">[255]</a> shows Greek personifications of planetary gods charged with early versions of the planetary symbols. Mercury has a <a href="/wiki/Caduceus" title="Caduceus">caduceus</a>; Venus has, attached to her necklace, a cord connected to another necklace; Mars, a spear; Jupiter, a staff; Saturn, a scythe; the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Circlet" title="Circlet">circlet</a> with rays radiating from it; and the Moon, a headdress with a crescent attached.<a href="#cite_note-maunder-260">[256]</a> The modern shapes with the cross-marks first appeared around the 16th century. According to Maunder, the addition of crosses appears to be "an attempt to give a savour of Christianity to the symbols of the old pagan gods."<a href="#cite_note-maunder-260">[256]</a> Earth itself was not considered a classical planet; its symbol descends from a pre-heliocentric symbol for the <a href="/wiki/Four_corners_of_the_world" title="Four corners of the world">four corners of the world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-high-school-astronomy-261">[257]</a> When further planets were discovered orbiting the Sun, symbols were invented for them. The most common astronomical symbol for Uranus, ⛢,<a href="#cite_note-iancu-262">[258]</a> was invented by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_K%C3%B6hler" title="Johann Gottfried Köhler">Johann Gottfried Köhler</a>, and was intended to represent the newly discovered metal <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bode-uranus-263">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-gould-uranus-264">[260]</a> An alternative symbol, ♅, was invented by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Lalande" title="Jérôme Lalande">Jérôme Lalande</a>, and represents a globe with a H on top, for Uranus's discoverer Herschel.<a href="#cite_note-Francisca-265">[261]</a> Today, ⛢ is mostly used by astronomers and ♅ by <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrologers</a>, though it is possible to find each symbol in the other context.<a href="#cite_note-iancu-262">[258]</a> The first few asteroids were considered to be planets when they were discovered, and were likewise given abstract symbols, e.g. Ceres' sickle (⚳), Pallas' spear (⚴), Juno's sceptre (⚵), and Vesta's hearth (⚶). However, as their number rose further and further, this practice stopped in favour of numbering them instead. (Massalia, the first asteroid not named from mythology, is also the first asteroid that was not assigned a symbol by its discoverer.) The symbols for the first four asteroids, Ceres through Vesta, remained in use for longer than the others,<a href="#cite_note-asteroids-154">[153]</a> and even in the modern day <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> has used the Ceres symbol—Ceres being the only asteroid that is also a dwarf planet.<a href="#cite_note-miller-266">[262]</a> Neptune's symbol (♆) represents <a href="/wiki/Neptune%27s_trident" class="mw-redirect" title="Neptune's trident">the god's trident</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gould-uranus-264">[260]</a> The astronomical symbol for Pluto is a P-L monogram (♇),<a href="#cite_note-JPL/NASA_Pluto's_Symbol-267">[263]</a> though it has become less common since the IAU definition reclassified Pluto.<a href="#cite_note-miller-266">[262]</a> Since Pluto's reclassification, NASA has used the traditional astrological symbol of Pluto (⯓), a planetary orb over Pluto's <a href="/wiki/Bident" title="Bident">bident</a>.<a href="#cite_note-miller-266">[262]</a> <table class="wikitable skin-invert" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; float:right; margin:10px"> <caption>Some rarer planetary symbols in Unicode </caption> <tbody><tr style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"> <td>Earth <a href="/wiki/File:Globus_cruciger_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♁"><img alt="♁" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Globus_cruciger_%28fixed_width%29.svg/14px-Globus_cruciger_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Globus_cruciger_%28fixed_width%29.svg/21px-Globus_cruciger_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Globus_cruciger_%28fixed_width%29.svg/28px-Globus_cruciger_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></td> <td>Vesta <a href="/wiki/File:Vesta_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⚶"><img alt="⚶" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Vesta_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/14px-Vesta_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Vesta_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/21px-Vesta_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Vesta_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/28px-Vesta_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></td> <td>Juno <a href="/wiki/File:Juno_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⚵"><img alt="⚵" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Juno_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/14px-Juno_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Juno_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/21px-Juno_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Juno_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/28px-Juno_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></td> <td>Ceres <a href="/wiki/File:Ceres_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⚳"><img alt="⚳" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ceres_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/14px-Ceres_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ceres_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/21px-Ceres_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ceres_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/28px-Ceres_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></td> <td>Pallas <a href="/wiki/File:Pallas_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⚴"><img alt="⚴" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Pallas_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/14px-Pallas_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Pallas_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/21px-Pallas_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Pallas_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/28px-Pallas_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></td> <td>Hygiea <a href="/wiki/File:Hygiea_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⯚"><img alt="⯚" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Hygiea_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/14px-Hygiea_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Hygiea_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/21px-Hygiea_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Hygiea_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/28px-Hygiea_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></td> <td>Orcus <a href="/wiki/File:Orcus_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="🝿"><img alt="🝿" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Orcus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/14px-Orcus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Orcus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/21px-Orcus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Orcus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/28px-Orcus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></td> <td>Pluto <a href="/wiki/File:Pluto_monogram_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♇"><img alt="♇" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Pluto_monogram_%28fixed_width%29.svg/14px-Pluto_monogram_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Pluto_monogram_%28fixed_width%29.svg/21px-Pluto_monogram_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Pluto_monogram_%28fixed_width%29.svg/28px-Pluto_monogram_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> or <a href="/wiki/File:Pluto_symbol_(large_orb,_fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⯓"><img alt="⯓" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Pluto_symbol_%28large_orb%2C_fixed_width%29.svg/14px-Pluto_symbol_%28large_orb%2C_fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Pluto_symbol_%28large_orb%2C_fixed_width%29.svg/21px-Pluto_symbol_%28large_orb%2C_fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Pluto_symbol_%28large_orb%2C_fixed_width%29.svg/28px-Pluto_symbol_%28large_orb%2C_fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></td> <td>Charon <a href="/wiki/File:Charon_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⯕"><img alt="⯕" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Charon_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/14px-Charon_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Charon_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/21px-Charon_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Charon_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/28px-Charon_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></td> <td>Haumea <a href="/wiki/File:Haumea_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="🝻"><img alt="🝻" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Haumea_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/14px-Haumea_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Haumea_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/21px-Haumea_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Haumea_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/28px-Haumea_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></td> <td>Quaoar <a href="/wiki/File:Quaoar_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="🝾"><img alt="🝾" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Quaoar_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/14px-Quaoar_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Quaoar_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/21px-Quaoar_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Quaoar_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/28px-Quaoar_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></td> <td>Makemake <a href="/wiki/File:Makemake_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="🝼"><img alt="🝼" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Makemake_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/14px-Makemake_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Makemake_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/21px-Makemake_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Makemake_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/28px-Makemake_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></td> <td>Gonggong <a href="/wiki/File:Gonggong_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="🝽"><img alt="🝽" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gonggong_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/14px-Gonggong_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gonggong_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/21px-Gonggong_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gonggong_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/28px-Gonggong_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></td> <td>Eris <a href="/wiki/File:Eris_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⯰"><img alt="⯰" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Eris_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/14px-Eris_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Eris_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/21px-Eris_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Eris_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/28px-Eris_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></td> <td>Sedna <a href="/wiki/File:Sedna_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⯲"><img alt="⯲" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sedna_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/14px-Sedna_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sedna_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/21px-Sedna_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sedna_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/28px-Sedna_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> The IAU discourages the use of planetary symbols in modern journal articles in favour of one-letter or (to disambiguate Mercury and Mars) two-letter abbreviations for the major planets. The symbols for the Sun and Earth are nonetheless common, as <a href="/wiki/Solar_mass" title="Solar mass">solar mass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earth_mass" title="Earth mass">Earth mass</a>, and similar units are common in astronomy.<a href="#cite_note-iau-style-manual-268">[264]</a> Other planetary symbols today are mostly encountered in astrology. Astrologers have resurrected the old astronomical symbols for the first few asteroids and continue to invent symbols for other objects.<a href="#cite_note-miller-266">[262]</a> This includes relatively standard astrological symbols for the dwarf planets discovered in the 21st century, which were not given symbols by astronomers because planetary symbols had mostly fallen out of use in astronomy by the time they were discovered. Many astrological symbols are included in <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>, and a few of these new inventions (the symbols of Haumea, Makemake, and Eris) have since been used by NASA in astronomy.<a href="#cite_note-miller-266">[262]</a> The Eris symbol is a traditional one from <a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a>, a religion worshipping the goddess Eris. The other dwarf-planet symbols are mostly initialisms (except Haumea) in the native scripts of the cultures they come from; they also represent something associated with the corresponding deity or culture, e.g. Makemake's face or Gonggong's snake-tail.