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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Personal life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Religious views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_outreach_and_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_outreach_and_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Science outreach and 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id="toc-Asymptotic_freedom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asymptotic_freedom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Asymptotic freedom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asymptotic_freedom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Axions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Axions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Axions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Axions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anyons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anyons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Anyons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anyons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Time_crystals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time_crystals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Time crystals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time_crystals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Current research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Publications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Publications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-For_general_audience" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#For_general_audience"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>For general audience</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-For_general_audience-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Technical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Frank Wilczek</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B2%D9%83" title="فرانك ويلكزك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرانك ويلكزك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DA%86%DA%A9" title="فرانک ویلچک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فرانک ویلچک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95" title="ফ্রাঙ্ক অ্যান্থনি উইলচেক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফ্রাঙ্ক অ্যান্থনি উইলচেক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Frank Wilczek" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BA_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%87%D1%8D%D0%BA" title="Фрэнк Вільчэк – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фрэнк Вільчэк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Франк Уилчек – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Франк Уилчек" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Frank Wilczek" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Frank Wilczek" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Frank Wilczek" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Frank Wilczek" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Frank Wilczek" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BA_%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AF%CE%BB%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%BA" title="Φρανκ Γουίλτσεκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φρανκ Γουίλτσεκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Frank Wilczek" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Frank Wilczek" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Frank Wilczek" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DA%86%DA%A9" title="فرانک ویلچک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرانک ویلچک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Frank Wilczek" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Frank Wilczek" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Frank Wilczek" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Frank Wilczek" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%AD%ED%81%AC_%EC%9C%8C%EC%B2%B5" title="프랭크 윌첵 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프랭크 윌첵" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AF_%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B9%D5%A5%D5%AF" title="Ֆրենկ Վիլչեկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆրենկ Վիլչեկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95" title="फ्रैंक विल्चेक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ्रैंक विल्चेक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Anthony_Wilczek" title="Frank Anthony Wilczek – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Frank Anthony Wilczek" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Frank Wilczek" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Frank Wilczek" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Frank Wilczek" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A7_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A6%27%D7%A7" title="פרנק וילצ'ק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרנק וילצ'ק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Frank Wilczek" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Frank Wilczek" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Frank Wilczek" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Frank Wilczek" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Frank Wilczek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Франк Вилчек – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Франк Вилчек" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95" title="फ्रँक विल्चेक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फ्रँक विल्चेक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B2%D9%83" title="فرانك ويلكزك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فرانك ويلكزك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DA%86%DA%A9" title="فرانک ویلچک – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فرانک ویلچک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Frank Wilczek" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Frank Wilczek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95" title="फ्र्यान्क विल्चेक – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="फ्र्यान्क विल्चेक" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="フランク・ウィルチェック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フランク・ウィルチェック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Frank Wilczek" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Frank Wilczek" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9_%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="فرینک ولسزیک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فرینک ولسزیک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Anthony_Wilczek" title="Frank Anthony Wilczek – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Frank Anthony Wilczek" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Frank Wilczek" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Frank Wilczek" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Anthony_Wilczek" title="Frank Anthony Wilczek – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Frank Anthony Wilczek" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BA,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Вильчек, Фрэнк – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вильчек, Фрэнк" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95" title="फ्रान्क विल्चेक – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="फ्रान्क विल्चेक" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Frank Wilczek" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Frank Wilczek" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Anthony_Wilczek" title="Frank Anthony Wilczek – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Frank Anthony Wilczek" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Френк Вилчек – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Френк Вилчек" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Frank Wilczek" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Frank