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id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Career_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Career_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Career in the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Personal life and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Concepts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Concepts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Concepts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biotechnology_and_genetic_engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biotechnology_and_genetic_engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Biotechnology and genetic engineering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biotechnology_and_genetic_engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Origin_of_Life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Origin_of_Life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span><i>The Origin of Life</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Origin_of_Life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dyson_sphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dyson_sphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Dyson sphere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dyson_sphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dyson_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dyson_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Dyson tree</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dyson_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space_colonies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_colonies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Space colonies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space_colonies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space_exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Space exploration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space_exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dyson's_eternal_intelligence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dyson's_eternal_intelligence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Dyson's eternal intelligence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dyson's_eternal_intelligence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dyson's_transform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dyson's_transform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Dyson's transform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dyson's_transform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dyson_series" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dyson_series"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Dyson series</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dyson_series-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quantum_physics_and_prime_numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quantum_physics_and_prime_numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Quantum physics and prime numbers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quantum_physics_and_prime_numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rank_of_a_partition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rank_of_a_partition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Rank of a partition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rank_of_a_partition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crank_of_a_partition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crank_of_a_partition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Crank of a partition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crank_of_a_partition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astrochicken" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astrochicken"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.13</span> <span>Astrochicken</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astrochicken-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lumpers_and_splitters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lumpers_and_splitters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.14</span> <span>Lumpers and splitters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lumpers_and_splitters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Views</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Views subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warfare_and_weapons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warfare_and_weapons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Warfare and weapons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warfare_and_weapons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Science and religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Named_after_Dyson" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Named_after_Dyson"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Named after Dyson</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Named_after_Dyson-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Honors and awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Documentaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Documentaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documentaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_Dyson" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_Dyson"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>By Dyson</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_Dyson-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-About_Dyson" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#About_Dyson"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>About Dyson</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-About_Dyson-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Freeman Dyson</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="فريمان دايسون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فريمان دايسون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Freeman Dyson" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="فریمن دایسون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فریمن دایسون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8" title="ফ্রিম্যান ডাইসন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফ্রিম্যান ডাইসন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Фрымен Дайсан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фрымен Дайсан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%8A%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Фриймън Дайсън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фриймън Дайсън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Freeman Dyson" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman_J._Dyson" title="Freeman J. Dyson – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Freeman J. Dyson" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Freeman Dyson" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Freeman Dyson" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman_J._Dyson" title="Freeman J. Dyson – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Freeman J. Dyson" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Freeman Dyson" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD_%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%85%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Φρήμαν Ντάυσον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φρήμαν Ντάυσον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Freeman Dyson" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman_J._Dyson" title="Freeman J. Dyson – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Freeman J. Dyson" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Freeman Dyson" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="فریمن دایسون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فریمن دایسون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Freeman Dyson" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman_John_Dyson" title="Freeman John Dyson – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Freeman John Dyson" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Freeman Dyson" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Freeman Dyson" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EB%A8%BC_%EB%8B%A4%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A8" title="프리먼 다이슨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프리먼 다이슨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%B6_%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Ֆրիմեն Դայսոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆրիմեն Դայսոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Freeman Dyson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Freeman Dyson" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%9F_%D7%93%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F" title="פרימן דייסון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרימן דייסון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Freeman Dyson" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фримен Дайсон – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Фримен Дайсон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C4%ABmens_Daisons" title="Frīmens Daisons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Frīmens Daisons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Freeman Dyson" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BB" title="ഫ്രീമൻ ഡൈസൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫ്രീമൻ ഡൈസൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ფრიმენ დაისონი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფრიმენ დაისონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="فريمان دايسون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فريمان دايسون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Freeman Dyson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Freeman Dyson" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%80%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3" title="フリーマン・ダイソン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フリーマン・ダイソン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Freeman Dyson" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Freeman Dyson" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%86_%DA%89%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%86" title="فریمن ډايسن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فریمن ډايسن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Freeman Dyson" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Freeman Dyson" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman_J._Dyson" title="Freeman J. Dyson – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Freeman J. Dyson" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Дайсон, Фримен – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дайсон, Фримен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Freeman Dyson" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Freeman Dyson" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Freeman Dyson" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman_John_Dyson" title="Freeman John Dyson – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Freeman John Dyson" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фриман Дајсон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фриман Дајсон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Freeman Dyson" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Freeman Dyson" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фриман Дайсон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Фриман Дайсон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Freeman Dyson" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фрімен Дайсон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фрімен Дайсон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C4%ABmans_Daisons" title="Frīmans Daisons – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Frīmans Daisons" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E6%A3%AE" title="弗里曼·戴森 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="弗里曼·戴森" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q153717#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British theoretical physicist and mathematician (1923–2020)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Freeman Dyson</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Freeman_Dyson_(2005).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Dyson in a jacket" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Freeman_Dyson_%282005%29.jpg/220px-Freeman_Dyson_%282005%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Freeman_Dyson_%282005%29.jpg/330px-Freeman_Dyson_%282005%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Freeman_Dyson_%282005%29.jpg/440px-Freeman_Dyson_%282005%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1145" data-file-height="1527" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Dyson at the <a href="/wiki/Long_Now_Seminar" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Now Seminar">Long Now Seminar</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco, California">San Francisco, California</a>, in 2005</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Freeman John Dyson</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1923-12-15</span>)</span>15 December 1923<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Crowthorne" title="Crowthorne">Crowthorne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berkshire" title="Berkshire">Berkshire</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">28 February 2020<span style="display:none">(2020-02-28)</span> (aged 96)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Plainsboro_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Plainsboro Township, New Jersey">Plainsboro Township, New Jersey</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">British-American</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circular_ensemble" title="Circular ensemble">Circular ensemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crank_conjecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Crank conjecture">Crank conjecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crank_of_a_partition" title="Crank of a partition">Crank of a partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rank_of_a_partition" title="Rank of a partition">Rank of a partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random_matrix" title="Random matrix">Random matrix theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stability_of_matter" title="Stability of matter">Stability of matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-replicating_machine" title="Self-replicating machine">Self-replicating machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_electrodynamics" title="Quantum electrodynamics">Quantum electrodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helios_(propulsion_system)" title="Helios (propulsion system)">Helios propulsion system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Orion_(nuclear_propulsion)" title="Project Orion (nuclear propulsion)">Project Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRIGA" title="TRIGA">TRIGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-nuclear movement in the United States">Advocacy against nuclear weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyson_sphere" title="Dyson sphere">Dyson sphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Verena_Huber-Dyson" title="Verena Huber-Dyson">Verena Huber</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="11 August 1950">1950</span>; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1958)<wbr /></div><sup id="cite_ref-spouseobit_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spouseobit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Imme Jung</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="November 1958">1958</span>)<wbr /></div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">6, including <a href="/wiki/Esther_Dyson" title="Esther Dyson">Esther Dyson</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Dyson_(science_historian)" title="George Dyson (science historian)">George Dyson</a><sup id="cite_ref-rsbm_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsbm-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Dyson_(composer)" title="George Dyson (composer)">George Dyson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dannie_Heineman_Prize_for_Mathematical_Physics" title="Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics">Heineman Prize</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorentz_Medal" title="Lorentz Medal">Lorentz Medal</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_Medal" title="Hughes Medal">Hughes Medal</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Medal" title="Max Planck Medal">Max Planck Medal</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Prize" title="Harvey Prize">Harvey Prize</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Physics" title="Wolf Prize in Physics">Wolf Prize</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gemant_Award" title="Andrew Gemant Award">Andrew Gemant Award</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matteucci_Medal" title="Matteucci Medal">Matteucci Medal</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oersted_Medal" title="Oersted Medal">Oersted Medal</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi_Award" title="Enrico Fermi Award">Enrico Fermi Award</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Templeton_Prize" title="Templeton Prize">Templeton Prize</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranchuk_Prize" title="Pomeranchuk Prize">Pomeranchuk Prize</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9_Prize" title="Henri Poincaré Prize">Henri Poincaré Prize</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study" title="Institute for Advanced Study">Institute for Advanced Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Academic advisors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Hans Bethe</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ias.edu/sns/dyson">ias<wbr />.edu<wbr />/sns<wbr />/dyson</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Quantum_field_theory" title="Quantum field theory">Quantum field theory</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Feynman_diagram" title="Feynman diagram"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Feynmann_Diagram_Gluon_Radiation.svg/211px-Feynmann_Diagram_Gluon_Radiation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="211" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Feynmann_Diagram_Gluon_Radiation.svg/317px-Feynmann_Diagram_Gluon_Radiation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Feynmann_Diagram_Gluon_Radiation.svg/422px-Feynmann_Diagram_Gluon_Radiation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="250" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Feynman_diagram" title="Feynman diagram">Feynman diagram</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_quantum_field_theory" title="History of quantum field theory">History</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field_(physics)" title="Field (physics)">Field theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">Electromagnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weak_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak force">Weak force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strong_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Strong force">Strong force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">Quantum mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">Special relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">General relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauge_theory" title="Gauge theory">Gauge theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang%E2%80%93Mills_theory" title="Yang–Mills theory">Yang–Mills theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Symmetry_(physics)" title="Symmetry (physics)">Symmetries</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symmetry_in_quantum_mechanics" title="Symmetry in quantum mechanics">Symmetry in quantum mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_conjugation" class="mw-redirect" title="Charge conjugation">C-symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parity_(physics)" title="Parity (physics)">P-symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-symmetry" title="T-symmetry">T-symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorentz_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorentz symmetry">Lorentz symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Poincaré symmetry">Poincaré symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauge_symmetry_(mathematics)" title="Gauge symmetry (mathematics)">Gauge symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explicit_symmetry_breaking" title="Explicit symmetry breaking">Explicit symmetry breaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_symmetry_breaking" title="Spontaneous symmetry breaking">Spontaneous symmetry breaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noether_charge" class="mw-redirect" title="Noether charge">Noether charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topological_charge" class="mw-redirect" title="Topological charge">Topological charge</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Tools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomaly_(physics)" title="Anomaly (physics)">Anomaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Background_field_method" title="Background field method">Background field method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRST_quantization" title="BRST quantization">BRST quantization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correlation_function_(quantum_field_theory)" title="Correlation function (quantum field theory)">Correlation function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossing_(physics)" title="Crossing (physics)">Crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_action" title="Effective action">Effective action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_field_theory" title="Effective field theory">Effective field theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_expectation_value" title="Vacuum expectation value">Expectation value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feynman_diagram" title="Feynman diagram">Feynman diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lattice_field_theory" title="Lattice field theory">Lattice field theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSZ_reduction_formula" title="LSZ reduction formula">LSZ reduction formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_function_(quantum_field_theory)" title="Partition function (quantum field theory)">Partition function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path_Integral_Formulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Path Integral Formulation">Path Integral Formulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propagator_(Quantum_Theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Propagator (Quantum Theory)">Propagator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantization_(physics)" title="Quantization (physics)">Quantization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regularization_(physics)" title="Regularization (physics)">Regularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renormalization" title="Renormalization">Renormalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacuum state">Vacuum state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wick%27s_theorem" title="Wick's theorem">Wick's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wightman_Axioms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wightman Axioms (page does not exist)">Wightman Axioms</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Equations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dirac_equation" title="Dirac equation">Dirac equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klein%E2%80%93Gordon_equation" title="Klein–Gordon equation">Klein–Gordon equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proca_action" title="Proca action">Proca equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheeler%E2%80%93DeWitt_equation" title="Wheeler–DeWitt equation">Wheeler–DeWitt equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bargmann%E2%80%93Wigner_equations" title="Bargmann–Wigner equations">Bargmann–Wigner equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwinger-Dyson_equation" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwinger-Dyson equation">Schwinger-Dyson equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renormalization_group" title="Renormalization group">Renormalization group equation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Model" title="Standard Model">Standard Model</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_electrodynamics" title="Quantum electrodynamics">Quantum electrodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroweak_interaction" title="Electroweak interaction">Electroweak interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamics" title="Quantum chromodynamics">Quantum chromodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higgs_mechanism" title="Higgs mechanism">Higgs mechanism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Incomplete theories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/String_theory" title="String theory">String theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supersymmetry" title="Supersymmetry">Supersymmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technicolor_(physics)" title="Technicolor (physics)">Technicolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_everything" title="Theory of everything">Theory of everything</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_gravity" title="Quantum gravity">Quantum gravity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Scientists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Louis_Adler" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Louis Adler">Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Warren_Anderson" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Warren Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Andreevich_Anselm" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexey Andreevich Anselm">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentine_Bargmann" title="Valentine Bargmann">Bargmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Becchi" title="Carlo Becchi">Becchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Belavin" title="Alexander Belavin">Belavin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stewart_Bell" title="John Stewart Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Berezin" title="Felix Berezin">Berezin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bjorken" title="James Bjorken">Bjorken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Bleuler" title="Konrad Bleuler">Bleuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Bogolyubov" title="Nikolay Bogolyubov">Bogoliubov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Brodsky" title="Stanley Brodsky">Brodsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brout" title="Robert Brout">Brout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detlev_Buchholz" title="Detlev Buchholz">Buchholz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freddy_Cachazo" title="Freddy Cachazo">Cachazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Callan" title="Curtis Callan">Callan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cardy" title="John Cardy">Cardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Coleman" title="Sidney Coleman">Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Connes" title="Alain Connes">Connes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Dashen" title="Roger Dashen">Dashen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryce_DeWitt" title="Bryce DeWitt">DeWitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Doplicher" title="Sergio Doplicher">Doplicher</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludvig_Faddeev" title="Ludvig Faddeev">Faddeev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Sergeevich_Fadin" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Sergeevich Fadin">Fadin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Fayet" title="Pierre Fayet">Fayet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markus_Fierz" title="Markus Fierz">Fierz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Fock" title="Vladimir Fock">Fock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Frampton" title="Paul Frampton">Frampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Fritzsch" title="Harald Fritzsch">Fritzsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrg_Fr%C3%B6hlich" title="Jürg Fröhlich">Fröhlich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Fredenhagen" title="Klaus Fredenhagen">Fredenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_H._Furry" title="Wendell H. Furry">Furry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Glimm" title="James Glimm">Glimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Goldstone" title="Jeffrey Goldstone">Goldstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Gribov" title="Vladimir Gribov">Gribov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suraj_N._Gupta" title="Suraj N. Gupta">Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Guralnik" title="Gerald Guralnik">Guralnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Haag" title="Rudolf Haag">Haag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._R._Hagen" title="C. R. Hagen">Hagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moo-Young_Han" title="Moo-Young Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hepp" title="Klaus Hepp">Hepp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Iliopoulos" title="John Iliopoulos">Iliopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Ivanenko" title="Dmitri Ivanenko">Ivanenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Jackiw" title="Roman Jackiw">Jackiw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Jaffe" title="Arthur