<a href="#cite_note-miller-266">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[265]</a> Moskowitz also devised symbols for the planetary-mass moons; most of them are initialisms combined with a feature of their parent planet. The exception is Charon, which combines the high orb of Pluto's bident symbol with a crescent, suggesting both Charon as a moon and the mythological Charon's boat crossing the river <a href="/wiki/Styx" title="Styx">Styx</a>.<a href="#cite_note-270">[266]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_planet" title="Double planet">Double planet</a> – Binary system where two planetary-mass objects share an orbital axis external to both</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landings_on_extraterrestrial_bodies" title="List of landings on extraterrestrial bodies">List of landings on extraterrestrial bodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_planets" title="Lists of planets">Lists of planets</a> – A list of lists of planets sorted by diverse attributes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoplanet" title="Mesoplanet">Mesoplanet</a> – Planetary objects that have a mass smaller than Mercury but larger than Ceres</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">Planetary habitability</a> – Known extent to which a planet is suitable for life</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_mnemonic" title="Planetary mnemonic">Planetary mnemonic</a> – Phrase used to remember the planets of the Solar System</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_planetology" title="Theoretical planetology">Theoretical planetology</a> – Scientific modeling of planets</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1in5earthsized-53"><a href="#cite_ref-1in5earthsized_53-0">^</a> Here, "Earth-sized" means 1–2 Earth radii, and "habitable zone" means the region with 0.25 to 4 times Earth's stellar flux (corresponding to 0.5–2 AU for the Sun). Data for <a href="/wiki/G-type_star" class="mw-redirect" title="G-type star">G-type stars</a> like the Sun is not available. This statistic is an extrapolation from data on <a href="/wiki/K-type_star" class="mw-redirect" title="K-type star">K-type stars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ucb1in5-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-earthsunhz-52">[52]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Solar_System_exploration" title="Timeline of Solar System exploration">Timeline of Solar System exploration</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-not-confuse-π-214"><a href="#cite_ref-not-confuse-π_214-0">^</a> Margot's parameter<a href="#cite_note-Margot-213">[211]</a> is not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Pi" title="Pi">famous mathematical constant</a> π≈3.14159265 ... . </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> In Korean, these names are more often written in <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a> rather than Chinese characters, e.g. 명왕성 for Pluto. In Vietnamese, <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calques</a> are more common than directly reading these names as <a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_vocabulary" title="Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary">Sino-Vietnamese</a>, e.g. sao Thuỷ rather than Thuỷ tinh for Mercury. Pluto is not sao Minh Vương but sao Diêm Vương "<a href="/wiki/Yama" title="Yama">Yama</a> star".<a href="#cite_note-249">[246]</a> </li> </ol></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-exodef-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-exodef_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-exodef_1-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLecavelier_des_EtangsLissauer2022" class="citation journal cs1">Lecavelier des Etangs, A.; Lissauer, Jack J. (1 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S138764732200001X">"The IAU working definition of an exoplanet"</a>. New Astronomy Reviews. 94: 101641. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.09520">2203.09520</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022NewAR..9401641L">2022NewAR..9401641L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.newar.2022.101641">10.1016/j.newar.2022.101641</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1387-6473">1387-6473</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247065421">247065421</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220513110848/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S138764732200001X">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2022. 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Astronomy & Astrophysics. 558 (7): L7. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1310.1936">1310.1936</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013A&A...558L...7J">2013A&A...558L...7J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201322432">10.1051/0004-6361/201322432</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118456052">118456052</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+%26+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=OTS+44%3A+Disk+and+accretion+at+the+planetary+border&rft.volume=558&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=L7&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1310.1936&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A118456052%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201322432&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013A%26A...558L...7J&rft.aulast=Joergens&rft.aufirst=V.&rft.au=Bonnefoy%2C+M.&rft.au=Liu%2C+Y.&rft.au=Bayo%2C+A.&rft.au=Wolf%2C+S.&rft.au=Chauvin%2C+G.&rft.au=Rojo%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/in-depth">"What is a Planet? | Planets"</a>. NASA Solar System Exploration. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220426123245/https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/in-depth/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2022. Retrieved 2 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA+Solar+System+Exploration&rft.atitle=What+is+a+Planet%3F+%7C+Planets&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsolarsystem.nasa.gov%2Fplanets%2Fin-depth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-asteroids-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-asteroids_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-asteroids_154-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-asteroids_154-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-asteroids_154-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHilton2001" class="citation web cs1">Hilton, James L. (17 September 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070921162818/http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/minorplanets.php">"When Did the Asteroids Become Minor Planets?"</a>. U.S. Naval Observatory. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/minorplanets.php">the original</a> on 21 September 2007. Retrieved 8 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=When+Did+the+Asteroids+Become+Minor+Planets%3F&rft.pub=U.S.+Naval+Observatory&rft.date=2001-09-17&rft.aulast=Hilton&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faa.usno.navy.mil%2Ffaq%2Fdocs%2Fminorplanets.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-metzger22-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-metzger22_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-metzger22_155-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-metzger22_155-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-metzger22_155-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-metzger22_155-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-metzger22_155-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-metzger22_155-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMetzgerGrundySykesStern2022" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_T._Metzger" title="Philip T. Metzger">Metzger, Philip T.</a>; Grundy, W. M.; Sykes, Mark V.; Stern, Alan; Bell III, James F.; Detelich, Charlene E.; Runyon, Kirby; Summers, Michael (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103521004206">"Moons are planets: Scientific usefulness versus cultural teleology in the taxonomy of planetary science"</a>. Icarus. 374: 114768. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2110.15285">2110.15285</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Icar..37414768M">2022Icar..37414768M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2021.114768">10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114768</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240071005">240071005</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220911060134/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103521004206">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2022. Retrieved 8 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Moons+are+planets%3A+Scientific+usefulness+versus+cultural+teleology+in+the+taxonomy+of+planetary+science&rft.volume=374&rft.pages=114768&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2110.15285&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240071005%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2021.114768&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022Icar..37414768M&rft.aulast=Metzger&rft.aufirst=Philip+T.&rft.au=Grundy%2C+W.+M.&rft.au=Sykes%2C+Mark+V.&rft.au=Stern%2C+Alan&rft.au=Bell+III%2C+James+F.&rft.au=Detelich%2C+Charlene+E.&rft.au=Runyon%2C+Kirby&rft.au=Summers%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0019103521004206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/collections/finding-our-place-in-the-cosmos-with-carl-sagan/articles-and-essays/modeling-the-cosmos/ancient-greek-astronomy-and-cosmology">"Ancient Greek Astronomy and Cosmology"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Library_of_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="The Library of Congress">The Library of Congress</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150501051354/https://www.loc.gov/collections/finding-our-place-in-the-cosmos-with-carl-sagan/articles-and-essays/modeling-the-cosmos/ancient-greek-astronomy-and-cosmology">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2015. Retrieved 19 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greek+Astronomy+and+Cosmology&rft.pub=The+Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fcollections%2Ffinding-our-place-in-the-cosmos-with-carl-sagan%2Farticles-and-essays%2Fmodeling-the-cosmos%2Fancient-greek-astronomy-and-cosmology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=pla/nhs">πλάνης</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=planh/ths">πλανήτης</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a> Retrieved on 11 July 2022. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/planet">"Definition of planet"</a>. Merriam-Webster OnLine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120601063256/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/planet">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+planet&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster+OnLine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fplanet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/planet">"Planet Etymology"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">dictionary.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150702151908/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/planet">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Planet+Etymology&rft.btitle=dictionary.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fplanet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oed-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oed_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oed_160-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50180718?query_type=word&queryword=planet">"planet, n"</a>. Oxford English Dictionary. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120703072456/http://oed.com/public/redirect/welcome-to-the-new-oed-online">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=planet%2C+n&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.oed.com%2Fcgi%2Fentry%2F50180718%3Fquery_type%3Dword%26queryword%3Dplanet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanet" class="Z3988"> Note: select the Etymology tab </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNeugebauer1945" class="citation journal cs1">Neugebauer, Otto E. (1945). "The History of Ancient Astronomy Problems and Methods". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 4 (1): 1–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F370729">10.1086/370729</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162347339">162347339</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Ancient+Astronomy+Problems+and+Methods&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.date=1945&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F370729&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162347339%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Neugebauer&rft.aufirst=Otto+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRonan1996" class="citation book cs1">Ronan, Colin (1996). "Astronomy Before the Telescope". In Walker, Christopher (ed.). Astronomy in China, Korea and Japan. British Museum Press. pp. 264–265. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996abt..conf..245R">1996abt..conf..245R</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Astronomy+Before+the+Telescope&rft.btitle=Astronomy+in+China%2C+Korea+and+Japan&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E264-%3C%2Fspan%3E265&rft.pub=British+Museum+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996abt..conf..245R&rft.aulast=Ronan&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKuhn1957" class="citation book cs1">Kuhn, Thomas S. (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copernicanrevolu0008kuhn">The Copernican Revolution</a>. Harvard University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copernicanrevolu0008kuhn/page/5">5–20</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-17103-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-17103-9"><bdi>978-0-674-17103-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Copernican+Revolution&rft.pages=5-20&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1957&rft.isbn=978-0-674-17103-9&rft.aulast=Kuhn&rft.aufirst=Thomas+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcopernicanrevolu0008kuhn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TMU-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TMU_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TMU_164-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrautschiOlenickApostolGoodstein2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Frautschi" title="Steven Frautschi">Frautschi, Steven C.</a>; Olenick, Richard P.; <a href="/wiki/Tom_M._Apostol" title="Tom M. Apostol">Apostol, Tom M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_L._Goodstein" class="mw-redirect" title="David L. Goodstein">Goodstein, David L.</a> (2007). <a href="/wiki/The_Mechanical_Universe" title="The Mechanical Universe">The Mechanical Universe: Mechanics and Heat</a> (Advanced ed.). Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-71590-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-71590-4"><bdi>978-0-521-71590-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/227002144">227002144</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mechanical+Universe%3A+Mechanics+and+Heat&rft.place=Cambridge+%5BCambridgeshire%5D&rft.pages=58&rft.edition=Advanced&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F227002144&rft.isbn=978-0-521-71590-4&rft.aulast=Frautschi&rft.aufirst=Steven+C.&rft.au=Olenick%2C+Richard+P.&rft.au=Apostol%2C+Tom+M.&rft.au=Goodstein%2C+David+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-practice-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-practice_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-practice_165-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-practice_165-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-practice_165-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-practice_165-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEvans1998" class="citation book cs1">Evans, James (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nS51_7qbEWsC&pg=PA17">The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 296–297. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509539-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509539-5"><bdi>978-0-19-509539-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Practice+of+Ancient+Astronomy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E296-%3C%2Fspan%3E297&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-509539-5&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnS51_7qbEWsC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRochberg2000" class="citation book cs1">Rochberg, Francesca (2000). "Astronomy and Calendars in Ancient Mesopotamia". In Jack Sasson (ed.). Civilizations of the Ancient Near East. Vol. III. p. 1930.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Astronomy+and+Calendars+in+Ancient+Mesopotamia&rft.btitle=Civilizations+of+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pages=1930&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Rochberg&rft.aufirst=Francesca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aaboe,_Asger-167"><a href="#cite_ref-Aaboe,_Asger_167-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAaboe1991" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Asger_Aaboe" title="Asger Aaboe">Aaboe, Asger</a> (1991), "The culture of Babylonia: Babylonian mathematics, astrology, and astronomy", in <a href="/wiki/John_Boardman_(art_historian)" title="John Boardman (art historian)">Boardman, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/I._E._S._Edwards" title="I. E. S. Edwards">Edwards, I. E. S.</a>; <a href="/wiki/N._G._L._Hammond" title="N. G. L. Hammond">Hammond, N. G. L.</a>; Sollberger, E.; Walker, C. B. F (eds.), The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries B.C., The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. 3, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 276–292, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521227179" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521227179"><bdi>978-0521227179</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+culture+of+Babylonia%3A+Babylonian+mathematics%2C+astrology%2C+and+astronomy&rft.btitle=The+Assyrian+and+Babylonian+Empires+and+other+States+of+the+Near+East%2C+from+the+Eighth+to+the+Sixth+Centuries+B.C.&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E276-%3C%2Fspan%3E292&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0521227179&rft.aulast=Aaboe&rft.aufirst=Asger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHermann_Hunger1992" class="citation book cs1">Hermann Hunger, ed. (1992). Astrological reports to Assyrian kings. State Archives of Assyria. Vol. 8. Helsinki University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-570-130-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-570-130-5"><bdi>978-951-570-130-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Astrological+reports+to+Assyrian+kings&rft.series=State+Archives+of+Assyria&rft.pub=Helsinki+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-951-570-130-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLambertReiner1987" class="citation journal cs1">Lambert, W. G.; Reiner, Erica (1987). "Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part One. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablet 63: The Venus Tablet of Ammisaduqa". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 107 (1): 93–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F602955">10.2307/602955</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/602955">602955</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Babylonian+Planetary+Omens.+Part+One.+Enuma+Anu+Enlil%2C+Tablet+63%3A+The+Venus+Tablet+of+Ammisaduqa.&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F602955&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F602955%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=W.+G.&rft.au=Reiner%2C+Erica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ancientmes-170"><a href="#cite_ref-ancientmes_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKasakVeede2001" class="citation journal cs1">Kasak, Enn; Veede, Raul (2001). Mare Kõiva; Andres Kuperjanov (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.folklore.ee/Folklore/vol16/planets.pdf">"Understanding Planets in Ancient Mesopotamia"</a> (PDF). Electronic Journal of Folklore. 16: 7–35. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.570.6778">10.1.1.570.6778</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7592%2Ffejf2001.16.planets">10.7592/fejf2001.16.planets</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190204141254/http://www.folklore.ee/folklore/vol16/planets.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 February 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronic+Journal+of+Folklore&rft.atitle=Understanding+Planets+in+Ancient+Mesopotamia&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.570.6778%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7592%2Ffejf2001.16.planets&rft.aulast=Kasak&rft.aufirst=Enn&rft.au=Veede%2C+Raul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.folklore.ee%2FFolklore%2Fvol16%2Fplanets.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSachs1974" class="citation journal cs1">Sachs, A. (2 May 1974). "Babylonian Observational Astronomy". <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society</a>. 276 (1257): 43–50 [45 & 48–49]. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974RSPTA.276...43S">1974RSPTA.276...43S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsta.1974.0008">10.1098/rsta.1974.0008</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/74273">74273</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121539390">121539390</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Babylonian+Observational+Astronomy&rft.volume=276&rft.issue=1257&rft.pages=43-50+45+%26+48-49&rft.date=1974-05-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsta.1974.0008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A121539390%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F74273%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1974RSPTA.276...43S&rft.aulast=Sachs&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-burnet-172"><a href="#cite_ref-burnet_172-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurnet1950" class="citation book cs1">Burnet, John (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7yUAmmqHHEgC&pg=PR4">Greek philosophy: Thales to Plato</a>. Macmillan and Co. pp. 7–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-6601-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-6601-1"><bdi>978-1-4067-6601-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 7 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+philosophy%3A+Thales+to+Plato&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Co.&rft.date=1950&rft.isbn=978-1-4067-6601-1&rft.aulast=Burnet&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7yUAmmqHHEgC%26pg%3DPR4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cooley-173"><a href="#cite_ref-Cooley_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCooley2008" class="citation journal cs1">Cooley, Jeffrey L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1247599">"Inana and Šukaletuda: A Sumerian Astral Myth"</a>. KASKAL. 5: 161–172. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1971-8608">1971-8608</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224105634/https://www.academia.edu/1247599">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2019. Retrieved 26 November 2022. <q>The Greeks, for example, originally identified the morning and evening stars with two separate deities, Phosphoros and Hesporos respectively. In Mesopotamia, it seems that this was recognized prehistorically. Assuming its authenticity, a cylinder seal from the Erlenmeyer collection attests to this knowledge in southern Iraq as early as the Late Uruk / Jemdet Nasr Period, as do the archaic texts of the period. [...] Whether or not one accepts the seal as authentic, the fact that there is no epithetical distinction between the morning and evening appearances of Venus in any later Mesopotamian literature attests to a very, very early recognition of the phenomenon.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KASKAL&rft.atitle=Inana+and+%C5%A0ukaletuda%3A+A+Sumerian+Astral+Myth&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E161-%3C%2Fspan%3E172&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=1971-8608&rft.aulast=Cooley&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1247599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKurtik1999" class="citation journal cs1">Kurtik, G. E. (June 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10556799908244112">"The identification of Inanna with the planet Venus: A criterion for the time determination of the recognition of constellations in ancient Mesopotamia"</a>. Astronomical & Astrophysical Transactions. 17 (6): 501–513. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999A&AT...17..501K">1999A&AT...17..501K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10556799908244112">10.1080/10556799908244112</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1055-6796">1055-6796</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220616151834/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10556799908244112">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomical+%26+Astrophysical+Transactions&rft.atitle=The+identification+of+Inanna+with+the+planet+Venus%3A+A+criterion+for+the+time+determination+of+the+recognition+of+constellations+in+ancient+Mesopotamia&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E501-%3C%2Fspan%3E513&rft.date=1999-06&rft.issn=1055-6796&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10556799908244112&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999A%26AT...17..501K&rft.aulast=Kurtik&rft.aufirst=G.+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F10556799908244112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-almagest-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-almagest_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-almagest_175-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein1997" class="citation journal cs1">Goldstein, Bernard R. (1997). "Saving the phenomena: the background to Ptolemy's planetary theory". Journal for the History of Astronomy. 28 (1): 1–12. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997JHA....28....1G">1997JHA....28....1G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002182869702800101">10.1177/002182869702800101</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118875902">118875902</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+History+of+Astronomy&rft.atitle=Saving+the+phenomena%3A+the+background+to+Ptolemy%27s+planetary+theory&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A118875902%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002182869702800101&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997JHA....28....1G&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Bernard+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPtolemyToomer,_G._J.1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>; <a href="/wiki/G._J._Toomer" class="mw-redirect" title="G. 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Altorientalische Forschungen. 46 (2): 204–213. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Faofo-2019-0014">10.1515/aofo-2019-0014</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1871.1%2Ff23ff882-1539-4906-bc08-049906f8d505">1871.1/f23ff882-1539-4906-bc08-049906f8d505</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2196-6761">2196-6761</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208269607">208269607</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220322014922/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/aofo-2019-0014/html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Altorientalische+Forschungen&rft.atitle=A+Late+Composition+Dedicated+to+Nergal&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E204-%3C%2Fspan%3E213&rft.date=2019-11-06&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1871.1%2Ff23ff882-1539-4906-bc08-049906f8d505&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A208269607%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2196-6761&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Faofo-2019-0014&rft.aulast=Cecilia&rft.aufirst=Ludovica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Faofo-2019-0014%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> Rengel, Marian; Daly, Kathleen N. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c7cNB-JaZA8C&q=%22Hellenization%20refers%22">Greek and Roman Mythology, A to Z</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221229103416/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Greek_and_Roman_Mythology_A_to_Z/c7cNB-JaZA8C?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22Hellenization%20refers%22">Archived</a> 29 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. United States: Facts On File, Incorporated. p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-DRGA_Planetae-230"><a href="#cite_ref-DRGA_Planetae_230-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0063%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DP%3Aentry+group%3D4%3Aentry%3Dplanetae-cn">"Planetae"</a>, in Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, pp. 922, 923. </li> <li id="cite_note-zerubavel-231"><a href="#cite_ref-zerubavel_231-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZerubavel1989" class="citation book cs1">Zerubavel, Eviatar (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aGahKeojIUoC&pg=PA14">The Seven Day Circle: The history and meaning of the week</a>. 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Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 40 (2): 135–137. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F372867">10.1086/372867</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/545038">545038</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162579411">162579411</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Hebrew+names+of+the+seven+planets&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E137&rft.date=1981-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162579411%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F545038%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F372867&rft.aulast=Stieglitz&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRagepHartner2012" class="citation journal cs1">Ragep, F.J.; Hartner, W. 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Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0931464195" title="Special:BookSources/978-0931464195"><bdi>978-0931464195</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Word+of+the+Lord+Shall+Go+Forth%3A+Essays+in+honor+of+David+Noel+Freedman+in+celebration+of+his+sixtieth+birthday&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0931464195&rft.aulast=Meyers&rft.aufirst=Carol+L.&rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+M.&rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+Michael+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DleQtcmpcQ-EC%26q%3Dzuhal%2Bsaturn%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEilers1976" class="citation book cs1">Eilers, Wilhelm (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Sitz-Ber-Akad-Muenchen-phil-hist-Kl_1975_0001-0138.pdf">Sinn und Herkunft der Planetennamen</a> (PDF). Munich: <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Humanities" title="Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities">Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221010105840/https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Sitz-Ber-Akad-Muenchen-phil-hist-Kl_1975_0001-0138.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2022. Retrieved 28 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sinn+und+Herkunft+der+Planetennamen&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=Bavarian+Academy+of+Sciences+and+Humanities&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Eilers&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zobodat.at%2Fpdf%2FSitz-Ber-Akad-Muenchen-phil-hist-Kl_1975_0001-0138.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGalter1991" class="citation conference cs1">Galter, Hannes D. (23–27 September 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dMgfAQAAIAAJ&q=mustari+jupiter">"Die Rolle der Astronomie in den Kulturen Mesopotamiens"</a> [The role of astronomy in the cultures of the Mesopotamians]. Beiträge Zum 3. 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Graz, Austria: GrazKult (published 31 July 1993). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3853750094" title="Special:BookSources/978-3853750094"><bdi>978-3853750094</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Die+Rolle+der+Astronomie+in+den+Kulturen+Mesopotamiens&rft.btitle=Beitr%C3%A4ge+Zum+3.+Grazer+Morgenl%C3%A4ndischen+Symposion+%28+23%E2%80%9327+September+1991%29&rft.place=Graz%2C+Austria&rft.pub=GrazKult&rft.date=1991-09-23%2F1991-09-27&rft.isbn=978-3853750094&rft.aulast=Galter&rft.aufirst=Hannes+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdMgfAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dmustari%2Bjupiter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFal-Masūdī1841" class="citation web cs1">al-Masūdī (1841). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XaVmAAAAMAAJ&q=utarid+mercury+penman&pg=PA204">"El-Masūdī's Historical Encyclopaedia, entitled "Meadows of Gold and Mines of Gems.""</a>. 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Springer. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3642297182" title="Special:BookSources/978-3642297182"><bdi>978-3642297182</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Minor+Planet+Names&rft.pages=15&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3642297182&rft.aulast=Schmadel&rft.aufirst=Lutz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaeAg1X7afOoC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bianyulin-247">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bianyulin_247-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bianyulin_247-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREF卞毓麟_[Bian_Yulin]2007" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">卞毓麟 [Bian Yulin] (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nadc.china-vo.org/astrodict/s/2016/committeeArticles/Eris_history_BianYuLin_2007.pdf">""阋神星"的来龙去脉"</a> (PDF). 中国科技术语 [China Terminology] (in Chinese (China)). 9 (4): 59–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3969%2Fj.issn.1673-8578.2007.04.020">10.3969/j.issn.1673-8578.2007.04.020</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220921143511/https://nadc.china-vo.org/astrodict/s/2016/committeeArticles/Eris_history_BianYuLin_2007.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 September 2022. 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Retrieved 8 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Planetary+linguistics&rft.pub=nineplanets.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnineplanets.org%2Fdays.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english-vietnamese/">"Cambridge English-Vietnamese Dictionary"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221007123000/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english-vietnamese/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2022. 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Retrieved 5 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E8%AF%AD+%5BChina+Terminology%5D&rft.atitle=%E5%B0%8F%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E66-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3969%2Fj.issn.1673-8578.2018.03.015&rft.au=%E6%9D%8E%E7%AB%9E+%5BLi+Jing%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.term.org.cn%2FCN%2F10.3969%2Fj.issn.1673-8578.2018.03.015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEttinger2009" class="citation news cs1">Ettinger, Yair (31 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/2009-12-31/ty-article/uranus-and-neptune-get-hebrew-names-at-last/0000017f-ec5c-ddba-a37f-ee7ecaf10000">"Uranus and Neptune Get Hebrew Names at Last"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221005082216/https://www.haaretz.com/2009-12-31/ty-article/uranus-and-neptune-get-hebrew-names-at-last/0000017f-ec5c-ddba-a37f-ee7ecaf10000">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Uranus+and+Neptune+Get+Hebrew+Names+at+Last&rft.date=2009-12-31&rft.aulast=Ettinger&rft.aufirst=Yair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2F2009-12-31%2Fty-article%2Furanus-and-neptune-get-hebrew-names-at-last%2F0000017f-ec5c-ddba-a37f-ee7ecaf10000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZucker2011" class="citation journal cs1">Zucker, Shay (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1743921311002432">"Hebrew names of the planets"</a>. Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union. 260: 301–305. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011IAUS..260..301Z">2011IAUS..260..301Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1743921311002432">10.1017/S1743921311002432</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162671357">162671357</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+International+Astronomical+Union&rft.atitle=Hebrew+names+of+the+planets&rft.volume=260&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E301-%3C%2Fspan%3E305&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162671357%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1743921311002432&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011IAUS..260..301Z&rft.aulast=Zucker&rft.aufirst=Shay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS1743921311002432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WGSBN-Naming-Guidelines-254"><a href="#cite_ref-WGSBN-Naming-Guidelines_254-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wgsbn-iau.org/documentation/NamesAndCitations.pdf">"Minor Planet Naming Guidelines (Rules and Guidelines for naming non-cometary small Solar-System bodies) – v1.0"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 1 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Working+Group+Small+Body+Nomenclature&rft.atitle=Minor+Planet+Naming+Guidelines+%28Rules+and+Guidelines+for+naming+non-cometary+small+Solar-System+bodies%29+%E2%80%93+v1.0&rft.date=2021-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wgsbn-iau.org%2Fdocumentation%2FNamesAndCitations.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WGSBN-home-255"><a href="#cite_ref-WGSBN-home_255-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wgsbn-iau.org/">"IAU: WG Small Body Nomenclature (WGSBN)"</a>. Working Group Small Body Nomenclature. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220208031049/https://wgsbn-iau.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2022. 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Astronomische Nachrichten. 34: 325. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1852AN.....34..325.">1852AN.....34..325.</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomische+Nachrichten&rft.atitle=Beobachtungen+der+Uranus-Satelliten&rft.volume=34&rft.pages=325&rft.date=1852&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1852AN.....34..325.&rft.aulast=Lassell&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/Planets">"Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature"</a>. 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Retrieved 29 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA%27s+Solar+System+Exploration%3A+Multimedia%3A+Gallery%3A+Pluto%27s+Symbol&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsse.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fmultimedia%2Fdisplay.cfm%3FIM_ID%3D263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-iau-style-manual-268"><a href="#cite_ref-iau-style-manual_268-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iau.org/static/publications/stylemanual1989.pdf">The IAU Style Manual</a> (PDF). 1989. p. 27. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726170213/http://www.iau.org/static/publications/stylemanual1989.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+IAU+Style+Manual&rft.pages=27&rft.date=1989&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iau.org%2Fstatic%2Fpublications%2Fstylemanual1989.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2022" class="citation web cs1">Anderson, Deborah (4 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.unicode.org/2022/05/out-of-this-world-new-astronomy-symbols.html">"Out of this World: New Astronomy Symbols Approved for the Unicode Standard"</a>. unicode.org. 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Retrieved 14 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unicode.org&rft.atitle=Phobos+and+Deimos+symbols&rft.date=2025-03-07&rft.aulast=Bala&rft.aufirst=Gavin+Jared&rft.au=Miller%2C+Kirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2025%2F25079-phobos-and-deimos.