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id="toc-Threats_and_preservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threats_and_preservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Threats and preservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Threats_and_preservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Swan_Coastal_Plain&params=31.82_S_115.84_E_type:landmark_dim:129km"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°49′S</span> <span class="longitude">115°50′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.82°S 115.84°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-31.82; 115.84</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bioregion in Western Australia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25em;line-height:1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#cde5b2;">Swan Coastal Plain<br /><small>Swan Coastal Plain scrub and woodlands</small></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Swan_Coastal_plain_with_Perth_CBD_skyline_on_horizon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Swan_Coastal_plain_with_Perth_CBD_skyline_on_horizon.jpg/272px-Swan_Coastal_plain_with_Perth_CBD_skyline_on_horizon.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Swan_Coastal_plain_with_Perth_CBD_skyline_on_horizon.jpg/408px-Swan_Coastal_plain_with_Perth_CBD_skyline_on_horizon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Swan_Coastal_plain_with_Perth_CBD_skyline_on_horizon.jpg/544px-Swan_Coastal_plain_with_Perth_CBD_skyline_on_horizon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Swan Coastal Plain from Darling Scarp</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IBRA_6.1_Swan_Coastal_Plain.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/IBRA_6.1_Swan_Coastal_Plain.png/272px-IBRA_6.1_Swan_Coastal_Plain.png" decoding="async" width="272" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/IBRA_6.1_Swan_Coastal_Plain.png/408px-IBRA_6.1_Swan_Coastal_Plain.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/IBRA_6.1_Swan_Coastal_Plain.png/544px-IBRA_6.1_Swan_Coastal_Plain.png 2x" data-file-width="1257" data-file-height="986" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Map of IBRA regions with the Swan Coastal Plain in red</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#cde5b2;">Ecology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_realm" title="Biogeographic realm">Realm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Australasian_realm" title="Australasian realm">Australasian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">Biome</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_forests,_woodlands,_and_scrub" title="Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub">Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Borders</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Australia_woodlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest Australia woodlands">Southwest Australia woodlands</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#cde5b2;">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">15,280 km<sup>2</sup> (5,900 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">State</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Swan_Coastal_Plain&params=31.82_S_115.84_E_type:landmark_dim:129km"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°49′S</span> <span class="longitude">115°50′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.82°S 115.84°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-31.82; 115.84</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#cde5b2;">Conservation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ecoregion_conservation_status" title="Ecoregion conservation status">Conservation status</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Critical/endangered<sup id="cite_ref-eoe_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eoe-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Swan Coastal Plain</b> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a> is the geographic feature which contains the <a href="/wiki/Swan_River_(Western_Australia)" title="Swan River (Western Australia)">Swan River</a> as it travels west to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Coastal_plain" title="Coastal plain">coastal plain</a> continues well beyond the boundaries of the Swan River and its tributaries, as a geological and biological zone, one of Western Australia's <a href="/wiki/Interim_Biogeographic_Regionalisation_for_Australia" title="Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia">Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia</a> regions.<sup id="cite_ref-IBRA_5.1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBRA_5.1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IBRA_6.1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBRA_6.1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also one of the distinct physiographic provinces of the larger <a href="/wiki/Australian_Shield" title="Australian Shield">West Australian Shield</a> division. <sup id="cite_ref-dopa_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dopa-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-eoe_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eoe-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location_and_description">Location and description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swan_Coastal_Plain&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Location and description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The coastal plain is a 30-kilometre-wide (19 mi) strip on the Indian Ocean coast directly west of the <a href="/wiki/Darling_Scarp" title="Darling Scarp">Darling Scarp</a> uplands running from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Naturaliste" title="Cape Naturaliste">Cape Naturaliste</a> in the south to north of the city of <a href="/wiki/Perth,_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Perth, Western Australia">Perth</a>. The plain mainly consists of fairly infertile sandy soil along with coastal sand dunes, river estuaries, and a number of wetlands kept back from the sea by the dunes. A number of rivers cross the plain from east to west from the Darling Scarp towards the sea, including the Swan and its main tributary, the <a href="/wiki/Canning_River_(Western_Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canning River (Western Australia)">Canning</a>. </p><p>The sediments of the <a href="/wiki/Perth_Basin" title="Perth Basin">Perth Basin</a> are Tertiary and Quaternary in age immediately below Perth and include <a href="/wiki/Coquina" title="Coquina">coquina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Travertine" title="Travertine">travertine</a>, and sandy limestones with abundant shelly material. Perth is sited on a set of sand dunes formed during the Pliocene-Pleistocene during the last <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice age</a>. Offshore, the sand dune system and surficial deposits transition into a system of partly eroded limestones and sandy limestones. These form a series of drowned <a href="/wiki/Cuesta" title="Cuesta">cuestas</a> which today form submerged reefs. </p><p>Because of the steepness and orientation of the Darling Scarp, watercourses run off the scarp in a westerly direction. On reaching the Swan Coastal Plain, they encounter two obstacles: firstly, the high permeability of the soil results in the loss of much water. Much flow is lost, and some watercourses simply cease to flow, for example, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wungong_Brook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wungong Brook (page does not exist)">Wungong Brook</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardup_Brook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cardup