Jaffe">Jaffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Jona-Lasinio" title="Giovanni Jona-Lasinio">Jona-Lasinio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascual_Jordan" title="Pascual Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Res_Jost" title="Res Jost">Jost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_K%C3%A4ll%C3%A9n" title="Gunnar Källén">Källén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toichiro_Kinoshita" title="Toichiro Kinoshita">Kinoshita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jihn-eui" title="Kim Jihn-eui">Kim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_R._Klebanov" class="mw-redirect" title="Igor R. Klebanov">Klebanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Kontsevich" title="Maxim Kontsevich">Kontsevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Kreimer" title="Dirk Kreimer">Kreimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_A._Kuraev" title="Eduard A. Kuraev">Kuraev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_W._Lee" title="Benjamin W. Lee">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Lehmann" title="Harry Lehmann">Lehmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Leutwyler" title="Heinrich Leutwyler">Leutwyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Lipatov" title="Lev Lipatov">Lipatov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_%C5%81opusza%C5%84ski_(physicist)" title="Jan Łopuszański (physicist)">Łopuszański</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_E._Low" title="Francis E. Low">Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhart_L%C3%BCders" title="Gerhart Lüders">Lüders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Maiani" title="Luciano Maiani">Maiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ettore_Majorana" title="Ettore Majorana">Majorana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Mart%C3%ADn_Maldacena" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Martín Maldacena">Maldacena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takeo_Matsubara" title="Takeo Matsubara">Matsubara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Arkadyevich_Migdal" title="Alexander Arkadyevich Migdal">Migdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mills_(physicist)" title="Robert Mills (physicist)">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_M%C3%B8ller" title="Christian Møller">Møller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Naimark" title="Mark Naimark">Naimark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Neveu" title="André Neveu">Neveu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazuhiko_Nishijima" title="Kazuhiko Nishijima">Nishijima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Oehme" title="Reinhard Oehme">Oehme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">Oppenheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Osborn" title="Hugh Osborn">Osborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Osterwalder" title="Konrad Osterwalder">Osterwalder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Peccei" title="Roberto Peccei">Peccei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Peskin" title="Michael Peskin">Peskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Christoph_Plefka" title="Jan Christoph Plefka">Plefka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Polchinski" title="Joseph Polchinski">Polchinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Markovich_Polyakov" title="Alexander Markovich Polyakov">Polyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaak_Pomeranchuk" title="Isaak Pomeranchuk">Pomeranchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Popov" title="Victor Popov">Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Proca" title="Alexandru Proca">Proca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Quinn" title="Helen Quinn">Quinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Rouet" title="Alain Rouet">Rouet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valery_Rubakov" title="Valery Rubakov">Rubakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ruelle" title="David Ruelle">Ruelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun_John_Sakurai" class="mw-redirect" title="Jun John Sakurai">Sakurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schrader" title="Robert Schrader">Schrader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Schwarz" title="Albert Schwarz">Schwarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Segal" title="Irving Segal">Segal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Seiberg" title="Nathan Seiberg">Seiberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Walter_Semenoff" title="Gordon Walter Semenoff">Semenoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Shifman" title="Mikhail Shifman">Shifman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Shirkov" title="Dmitry Shirkov">Shirkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Skyrme" title="Tony Skyrme">Skyrme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Sommerfield" title="Charles M. Sommerfield">Sommerfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Stora" title="Raymond Stora">Stora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Stueckelberg" title="Ernst Stueckelberg">Stueckelberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sudarshan" class="mw-redirect" title="George Sudarshan">Sudarshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Symanzik" title="Kurt Symanzik">Symanzik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasushi_Takahashi" title="Yasushi Takahashi">Takahashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Thirring" title="Walter Thirring">Thirring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin%27ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga" title="Shin'ichirō Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Tyutin" title="Igor Tyutin">Tyutin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkady_Vainshtein" title="Arkady Vainshtein">Vainshtein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinus_Veltman" class="mw-redirect" title="Martinus Veltman">Veltman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_Veneziano" title="Gabriele Veneziano">Veneziano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Virasoro_(physicist)" title="Miguel Ángel Virasoro (physicist)">Virasoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clive_Ward" title="John Clive Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Weisskopf" title="Victor Weisskopf">Weisskopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Wentzel" title="Gregor Wentzel">Wentzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Wess" title="Julius Wess">Wess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christof_Wetterich" title="Christof Wetterich">Wetterich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Weyl" title="Hermann Weyl">Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gian_Carlo_Wick" title="Gian Carlo Wick">Wick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wightman" title="Arthur Wightman">Wightman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten">Witten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Zamolodchikov" title="Alexander Zamolodchikov">Zamolodchikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Zamolodchikov" title="Alexei Zamolodchikov">Zamolodchikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Zee" title="Anthony Zee">Zee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Zimmermann" title="Wolfhart Zimmermann">Zimmermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Zinn-Justin" title="Jean Zinn-Justin">Zinn-Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Bernard_Zuber" title="Jean-Bernard Zuber">Zuber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Zumino" title="Bruno Zumino">Zumino</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Quantum_field_theory" title="Template:Quantum field theory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Quantum_field_theory" title="Template talk:Quantum field theory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Quantum_field_theory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Quantum field theory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Modern_physics" title="Modern physics">Modern physics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {H}}|\psi _{n}(t)\rangle =i\hbar {\frac {d}{dt}}|\psi _{n}(t)\rangle }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>ψ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>i</mi> <mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>d</mi> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>ψ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {H}}|\psi _{n}(t)\rangle =i\hbar {\frac {d}{dt}}|\psi _{n}(t)\rangle }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6227214310d46ffac904ca257878eee1fb6ce726" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:24.027ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {H}}|\psi _{n}(t)\rangle =i\hbar {\frac {d}{dt}}|\psi _{n}(t)\rangle }"></span> <br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{\mu \nu }+\Lambda g_{\mu \nu }={\kappa }T_{\mu \nu }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>ν</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Λ</mi> <msub> <mi>g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>ν</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>κ</mi> </mrow> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>ν</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{\mu \nu }+\Lambda g_{\mu \nu }={\kappa }T_{\mu \nu }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/124ab80fcb17e2733cc17ff6f93da5e52f355c77" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:19.468ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{\mu \nu }+\Lambda g_{\mu \nu }={\kappa }T_{\mu \nu }}"></span><div class="sidebar-caption" style="font-size:90%;padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation" title="Schrödinger equation">Schrödinger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Einstein_field_equations" title="Einstein field equations">Einstein field equations</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Founders</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascual_Jordan" title="Pascual Jordan">Pascual Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Wolfgang Pauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Paul Dirac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">Louis de Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose">Satyendra Nath Bose</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spacetime_topology" title="Spacetime topology">Topology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_(physics)" title="Work (physics)">Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randomness" title="Randomness">Randomness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entropy" title="Entropy">Entropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle" title="Particle">Particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave" title="Wave">Wave</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Branches</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_physics" title="Applied physics">Applied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_physics" title="Experimental physics">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">Theoretical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_physics" title="Mathematical physics">Mathematical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_physics" title="Philosophy of physics">Philosophy of physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">Quantum mechanics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_field_theory" title="Quantum field theory">Quantum field theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_information" title="Quantum information">Quantum information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_computation" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum computation">Quantum computation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">Electromagnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weak_interaction" title="Weak interaction">Weak interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroweak_interaction" title="Electroweak interaction">Electroweak interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strong_interaction" title="Strong interaction">Strong interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_physics" title="Atomic physics">Atomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">Particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic,_molecular,_and_optical_physics" title="Atomic, molecular, and optical physics">Atomic, molecular, and optical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensed_matter_physics" title="Condensed matter physics">Condensed matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical physics">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_system" title="Complex system">Complex systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-linear_dynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-linear dynamics">Non-linear dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophysics" title="Biophysics">Biophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurophysics" title="Neurophysics">Neurophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma physics">Plasma physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">Special relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">General relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">Astrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_gravitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Theories of gravitation">Theories of gravitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_gravity" title="Quantum gravity">Quantum gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_everything" title="Theory of everything">Theory of everything</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Scientists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten">Witten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Curie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Skłodowska-Curie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sommerfeld" title="Arnold Sommerfeld">Sommerfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Rutherford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Soddy" title="Frederick Soddy">Soddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Onnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Weyl" title="Hermann Weyl">Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Bohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Kramers" class="mw-redirect" title="Hendrik Kramers">Kramers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">de Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose">Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Compton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">van der Waals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Moseley" title="Henry Moseley">Moseley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hilbert" title="David Hilbert">Hilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Gödel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascual_Jordan" title="Pascual Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Hawking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Warren_Anderson" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Warren Anderson">P. W. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lema%C3%AEtre" title="Georges Lemaître">Lemaître</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Paget_Thomson" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir George Paget Thomson">Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Millikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert A. Millikan">Millikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Hahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinus_Veltman" class="mw-redirect" title="Martinus Veltman">Veltman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stewart_Bell" title="John Stewart Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">Raman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">Bragg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_O._Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest O. Lawrence">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Goudsmit" title="Samuel Goudsmit">Goudsmit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Uhlenbeck" title="George Uhlenbeck">Uhlenbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammad_Reza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohammad Reza (page does not exist)">Zohdi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Categories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><div class="CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":0,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":false,"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Modern_physics" title="Category:Modern physics">Modern physics</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modern_physics" title="Template:Modern physics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modern_physics" title="Template talk:Modern physics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modern_physics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modern physics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Freeman John Dyson</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></span> (15 December 1923 – 28 February 2020)<sup id="cite_ref-rsbm_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsbm-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a British-American <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">theoretical physicist</a> and mathematician known for his works in <a href="/wiki/Quantum_field_theory" title="Quantum field theory">quantum field theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">astrophysics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Random_matrix" title="Random matrix">random matrices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_formulation_of_quantum_mechanics" title="Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics">mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Condensed_matter_physics" title="Condensed matter physics">condensed matter physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">nuclear physics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_engineering" title="Nuclear engineering">engineering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-abjure_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abjure-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brit_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was professor emeritus in the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study" title="Institute for Advanced Study">Institute for Advanced Study</a> in <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton</a> and a member of the board of sponsors of the <i><a href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists" title="Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists">Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-thebulletin.org_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thebulletin.org-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dyson originated several concepts that bear his name, such as <a href="/wiki/Dyson%27s_transform" title="Dyson's transform">Dyson's transform</a>, a fundamental technique in <a href="/wiki/Additive_number_theory" title="Additive number theory">additive number theory</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENathanson199642_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathanson199642-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which he developed as part of his proof of <a href="/wiki/Mann%27s_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Mann's theorem">Mann's theorem</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalberstamRoth1983_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalberstamRoth1983-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Dyson_tree" title="Dyson tree">Dyson tree</a>, a hypothetical <a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">genetically engineered</a> <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plant</a> capable of growing in a <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comet</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Dyson_series" title="Dyson series">Dyson series</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Perturbation_theory_(quantum_mechanics)" title="Perturbation theory (quantum mechanics)">perturbative</a> series where each term is represented by <a href="/wiki/Feynman_diagram" title="Feynman diagram">Feynman diagrams</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Dyson_sphere" title="Dyson sphere">Dyson sphere</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Thought_experiment" title="Thought experiment">thought experiment</a> that attempts to explain how a <a href="/wiki/Spacefaring" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacefaring">space-faring</a> civilization would meet its energy requirements with a hypothetical <a href="/wiki/Megastructure" title="Megastructure">megastructure</a> that completely encompasses a <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">star</a> and captures a large percentage of its power output; and <a href="/wiki/Dyson%27s_eternal_intelligence" title="Dyson's eternal intelligence">Dyson's eternal intelligence</a>, a means by which an <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">immortal</a> society of <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_(trait)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence (trait)">intelligent</a> beings in an <a href="/wiki/Open_universe" class="mw-redirect" title="Open universe">open universe</a> could escape the prospect of the <a href="/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_universe" title="Heat death of the universe">heat death of the universe</a> by extending <a href="/wiki/Subjective_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjective time">subjective time</a> to infinity while expending only a finite amount of energy. </p><p>Dyson disagreed with the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change" title="Scientific consensus on climate change">scientific consensus on climate change</a>. He believed that some of the effects of increased CO<sub>2</sub> levels are favourable and not taken into account by climate scientists, such as increased agricultural yield, and further that the positive benefits of CO<sub>2</sub> likely outweigh the negative effects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawidoff2009_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawidoff2009-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CTM27_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CTM27-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnor2011_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnor2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was sceptical about the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_modelling" title="Scientific modelling">simulation models</a> used to predict <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, arguing that political efforts to reduce causes of climate change distract from other global problems that should take priority. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freeman_Dyson&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freeman_Dyson&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dyson was born on 15 December 1923, in <a href="/wiki/Crowthorne" title="Crowthorne">Crowthorne</a> in <a href="/wiki/Berkshire" title="Berkshire">Berkshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rsbm_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsbm-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the son of Mildred (<span title="Name at birth"><a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a> Atkey</span>) and the composer <a href="/wiki/George_Dyson_(composer)" title="George Dyson (composer)">George Dyson</a>, who was later knighted. His mother had a law degree, and after Dyson was born she worked as a social worker.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStocke2008_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStocke2008-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dyson had one sibling, his older sister, Alice, who remembered him as a boy surrounded by encyclopedias and always calculating on sheets of paper.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkbeiner2013_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkbeiner2013-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the age of four he tried to calculate the number of atoms in the Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDysonRītups2016_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDysonRītups2016-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a child, he showed an interest in large numbers and in the solar system, and was strongly influenced by the book <i><a href="/wiki/Men_of_Mathematics" title="Men of Mathematics">Men of Mathematics</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Eric_Temple_Bell" title="Eric Temple Bell">Eric Temple Bell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin2014_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELin2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Politically, Dyson said he was "brought up as a socialist".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhodsee20155_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhodsee20155-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1936 to 1941 Dyson was a scholar at <a href="/wiki/Winchester_College" title="Winchester College">Winchester College</a>, where his father was Director of Music.<sup id="cite_ref-rsbm_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsbm-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the age of 17 he studied pure mathematics with <a href="/wiki/Abram_Besicovitch" title="Abram Besicovitch">Abram Besicovitch</a> as his tutor<sup id="cite_ref-MathsatCambs_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MathsatCambs-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a>, where he won a scholarship at age 15. During this stay, Dyson also practised <a href="/wiki/Night_climbing" title="Night climbing">night climbing</a> on the university buildings,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchweber1994486_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweber1994486-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and once walked from <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a> to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> in a day with his friend Oscar Hahn, nephew of <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Hahn" title="Kurt Hahn">Kurt Hahn</a>, who was a wheelchair user due to <a href="/wiki/Polio" title="Polio">polio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchweber1994487_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweber1994487-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the age of 19 he was assigned to war work in the <a href="/wiki/Operations_research#Second_World_War" title="Operations research">Operational Research Section</a> (ORS) of <a href="/wiki/RAF_Bomber_Command" title="RAF Bomber Command">RAF Bomber Command</a>, where he developed analytical methods for calculating the ideal density for bomber formations to help the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> bomb German targets during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson2006a_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson2006a-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrower2010_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrower2010-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war, Dyson was readmitted to Trinity College, where he obtained a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a> degree in mathematics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAharonyFeder198966_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAharonyFeder198966-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ias.edu_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ias.edu-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1946 to 1949 he was a <a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">fellow</a> of his college, occupying rooms just below those of the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a>, who resigned his professorship in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson2012_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson2012-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1947 Dyson published two papers in <a href="/wiki/Number_theory" title="Number theory">number theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson1947225–240_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson1947225–240-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson1946409–420_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson1946409–420-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friends and colleagues described him as shy and self-effacing, with a contrarian streak that his friends found refreshing but intellectual opponents found exasperating.<sup id="cite_ref-rsbm_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsbm-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "I have the sense that when consensus is forming like ice hardening on a lake, Dyson will do his best to chip at the ice", <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Steven Weinberg</a> said of him. His friend the neurologist and author <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Sacks" title="Oliver Sacks">Oliver Sacks</a> said: "A favourite word of Freeman's about doing science and being creative is the word 'subversive'. He feels it's rather important not only to be not orthodox, but to be subversive, and he's done that all his life."