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanet" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 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data-file-width="666" data-file-height="36" usemap="#ImageMap_95c11910eb0c3136" /><map name="ImageMap_95c11910eb0c3136"><area href="/wiki/Sun" shape="rect" coords="0,0,90,35" alt="The Sun" title="The Sun" /><area href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" shape="circle" coords="112,18,6" alt="Mercury" title="Mercury" /><area href="/wiki/Venus" shape="circle" coords="153,18,8" alt="Venus" title="Venus" /><area href="/wiki/Moon" shape="circle" coords="204,10,4" alt="The Moon" title="The Moon" /><area href="/wiki/Earth" shape="circle" coords="195,18,8" alt="Earth" title="Earth" /><area href="/wiki/Mars" shape="circle" coords="233,18,8" alt="Mars" title="Mars" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" shape="circle" coords="241,13,3" alt="Phobos and Deimos" title="Phobos and Deimos" /><area href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" shape="circle" coords="271,18,5" alt="Ceres" title="Ceres" /><area href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" shape="rect" coords="256,0,288,35" alt="The main asteroid belt" title="The main asteroid belt" /><area href="/wiki/Jupiter" shape="circle" coords="316,19,15" alt="Jupiter" title="Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" shape="circle" coords="329,6,6" alt="Moons of Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" shape="rect" coords="298,18,335,20" alt="Rings of Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Saturn" shape="circle" coords="372,18,12" alt="Saturn" title="Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" shape="circle" coords="381,7,6" alt="Moons of Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" shape="rect" coords="353,5,389,31" alt="Rings of Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Uranus" shape="circle" coords="418,18,12" alt="Uranus" title="Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus" shape="circle" coords="427,10,6" alt="Moons of Uranus" title="Moons of Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus" shape="rect" coords="408,4,429,34" alt="Rings of Uranus" title="Rings of Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Neptune" shape="circle" coords="462,18,12" alt="Neptune" title="Neptune" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune" shape="circle" coords="471,10,5" alt="Moons of Neptune" title="Moons of Neptune" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Neptune" shape="rect" coords="441,9,485,28" alt="Rings of Neptune" title="Rings of Neptune" /><area href="/wiki/Pluto" shape="circle" coords="504,18,12" alt="Pluto" title="Pluto" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Pluto" shape="circle" coords="510,13,8" alt="Moons of Pluto" title="Moons of Pluto" /><area href="/wiki/Haumea" shape="circle" coords="534,18,12" alt="Haumea" title="Haumea" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Haumea" shape="circle" coords="540,13,8" alt="Moons of Haumea" title="Moons of Haumea" /><area href="/wiki/Makemake" shape="circle" coords="567,18,12" alt="Makemake" title="Makemake" /><area href="/wiki/S/2015_(136472)_1" shape="circle" coords="571,13,8" alt="S/2015 (136472) 1" title="S/2015 (136472) 1" /><area href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" shape="rect" coords="490,0,580,35" alt="The Kuiper Belt" title="The Kuiper Belt" /><area href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" shape="circle" coords="596,18,12" alt="Eris" title="Eris" /><area href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)" shape="circle" coords="602,13,8" alt="Dysnomia" title="Dysnomia" /><area href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" shape="rect" coords="581,0,610,35" alt="The Scattered Disc" title="The Scattered Disc" /><area href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" shape="rect" coords="623,0,640,35" alt="The Hills Cloud" title="The Hills Cloud" /><area href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" shape="rect" coords="641,0,666,35" alt="The Oort Cloud" title="The Oort Cloud" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedna_(dwarf_planet)" title="Sedna (dwarf planet)">Sedna</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Planets,_dwarfs,_minors275" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Planets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarfs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">minors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">Terrestrials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_planet" title="Giant planet">Giants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">Gas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_giant" title="Ice giant">Ice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">Dwarfs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedna_(dwarf_planet)" title="Sedna (dwarf planet)">Sedna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">Large Minor Planets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/120347_Salacia" title="120347 Salacia">Salacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20000_Varuna" title="20000 Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28978_Ixion" title="28978 Ixion">Ixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets" title="List of minor planets">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">Moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Earth <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claimed_moons_of_Earth" title="Claimed moons of Earth">Claimed</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" title="Moons of Mars">Mars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_(moon)" title="Deimos (moon)">Deimos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">Jupiter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter#List" title="Moons of Jupiter">all 95</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn">Saturn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(moon)" title="Rhea (moon)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapetus_(moon)" title="Iapetus (moon)">Iapetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dione_(moon)" title="Dione (moon)">Dione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethys_(moon)" title="Tethys (moon)">Tethys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimas" title="Mimas">Mimas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(moon)" title="Hyperion (moon)">Hyperion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(moon)" title="Phoebe (moon)">Phoebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn#List" title="Moons of Saturn">all 274</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus" title="Moons of Uranus">Uranus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titania_(moon)" title="Titania (moon)">Titania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberon_(moon)" title="Oberon (moon)">Oberon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbriel" title="Umbriel">Umbriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_(moon)" title="Ariel (moon)">Ariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miranda_(moon)" title="Miranda (moon)">Miranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus#List" title="Moons of Uranus">all 28</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune" title="Moons of Neptune">Neptune</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteus_(moon)" title="Proteus (moon)">Proteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereid_(moon)" title="Nereid (moon)">Nereid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune#List" title="Moons of Neptune">all 16</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Pluto" title="Moons of Pluto">Pluto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charon_(moon)" title="Charon (moon)">Charon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nix_(moon)" title="Nix (moon)">Nix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydra_(moon)" title="Hydra (moon)">Hydra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerberos_(moon)" title="Kerberos (moon)">Kerberos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styx_(moon)" title="Styx (moon)">Styx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vanth_(moon)" title="Vanth (moon)">Vanth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Haumea" title="Moons of Haumea">Haumea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hi%CA%BBiaka_(moon)" title="Hiʻiaka (moon)">Hiʻiaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaka_(moon)" title="Namaka (moon)">Namaka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weywot" title="Weywot">Weywot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S/2015_(136472)_1" title="S/2015 (136472) 1">S/2015 (136472) 1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiangliu_(moon)" title="Xiangliu (moon)">Xiangliu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)" title="Dysnomia (moon)">Dysnomia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">Formation, evolution</a>, contents, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Solar_System_formation_and_evolution_hypotheses" title="History of Solar System formation and evolution hypotheses">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">Star formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">Accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Accretion disk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk#Excretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Excretion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solar_System_formation_and_evolution_hypotheses#Capture_hypothesis" title="History of Solar System formation and evolution hypotheses">Capture theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Triton" title="Capture of Triton">Capture of Triton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumplanetary_disk" title="Circumplanetary disk">Circumplanetary disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_disc" title="Circumstellar disc">Circumstellar disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coatlicue_(star)" title="Coatlicue (star)">Coatlicue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-orbital_configuration" title="Co-orbital configuration">Co-orbital configuration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-orbital_configuration#Trojan_moons" title="Co-orbital configuration">Saturn Moons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris_disk" title="Debris disk">Debris disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detached_object" title="Detached object">Detached object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_giant#Disk_instability" title="Ice giant">Disk instability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanetary_Circumstellar_Environments_and_Disk_Explorer" title="Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer">EXCEDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exozodiacal_dust" title="Exozodiacal dust">Exozodiacal dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_materials" title="Extraterrestrial materials">Extraterrestrial materials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_sample_curation" title="Extraterrestrial sample curation">Curation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sample-return_mission" title="Sample-return mission">Sample-return mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost_line_(astrophysics)" title="Frost line (astrophysics)">Frost/Ice/Snow line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant-impact_hypothesis" title="Giant-impact hypothesis">Giant-impact hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_tack_hypothesis" title="Grand tack hypothesis">Grand tack hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_collapse" title="Gravitational collapse">Gravitational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" title="Hills cloud">Hills cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_sphere" title="Hill sphere">Hill sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_dust_cloud" title="Interplanetary dust cloud">Interplanetary dust cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_medium" title="Interplanetary medium">Interplanetary medium/space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_cloud" title="Interstellar cloud">Interstellar cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">Interstellar medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space#Interstellar_space" title="Outer space">Interstellar space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kordylewski_cloud" title="Kordylewski cloud">Kordylewski cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_cliff" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuiper cliff">Kuiper cliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Heavy_Bombardment" title="Late Heavy Bombardment">Late Heavy Bombardment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">Molecular cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis" title="Nebular hypothesis">Nebular hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nice_model" title="Nice model">Nice model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nice_2_model" title="Nice 2 model">Nice 2 model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-planet_Nice_model" title="Five-planet Nice model">Five-planet Nice model</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">Outer space</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Planet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disrupted_planet" title="Disrupted planet">Disrupted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_migration" title="Planetary migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">Planetesimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis#Formation_of_planets" title="Nebular hypothesis">Formation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_collision#Formation_of_planets" title="Stellar collision">Merging stars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">Protoplanetary disk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_system" title="Ring system">Ring system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roche_limit" title="Roche limit">Roche limit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roche_limit#Roche_limit,_Hill_sphere_and_radius_of_the_planet" title="Roche limit">vs. Hill sphere</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubble_pile" title="Rubble pile">Rubble pile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Ring_system" title="Ring system">Rings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Earth" title="Rings of