Brook (page does not exist)">Cardup Brook</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manjedal_Brook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manjedal Brook (page does not exist)">Manjedal Brook</a>. Secondly, the sequence of north-to-south-oriented dunes create obstacles to further westerly flow. Many watercourses turn at right angles and flow south or north along the dune swales, and in some cases this allows multiple watercourses to coalesce. For example, on reaching the coastal plain, <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Brook" title="Ellen Brook">Ellen Brook</a> runs south for around 30 kilometres (19 mi), picking up a number of watercourses along the way, before finally emptying into the Swan River. Another example is the <a href="/wiki/Serpentine_River_(Western_Australia)" title="Serpentine River (Western Australia)">Serpentine River</a>, which runs west to less than 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the coast, then turns south, running parallel with the coast for nearly 20 kilometres (12 mi) before disgorging into <a href="/wiki/Peel_Inlet" class="mw-redirect" title="Peel Inlet">Peel Inlet</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coastal_dunes_and_Wanneroo_wetlands">Coastal dunes and Wanneroo wetlands</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swan_Coastal_Plain&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Coastal dunes and Wanneroo wetlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dune topology also results in extensive north-to-south-oriented chains of wetlands, again located in the swales. For example, the chain of lakes north of Perth includes lakes of the <a href="/wiki/Wanneroo_wetlands" title="Wanneroo wetlands">Wanneroo wetlands</a> including – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Pinjar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lake Pinjar (page does not exist)">Lake Pinjar</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jandabup_Lake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jandabup Lake (page does not exist)">Jandabup Lake</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnangara_Lake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gnangara Lake (page does not exist)">Gnangara Lake</a>. The large bodies of water in the estuary of the Swan River, <a href="/wiki/Perth_Water" title="Perth Water">Perth Water</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melville_Water" title="Melville Water">Melville Water</a> are also located in dune swales. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swan_Coastal_Plain&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Swan coastal plain is characterised by a series of sand dune systems, the <b>Quindalup dunes</b>, the <b>Spearwood dunes</b>, and the <b>Bassendean dunes</b>, which run from west to east (in increasing age) from the coastline to the major faults which form the eastern boundary of the plain.<sup id="cite_ref-nutrient_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nutrient-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plain is bounded to the east by the <a href="/wiki/Darling_Fault" title="Darling Fault">Darling Scarp</a>, to the north by a subsidiary fault running north-west from <a href="/wiki/Bullsbrook" class="mw-redirect" title="Bullsbrook">Bullsbrook</a>, and to the south by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Collie-Naturaliste_Scarp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collie-Naturaliste Scarp (page does not exist)">Collie-Naturaliste Scarp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mcarthur_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcarthur-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <b>Pinjarra plain</b> lies between the Bassendean dunes and the eastern scarps.<sup id="cite_ref-broun_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-broun-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early work on all three dune systems considered them to have been formed at differing times by the deposition of sands carried by wind (<a href="/wiki/Aeolian_processes" title="Aeolian processes">aeolian</a> and/or by river processes (fluviatile).<sup id="cite_ref-mcarthur_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcarthur-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-salama_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salama-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, later authors have argued that these sandplains are mostly the product of in situ weathering.<sup id="cite_ref-Newsome2000_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newsome2000-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bastian1996_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bastian1996-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The carbonate material of all three dune systems has been completely leached, leaving dunes which consist solely of quartz sand.<sup id="cite_ref-salama_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salama-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the Spearwood dunes, the yellow or grey sand may be several metres thick.<sup id="cite_ref-salama_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salama-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dune systems have been much studied, as the water retained within them supplies much of Perth's water needs. (See <a href="/wiki/Gnangara_Mound" title="Gnangara Mound">Gnangara Mound</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swan_Coastal_Plain&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the southwest of Australia, the Nyoongar seasonal calendar includes six different seasons in a yearly cycle. These are Birak, Bunuru, Djeran, Makuru, Djilba and Kambarang. Each of the six seasons represents and explains the seasonal changes we see annually. The flowering of many different plants, the hibernation of reptiles and the moulting of swans are all helpful indicators that the seasons are changing. </p><p>The Nyoongar seasons can be long or short and are indicated by what is happening and changing around us rather than by dates on a calendar. Aligning Nyoongar seasons with Western calendar months can provide an overview of a typical year. </p><p>This six season calendar is extremely important to Nyoongar people, as it is a guide to what nature is doing at every stage of the year, as well as understanding respect for the land in relation to plant and animal fertility cycles and land and animal preservation. </p><p>The south west region of Western Australia was one of the first places on earth to experience the effects of human induced climate change, namely a significant decline in annual rainfall. The drying climate is expected to continue and exacerbate bushfires. The summer of 2021/22 has been the hottest on record, with many consecutive days over 40 degrees Celsius. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swan_Coastal_Plain&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Swan Coastal Plain is a specific botanical province.