Wilczek" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="பிரான்க் வில்செக் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரான்க் வில்செக்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D3%99%D2%A3%D0%BA_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Фрәңк Вилчек – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Фрәңк Вилчек" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Frank Wilczek" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Френк Вільчек – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Френк Вільчек" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9_%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="فرانک ولزیک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فرانک ولزیک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Frank Wilczek" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E5%88%87%E5%85%8B" title="弗兰克·维尔切克 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="弗兰克·维尔切克" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Frank Wilczek" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E9%9F%A6%E5%B0%94%E5%88%87%E5%85%8B" title="弗朗克·韦尔切克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="弗朗克·韦尔切克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q107450#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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searchaux" style="display:none">American physicist and Nobel laureate (born 1951)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Frank Wilczek</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:FrankStockholm2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/FrankStockholm2004.jpg/220px-FrankStockholm2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/FrankStockholm2004.jpg/330px-FrankStockholm2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/FrankStockholm2004.jpg/440px-FrankStockholm2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="982" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Wilczek in 2004</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Frank Anthony Wilczek</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1951-05-15</span>) </span>May 15, 1951<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 73)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Mineola,_New_York" title="Mineola, New York">Mineola, New York</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BS</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Asymptotic_freedom" title="Asymptotic freedom">Asymptotic freedom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamics" title="Quantum chromodynamics">Quantum chromodynamics</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Particle_statistics" title="Particle statistics">Particle statistics</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Axion" title="Axion">Axion</a> model</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Betsy_Devine" title="Betsy Devine">Betsy Devine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Amity and Mira<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_autobiography_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel_autobiography-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Fellowship" class="mw-redirect" title="MacArthur Fellowship">MacArthur Fellowship</a> (1982)<br /><a href="/wiki/Sakurai_Prize" title="Sakurai Prize">Sakurai Prize</a> (1986)<br /><a href="/wiki/Dirac_Medal_(ICTP)" title="Dirac Medal (ICTP)">ICTP Dirac Medal</a> (1994)<br /><a href="/wiki/Lorentz_Medal" title="Lorentz Medal">Lorentz Medal</a> (2002)<br /><a href="/wiki/Lilienfeld_Prize" title="Lilienfeld Prize">Lilienfeld Prize</a> (2003)<br /><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> (2004)<br /><a href="/wiki/King_Faisal_International_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="King Faisal International Prize">King Faisal Prize</a> (2005)<br /><a href="/wiki/Templeton_Prize" title="Templeton Prize">Templeton Prize</a> (2022)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Mathematics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Jiao_Tong_University" title="Shanghai Jiao Tong University">Shanghai Jiao Tong University</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State University</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_University" title="Stockholm University">Stockholm University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39101132">Non-abelian gauge theories and asymptotic freedom</a></i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1974)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">David Gross</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://frankawilczek.com/">frankawilczek.com</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Frank Anthony Wilczek</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> born May 15, 1951) is an American <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">theoretical physicist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_laureate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel laureate">Nobel laureate</a>. He is the <a href="/wiki/Herman_Feshbach" title="Herman Feshbach">Herman Feshbach</a> Professor of Physics at the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT), Founding Director of T. D. Lee Institute and Chief Scientist at the Wilczek Quantum Center, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Jiao_Tong_University" title="Shanghai Jiao Tong University">Shanghai Jiao Tong University</a> (SJTU), distinguished professor at <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State University</a> (ASU) and full professor at <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_University" title="Stockholm University">Stockholm University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wilczek, along with <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">David Gross</a> and <a href="/wiki/H._David_Politzer" class="mw-redirect" title="H. David Politzer">H. David Politzer</a>, was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> in 2004 "for the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Asymptotic_freedom" title="Asymptotic freedom">asymptotic freedom</a> in the theory of the <a href="/wiki/Strong_interaction" title="Strong interaction">strong interaction</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2022, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Templeton_Prize" title="Templeton Prize">Templeton Prize</a> for his "investigations into the fundamental laws of nature, that has transformed our understanding of the forces that govern our universe and revealed an inspiring vision of a world that embodies mathematical beauty."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Wilczek&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Mineola,_New_York" title="Mineola, New York">Mineola</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, Wilczek is of Polish and Italian origin.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_autobiography_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel_autobiography-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His grandparents were immigrants who "really did work with their hands", according to Wilczek, but his father took night school classes to educate himself, working as a repairman to support his family.<sup id="cite_ref-AIP2020_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIP2020-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilczek's father became a "self-taught engineer", whose interests in technology and science inspired his son.