Earth">Earth</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter">Jovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn">Saturnian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Rhea" title="Rings of Rhea">Rhean</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Chariklo" title="Rings of Chariklo">Charikloan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2060_Chiron#Rings" title="2060 Chiron">Chironean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus" title="Rings of Uranus">Uranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Neptune" title="Rings of Neptune">Neptunian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea#Ring" title="Haumea">Haumean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar#Rings" title="Quaoar">Quaoarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hypothetical_Solar_System_objects" title="List of hypothetical Solar System objects">Hypothetical objects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claimed_moons_of_Earth#Other_claims" title="Claimed moons of Earth">Bagby's moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiron_(hypothetical_moon)" title="Chiron (hypothetical moon)">Chiron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coatlicue_(star)" title="Coatlicue (star)">Coatlicue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Earth" title="Counter-Earth">Counter-Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysalis_(hypothetical_moon)" title="Chrysalis (hypothetical moon)">Chrysalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Giant" title="Fifth Giant">Fifth Giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Hyperion (hypothetical planet)">Hyperion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_objects_proposed_in_religion,_astrology,_ufology_and_pseudoscience#Lilith" title="Planetary objects proposed in religion, astrology, ufology and pseudoscience">Lilith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_moon_of_Mercury" title="Hypothetical moon of Mercury">Mercury's moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neith_(hypothetical_moon)" title="Neith (hypothetical moon)">Neith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis_(hypothetical_star)" title="Nemesis (hypothetical star)">Nemesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claimed_moons_of_Earth#Petit's_moon" title="Claimed moons of Earth">Petit's moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeton_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Phaeton (hypothetical planet)">Phaeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_Nine" title="Planet Nine">Planet Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planets_beyond_Neptune#Kuiper_cliff_and_"Planet_Ten"" title="Planets beyond Neptune">Planet Ten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_V" title="Planet V">Planet V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planets_beyond_Neptune#Planet_X" title="Planets beyond Neptune">Planet X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsatellite" title="Subsatellite">Subsatellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synestia#Giant-impact_hypothesis" title="Synestia">Synestia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theia_(planet)" title="Theia (planet)">Theia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themis_(hypothetical_moon)" title="Themis (hypothetical moon)">Themis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyche_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Tyche (hypothetical planet)">Tyche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Vulcan (hypothetical planet)">Vulcan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulcanoid" title="Vulcanoid">Vulcanoids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claimed_moons_of_Earth#Waltemath's_moons" title="Claimed moons of Earth">Waltemath's moons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Exploration</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_space_exploration" title="Outline of space exploration">outline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_and_exploration_of_the_Solar_System" title="Discovery and exploration of the Solar System">Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_models_of_the_Solar_System" title="Historical models of the Solar System">historical models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_moons" title="Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Solar_System_exploration" title="Timeline of Solar System exploration">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">space stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crewed_spacecraft" title="List of crewed spacecraft">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight_programs" title="Human spaceflight programs">programs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mercury" title="Exploration of Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observations_and_explorations_of_Venus" title="Observations and explorations of Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">Moon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_resources" title="Lunar resources">mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)#Exploration" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid#Exploration" title="Asteroid">Asteroids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_comets" title="List of missions to comets">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Jupiter" title="Exploration of Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Saturn" title="Exploration of Saturn">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Uranus" title="Exploration of Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Neptune" title="Exploration of Neptune">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Pluto" title="Exploration of Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_space_exploration" title="Deep space exploration">Deep space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Small_Solar_System_body" title="Small Solar System body">Small Solar System bodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damocloid" title="Damocloid">Damocloids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">Meteoroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">Minor planets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meanings_of_minor-planet_names" title="Meanings of minor-planet names">names and meanings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor-planet_moon" title="Minor-planet moon">moons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">Planetesimal</a></li> <li>Planetary orbit-crossers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mercury-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Mercury-crossing minor planets">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Venus-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Venus-crossing minor planets">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Earth-crossing_asteroids" title="List of Earth-crossing asteroids">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Mars-crossing minor planets">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Jupiter-crossing minor planets">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Saturn-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Saturn-crossing minor planets">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Uranus-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Uranus-crossing minor planets">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neptune-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Neptune-crossing minor planets">Neptune</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_(celestial_body)" title="Trojan (celestial body)">Trojans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_ND15" title="2013 ND15">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_trojan" title="Earth trojan">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_trojan" title="Mars trojan">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_trojan" title="Jupiter trojan">Jupiter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Trojan_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Trojan camp)">Trojan camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Greek_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Greek camp)">Greek camp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_UO14" title="2019 UO14">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus_trojans" title="Uranus trojans">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_trojan" title="Neptune trojan">Neptune</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth objects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object#Near-Earth_asteroids" title="Near-Earth object">NEAs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">Asteroid belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">Vesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Pallas" title="2 Pallas">Pallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_Hygiea" title="10 Hygiea">Hygiea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_asteroid" title="Active asteroid">active</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets" title="List of minor planets">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_family" title="Asteroid family">families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">PHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exceptional_asteroids" title="List of exceptional asteroids">exceptional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkwood_gap" title="Kirkwood gap">Kirkwood gap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centaur_(small_Solar_System_body)" title="Centaur (small Solar System body)">Centaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object" title="Trans-Neptunian object">Trans-Neptunian objects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Kuiper_belt_object" title="Classical Kuiper belt object">Cubewanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutino" title="Plutino">Plutinos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detached_object" title="Detached object">Detached objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sednoid" title="Sednoid">Sednoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" title="Hills cloud">Hills cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_comets" title="Lists of comets">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_possible_dwarf_planets" title="List of possible dwarf planets">Possible dwarf planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gravitationally_rounded_objects_of_the_Solar_System" title="List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System">Gravitationally rounded objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets" title="List of minor planets">Minor planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_satellites" title="List of natural satellites">Natural satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_System_model" title="Solar System model">Solar System models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects" title="List of Solar System objects">Solar System objects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects_by_size" title="List of Solar System objects by size">by size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_moons" title="Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons">by discovery date</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Interstellar and circumstellar molecules</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_planet" title="Double planet">Double planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point" title="Lagrange point">Lagrange point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonlet" title="Moonlet">Moonlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syzygy_(astronomy)" title="Syzygy (astronomy)">Syzygy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_locking" title="Tidal locking">Tidal locking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;padding:0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Solar_System" title="Outline of the Solar System">Outline of the Solar System</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/20px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/40px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/20px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/40px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/19px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/29px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/38px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2776" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Earth_sciences" title="Portal:Earth sciences">Earth sciences portal</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Interstellar_Cloud" title="Local Interstellar Cloud">Local Interstellar Cloud</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Bubble" title="Local Bubble">Local Bubble</a> → <a href="/wiki/Gould_Belt" title="Gould Belt">Gould Belt</a> → <a href="/wiki/Orion_Arm" title="Orion Arm">Orion Arm</a> → <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> → <a href="/wiki/Satellite_galaxies_of_the_Milky_Way" title="Satellite galaxies of the Milky Way">Milky Way subgroup</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Group" title="Local Group">Local Group</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Sheet" title="Local Sheet">Local Sheet</a> → <a href="/wiki/Virgo_Supercluster" title="Virgo Supercluster">Virgo Supercluster</a> → <a href="/wiki/Laniakea_Supercluster" title="Laniakea Supercluster">Laniakea Supercluster</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Hole" title="Local Hole">Local Hole</a> → <a href="/wiki/Observable_universe" title="Observable universe">Observable universe</a> → <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">Universe</a> Each arrow (→) may be read as "within" or "part of". </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Exoplanets555" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Exoplanet" title="Template:Exoplanet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Exoplanet" title="Template talk:Exoplanet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Exoplanet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Exoplanet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Exoplanets555" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Exoplanets</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Planet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_planet" title="Definition of planet">Definition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IAU_definition_of_planet" title="IAU definition of planet">IAU</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_science" title="Planetary science">Planetary science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">Exoplanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanet_orbital_and_physical_parameters" title="Exoplanet orbital and physical parameters">Exoplanet orbital and physical parameters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_exoplanets" title="Methods of detecting exoplanets">Methods of detecting exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">Planetary system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet-hosting_star" title="Planet-hosting star">Planet-hosting stars</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/PDS_70" title="PDS 70"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/PDS_70.jpg/120px-PDS_70.