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora">Flora</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swan_Coastal_Plain&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Flora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Southwestern Australia is very rich in flora, with an estimated 8,000 species, a quarter of which can be found on this coastal strip. The traditional flora of the dunes and the fairly infertile plain was dense shrubby <a href="/wiki/Kwongan" title="Kwongan">kwongan</a> heathland adapted to the poor soils, dry summers, and regular fires. Kwongan vegetation contains a large number of endemic plant species, especially shrubs and wildflowers, including <a href="/wiki/Grevillea_eriostachya" title="Grevillea eriostachya">yellow flame</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grevillea_armigera" title="Grevillea armigera">toothbrush grevilleas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scaevola_aemula" title="Scaevola aemula">fan-flowers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Templetonia" title="Templetonia">cockies' tongues</a>. The heath is scattered with woodland of <i><a href="/wiki/Banksia" title="Banksia">Banksia</a></i> and other trees including the red-blossomed <a href="/wiki/Santalum_acuminatum" title="Santalum acuminatum">quandong</a> (desert peach) and <a href="/wiki/Banksia_menziesii" title="Banksia menziesii">firewood banksia</a>. Going further inland, especially in river valleys where the soil is better, <a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">eucalyptus</a> woodlands including tuart <i>(<a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_gomphocephala" title="Eucalyptus gomphocephala">Eucalyptus gomphocephala</a>)</i> occur. The wetlands meanwhile have been particularly important ecologically, supporting a rich habitat of many plant varieties. </p><p>The Swan Coastal Plain is a particularly important centre for certain types of plants, including <i>Banksia</i>, but also <i><a href="/wiki/Caladenia" title="Caladenia">Caladenia</a></i> orchids and <i><a href="/wiki/Leucopogon" title="Leucopogon">Leucopogon</a></i> shrubs, indeed some genera, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Dryandra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dryandra">Dryandra</a></i> series of <i>Banksia</i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Synaphea" title="Synaphea">Synaphea</a></i> flowers are found nowhere else in the world. Other flora of the plain includes a type of mistletoe called the <a href="/wiki/Nuytsia_floribunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuytsia floribunda">Christmas tree</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fauna">Fauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swan_Coastal_Plain&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The coastal plains are home to a number of marsupials from the large <a href="/wiki/Western_grey_kangaroo" title="Western grey kangaroo">western grey kangaroo</a> to the very small <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_pygmy_possum" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern pygmy possum">southwestern pygmy possum</a> and mouse-like <a href="/wiki/Honey_possum" title="Honey possum">honey possum</a>. Remnant populations of some marsupials are found on offshore islands including the <a href="/wiki/Tammar_wallaby" title="Tammar wallaby">Tammar wallaby</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Quokka" title="Quokka">quokka</a>, the latter particularly on <a href="/wiki/Rottnest_Island" title="Rottnest Island">Rottnest Island</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Coastal_plains_skink" title="Coastal plains skink">coastal plains skink</a>, discovered in 2012, is endemic to sand dunes in the area, and is threatened by residential development. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Threats_and_preservation">Threats and preservation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swan_Coastal_Plain&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Threats and preservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much of the plain has been cleared for agriculture and urban development, especially in and around Perth, where the heath has been almost entirely cleared as far as the Darling Scarp and the city is spreading up and down the coast. Although some areas are protected, clearance is going on while the plant disease <i><a href="/wiki/Phytophthora" title="Phytophthora">Phytophthora</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">dieback</a> and changes to traditional <a href="/wiki/Fire_regime" title="Fire regime">fire regimens</a> affect the heathland vegetation including the <i>Banksia</i> trees. Protected areas include <a href="/wiki/Kings_Park,_Western_Australia" title="Kings Park, Western Australia">Kings Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beeliar_Wetlands_(Western_Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beeliar Wetlands (Western Australia)">Beeliar Wetlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Star_Swamp" title="Star Swamp">Star Swamp</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepburn_Heights_Bushland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hepburn Heights Bushland (page does not exist)">Hepburn Heights Bushland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canning_River_Regional_Park" title="Canning River Regional Park">Canning River Regional Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bold_Park_(Western_Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bold Park (Western Australia)">Bold Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whiteman_Park" title="Whiteman Park">Whiteman Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kensington_Bushland_Reserve" title="Kensington Bushland Reserve">Kensington Bushland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomsons_Lake" title="Thomsons Lake">Thomsons Lake</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swan_Coastal_Plain&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally, this area was under the care and control of the Yued, <a href="/wiki/Whadjuk" title="Whadjuk">Whadjuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Binjareb" class="mw-redirect" title="Binjareb">Binjareb</a>, and Wardandi <a href="/wiki/Noongar" title="Noongar">Noongar</a> peoples, whose hunter-gathering <a href="/wiki/Firestick_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Firestick farming">firestick farming</a> practices maintained the <a href="/wiki/Climax_vegetation" class="mw-redirect" title="Climax vegetation">climax vegetations</a> <a href="/wiki/Old_growth_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Old growth forests">old growth forests</a> observed at the time of first contact. At this time, the kwongan heathland was much more widespread along the coast. </p><p>In the 1830s, it was originally named Great Plain of Quartania or Plain of Quartania by James Stirling, the first governor of Western Australia, but those terms have fallen into disuse. </p><p>European settlement led to many of the wetlands areas being drained for land reclamation to take advantage of the fertile soil for farming enterprises, and for expansion of parks and recreation areas. The city of Perth sits on an area of reclaimed wetlands. Between 49% (Riggert, 1966) and 80% (Godfrey, 1989) of the wetlands on the coastal plain is thought to have been drained, filled, or cleared since 1832. <a href="/wiki/Lake_Monger" title="Lake Monger">Lake Monger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herdsman_Lake" title="Herdsman Lake">Herdsman Lake</a> are the last two major wetlands remaining in close proximity to the city. </p><p>Lake Monger was originally part of a <a href="/wiki/Perth_Wetlands" title="Perth Wetlands">series of freshwater wetlands</a> running north from the Swan River along the coastal plain for about 50 kilometres (31 mi). Lake Monger with Georgiana Lake and Lake Sutherland (both near <a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Freeway" title="Mitchell Freeway">Mitchell Freeway</a>, near Sutherland and Newcastle streets) and <a href="/wiki/Herdsman_Lake,_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Herdsman Lake, Western Australia">Herdsman Lake</a> made up what was known as "The Great Lakes District". Other lakes and swamps in the immediate northern vicinity of the early Perth township were Lake Kingsford (site of the current <a href="/wiki/Perth_railway_station" title="Perth railway station">Perth railway station</a>), Lake Irwin (<a href="/wiki/Perth_Entertainment_Centre" title="Perth Entertainment Centre">Perth Entertainment Centre</a>) and further north were Stone's Lake (Perth Oval), Lake Poullet (First Swamp, part of what is now Birdwood Square), Lake Thomson (Mews Swamp, between Lake, Brisbane, and Beaufort Streets) and Lake Henderson (parts of what is now Robertson Park and Dorrien Gardens). Further north still lay Second Swamp (Bulwer Street, east of Lake Street), Third Swamp (Hyde Park), and Three Island Lake and Smith's Lake (now Charles Veryard Reserve). Many of these lakes formed a natural interconnected drainage system which found its way into the Swan River at East Perth through Claise Brook. In 1833, water draining from Lakes Kingsford, Irwin, Sutherland, and Henderson was used to drive a water-driven mill located in Mill Street. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swan_Coastal_Plain&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Perth,_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Islands of Perth, Western Australia">Islands of Perth, Western Australia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swan_Coastal_Plain&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-eoe-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eoe_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eoe_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Swan_Coastal_Plain_scrub_and_woodlands">"Swan Coastal Plain scrub and woodlands"</a>. The Encyclopedia of Earth<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Swan+Coastal+Plain+scrub+and+woodlands&rft.pub=The+Encyclopedia+of+Earth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feditors.eol.org%2Feoearth%2Fwiki%2FSwan_Coastal_Plain_scrub_and_woodlands&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwan+Coastal+Plain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IBRA_5.1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IBRA_5.1_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnvironment_Australia" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Environment_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment Australia">Environment Australia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060905215218/http://www.deh.gov.au/parks/nrs/ibra/version5-1/summary-report/index.html">"Revision of the Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA) and Development of Version 5.1 – Summary Report"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Environment_and_Water_Resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of the Environment and Water Resources">Department of the Environment and Water Resources</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Australia">Australian Government</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deh.gov.au/parks/nrs/ibra/version5-1/summary-report/index.html">the original</a> on 5 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Revision+of+the+Interim+Biogeographic+Regionalisation+for+Australia+%28IBRA%29+and+Development+of+Version+5.1+%E2%80%93+Summary+Report&rft.pub=Department+of+the+Environment+and+Water+Resources%2C+Australian+Government&rft.au=Environment+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deh.gov.au%2Fparks%2Fnrs%2Fibra%2Fversion5-1%2Fsummary-report%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwan+Coastal+Plain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IBRA_6.1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IBRA_6.1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deh.gov.au/parks/nrs/ibra/version6-1/index.html">IBRA Version 6.1</a> data</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dopa-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dopa_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/11205">"Swan Coastal Plain scrub and woodlands"</a>. Digital Observatory for Protected Areas<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Swan+Coastal+Plain+scrub+and+woodlands&rft.pub=Digital+Observatory+for+Protected+Areas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu%2Fecoregion%2F11205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwan+Coastal+Plain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nutrient-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nutrient_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLalibertéTurnerCostesPearse2012" class="citation journal cs1">Laliberté, E.; Turner, B. L.; Costes, T.; Pearse, S. J.; Wyrwoll, K.-H.; Zemunik, G.; Lambers, H. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2745.2012.01962.x">"Experimental assessment of nutrient limitation along a 2-million-year dune chronosequence in the south-western Australia biodiversity hotspot"</a>. <i>Journal of Ecology</i>. <b>100</b> (3): 631–642. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JEcol.100..631L">2012JEcol.100..631L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2745.2012.01962.x">10.1111/j.1365-2745.2012.01962.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0477">0022-0477</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54499926">54499926</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ecology&rft.atitle=Experimental+assessment+of+nutrient+limitation+along+a+2-million-year+dune+chronosequence+in+the+south-western+Australia+biodiversity+hotspot&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=631-642&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2745.2012.01962.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54499926%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-0477&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012JEcol.100..631L&rft.aulast=Lalibert%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Turner%2C+B.+L.&rft.au=Costes%2C+T.&rft.au=Pearse%2C+S.+J.&rft.au=Wyrwoll%2C+K.-H.&rft.au=Zemunik%2C+G.&rft.au=Lambers%2C+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2745.2012.01962.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwan+Coastal+Plain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcarthur-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mcarthur_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcarthur_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McArthur, W.M, Bettenay, E, 1974. The development and distribution of the soils of the Swan Coastal Plain. Soil Publication No. 16. C.S.I.R.O.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.water.wa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0014/5117/33820.pdf">PDF</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-broun-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-broun_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroun,_L.2004" class="citation cs2">Broun, L. (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ro.ecu.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1141&context=theses_hons"><i>Banksia Woodland resilience to groundwater drawdown on ohe Gnangara Mound</i></a>, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Banksia+Woodland+resilience+to+groundwater+drawdown+on+ohe+Gnangara+Mound&rft.pub=Edith+Cowan+University%2C+Research+Online%2C+Perth%2C+Western+Australia&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Broun%2C+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fro.ecu.edu.au%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1141%26context%3Dtheses_hons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwan+Coastal+Plain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-salama-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-salama_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-salama_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-salama_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">R.B. Salama, D.W. Pollock, J.D. Byrne and G.W. Bartle. 