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawidoff2009_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawidoff2009-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Career_in_the_United_States">Career in the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freeman_Dyson&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On <a href="/wiki/G._I._Taylor" title="G. I. Taylor">G. I. Taylor</a>'s advice and recommendation, Dyson moved to the United States in 1947 as a <a href="/wiki/Harkness_Fellowship" title="Harkness Fellowship">Commonwealth Fellow</a> for postgraduate study with <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Hans Bethe</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> (1947–1948).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAaserud1986_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAaserud1986-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchweber1994392-_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweber1994392--27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There he made the acquaintance of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a>. Dyson recognized the brilliance of Feynman and worked with him. He then moved to the Institute for Advanced Study (1948–1949), before returning to England (1949–51), where he was a research fellow at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-acap_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acap-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1949, Dyson demonstrated the equivalence of two formulations of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_electrodynamics" title="Quantum electrodynamics">quantum electrodynamics</a> (QED): Richard Feynman's diagrams and the operator method developed by <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Julian Schwinger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shin%27ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga" title="Shin'ichirō Tomonaga">Shin'ichirō Tomonaga</a>. He was the first person after their creator to appreciate the power of <a href="/wiki/Feynman_diagram" title="Feynman diagram">Feynman diagrams</a> and his paper written in 1948 and published in 1949 was the first to make use of them. He said in that paper that Feynman diagrams were not just a computational tool but a physical theory and developed rules for the diagrams that completely solved the <a href="/wiki/Renormalization" title="Renormalization">renormalization</a> problem. Dyson's paper and his lectures presented Feynman's theories of QED in a form that other physicists could understand, facilitating the physics community's acceptance of Feynman's work. <a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">J. Robert Oppenheimer</a>, in particular, was persuaded by Dyson that Feynman's new theory was as valid as Schwinger's and Tomonaga's. Also in 1949, in related work, Dyson invented the <a href="/wiki/Dyson_series" title="Dyson series">Dyson series</a>. It was this paper that inspired <a href="/wiki/John_Clive_Ward" title="John Clive Ward">John Ward</a> to derive his celebrated <a href="/wiki/Ward%E2%80%93Takahashi_identity" title="Ward–Takahashi identity">Ward–Takahashi identity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWard1950182_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard1950182-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dyson joined the faculty at Cornell as a physics professor in 1951, though he still had no doctorate. In December 1952, Oppenheimer, the director of the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study" title="Institute for Advanced Study">Institute for Advanced Study</a> in <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton, New Jersey</a>, offered Dyson a lifetime appointment at the institute, "for proving me wrong", in Oppenheimer's words.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson1979_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson1979-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dyson remained at the Institute until the end of his career.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone2020_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone2020-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchewe201488–89_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchewe201488–89-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1957 he became a <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_United_States" title="Citizenship of the United States">US citizen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-abjure_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abjure-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ias.edu_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ias.edu-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1957 to 1961 Dyson worked on <a href="/wiki/Project_Orion_(nuclear_propulsion)" title="Project Orion (nuclear propulsion)">Project Orion</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlaes2016_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlaes2016-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which proposed the possibility of space-flight using <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_pulse_propulsion" title="Nuclear pulse propulsion">nuclear pulse propulsion</a>. A prototype was demonstrated using conventional explosives, but the 1963 <a href="/wiki/Partial_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty" title="Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty">Partial Test Ban Treaty</a>, in which Dyson was involved and which he supported,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchewe2014162–164_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchewe2014162–164-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> permitted only <a href="/wiki/Underground_nuclear_weapons_testing" title="Underground nuclear weapons testing">underground nuclear weapons testing</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-un.org_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un.org-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the project was abandoned in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchewe2014147–149_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchewe2014147–149-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1958 Dyson was a member of the design team under <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a> for <a href="/wiki/TRIGA" title="TRIGA">TRIGA</a>, a small, inherently safe <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactor</a> used throughout the world in hospitals and universities for the production of <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_in_medicine" title="Isotopes in medicine">medical isotopes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2014_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2014-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1966, independently of <a href="/wiki/Elliott_H._Lieb" title="Elliott H. Lieb">Elliott H. Lieb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Thirring" title="Walter Thirring">Walter Thirring</a>, Dyson and Andrew Lenard published a paper proving that the <a href="/wiki/Pauli_exclusion_principle" title="Pauli exclusion principle">Pauli exclusion principle</a> plays the main role in the <a href="/wiki/Stability_of_matter" title="Stability of matter">stability of matter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiebThirring1975687–689_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiebThirring1975687–689-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence it is not the electromagnetic repulsion between outer-shell orbital electrons that prevents two stacked wood blocks from coalescing into a single piece, but the exclusion principle applied to electrons and protons that generates the classical macroscopic <a href="/wiki/Normal_force" title="Normal force">normal force</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Condensed_matter_physics" title="Condensed matter physics">condensed matter physics</a>, Dyson also analysed the phase transition of the <a href="/wiki/Ising_model" title="Ising model">Ising model</a> in one dimension and <a href="/wiki/Spin_wave" title="Spin wave">spin waves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson1996287-_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson1996287--40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dyson also did work in a variety of topics in mathematics, such as topology, analysis, number theory and <a href="/wiki/Random_matrix" title="Random matrix">random matrices</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson1996443-_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson1996443--41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1973 the number theorist <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lowell_Montgomery" title="Hugh Lowell Montgomery">Hugh Lowell Montgomery</a> was visiting the Institute for Advanced Study and had just made his <a href="/wiki/Montgomery%27s_pair_correlation_conjecture" title="Montgomery's pair correlation conjecture">pair correlation conjecture</a> concerning the distribution of the zeros of the <a href="/wiki/Riemann_zeta_function" title="Riemann zeta function">Riemann zeta function</a>. He showed his formula to the mathematician <a href="/wiki/Atle_Selberg" title="Atle Selberg">Atle Selberg</a>, who said that it looked like something in <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_physics" title="Mathematical physics">mathematical physics</a> and that Montgomery should show it to Dyson, which he did. Dyson recognized the formula as the <a href="/wiki/Pair_correlation_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Pair correlation function">pair correlation function</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gaussian_unitary_ensemble" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaussian unitary ensemble">Gaussian unitary ensemble</a>, which physicists have studied extensively. This suggested that there might be an unexpected connection between the <a href="/wiki/Distribution_of_primes" class="mw-redirect" title="Distribution of primes">distribution of primes</a> (2, 3, 5, 7, 11, ...) and the energy levels in the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">nuclei</a> of <a href="/wiki/Heavy_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy elements">heavy elements</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDerbyshire2003_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerbyshire2003-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 1979 Dyson worked with the <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_Associated_Universities" title="Oak Ridge Associated Universities">Institute for Energy Analysis</a> on <a href="/wiki/Climatology" title="Climatology">climate studies</a>. This group, under <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Weinberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Alvin Weinberg">Alvin Weinberg</a>'s direction, pioneered multidisciplinary climate studies, including a strong biology group. Also during the 1970s, Dyson worked on climate studies conducted by the <a href="/wiki/JASON_(advisory_group)" title="JASON (advisory group)">JASON</a> defense advisory group.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawidoff2009_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawidoff2009-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dyson retired from the Institute for Advanced Study in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-nasonline.org_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasonline.org-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1998 he joined the board of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_Electric_Light_Fund" title="Solar Electric Light Fund">Solar Electric Light Fund</a>. In 2003 he was president of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Studies_Institute" title="Space Studies Institute">Space Studies Institute</a>, the space research organization founded by <a href="/wiki/Gerard_K._O%27Neill" title="Gerard K. O'Neill">Gerard K. O'Neill</a>; in 2013 he was on its board of trustees.<sup id="cite_ref-ssi.org_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssi.org-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dyson was a longtime member of the <a href="/wiki/JASON_(advisory_group)" title="JASON (advisory group)">JASON</a> group.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchewe2014166,_298_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchewe2014166,_298-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dyson won numerous scientific awards, but never a <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a>. Nobel physics laureate <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Steven Weinberg</a> said that the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee_for_Physics" title="Nobel Committee for Physics">Nobel committee</a> "fleeced" Dyson, but Dyson remarked in 2009, "I think it's almost true without exception if you want to win a Nobel Prize, you should have a long attention span, get hold of some deep and important problem and stay with it for ten years. That wasn't my style."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawidoff2009_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawidoff2009-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dyson was a regular contributor to <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a></i>, and published a memoir, <i>Maker of Patterns: An Autobiography Through Letters</i> in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchewe2014299_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchewe2014299-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012 Dyson published (with <a href="/wiki/William_H._Press" title="William H. Press">William H. Press</a>) a fundamental new result about the <a href="/wiki/Prisoner%27s_dilemma" title="Prisoner's dilemma">prisoner's dilemma</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawks2012_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawks2012-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote a foreword to a treatise on psychic phenomena in which he concluded that "ESP is real... but cannot be tested with the clumsy tools of science".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayer2008Foreword_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayer2008Foreword-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_life_and_death">Personal life and death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freeman_Dyson&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Personal life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dyson married his first wife, the Swiss mathematician <a href="/wiki/Verena_Huber-Dyson" title="Verena Huber-Dyson">Verena Huber</a>, on 11 August 1950. They had two children, <a href="/wiki/Esther_Dyson" title="Esther Dyson">Esther</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Dyson_(science_historian)" title="George Dyson (science historian)">George</a>, before divorcing in 1958. In November 1958 he married Imme Jung (born 1936) and they had four more children: Dorothy, Mia, Rebecca, and Emily Dyson.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawidoff2009_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawidoff2009-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dyson's eldest daughter, Esther, is a digital technology consultant and investor; she has been called "the most influential woman in all the computer world".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKelvey2014_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKelvey2014-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His son George is a <a href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">historian of science</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockman199681_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockman199681-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of whose books is <i>Project Orion: The Atomic Spaceship 1957–1965</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson2002_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson2002-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dyson died on 28 February 2020 at <a href="/wiki/Penn_Medicine_Princeton_Medical_Center" title="Penn Medicine Princeton Medical Center">Penn Medicine Princeton Medical Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Plainsboro_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Plainsboro Township, New Jersey">Plainsboro Township, New Jersey</a>, from complications following a fall. He was 96.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone2020_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone2020-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson2020_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2020-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrumfiel2020_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrumfiel2020-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevin2020_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevin2020-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concepts">Concepts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freeman_Dyson&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biotechnology_and_genetic_engineering">Biotechnology and genetic engineering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freeman_Dyson&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Biotechnology and genetic engineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/The_Sun,_the_Genome_and_the_Internet" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sun, the Genome and the Internet">The Sun, the Genome and the Internet</a></div> <p>Dyson admitted his record as a prophet was mixed, but thought it is better to be wrong than vague, and that in meeting the world's material needs, technology must be beautiful and cheap. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote" style="font-size:100%"><p> My book <i>The Sun, the Genome, and the Internet</i> (1999) describes a vision of green technology enriching villages all over the world and halting the migration from villages to megacities. The three components of the vision are all essential: the sun to provide energy where it is needed, the genome to provide plants that can convert sunlight into chemical fuels cheaply and efficiently, the Internet to end the intellectual and economic isolation of rural populations. With all three components in place, every village in Africa could enjoy its fair share of the blessings of civilization.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFDyson2007">Dyson 2007</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Dyson coined the term "green technologies", based on <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, to describe new species of <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a> designed to meet human needs. He argued that such technologies would be based on <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar power</a> rather than the <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a> whose use he saw as part of what he calls "gray technologies" of industry. He believed that <a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">genetically engineered</a> crops, which he described as green, can help end <a href="/wiki/Rural_poverty" title="Rural poverty">rural poverty</a>, with a movement based in <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a> to end the inequitable <a href="/wiki/Distribution_of_wealth" title="Distribution of wealth">distribution of wealth</a> on the planet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShwartz2001_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShwartz2001-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Origin_of_Life"><i>The Origin of Life</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freeman_Dyson&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Origin of Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></div> <p>Dyson favoured the dual origin theory: that life first formed as <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a>, and finally, much later, <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a>. This was first propounded by the Russian biochemist, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Oparin" title="Alexander Oparin">Alexander Oparin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOparin1924_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOparin1924-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/J._B._S._Haldane" title="J. B. S. Haldane">J. B. S. Haldane</a> developed the same theory independently.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaldane1929_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaldane1929-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Dyson's version of the theory, life evolved in two stages, widely separated in time. Because of the biochemistry, he regards it as too unlikely that genes could have developed fully blown in one process. Current cells contain <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">adenosine triphosphate</a> or ATP and <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_5%27-monophosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Adenosine 5'-monophosphate">adenosine 5'-monophosphate</a> or AMP, which greatly resemble each other but have completely different functions. ATP transports energy around the cell, and AMP is part of RNA and the genetic apparatus. Dyson proposed that in a primitive early cell containing ATP and AMP, RNA and replication came into existence only because of the similarity between AMP and RNA. He suggested that AMP was produced when ATP molecules lost two of their phosphate radicals, and then one cell somewhere performed <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Eigen" title="Manfred Eigen">Eigen</a>'s experiment and produced RNA.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchewe2014222–223_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchewe2014222–223-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is no direct evidence for the dual origin theory, because once genes developed, they took over, obliterating all traces of the earlier forms of life. In the first origin, the cells were probably just drops of water held together by surface tension, teeming with enzymes and chemical reactions, and having a primitive kind of growth or replication. When the liquid drop became too big, it split into two drops. Many complex molecules formed in these "little city economies" and the probability that genes would eventually develop in them was much greater than in the prebiotic environment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson1985_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson1985-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dyson_rings.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Dyson_rings.PNG/220px-Dyson_rings.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Dyson_rings.PNG/330px-Dyson_rings.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Dyson_rings.PNG/440px-Dyson_rings.PNG 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Artist's concept of Dyson rings, forming a stable <a href="/wiki/Dyson_swarm" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyson swarm">Dyson swarm</a>, or "Dyson sphere"</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dyson_sphere">Dyson sphere</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freeman_Dyson&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dyson sphere"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dyson_sphere" title="Dyson sphere">Dyson sphere</a></div> <p>In 1960 Dyson wrote a short paper for the journal <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i> titled "Search for Artificial Stellar Sources of Infrared Radiation".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson19601667–1668_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson19601667–1668-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In it he speculated that a technologically advanced <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">extraterrestrial</a> <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilization</a> might surround its native star with artificial structures to maximize the capture of the star's energy. Eventually, the civilization would enclose the star, intercepting <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiation</a> with <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelengths</a> from visible light downward and radiating waste heat outward as <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> radiation. One method of <a href="/wiki/Search_for_extraterrestrial_intelligence" title="Search for extraterrestrial intelligence">searching for extraterrestrial civilizations</a> would be to look for large objects radiating in the infrared range of the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">electromagnetic spectrum</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote" style="font-size:100%"><p> One should expect that, within a few thousand years of its entering the stage of industrial development, any intelligent species should be found occupying an artificial biosphere which surrounds its parent star. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFDavis1978">Davis 1978</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Dyson conceived that such structures would be clouds of <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a>-sized <a href="/wiki/Space_habitat" class="mw-redirect" title="Space habitat">space habitats</a>, though <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> writers have preferred a solid structure: either way, such an artifact is often called a <a href="/wiki/Dyson_sphere" title="Dyson sphere">Dyson sphere</a>, although Dyson used the term "shell". Dyson said that he used the term "artificial biosphere" in the article to mean a habitat, not a shape. The general concept of such an energy-transferring shell had been created decades earlier by science fiction writer <a href="/wiki/Olaf_Stapledon" title="Olaf Stapledon">Olaf Stapledon</a> in his 1937 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Maker" title="Star Maker">Star Maker</a></i>, a source which Dyson credited publicly.<sup id="cite_ref-perimeterinstitute.ca_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perimeterinstitute.ca-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dyson1979p211_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dyson1979p211-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dyson_tree">Dyson tree</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freeman_Dyson&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dyson tree"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dyson_tree" title="Dyson tree">Dyson tree</a></div> <p>Dyson also proposed the creation of a <i>Dyson tree</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">genetically engineered</a> plant capable of growing inside a <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comet</a>. He suggested that comets could be engineered to contain hollow spaces filled with a breathable atmosphere, thus providing self-sustaining habitats for humanity in the outer <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote" style="font-size:100%"><p> Plants could grow greenhouses… just as turtles grow shells and polar bears grow fur and polyps build coral reefs in tropical seas. These plants could keep warm by the light from a distant Sun and conserve the oxygen that they produce by photosynthesis. The greenhouse would consist of a thick skin providing thermal insulation, with small transparent windows to admit sunlight. Outside the skin would be an array of simple lenses, focusing sunlight through the windows into the interior… Groups of greenhouses could grow together to form extended habitats for other species of plants and animals. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFDyson1997">Dyson 1997</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space_colonies">Space colonies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freeman_Dyson&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Space colonies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote" style="font-size:100%"><p> I've done some historical research on the costs of the Mayflower's voyage, and on the Mormons' emigration to Utah, and I think it's possible to go into space on a much smaller scale. A cost on the order of $40,000 per person [1978 dollars, $181,600 in 2022 dollars] would be the target to shoot for; in terms of real wages, that would make it comparable to the colonization of America. Unless it's brought down to that level it's not really interesting to me, because otherwise, it would be a luxury that only governments could afford. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFDavis1978">Davis 1978</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Dyson was interested in space travel since he was a child, reading such science fiction classics as <a href="/wiki/Olaf_Stapledon" title="Olaf Stapledon">Olaf Stapledon</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Maker" title="Star Maker">Star Maker</a></i>. As a young man, he worked for <a href="/wiki/General_Atomics" title="General Atomics">General Atomics</a> on the nuclear-powered <a href="/wiki/Project_Orion_(nuclear_propulsion)" title="Project Orion (nuclear propulsion)">Orion</a> spacecraft. He hoped Project Orion would put men on Mars by 1965, and Saturn by 1970. For a quarter-century, Dyson was unhappy about how the government conducted space travel: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote" style="font-size:100%"><p> The problem is, of course, that they can't afford to fail. The rules of the game are that you don't take a chance, because if you fail, then probably your whole program gets wiped out. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFDavis1978">Davis 1978</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Dyson still hoped for cheap space travel, but was resigned to waiting for private entrepreneurs to develop something new and inexpensive. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote" style="font-size:100%"><p> No law of physics or biology forbids cheap travel and settlement all over the solar system and beyond. But it is impossible to predict how long this will take. Predictions of the dates of future achievements are notoriously fallible. My guess is that the era of cheap unmanned missions will be the next fifty years, and the era of cheap manned missions will start sometime late in the twenty-first century. Any affordable program of manned exploration must be centred in biology, and its time frame tied to the time frame of biotechnology; a hundred years, roughly the time it will take us to learn to grow warm-blooded plants, is probably reasonable. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFDyson1997">Dyson 1997</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space_exploration">Space exploration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freeman_Dyson&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Space exploration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote" style="font-size:100%"><p> A direct search for life in Europa's ocean would today be prohibitively expensive. Impacts on Europa give us an easier way to look for evidence of life there. Every time a major impact occurs on Europa, a vast quantity of water is splashed from the ocean into the space around Jupiter. Some of the water evaporates, and some condenses into snow. Creatures living in the water far enough from the impact have a chance of being splashed intact into space and quickly freeze-dried. Therefore, an easy way to look for evidence of life in Europa's ocean is to look for freeze-dried fish in the ring of space debris orbiting Jupiter. Freeze-dried fish orbiting Jupiter is a fanciful notion, but nature in the biological realm has a tendency to be fanciful. Nature is usually more imaginative than we are. …To have the best chance of success, we should keep our eyes open for all possibilities. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFDyson1997">Dyson 1997</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dyson's_eternal_intelligence"><span id="Dyson.27s_eternal_intelligence"></span>Dyson's eternal intelligence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freeman_Dyson&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Dyson's eternal intelligence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dyson%27s_eternal_intelligence" title="Dyson's eternal intelligence">Dyson's eternal intelligence</a></div> <p>Dyson proposed that an <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">immortal</a> group of intelligent beings could escape the prospect of <a href="/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_universe" title="Heat death of the universe">heat death</a> by extending time to infinity while expending only a finite amount of energy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson1979a447–460_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson1979a447–460-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is also known as the Dyson scenario.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECendes2019_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECendes2019-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dyson's_transform"><span id="Dyson.27s_transform"></span>Dyson's transform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freeman_Dyson&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Dyson's transform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dyson%27s_transform" title="Dyson's transform">Dyson's transform</a></div> <p>His concept "Dyson's transform" led to one of the most important <a href="/wiki/Lemma_(mathematics)" title="Lemma (mathematics)">lemmas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Ramar%C3%A9" title="Olivier Ramaré">Olivier Ramaré</a>'s theorem: that every even integer can be written as a sum of no more than six primes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamaré1995645–706_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamaré1995645–706-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dyson_series">Dyson series</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freeman_Dyson&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Dyson series"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dyson_series" title="Dyson series">Dyson series</a></div> <p>The Dyson series, the formal solution of an explicitly time-dependent <a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation" title="Schrödinger equation">Schrödinger equation</a> by iteration, and the corresponding Dyson time-ordering operator <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {T}}\,,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">T</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {T}}\,,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3a60d0079f9aab92b50c65260cd8d7e4a085adc2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.97ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {T}}\,,}"></span> an entity of basic importance in the <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_formulation_of_quantum_mechanics" title="Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics">mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics</a>, are also named after Dyson.<sup id="cite_ref-ocw.mit.edu_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ocw.mit.edu-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freeman_dyson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Freeman_dyson.jpg/240px-Freeman_dyson.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Freeman_dyson.jpg/360px-Freeman_dyson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Freeman_dyson.jpg/480px-Freeman_dyson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Freeman Dyson in 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study" title="Institute for Advanced Study">Institute for Advanced Study</a> </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quantum_physics_and_prime_numbers">Quantum physics and prime numbers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freeman_Dyson&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Quantum physics and prime numbers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dyson and <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Montgomery_(mathematician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Montgomery (mathematician)">Hugh Montgomery</a> discovered an intriguing connection between quantum physics and <a href="/wiki/Montgomery%27s_pair_correlation_conjecture" title="Montgomery's pair correlation conjecture">Montgomery's pair correlation conjecture</a> about the zeros of the zeta function. The primes 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19,... are described by the <a href="/wiki/Riemann_zeta_function" title="Riemann zeta function">Riemann zeta function</a>, and Dyson had previously developed a description of quantum physics based on m by m arrays of totally random numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson19621191_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson19621191-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Montgomery and Dyson discovered that the <i><a href="/wiki/Eigenvalues" class="mw-redirect" title="Eigenvalues">eigenvalues</a></i> of these matrices are spaced apart in exactly the same manner as Montgomery conjectured for the nontrivial zeros of the zeta function. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Odlyzko" title="Andrew Odlyzko">Andrew Odlyzko</a> has verified the conjecture on a computer, using his <a href="/wiki/Odlyzko%E2%80%93Sch%C3%B6nhage_algorithm" title="Odlyzko–Schönhage algorithm">Odlyzko–Schönhage algorithm</a> to calculate many zeros.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdlyzkoSchonhage1988797_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdlyzkoSchonhage1988797-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are in nature one, two, and three-dimensional <a href="/wiki/Quasicrystals" class="mw-redirect" title="Quasicrystals">quasicrystals</a>. Mathematicians define a quasicrystal as a set of discrete points whose <a href="/wiki/Fourier_transform" title="Fourier transform">Fourier transform</a> is also a set of discrete points. Odlyzko has done extensive computations of the Fourier transform of the nontrivial zeros of the zeta function, and they seem to form a one-dimensional quasicrystal. This would in fact follow from the <a href="/wiki/Riemann_hypothesis" title="Riemann hypothesis">Riemann hypothesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson201541–42_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson201541–42-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rank_of_a_partition">Rank of a partition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freeman_Dyson&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Rank of a partition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rank_of_a_partition.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Rank_of_a_partition.svg/330px-Rank_of_a_partition.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Rank_of_a_partition.svg/495px-Rank_of_a_partition.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Rank_of_a_partition.svg/660px-Rank_of_a_partition.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="198" /></a><figcaption>The rank of a partition, shown as its <a href="/wiki/Young_diagram" class="mw-redirect" title="Young diagram">Young diagram</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rank_of_a_partition" title="Rank of a partition">Rank of a partition</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Number_theory" title="Number theory">number theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Combinatorics" title="Combinatorics">combinatorics</a>, the rank of an <a href="/wiki/Integer_partition" title="Integer partition">integer partition</a> is a certain <a href="/wiki/Integer" title="Integer">integer</a> associated with the partition. Dyson introduced the concept in a paper published in the journal <a href="/wiki/Eureka_(University_of_Cambridge_magazine)" title="Eureka (University of Cambridge magazine)"><i>Eureka</i></a>. It was presented in the context of a study of certain <a href="/wiki/Congruence_relation" title="Congruence relation">congruence</a> properties of the <a href="/wiki/Partition_function_(number_theory)" title="Partition function (number theory)">partition function</a> discovered by the mathematician <a href="/wiki/Srinivasa_Ramanujan" title="Srinivasa Ramanujan">Srinivasa Ramanujan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson194410–15_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson194410–15-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crank_of_a_partition">Crank of a partition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freeman_Dyson&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Crank of a partition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Crank_of_a_partition" title="Crank of a partition">Crank of a partition</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Number_theory" title="Number theory">number theory</a>, the crank of a partition is a certain <a href="/wiki/Integer" title="Integer">integer</a> associated with the partition. Dyson first introduced the term without a definition in a 1944 paper in a journal published by the Mathematics Society of <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson199651_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson199651-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then gave a list of properties this yet-to-be-defined quantity should have. In 1988, <a href="/wiki/George_E._Andrews" class="mw-redirect" title="George E. Andrews">George E. Andrews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Garvan" title="Frank Garvan">Frank Garvan</a> discovered a definition for the crank satisfying the properties Dyson had hypothesized.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrewsGarvan1988167–72_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrewsGarvan1988167–72-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astrochicken">Astrochicken</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freeman_Dyson&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Astrochicken"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Astrochicken" title="Astrochicken">Astrochicken</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JohnvonNeumann-LosAlamos.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/JohnvonNeumann-LosAlamos.gif/170px-JohnvonNeumann-LosAlamos.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/JohnvonNeumann-LosAlamos.gif/255px-JohnvonNeumann-LosAlamos.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/JohnvonNeumann-LosAlamos.gif/340px-JohnvonNeumann-LosAlamos.gif 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption>John von Neumann</figcaption></figure> <p>Astrochicken is the name given to a <a href="/wiki/Thought_experiment" title="Thought experiment">thought experiment</a> Dyson expounded in his book <i>Disturbing the Universe</i> (1979). He contemplated how humanity could build a small, <a href="/wiki/Self-replication" title="Self-replication">self-replicating</a> automaton that could <a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">explore space</a> more efficiently than a crewed craft could. He attributed the general idea to <a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a>, based on a lecture von Neumann gave in 1948 titled <i>The General and Logical Theory of Automata</i>. Dyson expanded on von Neumann's <a href="/wiki/Automata_theory" title="Automata theory">automata theories</a> and added a biological component.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchewe2014230–31_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchewe2014230–31-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lumpers_and_splitters">Lumpers and splitters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freeman_Dyson&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Lumpers and splitters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lumpers_and_splitters" title="Lumpers and splitters">Lumpers and splitters</a></div> <p>Dyson suggested that philosophers can be broadly if simplistically, divided into lumpers and splitters. These roughly correspond to <a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonists</a>, who regard the world as made up of ideas, and <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialists</a>, who imagine it divided into atoms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson2015a238_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson2015a238-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views">Views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freeman_Dyson&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freeman_Dyson&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dyson agreed that technically humans and additional CO<sub>2</sub> emissions contribute to warming. However, he felt that the benefits of additional CO<sub>2</sub> outweighed any associated negative effects.<sup id="cite_ref-CTM27_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CTM27-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He said that in many ways increased atmospheric carbon dioxide is beneficial,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley2015_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley2015-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that it is increasing biological growth, agricultural yields and forests.<sup id="cite_ref-CTM27_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CTM27-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed that existing <a href="/wiki/Scientific_modelling" title="Scientific modelling">simulation models</a> of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> fail to account for some important factors, and that the results thus contain too great a margin of error to reliably predict trends.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrlowski2007_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrlowski2007-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-heretic_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heretic-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued that political efforts to reduce the causes of climate change distract from other global problems that should take priority,<sup id="cite_ref-um_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-um-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and viewed the acceptance of climate change as comparable to religion.<sup id="cite_ref-CTM27_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CTM27-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, Dyson criticised <a href="/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen">James Hansen</a>'s climate-change activism. "The person who is really responsible for this overestimate of global warming is Jim Hansen. He consistently exaggerates all the dangers... Hansen has turned his science into ideology."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawidoff2009_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawidoff2009-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hansen responded that Dyson "doesn't know what he's talking about... If he's going to wander into something with major consequences for humanity and other life on the planet, then he should first do his homework- which he obviously has not done on global warming".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawidoff2009_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawidoff2009-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dyson replied that "[m]y objections to the global warming propaganda are not so much over the technical facts, about which I do not know much, but it's rather against the way those people behave and the kind of intolerance to criticism that a lot of them have."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemonick2009_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemonick2009-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dyson stated in an interview that the argument with Hansen was exaggerated by <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, stating that he and Hansen are "friends, but we don't agree on everything."<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since originally taking an interest in climate studies in the 1970s, Dyson suggested that <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> levels in the atmosphere could be controlled by planting fast-growing trees. He calculated that it would take a trillion trees to remove all carbon from the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson1977287–91_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson1977287–91-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawidoff2009_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawidoff2009-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2014 interview he said, "What I'm convinced of is that we don't understand climate… It will take a lot of very hard work before that question is settled."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin2014_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELin2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dyson was a member of the academic advisory council of the <a href="/wiki/Global_Warming_Policy_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Warming Policy Foundation">Global Warming Policy Foundation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrlowski2015_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrlowski2015-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warfare_and_weapons">Warfare and weapons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freeman_Dyson&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Warfare and weapons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At RAF Bomber Command, Dyson and colleagues proposed removing two gun turrets from <a href="/wiki/Avro_Lancaster" title="Avro Lancaster">Avro Lancaster</a> bombers, to cut the catastrophic losses due to German fighters in the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Berlin_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Berlin in World War II">Battle of Berlin</a>. A Lancaster without turrets could fly 50 mph (80 km/h) faster and be much more manoeuvrable. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote" style="font-size:100%"><p> All our advice to the commander in chief [went] through the chief of our section, who was a career civil servant. His guiding principle was to tell the commander in chief things that the commander in chief liked to hear… To push the idea of ripping out gun turrets, against the official mythology of the gallant gunner defending his crew mates… was not the kind of suggestion the commander in chief liked to hear. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFDyson1979">Dyson 1979</a>, The Children's Crusade</cite></div></blockquote> <p>On hearing the news of the bombing of <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote" style="font-size:100%"><p> I agreed emphatically with <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stimson" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Stimson">Henry Stimson</a>. Once we had got ourselves into the business of bombing cities, we might as well do the job competently and get it over with. I felt better that morning than I had felt for years… Those fellows who had built the atomic bombs obviously knew their stuff… Later, much later, I would remember [the downside]. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFDyson1979">Dyson 1979</a>, The Blood of a Poet</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote" style="font-size:100%"><p> I am convinced that to avoid nuclear war it is not sufficient to be afraid of it. It is necessary to be afraid, but it is equally necessary to understand. And the first step in understanding is to recognize that the problem of nuclear war is basically not technical but human and historical. If we are to avoid destruction we must first of all understand the human and historical context out of which destruction arises. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFDyson1984">Dyson 1984</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In 1967, in his capacity as a military adviser, Dyson wrote an influential paper on the issue of possible US use of tactical nuclear weapons in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. When a general said in a meeting, "I think it might be a good idea to throw in a nuke now and then, just to keep the other side guessing…"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson1979149The_Ethics_of_Defense_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson1979149The_Ethics_of_Defense-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dyson became alarmed and obtained permission to write a report on the pros and cons of using such weapons from a purely military point of view. (This report, <i>Tactical Nuclear Weapons in Southeast Asia</i>, published by the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Defense_Analyses" title="Institute for Defense Analyses">Institute for Defense Analyses</a>, was obtained, with some redactions, by the <a href="/wiki/Nautilus_Institute_for_Security_and_Sustainability" title="Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustainability">Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustainability</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)" title="Freedom of Information Act (United States)">Freedom of Information act</a> in 2002.)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDysonGomerWeinbergWright1967_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDysonGomerWeinbergWright1967-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was sufficiently objective that both sides of the debate based their arguments on it. Dyson says that the report showed that, even from a narrow military point of view, the US was better off not using nuclear weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchewe2014169–70_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchewe2014169–70-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dyson opposed the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Iraq">invasion of Iraq</a>. He supported <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2008_US_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 US presidential election">2008 US presidential election</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> described him as a <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">political liberal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawidoff2009_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawidoff2009-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was one of 29 leading US scientists who wrote Obama a strongly supportive letter about his administration's <a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">2015 nuclear deal with Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroad2015_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroad2015-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_religion">Science and religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freeman_Dyson&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Science and religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dyson was raised in what he described as a "watered-down <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> Christianity".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawidoff2009_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawidoff2009-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a <a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">nondenominational Christian</a> and attended various churches, from <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>. Regarding doctrinal or <a href="/wiki/Christological" class="mw-redirect" title="Christological">Christological</a> issues, he said, "I am neither a saint nor a theologian. To me, good works are more important than theology."<sup id="cite_ref-edge68_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edge68-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote" style="font-size:100%"><p> Science and religion are two windows that people look through, trying to understand the big universe outside, trying to understand why we are here. The two windows give different views, but they look out at the same universe. Both views are one-sided, and neither is complete. Both leave out essential features of the real world. And both are worthy of respect. Trouble arises when either science or religion claims universal jurisdiction when either religious or scientific dogma claims to be infallible. Religious creationists and scientific materialists are equally dogmatic and insensitive. By their arrogance, they bring both science and religion into disrepute. The media exaggerate their numbers and importance. The media rarely mention the fact that the great majority of religious people belong to moderate denominations that treat science with respect or the fact that the great majority of scientists treat religion with respect so long as religion does not claim jurisdiction over scientific questions.<sup id="cite_ref-edge68_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edge68-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Dyson partially disagreed with the remark by his fellow physicist <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Steven Weinberg</a> that "With or without religion, good people can behave well and bad people can do evil; but for good people to do evil – that takes religion."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson2006c_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson2006c-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote" style="font-size:100%"><p> Weinberg's statement is true as far as it goes, but it is not the whole truth. To make it the whole truth, we must add an additional clause: "And for bad people to do good things – that [also] takes religion." The main point of Christianity is that it is a religion for sinners. Jesus made that very clear. When the Pharisees asked his disciples, "Why eateth your Master with publicans and sinners?" he said, "I come to call not the righteous but sinners to repentance." Only a small fraction of sinners repent and do good things but only a small fraction of good people are led by their religion to do bad things. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFDyson2006c">Dyson 2006c</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Dyson identified himself as agnostic about some of the specifics of his faith.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGbenu2003110_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGbenu2003110-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibersonYerxa2002141_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibersonYerxa2002141-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in reviewing <i>The God of Hope and the End of the World</i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Polkinghorne" title="John Polkinghorne">John Polkinghorne</a>, Dyson wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote" style="font-size:100%"><p> I am myself a Christian, a member of a community that preserves an ancient heritage of great literature and great music, provides help and counsel to young and old when they are in trouble, educates children in moral responsibility, and worships God in its own fashion. But I find Polkinghorne's theology altogether too narrow for my taste. I have no use for a theology that claims to know the answers to deep questions but bases its arguments on the beliefs of a single tribe. I am a practicing Christian but not a believing Christian. To me, to worship God means to recognize that mind and intelligence are woven into the fabric of our universe in a way that altogether surpasses our comprehension. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFDyson2002a">Dyson 2002a</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_God_Delusion" title="The God Delusion">The God Delusion</a></i> (2006), evolutionary biologist and atheist activist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a> singled out Dyson for accepting the <a href="/wiki/Templeton_Prize" title="Templeton Prize">Templeton Prize</a> in 2000: "It would be taken as an endorsement of religion by one of the world's most distinguished physicists."