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/PDS_70.jpg/250px-PDS_70.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1692" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;">Sizes and <a href="/wiki/List_of_planet_types" title="List of planet types">types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">Terrestrial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_planet" title="Carbon planet">Carbon planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coreless_planet" title="Coreless planet">Coreless planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_planet" title="Desert planet">Desert planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">Dwarf planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hycean_planet" title="Hycean planet">Hycean planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_planet" title="Ice planet">Ice planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_planet" title="Iron planet">Iron planet</a> (Super-Mercury)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_planet" title="Lava planet">Lava planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_world" title="Ocean world">Ocean world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mega-Earth" title="Mega-Earth">Mega-Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Earth" title="Sub-Earth">Sub-Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-Earth" title="Super-Earth">Super-Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">Gaseous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eccentric_Jupiter" title="Eccentric Jupiter">Eccentric Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini-Neptune" title="Mini-Neptune">Mini-Neptune</a> (Gas dwarf)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_planet" title="Helium planet">Helium planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Jupiter" title="Hot Jupiter">Hot Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Neptune" title="Hot Neptune">Hot Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">Gas giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_giant" title="Ice giant">Ice giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-Jupiter" title="Super-Jupiter">Super-Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-Neptune" title="Super-Neptune">Super-Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-puff" title="Super-puff">Super-puff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-hot_Jupiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-hot Jupiter">Ultra-hot Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-hot_Neptune" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-hot Neptune">Ultra-hot Neptune</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Other types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanet" title="Blanet">Blanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf" title="Brown dwarf">Brown dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chthonian_planet" title="Chthonian planet">Chthonian planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumbinary_planet" title="Circumbinary planet">Circumbinary planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumtriple_planet" title="Circumtriple planet">Circumtriple planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disrupted_planet" title="Disrupted planet">Disrupted planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_planet" title="Double planet">Double planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenopolis" title="Ecumenopolis">Ecumenopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyeball_planet" title="Eyeball planet">Eyeball planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_planet" title="Giant planet">Giant planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoplanet" title="Mesoplanet">Mesoplanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary-mass_object" title="Planetary-mass object">Planemo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf#Low-mass_brown_dwarfs_versus_high-mass_planets" title="Brown dwarf">Planet/Brown dwarf boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">Planetesimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoplanet" title="Protoplanet">Protoplanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar_planet" title="Pulsar planet">Pulsar planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-brown_dwarf" title="Sub-brown dwarf">Sub-brown dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Neptune" title="Sub-Neptune">Sub-Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toroidal_planet" title="Toroidal planet">Toroidal planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-cool_dwarf" title="Ultra-cool dwarf">Ultra-cool dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-short_period_planet" title="Ultra-short period planet">Ultra-short period planet (USP)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">Formation and evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">Accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Accretion disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">Asteroid belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumplanetary_disk" title="Circumplanetary disk">Circumplanetary disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_disc" title="Circumstellar disc">Circumstellar disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris_disk" title="Debris disk">Debris disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detached_object" title="Detached object">Detached object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disrupted_planet" title="Disrupted planet">Disrupted planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk#Excretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Excretion disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exozodiacal_dust" title="Exozodiacal dust">Exozodiacal dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_materials" title="Extraterrestrial materials">Extraterrestrial materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_sample_curation" title="Extraterrestrial sample curation">Extraterrestrial sample curation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant-impact_hypothesis" title="Giant-impact hypothesis">Giant-impact hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_collapse" title="Gravitational collapse">Gravitational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" title="Hills cloud">Hills cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanet_interiors" title="Exoplanet interiors">Internal structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_dust_cloud" title="Interplanetary dust cloud">Interplanetary dust cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_medium" title="Interplanetary medium">Interplanetary medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Interplanetary space">Interplanetary space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_cloud" title="Interstellar cloud">Interstellar cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_dust" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstellar dust">Interstellar dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">Interstellar medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space#Interstellar_space" title="Outer space">Interstellar space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_collision#Formation_of_planets" title="Stellar collision">Merging stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">Molecular cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis" title="Nebular hypothesis">Nebular hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">Outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_migration" title="Planetary migration">Planetary migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">Planetary system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">Planetesimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis#Formation_of_planets" title="Nebular hypothesis">Planet formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">Protoplanetary disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_system" title="Ring system">Ring system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubble_pile" title="Rubble pile">Rubble pile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sample-return_mission" title="Sample-return mission">Sample-return mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">Star formation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">Systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exocomet" title="Exocomet">Exocomet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_comet" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstellar comet">Interstellar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exomoon" title="Exomoon">Exomoon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tidally_detached_exomoon" title="Tidally detached exomoon">Tidally detached</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_planet" title="Rogue planet">Rogue planet</a></li> <li>Orbits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retrograde_and_prograde_motion#Exoplanets" title="Retrograde and prograde motion">Retrograde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-orbital_configuration#Trojans" title="Co-orbital configuration">Trojan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_resonance#Mean-motion_resonances_among_extrasolar_planets" title="Orbital resonance">Mean-motion resonances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titius%E2%80%93Bode_law#Lunar_systems_and_other_planetary_systems" title="Titius–Bode law">Titius–Bode law</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_system#Planet-hosting_stars" title="Planetary system">Host stars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-type_main-sequence_star#Planets" title="A-type main-sequence star">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-type_main-sequence_star#Planets" title="B-type main-sequence star">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_star#Planets" title="Binary star">Binary star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf#Planets_around_brown_dwarfs" title="Brown dwarf">Brown dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-type_main-sequence_star#Planets" title="F-type main-sequence star">F/Yellow-white dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-type_main-sequence_star#Planets" title="G-type main-sequence star">G/Yellow dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbig_Ae/Be_star#Planets" title="Herbig Ae/Be star">Herbig Ae/Be</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-type_main-sequence_star#Planets" title="K-type main-sequence star">K/Orange dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf#Planets" title="Red dwarf">M/Red dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar_planet" title="Pulsar planet">Pulsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_giant#Planets" title="Red giant">Red giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdwarf_B_star#Planetary_systems" title="Subdwarf B star">Subdwarf B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subgiant#Planets" title="Subgiant">Subgiant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_Tauri_star#Planets" title="T Tauri star">T Tauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_dwarf#Debris_disks_and_planets" title="White dwarf">White dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_giant#Planets" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow giant">Yellow giants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_exoplanets" title="Methods of detecting exoplanets">Detection</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrometry" title="Astrometry">Astrometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_exoplanets#Direct_imaging" title="Methods of detecting exoplanets">Direct imaging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_directly_imaged_exoplanets" title="List of directly imaged exoplanets">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_microlensing" title="Gravitational microlensing">Microlensing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_detected_by_microlensing" title="List of exoplanets detected by microlensing">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarimetry" title="Polarimetry">Polarimetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_exoplanets#Pulsar_timing" title="Methods of detecting exoplanets">Timing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_detected_by_timing" title="List