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/135376/2/PR104.pdf#page=11">Geomorphology, Soils and Landuse in the Swan Coastal Plain in relation to Contaminant Leaching</a>, Agrochemical Pollution of Water Resources, Proceedings of a Conference held on 16–18 February 2000 at Hat Yai, Thailand, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra 2001, pp. 105-117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newsome2000-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Newsome2000_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewsome2000" class="citation journal cs1">Newsome, D. (2000). "Origin of sandplains in Western Australia: A review of the debate and some recent findings". <i>Australian Journal of Earth Sciences</i>. <b>47</b> (4): 695–706. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000AuJES..47..695N">2000AuJES..47..695N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1440-0952.2000.00802.x">10.1046/j.1440-0952.2000.00802.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0812-0099">0812-0099</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129686726">129686726</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Journal+of+Earth+Sciences&rft.atitle=Origin+of+sandplains+in+Western+Australia%3A+A+review+of+the+debate+and+some+recent+findings&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=695-706&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1440-0952.2000.00802.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129686726%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0812-0099&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000AuJES..47..695N&rft.aulast=Newsome&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwan+Coastal+Plain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bastian1996-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bastian1996_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBastian1996" class="citation journal cs1">Bastian, L. V. (1996). "Residual soil mineralogy and dune subdivision, Swan Coastal Plain, Western Australia". <i>Australian Journal of Earth Sciences</i>. <b>43</b> (1): 31–44. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996AuJES..43...31B">1996AuJES..43...31B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08120099608728233">10.1080/08120099608728233</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0812-0099">0812-0099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Journal+of+Earth+Sciences&rft.atitle=Residual+soil+mineralogy+and+dune+subdivision%2C+Swan+Coastal+Plain%2C+Western+Australia&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31-44&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=0812-0099&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08120099608728233&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996AuJES..43...31B&rft.aulast=Bastian&rft.aufirst=L.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwan+Coastal+Plain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thackway, R. and I D Cresswell <i>An interim biogeographic regionalisation for Australia : a framework for setting priorities in the National Reserves System Cooperative Program</i> Canberra : Australian Nature Conservation Agency, Reserve Systems Unit, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-642-21371-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-642-21371-2">0-642-21371-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paczkowska, Graznya and Chapman. Alex R. <i>The Western Australian flora: a descriptive catalogue</i>. Wildflower Society of Western Australia, Western Australian Herbarium, CALM, and the Botanic Gardens & Parks Authority, Perth. 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-40100-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-646-40100-9">0-646-40100-9</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swan_Coastal_Plain&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bekle, H. (1981) <i>The wetlands lost: Drainage of the Perth lake systems</i>. Western Geographer.</li> <li><i>Aborigines settle the Swan Coastal Plain : geological clues.</i> 2003. <ul><li>in pp. 29–34 Glover, John. <i>Geological journeys : from artefacts to zircon</i> (edited by Jenny Bevan). Perth, W.A. : Geological Society of Australia (Western Australian Division), 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-876125-31-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-876125-31-4">1-876125-31-4</a></li></ul></li> <li>Godfrey, N. (1989) <i>The value of wetlands. In: Wetlands in crisis. What can Local Government do?</i> (Ed. Anon), pp. 4–12. Environmental Protection Agency, Western Australia.</li> <li>Miller, C. (1976) <i>Old Battleground. Living Today (Western Australia)</i>, 29 January, 32–33.</li> <li>Middle, G.J. (1988) <i>A method to evaluate conservational and social value of lentic wetlands on the Swan Coastal Plain.</i> Honours thesis, Murdoch University, Western Australia.</li> <li>Riggert, T.L. (1966) <i>A study of the wetlands of the Swan Coastal Plain</i>. Department of Fisheries and Fauna, Western Australia.</li> <li>Stannage, C.T. (1979) <i>The People of Perth</i>, Perth City Council.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Swan_Coastal_Plain" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Swan Coastal Plain">Swan Coastal Plain</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swan_Coastal_Plain&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at1205">"Swan Coastal Plain scrub and woodlands"</a>. <i>Terrestrial Ecoregions</i>. World Wildlife Fund.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Terrestrial+Ecoregions&rft.atitle=Swan+Coastal+Plain+scrub+and+woodlands&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwildlife.org%2Fecoregions%2Fat1205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwan+Coastal+Plain" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p>Maps: Australia's bioregions IBRA 5.1 </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.environment.gov.au/parks/nrs/science/bioregion-framework/ibra/index.html">http://www.environment.gov.au/parks/nrs/science/bioregion-framework/ibra/index.html</a></li></ul> <p>IBRA 6.1 Explorer </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.environment.gov.au/metadataexplorer/explorer.jsp">http://www.environment.gov.au/metadataexplorer/explorer.jsp</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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<li><a href="/wiki/Avon_Wheatbelt" title="Avon Wheatbelt">Avon Wheatbelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Lomond_bioregion" title="Ben Lomond bioregion">Ben Lomond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigalow_Belt_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigalow Belt North">Brigalow Belt North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigalow_Belt_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigalow Belt South">Brigalow Belt South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken_Hill_Complex" title="Broken Hill Complex">Broken Hill Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burt_Plain" title="Burt Plain">Burt Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_York_Peninsula_tropical_savanna" title="Cape York Peninsula tropical savanna">Cape York Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnarvon_xeric_shrublands" title="Carnarvon xeric shrublands">Carnarvon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Arnhem" title="Central Arnhem">Central Arnhem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Kimberley" title="Central Kimberley">Central Kimberley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Mackay_Coast" title="Central Mackay Coast">Central Mackay Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Ranges" title="Central Ranges">Central Ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Country" title="Channel Country">Channel Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobar_Peneplain" title="Cobar Peneplain">Cobar Peneplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolgardie_bioregion" title="Coolgardie bioregion">Coolgardie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Plain" title="Cumberland Plain">Cumberland Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daly_Basin" title="Daly Basin">Daly Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dampierland" title="Dampierland">Dampierland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darling_Riverine_Plains" title="Darling Riverine Plains">Darling Riverine Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Coastal" title="Darwin Coastal">Darwin Coastal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davenport_Murchison_Ranges" title="Davenport Murchison Ranges">Davenport Murchison Ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Uplands" title="Desert Uplands">Desert Uplands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einasleigh_Uplands" title="Einasleigh Uplands">Einasleigh Uplands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperance_Plains" title="Esperance Plains">Esperance Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyre_Yorke_Block" title="Eyre Yorke Block">Eyre Yorke Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finke_bioregion" title="Finke bioregion">Finke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flinders_Lofty_Block" title="Flinders Lofty Block">Flinders Lofty Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furneaux_bioregion" title="Furneaux bioregion">Furneaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascoyne_bioregion" title="Gascoyne bioregion">Gascoyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawler_bioregion" title="Gawler bioregion">Gawler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraldton_Sandplains" title="Geraldton Sandplains">Geraldton Sandplains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibson_Desert" title="Gibson Desert">Gibson Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sandy_Desert" title="Great Sandy Desert">Great Sandy Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Victoria_Desert" title="Great Victoria Desert">Great Victoria Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coastal" title="Gulf Coastal">Gulf Coastal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Fall_and_Uplands" title="Gulf Fall and Uplands">Gulf Fall and Uplands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Plains" title="Gulf Plains">Gulf Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_bioregion" title="Hampton bioregion">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Tropical_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Tropical Islands">Indian Tropical Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrah_Forest" title="Jarrah Forest">Jarrah Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanmantoo_bioregion" title="Kanmantoo bioregion">Kanmantoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_bioregion" title="King bioregion">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Sandy_Desert" title="Little Sandy Desert">Little Sandy Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacDonnell_Ranges" title="MacDonnell Ranges">MacDonnell Ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallee_bioregion" title="Mallee bioregion">Mallee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Grass_Downs_bioregion" title="Mitchell Grass Downs bioregion">Mitchell Grass Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Isa_Inlier" title="Mount Isa Inlier">Mount Isa Inlier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulga_Lands" title="Mulga Lands">Mulga Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murchison_bioregion" class="mw-redirect" title="Murchison bioregion">Murchison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Darling_Depression" title="Murray Darling Depression">Murray Darling Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandewar" title="Nandewar">Nandewar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naracoorte_Coastal_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Naracoorte Coastal Plain">Naracoorte Coastal Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Tablelands_bioregion" title="New England Tablelands bioregion">New England Tablelands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Kimberley" title="Northern Kimberley">Northern Kimberley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_North_Coast" title="New South Wales North Coast">New South Wales North Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_South_Western_Slopes" class="mw-redirect" title="New South Wales South Western Slopes">New South Wales South Western Slopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullarbor_Plain" title="Nullarbor Plain">Nullarbor Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ord_Victoria_Plain" title="Ord Victoria Plain">Ord Victoria Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Subtropical_Islands" title="Pacific Subtropical Islands">Pacific Subtropical Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_Creek_bioregion" title="Pine Creek bioregion">Pine Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilbara_shrublands" title="Pilbara shrublands">Pilbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverina" title="Riverina">Riverina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simpson_Strzelecki_Dunefields" title="Simpson Strzelecki Dunefields">Simpson Strzelecki Dunefields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_East_Coastal_Plain" title="South East Coastal Plain">South East Coastal Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_East_Corner" title="South East Corner">South East Corner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Eastern_Highlands" title="South Eastern Highlands">South Eastern Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Eastern_Queensland" title="South Eastern Queensland">South Eastern Queensland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Volcanic_Plain" title="Southern Volcanic Plain">Southern Volcanic Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stony_Plains" title="Stony Plains">Stony Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturt_Plateau" title="Sturt Plateau">Sturt Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subantarctic_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Subantarctic Islands">Subantarctic Islands</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Swan Coastal Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Basin" title="Sydney Basin">Sydney Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanami_bioregion" title="Tanami bioregion">Tanami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_Central_Highlands" title="Tasmanian Central Highlands">Tasmanian Central Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_Northern_Midlands" title="Tasmanian Northern Midlands">Tasmanian Northern Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_Northern_Slopes" title="Tasmanian Northern Slopes">Tasmanian Northern Slopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_South_East" title="Tasmanian South East">Tasmanian South East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_Southern_Ranges" title="Tasmanian Southern Ranges">Tasmanian Southern Ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_West" title="Tasmanian West">Tasmanian West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwi_Cobourg" title="Tiwi Cobourg">Tiwi Cobourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Bonaparte" title="Victoria Bonaparte">Victoria Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_Midlands" title="Victorian