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawkins2006152_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawkins2006152-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000, Dyson declared that he was a (non-denominational) Christian,<sup id="cite_ref-edge68_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edge68-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he disagreed with Dawkins on several subjects, such as that group selection is less important than individual selection on the subject of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dawkins_dyson_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dawkins_dyson-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Named_after_Dyson">Named after Dyson</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freeman_Dyson&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Named after Dyson"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyson_conjecture" title="Dyson conjecture">Dyson conjecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-energy" title="Self-energy">Dyson equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitic_number#Smallest_n-parasitic_numbers" title="Parasitic number">Dyson numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyson_series#The_Dyson_operator" title="Dyson series">Dyson operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyson_series" title="Dyson series">Dyson series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyson_sphere" title="Dyson sphere">Dyson sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyson_tree" title="Dyson tree">Dyson tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crank_of_a_partition#Dyson's_crank" title="Crank of a partition">Dyson's crank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyson%27s_eternal_intelligence" title="Dyson's eternal intelligence">Dyson's eternal intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyson%27s_transform" title="Dyson's transform">Dyson's transform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holstein%E2%80%93Primakoff_transformation" title="Holstein–Primakoff transformation">Dyson–Maleev spin wave theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwinger%E2%80%93Dyson_equation" title="Schwinger–Dyson equation">Schwinger–Dyson equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thue%E2%80%93Siegel%E2%80%93Roth_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Thue–Siegel–Roth theorem">Thue–Siegel–Dyson–Roth theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feynman_diagram" title="Feynman diagram">Feynman diagram</a>, also known as Dyson graphs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strong_subadditivity_of_quantum_entropy#Wigner–Yanase–Dyson_conjecture" title="Strong subadditivity of quantum entropy">Wigner–Yamase–Dyson conjecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Freeman" title="Gordon Freeman">Gordon Freeman</a>, a fictional character named after Dyson<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgson200431_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgson200431-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors_and_awards">Honors and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freeman_Dyson&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Honors and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Dyson was elected a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1952" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1952">Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1952</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-frs_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Dyson was elected to the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Dyson was elected to the United States <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Dyson was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Dannie_Heineman_Prize_for_Mathematical_Physics" title="Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics">Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics</a> in 1965, <a href="/wiki/Lorentz_Medal" title="Lorentz Medal">Lorentz Medal</a> in 1966, <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Medal" title="Max Planck Medal">Max Planck Medal</a> in 1969, the <a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer_Memorial_Prize" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer Memorial Prize">J. Robert Oppenheimer Memorial Prize</a> in 1970,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalter1982438_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalter1982438-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1970PhT_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1970PhT-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Prize" title="Harvey Prize">Harvey Prize</a> in 1977<sup id="cite_ref-Harvey_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvey-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize" title="Wolf Prize">Wolf Prize</a> in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolf_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolf-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Dyson was elected to the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1986, Dyson received the Golden Plate Award of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement" title="Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GoldenPlate_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoldenPlate-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1989, Dyson was elected as an Honorary Fellow of Trinity College, University of Cambridge.<sup id="cite_ref-HonFell_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HonFell-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1990, Dyson taught at <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Fritz_London" title="Fritz London">Fritz London</a> Memorial Lecturer.<sup id="cite_ref-Fritz_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fritz-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Dyson published a number of collections of speculations and observations about technology, science, and the future. In 1996, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Thomas_Prize" title="Lewis Thomas Prize">Lewis Thomas Prize for Writing about Science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rockefeller_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rockefeller-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1993, Dyson was given the <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi_Award" title="Enrico Fermi Award">Enrico Fermi Award</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fermi_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fermi-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1995, he gave the Jerusalem-Harvard Lectures at the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a>, sponsored jointly by the Hebrew University and <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a> that grew into the book <i>Imagined Worlds</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson1998_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson1998-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2000, Dyson was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Templeton_Prize" title="Templeton Prize">Templeton Prize</a> for Progress in Religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnor2000_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnor2000-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2003, Dyson was awarded the Telluride Tech Festival Award of Technology in <a href="/wiki/Telluride,_Colorado" title="Telluride, Colorado">Telluride, Colorado</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Telluride_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telluride-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2011, Dyson received as one of twenty distinguished <a href="/wiki/Old_Wykehamists" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Wykehamists">Old Wykehamists</a> at the <i>Ad Portas</i> celebration, the highest honor that <a href="/wiki/Winchester_College" title="Winchester College">Winchester College</a> bestows.<sup id="cite_ref-AdPortas_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AdPortas-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2011, Dyson received the Arthur C. Clarke Lifetime Achievement Award from the Arthur C. Clarke Foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2018, Dyson received the first Presidential Science and Humanism Award from the <a href="/wiki/American_University_of_Beirut" title="American University of Beirut">American University of Beirut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-aub.edu.lb_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aub.edu.lb-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freeman_Dyson&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Freeman_Dyson_at_Harvard_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Freeman_Dyson_at_Harvard_cropped.jpg/210px-Freeman_Dyson_at_Harvard_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Freeman_Dyson_at_Harvard_cropped.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ted.com/talks/freeman_dyson_let_s_look_for_life_in_the_outer_solar_system?subtitle=en">Freeman Dyson: Let's look for life in the outer solar system</a>, <a href="/wiki/TED_(conference)" title="TED (conference)">TED Talks</a>, February 2003</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webofstories.com/play/freeman.dyson/1">Freeman Dyson 1 – My middle class upbringing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Web_of_Stories" title="Web of Stories">Web of Stories</a> (1st of a series)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ww3.tvo.org/video/166231/freeman-dyson-living-through-four-revolutions">Big Ideas: Freeman Dyson on Living Through Four Revolutions</a>, <a href="/wiki/TVOntario" class="mw-redirect" title="TVOntario">TVO</a>, 1 June 2011 at Perimeter Institute, Waterloo, Canada</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDyson1944" class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archim.org.uk/eureka/archive/Eureka-8.pdf">"Some guesses in the theory of partitions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Eureka</i>. <b>8</b>. Cambridge: 10–15. 1944. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610100827/https://archim.org.uk/eureka/archive/Eureka-8.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eureka&rft.atitle=Some+guesses+in+the+theory+of+partitions&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=10-15&rft.date=1944&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=F.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archim.org.uk%2Feureka%2Farchive%2FEureka-8.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson1946" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">"On Simultaneous Diophantine Approximations". <i>Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society</i>. s2-49 (1): 409–420. 1946. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1112%2Fplms%2Fs2-49.6.409">10.1112/plms/s2-49.6.409</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0024-6115">0024-6115</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+London+Mathematical+Society&rft.atitle=On+Simultaneous+Diophantine+Approximations&rft.volume=s2-49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=409-420&rft.date=1946&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1112%2Fplms%2Fs2-49.6.409&rft.issn=0024-6115&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=F.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson1947" class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF02404697.pdf">"The Approximation to Algebraic Numbers by Rationals"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Acta Mathematica</i>. <b>79</b> (1). Uppsala: 225–240. 1947. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02404697">10.1007/BF02404697</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121579041">121579041</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201125162418/https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF02404697.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Mathematica&rft.atitle=The+Approximation+to+Algebraic+Numbers+by+Rationals&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=225-240&rft.date=1947&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02404697&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A121579041%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Freeman+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fcontent%2Fpdf%2F10.1007%2FBF02404697.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson1960" class="citation journal cs1">"Search for Artificial Stellar Sources of Infrared Radiation". <i>Science</i>. <b>131</b> (3414): 1667–1668. 3 June 1960. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1960Sci...131.1667D">1960Sci...131.1667D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.131.3414.1667">10.1126/science.131.3414.1667</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17780673">17780673</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3195432">3195432</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Search+for+Artificial+Stellar+Sources+of+Infrared+Radiation&rft.volume=131&rft.issue=3414&rft.pages=1667-1668&rft.date=1960-06-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.131.3414.1667&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3195432%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17780673&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1960Sci...131.1667D&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Freeman+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson1962" class="citation journal cs1">"A Brownian-Motion Model for the Eigenvalues of a Random Matrix". <i>Journal of Mathematical Physics</i>. <b>3</b> (6): 1191–1198. 1962. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1962JMP.....3.1191D">1962JMP.....3.1191D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1703862">10.1063/1.1703862</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2488">0022-2488</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mathematical+Physics&rft.atitle=A+Brownian-Motion+Model+for+the+Eigenvalues+of+a+Random+Matrix&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1191-1198&rft.date=1962&rft.issn=0022-2488&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1703862&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1962JMP.....3.1191D&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Freeman+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson1966" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4j1KzQEACAAJ"><i>Symmetry groups in nuclear and particle physics: a lecture-note and reprint volume</i></a>. Benjamin. 1966.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Symmetry+groups+in+nuclear+and+particle+physics%3A+a+lecture-note+and+reprint+volume&rft.pub=Benjamin&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Freeman+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4j1KzQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson1968" class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/classes/109.jvn.spring00/nuc_rocket/Dyson.pdf">"Interstellar transport"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Physics Today</i>. <b>21</b> (10): 41–45. 1968. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1968PhT....21j..41D">1968PhT....21j..41D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.3034534">10.1063/1.3034534</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-9228">0031-9228</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605130322/http://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/classes/109.jvn.spring00/nuc_rocket/Dyson.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.atitle=Interstellar+transport&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=41-45&rft.date=1968&rft.issn=0031-9228&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.3034534&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1968PhT....21j..41D&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Freeman+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgalileo.phys.virginia.edu%2Fclasses%2F109.jvn.spring00%2Fnuc_rocket%2FDyson.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson1977" class="citation journal cs1">"Can we control the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?". <i>Energy</i>. <b>2</b> (3): 287–291. 1977. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977Ene.....2..287D">1977Ene.....2..287D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0360-5442%2877%2990033-0">10.1016/0360-5442(77)90033-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Energy&rft.atitle=Can+we+control+the+carbon+dioxide+in+the+atmosphere%3F&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=287-291&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0360-5442%2877%2990033-0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1977Ene.....2..287D&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Freeman+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson1979" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A8raAAAAMAAJ"><i>Disturbing the Universe</i></a>. Harper & Row. 1979. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-011108-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-011108-3"><bdi>978-0-06-011108-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disturbing+the+Universe&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-06-011108-3&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Freeman+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA8raAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson1979a" class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aleph.se/Trans/Global/Omega/dyson.txt">"Time without end: Physics and biology in an open universe"</a>. <i>Reviews of Modern Physics</i>. <b>51</b> (3): 447–460. 1979a. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979RvMP...51..447D">1979RvMP...51..447D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FRevModPhys.51.447">10.1103/RevModPhys.51.447</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+of+Modern+Physics&rft.atitle=Time+without+end%3A+Physics+and+biology+in+an+open+universe&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=447-460&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FRevModPhys.51.447&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1979RvMP...51..447D&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Freeman+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aleph.se%2FTrans%2FGlobal%2FOmega%2Fdyson.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson1984" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qQhEa54Bx7gC"><i>Weapons and Hope</i></a>. Harper & Row. 1984. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-039031-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-039031-0"><bdi>978-0-06-039031-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weapons+and+Hope&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-06-039031-0&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Freeman+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqQhEa54Bx7gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span> (Winner of the National Book Critics Circle Award).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawidoff2009_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawidoff2009-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPierre1984_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPierre1984-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson1985" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zulgAAAAMAAJ"><i>Origins of Life</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. 1985. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30949-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30949-3"><bdi>978-0-521-30949-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+Life&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-521-30949-3&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Freeman+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzulgAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Infinite_in_All_Directions" title="Infinite in All Directions"><i>Infinite in All Directions: Gifford Lectures Given at Aberdeen, Scotland, April-November 1985</i></a>. Harper & Row. 1988. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-039081-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-039081-5"><bdi>978-0-06-039081-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZwEAQAAIAAJ">https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZwEAQAAIAAJ</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Infinite+in+All+Directions%3A+Gifford+Lectures+Given+at+Aberdeen%2C+Scotland%2C+April-November+1985&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-06-039081-5&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Freeman+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/From_Eros_to_Gaia" title="From Eros to Gaia"><i>From Eros to Gaia</i></a>. Pantheon Books. 1992. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0608140">quant-ph/0608140</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Eros+to+Gaia&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fquant-ph%2F0608140&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Freeman+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson1996" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nnyNUidX1OMC&pg=PA51">"Some Guesses in The Theory of Partitions"</a>. <i>Selected Papers of Freeman Dyson with Commentary</i>. American Mathematical Soc. 1996. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8218-0561-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8218-0561-9"><bdi>978-0-8218-0561-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Some+Guesses+in+The+Theory+of+Partitions&rft.btitle=Selected+Papers+of+Freeman+Dyson+with+Commentary&rft.pub=American+Mathematical+Soc.&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8218-0561-9&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Freeman+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnnyNUidX1OMC%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson1997" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/issues/97nov/space.htm">"Warm-blooded plants and freeze-dried fish: the future of space exploration"</a>. <i>The Atlantic Monthly</i>. November 1997.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic+Monthly&rft.atitle=Warm-blooded+plants+and+freeze-dried+fish%3A+the+future+of+space+exploration&rft.date=1997-11&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Freeman+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fissues%2F97nov%2Fspace.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson1997b" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tS0EAAAAYAAJ"><i>Imagined Worlds</i></a>. Harvard University Press. 1997b. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-53908-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-53908-2"><bdi>978-0-674-53908-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imagined+Worlds&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-674-53908-2&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Freeman+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtS0EAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson1998" class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/imaginedworlds00dyso"><i>Imagined Worlds</i></a></span>. The Jerusalem-Harvard Lectures. Harvard University Press. 1998. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674539099" title="Special:BookSources/9780674539099"><bdi>9780674539099</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imagined+Worlds&rft.series=The+Jerusalem-Harvard+Lectures&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780674539099&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Freeman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fimaginedworlds00dyso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson1998b" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XNFPAAAACAAJ"><i>L'importanza di essere imprevedibile</i></a> [<i>The importance of being unpredictable</i>] (in Italian). Di Renzo. 1998b. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-86044-95-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-86044-95-0"><bdi>978-88-86044-95-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27importanza+di+essere+imprevedibile&rft.pub=Di+Renzo&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-88-86044-95-0&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Freeman+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXNFPAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/The_Sun,_the_Genome,_and_the_Internet" title="The Sun, the Genome, and the Internet"><i>The Sun, the Genome & the Internet: Tools of Scientific Revolutions</i></a>. Oxford University Press. 1999. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512942-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512942-7"><bdi>978-0-19-512942-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ioD-6SxGn0kC">https://books.google.com/books?id=ioD-6SxGn0kC</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sun%2C+the+Genome+%26+the+Internet%3A+Tools+of+Scientific+Revolutions&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-512942-7&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Freeman+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson2002" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QQUBAAAACAAJ"><i>Project Orion: The Atomic Spaceship 1957–1965</i></a>. Allen Lane and Penguin. 2002. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-188613-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-188613-8"><bdi>978-0-14-188613-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51109229">51109229</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Project+Orion%3A+The+Atomic+Spaceship+1957%E2%80%931965&rft.pub=Allen+Lane+and+Penguin&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51109229&rft.isbn=978-0-14-188613-8&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQQUBAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson2002a" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2002/03/28/science-religion-no-ends-in-sight/">"Science & Religion: No Ends in Sight – a review of The God of Hope and the End of the World by John Polkinghorne"</a>. <i>The New York Review of Books</i>. 28 March 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Science+%26+Religion%3A+No+Ends+in+Sight+%E2%80%93+a+review+of+The+God+of+Hope+and+the+End+of+the+World+by+John+Polkinghorne&rft.date=2002-03-28&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Freeman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F2002%2F03%2F28%2Fscience-religion-no-ends-in-sight%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine" title="Template:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson2012" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2012/11/08/what-can-you-really-know/?pagination=false">"What Can You Really Know? a review of Jim Holt's 'Why Does the World Exist?'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The New York Review of Books</i>. 8 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=What+Can+You+Really+Know%3F+a+review+of+Jim+Holt%27s+%27Why+Does+the+World+Exist%3F%27&rft.date=2012-11-08&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Freeman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F2012%2F11%2F08%2Fwhat-can-you-really-know%2F%3Fpagination%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/The_Scientist_as_Rebel" title="The Scientist as Rebel"><i>The Scientist as Rebel</i></a>. New York Review Books. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59017-216-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59017-216-2"><bdi>978-1-59017-216-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dfe_s_tK080C">https://books.google.com/books?id=dfe_s_tK080C</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scientist+as+Rebel&rft.pub=New+York+Review+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59017-216-2&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Freeman+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson2006a" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2006/11/01/227625/a-failure-of-intelligence/">"A Failure of Intelligence: Part I"</a>. <i>MIT Technology Review</i>. 1 November 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MIT+Technology+Review&rft.atitle=A+Failure+of+Intelligence%3A+Part+I&rft.date=2006-11-01&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Freeman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.technologyreview.com%2F2006%2F11%2F01%2F227625%2Fa-failure-of-intelligence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson2006b" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2006/12/05/227373/part-ii-a-failure-of-intelligence/">"A Failure of Intelligence: Part II"</a>. <i>MIT Technology Review</i>. 5 December 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MIT+Technology+Review&rft.atitle=A+Failure+of+Intelligence%3A+Part+II&rft.date=2006-12-05&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Freeman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.technologyreview.com%2F2006%2F12%2F05%2F227373%2Fpart-ii-a-failure-of-intelligence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson2006c" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2006/06/22/religion-from-the-outside/">"Religion from the Outside a review of Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon by Daniel C. Dennett"</a>. <i>The New York Review of Books</i>. 22 June 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Religion+from+the+Outside+a+review+of+Breaking+the+Spell%3A+Religion+as+a+Natural+Phenomenon+by+Daniel+C.+Dennett&rft.date=2006-06-22&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Freeman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F2006%2F06%2F22%2Freligion-from-the-outside%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine" title="Template:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson2007" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UHMl03-CNYwC"><i>A Many-colored Glass: Reflections on the Place of Life in the Universe</i></a>. University of Virginia Press. 2007. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-2663-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-2663-6"><bdi>978-0-8139-2663-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Many-colored+Glass%3A+Reflections+on+the+Place+of+Life+in+the+Universe&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8139-2663-6&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Freeman+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUHMl03-CNYwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson2007b" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2007/07/19/our-biotech-future/">"Our Biotech Future"</a>. <i>The New York Review of Books</i>. 