of exoplanets detected by timing">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doppler_spectroscopy" title="Doppler spectroscopy">Radial velocity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_detected_by_radial_velocity" title="List of exoplanets detected by radial velocity">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_exoplanets#Transit_photometry" title="Methods of detecting exoplanets">Transit method</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transiting_exoplanets" title="List of transiting exoplanets">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit-timing_variation" title="Transit-timing variation">Transit-timing variation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">Habitability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrooceanography" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrooceanography">Astrooceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_habitable_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumstellar habitable zone">Circumstellar habitable zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_analog" title="Earth analog">Earth analog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water" title="Extraterrestrial liquid water">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_habitable_zone" title="Galactic habitable zone">Galactic habitable zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_binary_star_systems" title="Habitability of binary star systems">Habitability of binary star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_F-type_main-sequence_star_systems" title="Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems">Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_K-type_main-sequence_star_systems" title="Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems">Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_natural_satellites" title="Habitability of natural satellites">Habitability of natural satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_neutron_star_systems" title="Habitability of neutron star systems">Habitability of neutron star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_red_dwarf_systems" title="Habitability of red dwarf systems">Habitability of red dwarf systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_yellow_dwarf_systems" title="Habitability of yellow dwarf systems">Habitability of yellow dwarf systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitable_zone_for_complex_life" title="Habitable zone for complex life">Habitable zone for complex life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_potentially_habitable_exoplanets" title="List of potentially habitable exoplanets">List of potentially habitable exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholin" title="Tholin">Tholin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhabitable_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Superhabitable planet">Superhabitable planet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;">Catalogues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalog_of_Nearby_Habitable_Systems" title="Catalog of Nearby Habitable Systems">Nearby Habitable Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanet_Data_Explorer" title="Exoplanet Data Explorer">Exoplanet Data Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_Planets_Encyclopaedia" title="Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia">Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Exoplanet_Archive" title="NASA Exoplanet Archive">NASA Exoplanet Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Star_and_Exoplanet_Database" title="NASA Star and Exoplanet Database">NASA Star and Exoplanet Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Exoplanet_Catalogue" title="Open Exoplanet Catalogue">Open Exoplanet Catalogue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_planets" title="Lists of planets">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Exoplanetary systems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanetary_host_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of exoplanetary host stars">Host stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multiplanetary_systems" title="List of multiplanetary systems">Multiplanetary systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stars_with_proplyds" title="List of stars with proplyds">Stars with proto-planetary discs</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_exoplanets" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of exoplanets">Exoplanets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discoveries_of_exoplanets" title="Discoveries of exoplanets">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanet_extremes" title="List of exoplanet extremes">Extremes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanet_firsts" title="List of exoplanet firsts">Firsts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_exoplanets" title="List of nearest exoplanets">Nearest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_exoplanets" title="List of largest exoplanets">Largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_massive_exoplanets" class="mw-redirect" title="List of most massive exoplanets">Heaviest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_terrestrial_exoplanet_candidates" title="List of nearest terrestrial exoplanet candidates">Terrestrial candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_by_the_Kepler_space_telescope" title="List of exoplanets discovered by the Kepler space telescope">Kepler</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_by_the_Kepler_space_telescope:_1%E2%80%93500" title="List of exoplanets discovered by the Kepler space telescope: 1–500">1–500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_by_the_Kepler_space_telescope:_501%E2%80%931000" title="List of exoplanets discovered by the Kepler space telescope: 501–1000">501–1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_by_the_Kepler_space_telescope:_1001%E2%80%931500" title="List of exoplanets discovered by the Kepler space telescope: 1001–1500">1001–1500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_by_the_Kepler_space_telescope:_1501%E2%80%932000" title="List of exoplanets discovered by the Kepler space telescope: 1501–2000">1501–2000</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_observed_during_Kepler%27s_K2_mission" title="List of exoplanets observed during Kepler's K2 mission">K2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_potentially_habitable_exoplanets" title="List of potentially habitable exoplanets">Potentially habitable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proper_names_of_exoplanets" title="List of proper names of exoplanets">Proper names</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Discovered exoplanets by year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_before_2000" title="List of exoplanets discovered before 2000">before 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_between_2000%E2%80%932009" title="List of exoplanets discovered between 2000–2009">2000–2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2010" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2010">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2011" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2012" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2012">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2013" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2014" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2014">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2015" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2015">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2016" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2017" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2017">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2018" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2018">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2019" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2020" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2020">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2021" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2021">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2022" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2023" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2023">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2024" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2024">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2025" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2025">2025</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan_Institute" title="Carl Sagan Institute">Carl Sagan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanet_naming_convention" title="Exoplanet naming convention">Exoplanet naming convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_curve_(astronomy)#Exoplanets" title="Phase curve (astronomy)">Exoplanet phase curves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanetary_Circumstellar_Environments_and_Disk_Explorer" title="Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer">Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extragalactic_planet" title="Extragalactic planet">Extragalactic planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_planets_in_fiction" title="Extrasolar planets in fiction">Extrasolar planets in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodynamics_of_terrestrial_exoplanets" title="Geodynamics of terrestrial exoplanets">Geodynamics of terrestrial exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptunian_desert" title="Neptunian desert">Neptunian desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_for_Exoplanet_System_Science" title="Nexus for Exoplanet System Science">Nexus for Exoplanet System Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globular_cluster#Planets" title="Globular cluster">Planets in globular clusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_planet_radius_gap" title="Small planet radius gap">Small planet radius gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudarsky%27s_gas_giant_classification" title="Sudarsky's gas giant classification">Sudarsky's gas giant classification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discoveries_of_exoplanets" title="Discoveries of exoplanets">Discoveries of exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanet_search_projects" title="List of exoplanet search projects">Search projects</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Big_History90" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Big_History" title="Template:Big History"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Big_History" title="Template talk:Big History"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Big_History" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Big History"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Big_History90" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Big_History" title="Big History">Big History</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Themes and subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_universe" title="Chronology of the universe">Chronology of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology" title="Physical cosmology">Cosmic evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_time" title="Deep time">Deep time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Time scales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldilocks_principle" title="Goldilocks principle">Goldilocks principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Eight thresholds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1: Creation - <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cosmogony" title="Cosmogony">cosmogony</a></li> <li>2: Stars - <a href="/wiki/Star#Formation_and_evolution" title="Star">creation of stars</a></li> <li>3: Elements - <a href="/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesis" title="Stellar nucleosynthesis">creation of chemical elements</a> inside <a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">dying stars</a></li> <li>4: Planets - <a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis" title="Nebular hypothesis">formation of planets</a></li> <li>5: Life - <a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">abiogenesis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution of life</a></li> <li>6: Humans - development of <a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">Homo sapiens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Stone Age</a></li></ul></li> <li>7: Agriculture - <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li>8: Modernity - <a href="/wiki/Modern_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern history">modern era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Web-based education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OER_Project" title="OER Project">Big History Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChronoZoom" title="ChronoZoom">ChronoZoom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Alvarez" title="Walter Alvarez">Walter Alvarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Stokes_Brown" title="Cynthia Stokes Brown">Cynthia Stokes Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Chaisson" title="Eric Chaisson">Eric Chaisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Christian_(historian)" title="David Christian (historian)">David Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Spier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fred Spier (page does not exist)">Fred Spier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeme_Snooks" title="Graeme Snooks">Graeme Snooks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_History_(TV_series)" title="Big History (TV series)">Big History</a> (2013 series)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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