Midlands">Victorian Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_bioregion" title="Warren bioregion">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_Tropics" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet Tropics">Wet Tropics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalgoo_bioregion" title="Yalgoo bioregion">Yalgoo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/National_Reserve_System" title="National Reserve System">Bioregions of the National Reserve System</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geography_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geography_topics" title="Template:Geography topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geography_topics" title="Template talk:Geography topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geography_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geography topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geography_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">Geography</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_geography" title="Outline of geography">topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Glossary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_geography" title="History of geography">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_geography" title="Philosophy of geography">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_geography_articles" title="Index of geography articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_geography" title="Outline of geography">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_geography" title="Human geography">Human</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_geography" title="Behavioral geography">Behavioral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_geography" title="Cognitive geography">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_geography" title="Critical geography">Critical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_geography" title="Cultural geography">Cultural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_geographies" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal geographies">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_geographies" title="Children's geographies">Children's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography" title="Economic geography">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_geography" title="Agricultural geography">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber_geography" title="Cyber geography">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_geography" title="Development geography">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_finance" title="Geography of finance">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_economic_geography" title="Historical economic geography">Histo-economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_geography" title="Labor geography">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomarketing" title="Geomarketing">Marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail_geography" title="Retail geography">Retail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_economic_geography" title="Theoretical economic geography">Theoretical economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_geography" title="Transport geography">Transport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_geography" title="Language geography">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geolinguistics" title="Geolinguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_geography" title="Music geography">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_geography" title="Vernacular geography">Vernacular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_geography" title="Moral geography">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogeography" title="Psychogeography">Psychological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_geography" title="Emotional geography">Emotional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neogeography" title="Neogeography">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_space" title="Sexuality and space">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_geography" title="Religion and geography">Religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_food" title="Geography of food">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_geography" title="Health geography">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_geography" title="Historical geography">Historical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography" title="Palaeogeography">Palaeo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagined_geographies" title="Imagined geographies">Imagined</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_geography" title="Internet geography">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_geography" title="Political geography">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critical_geopolitics" title="Critical geopolitics">Critical geopolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_geography" title="Electoral geography">Electoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">Geopolitics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_geography" title="Strategic geography">Strategic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_geography" title="Military geography">Military</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_geography" title="Population geography">Population</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_geography" title="Settlement geography">Settlement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_geography" title="Regional geography">Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_geography" title="Urban geography">Urban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_geography" title="Music geography">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_geography" title="Transport geography">Transport</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_geography" title="Social geography">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_geography" title="Tourism geography">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_geography" title="Tropical geography">Tropical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoogeography" title="Zoogeography">Zoogeography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_geography" title="Coastal geography">Coastal geography</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">Oceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">Earth science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_science" title="Atmospheric science">Atmospheric science</a> / <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">Meteorology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_science" title="Environmental science">Environmental science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climatology" title="Climatology">Climatology</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">Paleoclimatology</a> / <a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography" title="Palaeogeography">Palaeogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geobiology" title="Geobiology">Geobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">Geophysics</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_system_science" title="Earth system science">Earth system science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">Geomorphology</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaciology" title="Glaciology">Glaciology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">Hydrology</a> / <a href="/wiki/Limnology" title="Limnology">Limnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_science" title="Soil