19 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Our+Biotech+Future&rft.date=2007-07-19&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Freeman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F2007%2F07%2F19%2Four-biotech-future%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine" title="Template:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson2007c" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cb5QvwEACAAJ"><i>Advanced Quantum Mechanics</i></a>. World Scientific. 2007c. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-270-661-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-270-661-4"><bdi>978-981-270-661-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Quantum+Mechanics&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-981-270-661-4&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Freeman+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCb5QvwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ams.org/notices/200902/rtx090200212p.pdf">"Birds and Frogs"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Notices of the American Mathematical Society</i>. <b>56</b> (2): 212–223. February 2009. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1088-9477">1088-9477</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110304104413/http://www.ams.org/notices/200902/rtx090200212p.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notices+of+the+American+Mathematical+Society&rft.atitle=Birds+and+Frogs&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=212-223&rft.date=2009-02&rft.issn=1088-9477&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Freeman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ams.org%2Fnotices%2F200902%2Frtx090200212p.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson2015" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l5tZjgEACAAJ"><i>Birds and Frogs: Selected Papers, 1990–2014</i></a>. World Scientific. 2015. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4602-85-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4602-85-3"><bdi>978-981-4602-85-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birds+and+Frogs%3A+Selected+Papers%2C+1990%E2%80%932014&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-981-4602-85-3&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Freeman+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl5tZjgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson2015a" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5nZoBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA238"><i>Dreams of Earth and Sky</i></a>. New York Review Books. 2015a. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59017-855-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59017-855-3"><bdi>978-1-59017-855-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dreams+of+Earth+and+Sky&rft.pub=New+York+Review+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-59017-855-3&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Freeman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5nZoBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman_Dyson2015" class="citation interview cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/19/books/review/19bkr-bythebook_dyson.t.html">"Freeman Dyson: By the Book"</a>. Sunday Book Review. <i>The New York Times</i> (Interview). 18 April 2015. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Freeman+Dyson%3A+By+the+Book&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2015-04-18&rft.au=Freeman+Dyson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F04%2F19%2Fbooks%2Freview%2F19bkr-bythebook_dyson.t.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman_J._Dyson2018" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p6e0tAEACAAJ"><i>Maker of Patterns: An Autobiography Through Letters</i></a>. Liveright. 2018. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87140-386-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87140-386-5"><bdi>978-0-87140-386-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maker+of+Patterns%3A+An+Autobiography+Through+Letters&rft.pub=Liveright&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-87140-386-5&rft.au=Freeman+J.+Dyson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp6e0tAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDysonGomerWeinbergWright1967" class="citation cs2">Dyson, F.J.; Gomer, R.; Weinberg, S.; Wright, S.C. (March 1967), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nautilus.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/tactical_nukes_vietnam.pdf"><i>Tactical Nuclear Weapons in Southeast Asia</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Institute for Defense Analyses</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tactical+Nuclear+Weapons+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=Institute+for+Defense+Analyses&rft.date=1967-03&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=F.J.&rft.au=Gomer%2C+R.&rft.au=Weinberg%2C+S.&rft.au=Wright%2C+S.C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnautilus.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F09%2Ftactical_nukes_vietnam.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span> A formerly secret document, declassified December 2002.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Documentaries">Documentaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freeman_Dyson&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Documentaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/To_Mars_By_A-Bomb_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="To Mars By A-Bomb (film)"><i>To Mars by A-Bomb: The Secret History of Project Orion</i></a></li> <li><i>The Oakes</i></li> <li><i>Atomic Dream</i></li> <li><i>2001: The Science of Futures Past</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cool_It_(film)" title="Cool It (film)"><i>Cool It</i></a></li> <li><i>Nuclear Dynamite</i></li> <li><i>Gaia Symphony III</i></li> <li><i>The Starship and the Canoe</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_After_Trinity" title="The Day After Trinity">The Day After Trinity</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Untold_History_of_the_United_States" title="The Untold History of the United States">The Untold History of the United States</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Uncertainty_Has_Settled" title="The Uncertainty Has Settled">The Uncertainty Has Settled</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Glorious_Accident" title="A Glorious Accident">A Glorious Accident</a></i></li> <li><i>Freeman Dyson: Space Dreamer</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freeman_Dyson&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freeman_Dyson&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-abjure-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-abjure_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-abjure_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"I had finally become an American ... The decision to abjure my allegiance to <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth</a> might have been a difficult one, but the Queen's ministers made it easy for me."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson1979131_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson1979131-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dyson1979p211-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dyson1979p211_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Some science fiction writers have wrongly given me the credit of inventing the artificial biosphere. In fact, I took the idea from Olaf Stapledon, one of their own colleagues"(<a href="#CITEREFDyson1979">Dyson 1979</a>, p. 211) </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freeman_Dyson&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-rsbm-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rsbm_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rsbm_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rsbm_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rsbm_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rsbm_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Dyson2022" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Dyson_(science_historian)" title="George Dyson (science historian)">George Dyson</a> (June 2022). "Freeman John Dyson. 15 December 1923—28 February 2020". <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society">Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</a></i>. <b>73</b>: 197–226. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2FRSBM.2021.0050">10.1098/RSBM.2021.0050</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0080-4606">0080-4606</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q115731803" class="extiw" title="d:Q115731803">Q115731803</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Freeman+John+Dyson.+15+December+1923%E2%80%9428+February+2020&rft.volume=73&rft.pages=197-226&rft.date=2022-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2FRSBM.2021.0050&rft.issn=0080-4606&rft.au=George+Dyson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spouseobit-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-spouseobit_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160826092103/http://molesfarewelltributes.com/tribute/details/1427/Verena-Huber-Dyson/obituary.html">"Obituary of Verena Huber-Dyson"</a>. <i>Moles Farewell Tributes</i>. 12 March 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://molesfarewelltributes.com/tribute/details/1427/Verena-Huber-Dyson/obituary.html">the original</a> on 26 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Moles+Farewell+Tributes&rft.atitle=Obituary+of+Verena+Huber-Dyson&rft.date=2016-03-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmolesfarewelltributes.com%2Ftribute%2Fdetails%2F1427%2FVerena-Huber-Dyson%2Fobituary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brit-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brit_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/740688.stm">"Scientist wins $1m religion prize"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 9 May 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Scientist+wins+%241m+religion+prize&rft.date=2000-05-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fsci%2Ftech%2F740688.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thebulletin.org-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thebulletin.org_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thebulletin.org/about-us/board-of-sponsors/">"Board of Sponsors"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsociety.org/people/freeman-dyson-11371/">the original</a> on 16 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Professor+Freeman+Dyson+FRS&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Royal+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsociety.org%2Fpeople%2Ffreeman-dyson-11371%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson2022" class="citation journal cs1">Dyson, George (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.2021.0050">"Freeman John Dyson. 15 December 1923 – 28 February 2020"</a>. <i>Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</i>. <b>73</b>: 197–226. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.2021.0050">10.1098/rsbm.2021.0050</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249204385">249204385</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Freeman+John+Dyson.+15+December+1923+%E2%80%93+28+February+2020&rft.volume=73&rft.pages=197-226&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.2021.0050&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A249204385%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frsbm.2021.0050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amacad.org/person/freeman-john-dyson">"Freeman John Dyson"</a>. <i>American Academy of Arts & Sciences</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Academy+of+Arts+%26+Sciences&rft.atitle=Freeman+John+Dyson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fperson%2Ffreeman-john-dyson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/56140.html">"Freeman J. Dyson"</a>. <i>www.nasonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nasonline.org&rft.atitle=Freeman+J.+Dyson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fmember-directory%2Fdeceased-members%2F56140.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalter1982438-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalter1982438_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalter1982">Walter 1982</a>, p. 438.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1970PhT-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1970PhT_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Theoreticians Name Dyson As Winner of Oppenheimer Prize". <i>Physics Today</i>. <b>23</b> (3): 97. March 1970. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970PhT....23c..97.">1970PhT....23c..97.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.3022048">10.1063/1.3022048</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.atitle=Theoreticians+Name+Dyson+As+Winner+of+Oppenheimer+Prize&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=97&rft.date=1970-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.3022048&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1970PhT....23c..97.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvey-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harvey_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://harveypz.net.technion.ac.il/harvey-prize-laureates/">"Prize Winners"</a>. <i>Harvey Prize</i>. Israel Institute of Technology<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harvey+Prize&rft.atitle=Prize+Winners&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fharveypz.net.technion.ac.il%2Fharvey-prize-laureates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolf-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wolf_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wolffund.org.il/the-wolf-prize/#Laureates">"The Wolf Prize"</a>. Wolf Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Wolf+Prize&rft.pub=Wolf+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwolffund.org.il%2Fthe-wolf-prize%2F%23Laureates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Freeman+J.+Dyson&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DFreeman%2BJ.%2BDyson%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GoldenPlate-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GoldenPlate_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration">"Science & Exploration"</a>. <i>Golden Plate Awardees</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Achievement" class="mw-redirect" title="American Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Golden+Plate+Awardees&rft.atitle=Science+%26+Exploration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fachievement.org%2Four-history%2Fgolden-plate-awards%2F%23science-exploration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://achievement.org/summit/">"Summit Overview Photo"</a>. <q>Awards Council member, theoretical physicist and futurist Dr. Freeman Dyson presenting the American Academy of Achievement's Golden Plate Award to Dr. Francis H.C. Crick, recipient of the Nobel Prize as the co-discoverer of the structure of DNA, during the 1987 Banquet of the Golden Plate ceremonies in Scottsdale, Arizona.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Summit+Overview+Photo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fachievement.org%2Fsummit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HonFell-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HonFell_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/fellows/master-fellows/honorary-fellows/">"Honorary Fellows"</a>. <i>Trinity College Cambridge</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fritz+London+Memorial+Lecture&rft.pub=Department+of+Physics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphy.duke.edu%2Ffritz-london-memorial-lecture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rockefeller-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rockefeller_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rockefeller.edu/news/4500-lewis-thomas-prize-honors-freeman-dyson/">"Lewis Thomas Prize Honors Freeman Dyson"</a>. <i>The Rockefeller University</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Rockefeller+University&rft.atitle=Lewis+Thomas+Prize+Honors+Freeman+Dyson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rockefeller.edu%2Fnews%2F4500-lewis-thomas-prize-honors-freeman-dyson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fermi-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fermi_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.osti.gov/fermi/Award-Laureates/1990s/dyson">"Freeman J. Dyson, 1993"</a>. <i>The Enrico Fermi Award</i>. U.S. Dept of Energy. 28 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Enrico+Fermi+Award&rft.atitle=Freeman+J.+Dyson%2C+1993&rft.date=2010-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.osti.gov%2Ffermi%2FAward-Laureates%2F1990s%2Fdyson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson1998-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson1998_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDyson1998">Dyson 1998</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnor2000-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnor2000_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConnor2000">Connor 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Telluride-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Telluride_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.techfestival.org/index.html%3Fp=314.html">"Past Honorees"</a>. 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Westchester College. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111007025455/http://aero-comlab.stanford.edu/jameson/Ad_Portas.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 7 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AD+Portas&rft.pub=Westchester+College&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faero-comlab.stanford.edu%2Fjameson%2FAD_Portas.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clarkefoundation.org/awards/">"Arthur Clarke Foundation Awardees"</a>. <i>The Arthur C Clarke Foundation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Arthur+C+Clarke+Foundation&rft.atitle=Arthur+Clarke+Foundation+Awardees&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclarkefoundation.org%2Fawards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aub.edu.lb-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aub.edu.lb_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aub.edu.lb/articles/Pages/first-presidential-science-humanism-award-physicist-freeman-dyson.aspx">"AUB's first Presidential Science and Humanism Award goes to physicist Freeman Dyson"</a>. <i>www.aub.edu.lb</i>. 26 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aub.edu.lb&rft.atitle=AUB%27s+first+Presidential+Science+and+Humanism+Award+goes+to+physicist+Freeman+Dyson&rft.date=2018-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aub.edu.lb%2Farticles%2FPages%2Ffirst-presidential-science-humanism-award-physicist-freeman-dyson.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPierre1984-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPierre1984_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPierre1984">Pierre 1984</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson1979131-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson1979131_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDyson1979">Dyson 1979</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freeman_Dyson&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAaserud1986" class="citation interview cs1">Aaserud, Finn (17 December 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4585">"Freeman Dyson"</a>. <i>Oral History Interviews</i> (Interview). Interviewed by Finn Aaserud. Princeton, New Jersey: American Institute of Physics.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oral+History+Interviews&rft.atitle=Freeman+Dyson&rft.date=1986-12-17&rft.aulast=Aaserud&rft.aufirst=Finn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aip.org%2Fhistory-programs%2Fniels-bohr-library%2Foral-histories%2F4585&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAharonyFeder1989" class="citation cs2">Aharony, A.; Feder, J., eds. (1989), "Fractals in Physics: Essays in Honor of Benoit B. Mandelbrot", <i>Proceedings of the International Conference Honoring Benoit B. Mandelbrot on His 65th Birthday, Vence, France, 1–4 October 1989</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+International+Conference+Honoring+Benoit+B.+Mandelbrot+on+His+65th+Birthday%2C+Vence%2C+France%2C+1%E2%80%934+October+1989&rft.atitle=Fractals+in+Physics%3A+Essays+in+Honor+of+Benoit+B.+Mandelbrot&rft.date=1989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrewsGarvan1988" class="citation journal cs1">Andrews, George E.; Garvan, F. G. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1988-18-02/S0273-0979-1988-15637-6/S0273-0979-1988-15637-6.pdf">"Dyson's crank of a partition"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 167–172. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0273-0979-1988-15637-6">10.1090/S0273-0979-1988-15637-6</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0273-0979">0273-0979</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150928182158/http://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1988-18-02/S0273-0979-1988-15637-6/S0273-0979-1988-15637-6.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 28 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Mathematical+Society&rft.atitle=Dyson%27s+crank+of+a+partition&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=167-172&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1090%2FS0273-0979-1988-15637-6&rft.issn=0273-0979&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=George+E.&rft.au=Garvan%2C+F.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ams.org%2Fjournals%2Fbull%2F1988-18-02%2FS0273-0979-1988-15637-6%2FS0273-0979-1988-15637-6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroad2015" class="citation web cs1">Broad, William J. (8 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/09/world/29-us-scientists-praise-iran-nuclear-deal-in-letter-to-obama.html">"29 U.S. Scientists Praise Iran Nuclear Deal in Letter to Obama"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=29+U.S.+Scientists+Praise+Iran+Nuclear+Deal+in+Letter+to+Obama&rft.date=2015-08-08&rft.aulast=Broad&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F08%2F09%2Fworld%2F29-us-scientists-praise-iran-nuclear-deal-in-letter-to-obama.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockman1996" class="citation book cs1">Brockman, John (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19991007020027/http://www.edge.org/documents/digerati/Dyson.html">"Chap. 9 The Pattern-Recognizer"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b3sBFPIEemcC"><i>Digerati: Encounters with the Cyber Elite</i></a>. HardWired. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1888869040" title="Special:BookSources/978-1888869040"><bdi>978-1888869040</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edge.org/documents/digerati/Dyson.html">the original</a> on 7 October 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chap.+9+The+Pattern-Recognizer&rft.btitle=Digerati%3A+Encounters+with+the+Cyber+Elite&rft.pub=HardWired&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1888869040&rft.aulast=Brockman&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edge.org%2Fdocuments%2Fdigerati%2FDyson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrower2010" class="citation web cs1">Brower, Kenneth (December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2010/12/the-danger-of-cosmic-genius/308306/">"The Danger of Cosmic Genius"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Danger+of+Cosmic+Genius&rft.date=2010-12&rft.aulast=Brower&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F2010%2F12%2Fthe-danger-of-cosmic-genius%2F308306%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrumfiel2020" class="citation web cs1">Brumfiel, Geoff (28 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2020/02/28/810433230/physicist-and-iconoclastic-thinker-freeman-dyson-dies-at-96">"Physicist And Iconoclastic Thinker Freeman Dyson Dies At 96"</a>. <i>NPR.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=Physicist+And+Iconoclastic+Thinker+Freeman+Dyson+Dies+At+96&rft.date=2020-02-28&rft.aulast=Brumfiel&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2020%2F02%2F28%2F810433230%2Fphysicist-and-iconoclastic-thinker-freeman-dyson-dies-at-96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCendes2019" class="citation magazine cs1">Cendes, Yvette (20 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/how-will-the-universe-end">"How Will The Universe End?"</a>. <i>Discover Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Discover+Magazine&rft.atitle=How+Will+The+Universe+End%3F&rft.date=2019-03-20&rft.aulast=Cendes&rft.aufirst=Yvette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.discovermagazine.com%2Fthe-sciences%2Fhow-will-the-universe-end&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnor2000" class="citation web cs1">Connor, Steve (23 March 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/600000-prize-for-physicist-who-urges-ethics-in-science-284361.html">"£600,000 prize for physicist who urges ethics in science"</a>. <i>The Independent</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=%C2%A3600%2C000+prize+for+physicist+who+urges+ethics+in+science&rft.date=2000-03-23&rft.aulast=Connor&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience%2F600000-prize-for-physicist-who-urges-ethics-in-science-284361.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnor2011" class="citation web cs1">Connor, Steve (25 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/letters-to-a-heretic-an-email-conversation-with-climate-change-sceptic-professor-freeman-dyson-2224912.html">"Letters to a heretic: An email conversation with climate change sceptic Professor Freeman Dyson"</a>. <i>The Independent</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Letters+to+a+heretic%3A+An+email+conversation+with+climate+change+sceptic+Professor+Freeman+Dyson&rft.date=2011-02-25&rft.aulast=Connor&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fenvironment%2Fclimate-change%2Fletters-to-a-heretic-an-email-conversation-with-climate-change-sceptic-professor-freeman-dyson-2224912.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1978" class="citation interview cs1">Davis, Monte (October 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19981207065016/http://www.omnimag.com/archives/interviews/dyson.html">"Freeman Dyson: Imagine …"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Omni_(magazine)" title="Omni (magazine)">Omni</a></i> (Interview). Archived from the original on 1998-12-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-12-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Omni&rft.atitle=Freeman+Dyson%3A+Imagine+%E2%80%A6&rft.date=1978-10&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Monte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omnimag.com%2Farchives%2Finterviews%2Fdyson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_interview" title="Template:Cite interview">cite interview</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawkins2006" class="citation book cs1">Dawkins, Richard (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_0593058259/page/n152"><i>The God Delusion</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Bantam_Press" title="Bantam Press">Bantam Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-61868-000-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-61868-000-9"><bdi>978-0-61868-000-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+God+Delusion&rft.pub=Bantam+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-61868-000-9&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_0593058259%2Fpage%2Fn152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawidoff2009" class="citation web cs1">Dawidoff, Nicholas (25 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/magazine/29Dyson-t.html">"The Civil Heretic"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Civil+Heretic&rft.date=2009-03-25&rft.aulast=Dawidoff&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F03%2F29%2Fmagazine%2F29Dyson-t.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerbyshire2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Derbyshire" title="John Derbyshire">Derbyshire, John</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NJumJ0fFMaoC"><i>Prime Obsession: Bernhard Riemann and the Greatest Unsolved Problem in Mathematics</i></a>. Joseph Henry Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-08549-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-08549-6"><bdi>978-0-309-08549-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prime+Obsession%3A+Bernhard+Riemann+and+the+Greatest+Unsolved+Problem+in+Mathematics&rft.pub=Joseph+Henry+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-309-08549-6&rft.aulast=Derbyshire&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNJumJ0fFMaoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkbeiner2013" class="citation web cs1">Finkbeiner, Ann (7 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lastwordonnothing.com/2013/10/07/freeman-dyson-turns-90/">"Freeman Dyson Turns 90"</a>. <i>The Last Word On Nothing</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Xulon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59160-815-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59160-815-8"><bdi>978-1-59160-815-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Back+to+Hell&rft.pub=Xulon+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-59160-815-8&rft.aulast=Gbenu&rft.aufirst=Moses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR8aLHpyW7vEC%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhodsee2015" class="citation book cs1">Ghodsee, Kristen (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MmCUoAEACAAJ"><i>The Left Side of History: World War II and the Unfulfilled Promise of Communism in Eastern Europe</i></a>. Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-5823-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-5823-7"><bdi>978-0-8223-5823-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Left+Side+of+History%3A+World+War+II+and+the+Unfulfilled+Promise+of+Communism+in+Eastern+Europe&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-5823-7&rft.aulast=Ghodsee&rft.aufirst=Kristen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMmCUoAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibersonYerxa2002" class="citation book cs1">Giberson, Karl; Yerxa, Donald (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BXt7khUslccC&pg=PA141"><i>Species of Origins: America's Search for a Creation Story</i></a>. 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Prima Games. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7615-5196-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7615-5196-6"><bdi>978-0-7615-5196-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Half-life+2%3A+Prima+Official+Game+Guide&rft.pub=Prima+Games&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7615-5196-6&rft.aulast=Hodgson&rft.aufirst=David+S.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhalflife2primaof0000hodg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2020" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, George (28 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/28/science/freeman-dyson-dead.html?smid=tw-nytimes&smtyp=cur">"Freeman Dyson, Math Genius Turned Technological Visionary, Dies at 96"</a>. <i>NY Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Bound for the Kinetic Energy of Fermions Which Proves the Stability of Matter". <i>Physical Review Letters</i>. <b>35</b> (11): 687–689. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975PhRvL..35..687L">1975PhRvL..35..687L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.35.687">10.1103/PhysRevLett.35.687</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-9007">0031-9007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Bound+for+the+Kinetic+Energy+of+Fermions+Which+Proves+the+Stability+of+Matter&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=687-689&rft.date=1975&rft.issn=0031-9007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.35.687&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1975PhRvL..35..687L&rft.aulast=Lieb&rft.aufirst=Elliott+H.&rft.au=Thirring%2C+Walter+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLin2014" class="citation news cs1">Lin, Thomas (31 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2014/03/quanta-freeman-dyson-qa/">"At 90, Freeman Dyson Ponders His Next Challenge"</a>. <i>Wired</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wirebiters.com/freeman-dyson-triga-reactor/">the original</a> on 8 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wirebiters&rft.atitle=An+Essay+on+Freeman+Dyson%2C+Designer+of+the+TRIGA+Reactor&rft.date=2014-10-07&rft.aulast=Lo&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wirebiters.com%2Ffreeman-dyson-triga-reactor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayer2008" class="citation book cs1">Mayer, Elizabeth Lloyd (2008). "Foreword". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mxgghclkCg8C"><i>Extraordinary Knowing: Science, Skepticism, and the Inexplicable Powers of the Human Mind</i></a>. Bantam Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-38223-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-553-38223-5"><bdi>978-0-553-38223-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreword&rft.btitle=Extraordinary+Knowing%3A+Science%2C+Skepticism%2C+and+the+Inexplicable+Powers+of+the+Human+Mind&rft.pub=Bantam+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-553-38223-5&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+Lloyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmxgghclkCg8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKelvey2014" class="citation news cs1">McKelvey, Tara (27 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-26858383">"Esther Dyson: Breaking through tech's glass ceiling"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2000939">"Fast Algorithms for Multiple Evaluations of the Riemann Zeta Function"</a>. <i>Transactions of the American Mathematical Society</i>. <b>309</b> (2): 797–809. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2000939">10.2307/2000939</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9947">0002-9947</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2000939">2000939</a>. <a href="/wiki/MR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="MR (identifier)">MR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0961614">0961614</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+American+Mathematical+Society&rft.atitle=Fast+Algorithms+for+Multiple+Evaluations+of+the+Riemann+Zeta+Function&rft.volume=309&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=797-809&rft.date=1988&rft.issn=0002-9947&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathscinet.ams.org%2Fmathscinet-getitem%3Fmr%3D0961614%23id-name%3DMR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2000939%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2000939&rft.aulast=Odlyzko&rft.aufirst=A.+M.&rft.au=Schonhage%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F2000939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOparin1924" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Oparin" title="Alexander Oparin">Oparin, A. I.</a> (1924). <i>The Origin of Life</i> (in Russian). The Moscow Worker.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+Life&rft.pub=The+Moscow+Worker&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Oparin&rft.aufirst=A.+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrlowski2007" class="citation web cs1">Orlowski, Andrew (14 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/08/14/freeman_dyson_climate_heresies/">"Dyson: Climate models are rubbish"</a>. <i>The Register</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Dyson%3A+Climate+models+are+rubbish&rft.date=2007-08-14&rft.aulast=Orlowski&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2007%2F08%2F14%2Ffreeman_dyson_climate_heresies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrlowski2015" class="citation web cs1">Orlowski, Andrew (11 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.com/2015/10/11/freeman_dyson_interview/">"Top boffin Freeman Dyson on climate change, interstellar travel, fusion, and more"</a>. <i>The Registe</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Registe&rft.atitle=Top+boffin+Freeman+Dyson+on+climate+change%2C+interstellar+travel%2C+fusion%2C+and+more&rft.date=2015-10-11&rft.aulast=Orlowski&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.com%2F2015%2F10%2F11%2Ffreeman_dyson_interview%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierre1984" class="citation magazine cs1">Pierre, Andrew J. (Summer 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/capsule-review/1984-06-01/weapons-and-hope">"Review of Weapons and Hope by Freeman Dyson"</a>. <i>Foreign Affairs</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Review+of+Weapons+and+Hope+by+Freeman+Dyson&rft.ssn=summer&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Pierre&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Freviews%2Fcapsule-review%2F1984-06-01%2Fweapons-and-hope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamaré1995" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Ramar%C3%A9" title="Olivier Ramaré">Ramaré, O.</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.numdam.org/item?id=ASNSP_1995_4_22_4_645_0">"On šnirel'man's constant"</a>. <i>Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. Classe di Scienze. Serie IV</i>. <b>22</b> (4): 645–706<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annali+della+Scuola+Normale+Superiore+di+Pisa.+Classe+di+Scienze.+Serie+IV&rft.atitle=On+%C5%A1nirel%27man%27s+constant&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=645-706&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Ramar%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=O.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.numdam.org%2Fitem%3Fid%3DASNSP_1995_4_22_4_645_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRidley2015" class="citation web cs1">Ridley, Matt (20 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rationaloptimist.com/blog/the-benefits-of-carbon-dioxide/">"The benefits of carbon dioxide"</a>. <i>rationaloptimist.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rationaloptimist.com&rft.atitle=The+benefits+of+carbon+dioxide&rft.date=2015-10-20&rft.aulast=Ridley&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rationaloptimist.com%2Fblog%2Fthe-benefits-of-carbon-dioxide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDysonRītups2016" class="citation web cs1">Dyson, Freeman; Rītups, Arnis (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rigaslaiks.com/magazine/freeman-dyson-18771">"Freeman Dyson"</a>. <i>Rīgas Laiks Conversations</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=R%C4%ABgas+Laiks+Conversations&rft.atitle=Freeman+Dyson&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Freeman&rft.au=R%C4%ABtups%2C+Arnis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rigaslaiks.com%2Fmagazine%2Ffreeman-dyson-18771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchewe2014" class="citation book cs1">Schewe, Phillip F. (2014). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maverickgeniuspi0000sche_j1m7"><i>Maverick Genius: The Pioneering Odyssey of Freeman Dyson</i></a></span>. London: St. Martin's Griffin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-04256-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-250-04256-9"><bdi>978-1-250-04256-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/846545249">846545249</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maverick+Genius%3A+The+Pioneering+Odyssey+of+Freeman+Dyson&rft.place=London&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Griffin&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F846545249&rft.isbn=978-1-250-04256-9&rft.aulast=Schewe&rft.aufirst=Phillip+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaverickgeniuspi0000sche_j1m7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShwartz2001" class="citation web cs1">Shwartz, Mark (13 March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200217155608/https://news.stanford.edu/pr/01/dyson321.html">"Freeman Dyson envisions biotech solutions to rural poverty: 3/01"</a>. <i>Stanford News Service</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.stanford.edu/pr/01/dyson321.html">the original</a> on 17 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stanford+News+Service&rft.atitle=Freeman+Dyson+envisions+biotech+solutions+to+rural+poverty%3A+3%2F01&rft.date=2001-03-13&rft.aulast=Shwartz&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.stanford.edu%2Fpr%2F01%2Fdyson321.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchweber1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Silvan_S._Schweber" title="Silvan S. Schweber">Schweber, Silvan S.</a> (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/qedmenwhomadeitd0000schw/page/492"><i>QED and the Men Who Made It: Dyson, Feynman, Schwinger, and Tomonaga</i></a></span>. Princeton: University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03327-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03327-3"><bdi>978-0-691-03327-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=QED+and+the+Men+Who+Made+It%3A+Dyson%2C+Feynman%2C+Schwinger%2C+and+Tomonaga&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-691-03327-3&rft.aulast=Schweber&rft.aufirst=Silvan+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fqedmenwhomadeitd0000schw%2Fpage%2F492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStocke2008" class="citation web cs1">Stocke, Joy E. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080521024729/http://www.wildriverreview.com/quarkpark_dyson.php">"The Scientist as Rebel"</a>. <i>Wild River Review Interview</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wildriverreview.com/quarkpark_dyson.php">the original</a> on 21 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wild+River+Review+Interview&rft.atitle=The+Scientist+as+Rebel&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Stocke&rft.aufirst=Joy+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wildriverreview.com%2Fquarkpark_dyson.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2020" class="citation web cs1">Stone, Andrea (28 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200228195322/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/02/freeman-dyson-legendary-theoretical-physicist-dies-at-96/">"Freeman Dyson, legendary theoretical physicist, dies at 96"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/02/freeman-dyson-legendary-theoretical-physicist-dies-at-96/">the original</a> on 28 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Freeman+Dyson%2C+legendary+theoretical+physicist%2C+dies+at+96&rft.date=2020-02-28&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fscience%2F2020%2F02%2Ffreeman-dyson-legendary-theoretical-physicist-dies-at-96%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter1982" class="citation book cs1">Walter, Claire (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/winnersblueribbo0000walt/page/438"><i>Winners, the blue ribbon encyclopedia of awards</i></a>. Facts on File Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0871963864" title="Special:BookSources/978-0871963864"><bdi>978-0871963864</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Winners%2C+the+blue+ribbon+encyclopedia+of+awards&rft.pub=Facts+on+File+Inc.&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0871963864&rft.aulast=Walter&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwinnersblueribbo0000walt%2Fpage%2F438&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1950" class="citation journal cs1">Ward, J. C. (1950). "An Identity in Quantum Electrodynamics". <i>Physical Review</i>. <b>78</b> (2): 182. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1950PhRv...78..182W">1950PhRv...78..182W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.78.182">10.1103/PhysRev.78.182</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-899X">0031-899X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=An+Identity+in+Quantum+Electrodynamics&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=182&rft.date=1950&rft.issn=0031-899X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.78.182&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1950PhRv...78..182W&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=J.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevin2020" class="citation news cs1">Levin, Anne (4 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.towntopics.com/2020/03/04/freeman-dyson-remembered-by-family-and-colleagues/">"Freeman Dyson Remembered By Family and Colleagues"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Town_Topics_(newspaper)" title="Town Topics (newspaper)">Town Topics</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Town+Topics&rft.atitle=Freeman+Dyson+Remembered+By+Family+and+Colleagues&rft.date=2020-03-04&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.towntopics.com%2F2020%2F03%2F04%2Ffreeman-dyson-remembered-by-family-and-colleagues%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freeman_Dyson&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Brower" title="Kenneth Brower">Brower, Kenneth</a> (1978). <i>The Starship and the Canoe</i>. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-039196-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-03-039196-5"><bdi>978-0-03-039196-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3481414">3481414</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Starship+and+the+Canoe&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Holt%2C+Rinehart+and+Winston&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3481414&rft.isbn=978-0-03-039196-5&rft.aulast=Brower&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freeman_Dyson&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Freeman Dyson</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Freeman+Dyson">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Freeman+Dyson&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><b>By Freeman Dyson</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Freeman+Dyson">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Freeman+Dyson&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ias.edu/sns/dyson">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q153717#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0246032/">Freeman Dyson</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?56680">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4585">Oral history interview transcript with Freeman Dyson on 17 December 1986, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_Dyson">By Dyson</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freeman_Dyson&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: By Dyson"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/contributors/freeman-dyson/">Freeman Dyson</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a></i> (content for subscribers only)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edge.org/conversation/freeman_dyson-heretical-thoughts-about-science-and-society">"Heretical thoughts about science & society"</a>, essay by Freeman Dyson [8.7.2007]</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.templetonprize.org/laureate-sub/dyson-acceptance-address/">Templeton Prize acceptance lecture 2000</a>, by Freeman Dyson</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/books/chap1/imaginedworlds.htm"><i>Imagined Worlds</i></a> by Freeman Dyson, 1996: Chapter 1</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JTSxubKfTBU"><span class="plainlinks">Video Interview of Freeman Dyson discussing Bogus Climate Models</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lewisfrumkes.com/radioshow/freeman-dyson-interview">A radio interview with Freeman Dyson</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807012445/http://lewisfrumkes.com/radioshow/freeman-dyson-interview">Archived</a> 7 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Aired on the <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Burke_Frumkes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Burke Frumkes">Lewis Burke Frumkes</a> Radio Show in 2009.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.counterpunch.org/2012/06/27/an-interview-with-freeman-dyson-on-the-origins-of-life-on-earth/">Suzan Mazur interviewing Dyson</a>, 2012, <i><a href="/wiki/CounterPunch" title="CounterPunch">CounterPunch</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ideasroadshow.com/issues/freeman-dyson-2014-06-11">"Pushing the Boundaries – A Conversation with Freeman Dyson"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160817003438/http://www.ideasroadshow.com/issues/freeman-dyson-2014-06-11">Archived</a> 17 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ideas_Roadshow" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideas Roadshow">Ideas Roadshow</a></i>, 2014</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=riPDQ3VJBCI"><span class="plainlinks">Freeman Dyson and Gregory Benford: Forseeing the Next 35 Years – Where Will We Be in 2054?</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>, Arthur C. Clarke Center for Human Imagination, February 2019.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/a-math-puzzle-worthy-of-freeman-dyson-20140326/">A ‘Rebel’ Without a Ph.D.</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="About_Dyson">About Dyson</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freeman_Dyson&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: About Dyson"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/1998/02/dyson/">"Freeman Dyson's Brain"</a>, interview by <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Brand" title="Stewart Brand">Stewart Brand</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i>, 1998</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://manhattanprojectvoices.org/oral-histories/freeman-dysons-interview">2008 Video Interview with Freeman Dyson by Atomic Heritage Foundation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voices_of_the_Manhattan_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Voices of the Manhattan Project">Voices of the Manhattan Project</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2011" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Russ_Roberts" title="Russ Roberts">Roberts, Russ</a> (7 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.econtalk.org/dyson-on-heresy-climate-change-and-science/">"Dyson on Heresy, Climate Change, and Science"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/EconTalk" title="EconTalk">EconTalk</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Economics_and_Liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Economics and Liberty">Library of Economics and Liberty</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EconTalk&rft.atitle=Dyson+on+Heresy%2C+Climate+Change%2C+and+Science&rft.date=2011-03-07&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Russ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.econtalk.org%2Fdyson-on-heresy-climate-change-and-science%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.52-insights.com/freeman-dyson-i-kept-quiet-for-30-years-so-maybe-its-time-to-speak-interview-science/">"Freeman Dyson: 'I kept quiet for thirty years, maybe it's time to speak'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>52 Insights</i>. 15 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=52+Insights&rft.atitle=Freeman+Dyson%3A+%27I+kept+quiet+for+thirty+years%2C+maybe+it%27s+time+to+speak%27&rft.date=2018-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.52-insights.com%2Ffreeman-dyson-i-kept-quiet-for-30-years-so-maybe-its-time-to-speak-interview-science%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreeman+Dyson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/remembering-the-unstoppable-freeman-dyson-20200413/">Remembering the Unstoppable Freeman Dyson</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ted.com/speakers/freeman_dyson">Freeman Dyson</a> at <a href="/wiki/TED_(conference)" title="TED (conference)">TED</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/dyson-freeman.pdf">Freeman J. Dyson</a>, a Biographical Memoir by <a href="/wiki/Ann_Finkbeiner" title="Ann Finkbeiner">Ann Finkbeiner</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_H._Press" title="William H. Press">William H. Press</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Wolf_Prize_in_Physics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wolf_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template:Wolf Prize in Physics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wolf_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template talk:Wolf Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wolf_Prize_in_Physics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wolf Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Wolf_Prize_in_Physics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Laureates of the <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Physics" title="Wolf Prize in Physics">Wolf Prize in Physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d3d3d3;;width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Uhlenbeck" title="George Uhlenbeck">George Uhlenbeck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Occhialini" title="Giuseppe Occhialini">Giuseppe Occhialini</a> (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d3d3d3;;width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Fisher" title="Michael Fisher">Michael Fisher</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leo_Kadanoff" title="Leo Kadanoff">Leo Kadanoff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">Kenneth G. Wilson</a> (1980)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Freeman Dyson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">Gerardus 't Hooft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Victor_Weisskopf" title="Victor Weisskopf">Victor Weisskopf</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Leon M. Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Martin Lewis Perl</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Hahn" title="Erwin Hahn">Erwin Hahn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hirsch" title="Peter Hirsch">Peter Hirsch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Maiman" title="Theodore Maiman">Theodore Maiman</a> (1983–84)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conyers_Herring" title="Conyers Herring">Conyers Herring</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Nozi%C3%A8res" title="Philippe Nozières">Philippe Nozières</a> (1984–85)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Feigenbaum" title="Mitchell Feigenbaum">Mitchell Feigenbaum</a> / <a href="/wiki/Albert_J._Libchaber" title="Albert J. Libchaber">Albert J. Libchaber</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Friedman" title="Herbert Friedman">Herbert Friedman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Rossi" title="Bruno Rossi">Bruno Rossi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Riccardo Giacconi</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Roger Penrose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a> (1988)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d3d3d3;;width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">Pierre-Gilles de Gennes</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" title="David J. Thouless">David J. Thouless</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Goldhaber" title="Maurice Goldhaber">Maurice Goldhaber</a> / <a href="/wiki/Valentine_Telegdi" title="Valentine Telegdi">Valentine Telegdi</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">Joseph H. Taylor Jr.</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benoit_Mandelbrot" title="Benoit Mandelbrot">Benoît Mandelbrot</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Vitaly Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Yoichiro Nambu</a> (1994–95)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">John Wheeler</a> (1996–97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakir_Aharonov" title="Yakir Aharonov">Yakir Aharonov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Berry_(physicist)" title="Michael Berry (physicist)">Michael Berry</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Shechtman" title="Dan Shechtman">Dan Shechtman</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d3d3d3;;width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Raymond Davis Jr.