science">Soil science</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pedology" title="Pedology">Pedology</a>/<a href="/wiki/Edaphology" title="Edaphology">Edaphology</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaternary_science" title="Quaternary science">Quaternary science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Technical_geography" title="Technical geography">Technical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geodesign" title="Geodesign">Geodesign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoinformatics" title="Geoinformatics">Geoinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_science" title="Geographic information science">Geographic information science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomatics" title="Geomatics">Geomatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_geography" title="Statistical geography">Statistical geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_analysis" title="Spatial analysis">Spatial analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_geography" title="Integrated geography">Integrated</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_social_science" title="Environmental social science">Environmental social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_studies" title="Environmental studies">Environmental studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_ecology" title="Landscape ecology">Landscape ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_geography" title="Time geography">Time geography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_geography#Tasks_and_tools_of_geography" title="Outline of geography">Techniques and tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_geography" title="Quantitative geography">Quantitative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_cartography" title="Computer cartography">Computer cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_mapping" title="Web mapping">Web mapping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">Geochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">Geographic information system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_GIS" title="Distributed GIS">Distributed GIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_GIS" title="Internet GIS">Internet GIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_GIS" title="Web GIS">Web GIS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_modelling" title="Geologic modelling">Geologic modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomathematics" title="Geomathematics">Geomathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geostatistics" title="Geostatistics">Geostatistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geovisualization" title="Geovisualization">Geovisualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrography" title="Hydrography">Hydrography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Map_algebra" title="Map algebra">Map algebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participant_observation" title="Participant observation">Participant observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photogrammetry" title="Photogrammetry">Photogrammetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">Remote sensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical survey">Statistical survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveying" title="Surveying">Surveying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_change_modeling" title="Land change modeling">Land change modeling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qualitative_geography" title="Qualitative geography">Qualitative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">Ethnography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopoetics" title="Geopoetics">Geopoetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interview_(research)" title="Interview (research)">Interview (research)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_(human_research)" title="Survey (human research)">Survey (human research)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geographic_data_and_information_organizations" title="Category:Geographic data and information organizations">Geographic data and information organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_geographical_societies" title="List of geographical societies">Geographical societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_geoscience_organizations" title="List of geoscience organizations">Geoscience societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_mapping_agency" title="National mapping agency">National mapping agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_education" title="Category:Geography education">Geography education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geo-literacy" title="Geo-literacy">Geo-literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographers_on_Film" title="Geographers on Film">Geographers on Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Geography_Olympiad" title="International Geography Olympiad">International Geography Olympiad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_for_Geographic_Education" title="National Council for Geographic Education">National Council for Geographic Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_citizenship" title="Spatial citizenship">Spatial citizenship</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography" title="Category:Geography">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Geography" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Geography">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Geography" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Geography">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Physical_geography" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Physical_geography" title="Template:Physical geography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Physical_geography" title="Template talk:Physical geography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Physical_geography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Physical geography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Physical_geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">Physical geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_science" title="Atmospheric science">Atmospheric science</a> / <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">Meteorology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a> / <a href="/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climatology" title="Climatology">Climatology</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">Paleoclimatology</a> / <a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography" title="Palaeogeography">Palaeogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_geography" title="Coastal geography">Coastal geography</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">Oceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_science" title="Soil science">Soil science</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pedology" title="Pedology">Pedology</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edaphology" title="Edaphology">Edaphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geobiology" title="Geobiology">Geobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">Geomorphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geostatistics" title="Geostatistics">Geostatistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaciology" title="Glaciology">Glaciology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">Hydrology</a> / <a href="/wiki/Limnology" 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