</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Masatoshi Koshiba</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Halperin" title="Bertrand Halperin">Bertrand Halperin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Anthony Leggett</a> (2002–03)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brout" title="Robert Brout">Robert Brout</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">François Englert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Peter Higgs</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kleppner" title="Daniel Kleppner">Daniel Kleppner</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Albert Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Peter Grünberg</a> (2006–07)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d3d3d3;;width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">John F. Clauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Alain Aspect</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Anton Zeilinger</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Haider" title="Maximilian Haider">Maximilian Haider</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harald_Rose" title="Harald Rose">Harald Rose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Knut_Urban" title="Knut Urban">Knut Urban</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Bekenstein" title="Jacob Bekenstein">Jacob Bekenstein</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Zoller" title="Peter Zoller">Peter Zoller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ignacio_Cirac_Sasturain" title="Juan Ignacio Cirac Sasturain">Juan Ignacio Cirac</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bjorken" title="James Bjorken">James D. Bjorken</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kirshner" title="Robert Kirshner">Robert P. Kirshner</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoseph_Imry" title="Yoseph Imry">Yoseph Imry</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Michel Mayor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Didier Queloz</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Bennett_(physicist)" title="Charles H. Bennett (physicist)">Charles H. Bennett</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Brassard" title="Gilles Brassard">Gilles Brassard</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d3d3d3;;width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rafi_Bistritzer" title="Rafi Bistritzer">Rafi Bistritzer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Jarillo-Herrero" title="Pablo Jarillo-Herrero">Pablo Jarillo-Herrero</a> / <a href="/wiki/Allan_H._MacDonald" title="Allan H. MacDonald">Allan H. MacDonald</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Giorgio Parisi</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">Anne L'Huillier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Corkum" title="Paul Corkum">Paul Corkum</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Ferenc Krausz</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees" title="Martin Rees">Martin Rees</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Agriculture" title="Wolf Prize in Agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Arts" title="Wolf Prize in Arts">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Wolf Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Mathematics" title="Wolf Prize in Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Medicine" title="Wolf Prize in Medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Physics" title="Wolf Prize in Physics">Physics</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Matteucci_Medallists" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Matteucci_Medallists" title="Template:Matteucci Medallists"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Matteucci_Medallists" title="Template talk:Matteucci Medallists"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Matteucci_Medallists" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Matteucci Medallists"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Matteucci_Medallists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Matteucci_Medal" title="Matteucci Medal">Matteucci Medallists</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1851–1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Helmholtz" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermann Helmholtz">Hermann Helmholtz</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Victor_Regnault" title="Henri Victor Regnault">Henri Victor Regnault</a> (1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Kirchhoff" title="Gustav Kirchhoff">Gustav Kirchhoff</a> (1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Wiedemann" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav Wiedemann">Gustav Wiedemann</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber" title="Wilhelm Eduard Weber">Wilhelm Weber</a> (1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Pacinotti" title="Antonio Pacinotti">Antonio Pacinotti</a> (1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Villari" title="Emilio Villari">Emilio Villari</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Righi" title="Augusto Righi">Augusto Righi</a> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rudolph_Hertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich Rudolph Hertz">Heinrich Rudolph Hertz</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" class="mw-redirect" title="John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Augustus_Rowland" title="Henry Augustus Rowland">Henry Augustus Rowland</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen">Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Philipp Lenard</a> (1896)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1901–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Henri Poincaré</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dewar" title="James Dewar">James Dewar</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ramsay" title="William Ramsay">William Ramsay</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Garbasso" title="Antonio Garbasso">Antonio Garbasso</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orso_Mario_Corbino" title="Orso Mario Corbino">Orso Mario Corbino</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Heike Kamerlingh Onnes</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Perrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Perrin">Jean Perrin</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Pieter Zeeman</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Max von Laue</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Johannes Stark</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">William Henry Bragg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">Lawrence Bragg</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonino_Lo_Surdo" title="Antonino Lo Surdo">Antonino Lo Surdo</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Wood" title="Robert W. Wood">Robert W. Wood</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gwyn-Jeffreys_Moseley" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Gwyn-Jeffreys Moseley">Henry Gwyn-Jeffreys Moseley</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sommerfeld" title="Arnold Sommerfeld">Arnold Sommerfeld</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Robert Andrews Millikan</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">Venkata Raman Chandrasekhara</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Arthur Compton</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Rasetti" title="Franco Rasetti">Franco Rasetti</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">Frédéric Joliot</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irène Joliot-Curie</a> (1932)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1951–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Wolfgang Pauli</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Touschek" title="Bruno Touschek">Bruno Touschek</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Abdus Salam</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Maiani" title="Luciano Maiani">Luciano Maiani</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giancarlo_Wick" class="mw-redirect" title="Giancarlo Wick">Giancarlo Wick</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Peierls" title="Rudolf Peierls">Rudolf Peierls</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Casimir" title="Hendrik Casimir">Hendrik Casimir</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_De_Gennes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre-Gilles De Gennes">Pierre-Gilles De Gennes</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Okun" title="Lev Okun">Lev Okun</a> (1988)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Freeman Dyson</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Jack Steinberger</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Rossi" title="Bruno Rossi">Bruno Rossi</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatole_Abragam" title="Anatole Abragam">Anatole Abragam</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">John Archibald Wheeler</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Claude Cohen-Tannoudji</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">Tsung-Dao Lee</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_K.H._Panofsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfgang K.H. Panofsky">Wolfgang K.H. Panofsky</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oreste_Piccioni" title="Oreste Piccioni">Oreste Piccioni</a> (1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Theodor W. Hänsch</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Cabibbo" title="Nicola Cabibbo">Nicola Cabibbo</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Cardona" title="Manuel Cardona">Manuel Cardona</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ruelle" title="David Ruelle">David Ruelle</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Iliopoulos" title="John Iliopoulos">John Iliopoulos</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giorgio_Bellettini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giorgio Bellettini (page does not exist)">Giorgio Bellettini</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adalberto_Giazotto" title="Adalberto Giazotto">Adalberto Giazotto</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marco_Tavani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marco Tavani (page does not exist)">Marco Tavani</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gianluigi_Fogli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gianluigi Fogli (page does not exist)">Gianluigi Fogli</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Capasso" title="Federico Capasso">Federico Capasso</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massimo_Inguscio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Massimo Inguscio (page does not exist)">Massimo Inguscio</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Maritan" title="Amos Maritan">Amos Maritan</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jocelyn_Bell_Burnell" title="Jocelyn Bell Burnell">Jocelyn Bell Burnell</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Templeton_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Templeton_Prize_Laureates" title="Template:Templeton Prize Laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Templeton_Prize_Laureates" title="Template talk:Templeton Prize Laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Templeton_Prize_Laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Templeton Prize Laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Templeton_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Templeton_Prize#Laureates" title="Templeton Prize">Templeton Prize laureates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brother_Roger" title="Brother Roger">Brother Roger</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Joseph_Suenens" title="Leo Joseph Suenens">Leo Josef Suenens</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiara_Lubich" title="Chiara Lubich">Chiara Lubich</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Torrance" title="Thomas F. Torrance">Thomas F. Torrance</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikky%C5%8D_Niwano" title="Nikkyō Niwano">Nikkyō Niwano</a> (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Wendell_Burhoe" title="Ralph Wendell Burhoe">Ralph Wendell Burhoe</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicely_Saunders" title="Cicely Saunders">Cicely Saunders</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keston_Institute" title="Keston Institute">Michael Bourdeaux</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alister_Hardy" title="Alister Hardy">Alister Hardy</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I._McCord" title="James I. McCord">James I. McCord</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Jaki" title="Stanley Jaki">Stanley Jaki</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inamullah_Khan" title="Inamullah Khan">Inamullah Khan</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker">Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker</a> & <a href="/wiki/George_MacLeod" title="George MacLeod">George MacLeod</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Amte" title="Baba Amte">Baba Amte</a> & <a href="/wiki/Charles_Birch" title="Charles Birch">Charles Birch</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Jakobovits,_Baron_Jakobovits" title="Immanuel Jakobovits, Baron Jakobovits">Immanuel Jakobovits</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyung-Chik_Han" title="Kyung-Chik Han">Kyung-Chik Han</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Charles Colson</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Novak" title="Michael Novak">Michael Novak</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Davies" title="Paul Davies">Paul Davies</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Bright" title="Bill Bright">Bill Bright</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Shastri_Athavale" title="Pandurang Shastri Athavale">Pandurang Shastri Athavale</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Sternberg" title="Sigmund Sternberg">Sigmund Sternberg</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Barbour" title="Ian Barbour">Ian Barbour</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Freeman Dyson</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Peacocke" title="Arthur Peacocke">Arthur Peacocke</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Polkinghorne" title="John Polkinghorne">John Polkinghorne</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmes_Rolston_III" title="Holmes Rolston III">Holmes Rolston III</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._R._Ellis" title="George F. R. Ellis">George F. R. Ellis</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles H. Townes</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Barrow" title="John D. Barrow">John D. Barrow</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Charles Taylor</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Heller" title="Michał Heller">Michał Heller</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_d%27Espagnat" title="Bernard d'Espagnat">Bernard d'Espagnat</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_J._Ayala" title="Francisco J. Ayala">Francisco J. Ayala</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees" title="Martin Rees">Martin Rees</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Hal%C3%ADk" title="Tomáš Halík">Tomáš Halík</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Vanier" title="Jean Vanier">Jean Vanier</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Sacks,_Baron_Sacks" title="Jonathan Sacks, Baron Sacks">Jonathan Sacks</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_II_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah II of Jordan">Abdullah II of Jordan</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Gleiser" title="Marcelo Gleiser">Marcelo Gleiser</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Collins" title="Francis Collins">Francis Collins</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Goodall" title="Jane Goodall">Jane Goodall</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Frank Wilczek</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edna_Adan_Ismail" title="Edna Adan Ismail">Edna Adan Ismail</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="John_von_Neumann_Lecturers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_von_Neumann_Lecturers" title="Template:John von Neumann Lecturers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_von_Neumann_Lecturers" title="Template talk:John von Neumann Lecturers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_von_Neumann_Lecturers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John von Neumann Lecturers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="John_von_Neumann_Lecturers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann_Lecture" class="mw-redirect" title="John von Neumann Lecture">John von Neumann Lecturers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Ahlfors" title="Lars Ahlfors">Lars Ahlfors</a> <small>(1960)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Kac" title="Mark Kac">Mark Kac</a><small> (1961)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Leray" title="Jean Leray">Jean Leray</a><small> (1962)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislaw_Ulam" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanislaw Ulam">Stanislaw Ulam</a> <small>(1963)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Lefschetz" title="Solomon Lefschetz">Solomon Lefschetz</a> <small>(1964)</small></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Freeman Dyson</a> <small>(1965)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Eugene Wigner</a> <small>(1966)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chia-Chiao_Lin" title="Chia-Chiao Lin">Chia-Chiao Lin</a> <small>(1967)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lax" title="Peter Lax">Peter Lax</a> <small>(1968)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Carrier" title="George F. Carrier">George F. Carrier</a> <small>(1969)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Wilkinson" title="James H. Wilkinson">James H. Wilkinson</a> <small>(1970)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul Samuelson</a> <small>(1971)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jule_Gregory_Charney" title="Jule Gregory Charney">Jule Charney</a> <small>(1974)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lighthill" title="James Lighthill">James Lighthill</a> <small>(1975)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Thom" title="René Thom">René Thom</a> <small>(1976)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth Arrow</a> <small>(1977)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Henrici_(mathematician)" title="Peter Henrici (mathematician)">Peter Henrici</a> <small>(1978)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Otto_Friedrichs" title="Kurt Otto Friedrichs">Kurt O. Friedrichs</a> <small>(1979)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Stewartson" title="Keith Stewartson">Keith Stewartson</a> <small>(1980)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrett_Birkhoff" title="Garrett Birkhoff">Garrett Birkhoff</a> <small>(1981)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Slepian" title="David Slepian">David Slepian</a> <small>(1982)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Keller" title="Joseph Keller">Joseph B. Keller</a> <small>(1983)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Moser" title="Jürgen Moser">Jürgen Moser</a> <small>(1984)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tukey" title="John Tukey">John W. Tukey</a> <small>(1985)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_Lions" title="Jacques-Louis Lions">Jacques-Louis Lions</a> <small>(1986)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Karp" title="Richard M. Karp">Richard M. Karp</a> <small>(1987)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germund_Dahlquist" title="Germund Dahlquist">Germund Dahlquist</a> <small>(1988)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Smale" title="Stephen Smale">Stephen Smale</a> <small>(1989)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Majda" title="Andrew Majda">Andrew Majda</a> <small>(1990)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Tyrrell_Rockafellar" title="R. Tyrrell Rockafellar">R. Tyrrell Rockafellar</a> <small>(1992)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_David_Kruskal" title="Martin David Kruskal">Martin D. Kruskal</a> <small>(1994)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_R._de_Boor" title="Carl R. de Boor">Carl de Boor</a> <small>(1996)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kahan" title="William Kahan">William Kahan</a> <small>(1997)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olga_Ladyzhenskaya" title="Olga Ladyzhenskaya">Olga Ladyzhenskaya</a> <small>(1998)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Peskin" title="Charles S. Peskin">Charles S. Peskin</a> <small>(1999)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persi_Diaconis" title="Persi Diaconis">Persi Diaconis</a> <small>(2000)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Donoho" title="David Donoho">David Donoho</a> <small>(2001)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Lander" title="Eric Lander">Eric Lander</a> <small>(2002)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz-Otto_Kreiss" title="Heinz-Otto Kreiss">Heinz-Otto Kreiss</a> <small>(2003)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_C._Newell" title="Alan C. Newell">Alan C. Newell</a> <small>(2004)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerrold_E._Marsden" title="Jerrold E. Marsden">Jerrold E. Marsden</a> <small>(2005)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Papanicolaou" title="George C. Papanicolaou">George C. Papanicolaou</a> <small>(2006)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Kopell" title="Nancy Kopell">Nancy Kopell</a> <small>(2007)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gottlieb_(mathematician)" title="David Gottlieb (mathematician)">David Gottlieb</a> <small>(2008)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Brezzi" title="Franco Brezzi">Franco Brezzi</a> <small>(2009)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernd_Sturmfels" title="Bernd Sturmfels">Bernd Sturmfels</a> <small>(2010)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Daubechies" title="Ingrid Daubechies">Ingrid Daubechies</a> <small>(2011)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Ball" title="John M. Ball">John M. Ball</a> <small>(2012)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Osher" title="Stanley Osher">Stanley Osher</a> <small>(2013)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Greengard" title="Leslie Greengard">Leslie Greengard</a> <small>(2014)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Tour_Chayes" title="Jennifer Tour Chayes">Jennifer Tour Chayes</a> <small>(2015)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Knuth" title="Donald Knuth">Donald Knuth</a> <small>(2016)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_J._Matkowsky" title="Bernard J. Matkowsky">Bernard J. Matkowsky</a> <small>(2017)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Van_Loan" title="Charles F. Van Loan">Charles F. Van Loan</a> <small>(2018)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_H._Wright" title="Margaret H. Wright">Margaret H. Wright</a> <small>(2019)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Trefethen" title="Nick Trefethen">Nick Trefethen</a> <small>(2020)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi-Wang_Shu" title="Chi-Wang Shu">Chi-Wang Shu</a> <small>(2021)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leah_Keshet" title="Leah Keshet">Leah Keshet</a> <small>(2022)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yousef_Saad" title="Yousef Saad">Yousef Saad</a> <small>(2023)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q153717#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q153717#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q153717#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/19745011">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/108160307407457742015">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/35792/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwCWkCDRQmKmCBC8pBkjC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119206269">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79056129">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123088859">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123088859">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00438517">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Dyson, Freeman J."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/PARV133628">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36063439">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20111005004&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX912949">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/438962">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070463158">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90227946">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000048711&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000056750&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000079429">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=190588">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199607710">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/mkz277n521bkhsh">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810555236305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/105895">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007260754105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058511789706706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14377447">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00904818?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:dyson.freeman-j">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dblp.org/pid/94/6280">DBLP</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/61265">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/b3540e45-57f9-4a94-b650-1cd45950ca5d">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1205103">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119206269.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119206269">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/031970443">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6125vkp">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freeman_Dyson&oldid=1260420565">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freeman_Dyson&oldid=1260420565</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Freeman_Dyson" title="Category:Freeman Dyson">Freeman Dyson</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1923_births" title="Category:1923 births">1923 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2020_deaths" title="Category:2020 deaths">2020 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_mathematicians" title="Category:20th-century American mathematicians">20th-century American mathematicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_mathematicians" title="Category:21st-century American mathematicians">21st-century American mathematicians</a></li><li><a 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[\"CITEREFDyson1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyson1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyson1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyson1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyson1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyson1979a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyson1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyson1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyson1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyson1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyson1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyson1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyson1997b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyson1998b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyson1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyson2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyson2002a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyson2006a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyson2006b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyson2006c\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyson2007b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyson2007c\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyson2015a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyson2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDysonGomerWeinbergWright1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDysonRītups2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinkbeiner2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreeman_Dyson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreeman_Dyson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreeman_Dyson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreeman_J._Dyson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGbenu2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhodsee2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibersonYerxa2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalberstamRoth1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaldane1929\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawks2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodgson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlaes2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLemonick2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevin2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiebThirring1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLin2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLo2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMayer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKelvey2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNathanson1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOdlyzkoSchonhage1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOparin1924\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrlowski2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrlowski2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPierre1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamaré1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRidley2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchewe2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchweber1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShwartz2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStocke2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStone2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalter1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWard1950\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 13,\n [\"C-SPAN\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite Q\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 33,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite interview\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite speech\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite video\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 49,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Dyson, Freeman John\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 5,\n [\"External media\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 3,\n [\"Harv\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 12,\n [\"IMDb name\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox scientist\"] = 1,\n [\"John von Neumann Lecturers\"] = 1,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 10,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 2,\n [\"Matteucci Medallists\"] = 1,\n [\"Modern physics\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Née\"] = 1,\n [\"Official website\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 4,\n [\"Post-nominals\"] = 2,\n [\"Prone to spam\"] = 1,\n [\"Quantum field theory\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 3,\n [\"Refend\"] = 3,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 89,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sub\"] = 4,\n [\"TED speaker\"] = 1,\n [\"Templeton Prize Laureates\"] = 1,\n [\"URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wolf Prize in Physics\"] = 1,\n [\"YouTube\"] = 4,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n1 1 George Dyson\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","300","17.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","14.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","200","11.8"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","140","8.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","60","3.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","60","3.5"],["type","60","3.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","3.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","60","3.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::interwikiMap","40","2.4"],["[others]","480","28.2"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-766f8d8b9c-94cgd","timestamp":"20241217215300","ttl":21600,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Freeman Dyson","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Freeman_Dyson","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q153717","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q153717","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-24T10:45:04Z","dateModified":"2024-11-30T17:38:28Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/03\/Freeman_Dyson_%282005%29.jpg","headline":"theoretical physicist and mathematician (1923\u20132020)"}</script> </body> </html>