<sup id="cite_ref-sU2018_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sU2018-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wilczek was educated in the public schools of <a href="/wiki/Queens,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Queens, New York">Queens</a>, attending <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren_High_School_(New_York_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Van Buren High School (New York City)">Martin Van Buren High School</a>. It was around this time Wilczek's parents realized that he was exceptional, in part as a result of their son having been administered an <a href="/wiki/IQ_test" class="mw-redirect" title="IQ test">IQ test</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After skipping two grades, Wilczek started high school in the 10th grade, when he was 13 years old. He was particularly inspired by two of his high school physics teachers, one of whom taught a course that helped students with the national <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Science_Talent_Search" class="mw-redirect" title="Westinghouse Science Talent Search">Westinghouse Science Talent Search</a>. Wilczek was a finalist in 1967 and ultimately won fourth place, based on a mathematical project involving <a href="/wiki/Group_theory" title="Group theory">group theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UFT2018_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UFT2018-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He received his <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">Bachelor of Science</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Mathematics</a> and membership in <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> in 1970. During his last year as a math major at Chicago, he attended a course taught by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Freund" title="Peter Freund">Peter Freund</a> on <a href="/wiki/Group_theory" title="Group theory">group theory</a> in physics, which Wilczek later described as being "basically <a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">particle physics</a>", and very influential:<sup id="cite_ref-AIP2020_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIP2020-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Peter Freund played a big role in my life, though, because he taught this course on group theory, or <a href="/wiki/Symmetry_(physics)" title="Symmetry (physics)">symmetry in physics</a> that—he was so enthusiastic, and he really gushed—and it's beautiful material. Still to this day I think the <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum</a> theory of angular momentum is one of the absolute pinnacles of human achievement. Just beautiful.</p></blockquote> <p>Wilczek went to Princeton as a mathematics graduate student. After a year and a half, he transferred from mathematics to physics, with <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">David Gross</a> as his thesis advisor.<sup id="cite_ref-AIP2020_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIP2020-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He earned a Master of Arts in Mathematics in 1972 and a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Ph.D.</a> in physics in 1974, both from <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Wilczek&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wilczek met <a href="/wiki/Betsy_Devine" title="Betsy Devine">Betsy Devine</a> at Princeton, when both watched the televised <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1972" title="World Chess Championship 1972">1972 Fisher-Spassky chess matches</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MIT_2004_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MIT_2004-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They married in 1973, and together they have two daughters.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_autobiography_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel_autobiography-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His favorite physicist is <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_views">Religious views</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Wilczek&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Religious views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wilczek was raised <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> but later "lost faith in conventional religion"<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_autobiography_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel_autobiography-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although he told <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i> that religion "had meant a lot to me as a teenager".<sup id="cite_ref-SciAm2022_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SciAm2022-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has been described as an <a href="/wiki/Agnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnostic">agnostic</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but tweeted in 2013 that "'<a href="/wiki/Pantheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantheist">pantheist</a>' is closer to the mark".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wilczek said that "the world embodies beautiful ideas" but "although this may inspire a spiritual interpretation, it does not require one".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_outreach_and_activism">Science outreach and activism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Wilczek&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Science outreach and activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wilczek is a member of the Scientific Advisory Board for the <a href="/wiki/Future_of_Life_Institute" title="Future of Life Institute">Future of Life Institute</a>, an organization that works to mitigate <a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">existential risks</a> facing humanity, particularly <a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">existential risk from advanced artificial intelligence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, Wilczek penned a letter, along with <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a> and two other scholars, warning that "Success in creating <a href="/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial Intelligence">AI</a> would be the biggest event in human history. Unfortunately, it might also be the last, unless we learn how to avoid the risks."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wilczek is also a supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_the_Establishment_of_a_United_Nations_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly">Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly</a>, an organization which advocates for democratic reform in the United Nations, and the creation of a more accountable international political system.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wilczek is on the board for <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Science_%26_the_Public" class="mw-redirect" title="Society for Science & the Public">Society for Science & the Public</a>. He is a co-founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Kosciuszko_Foundation" title="Kosciuszko Foundation">Kosciuszko Foundation</a> of the Collegium of Eminent Scientists of Polish Origin and Ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wilczek has appeared on an episode of <i><a href="/wiki/Penn_%26_Teller:_Bullshit!" title="Penn & Teller: Bullshit!">Penn & Teller: Bullshit!</a></i>, where <a href="/wiki/Penn_Jillette" title="Penn Jillette">Penn</a> referred to him as "the smartest person [they have] ever had on the show". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors">Honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Wilczek&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1982, he was awarded a <a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Fellowship" class="mw-redirect" title="MacArthur Fellowship">MacArthur Fellowship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wilczek was elected as a member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> in 1990, a member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1993,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wilczek became a foreign member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences">Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Lorentz_Medal" title="Lorentz Medal">Lorentz Medal</a> in 2002. Wilczek won the <a href="/wiki/Lilienfeld_Prize" title="Lilienfeld Prize">Lilienfeld Prize</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Physical_Society" title="American Physical Society">American Physical Society</a> in 2003. In the same year, he was awarded the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics Commemorative Medal from <a href="/wiki/Charles_University" title="Charles University">Charles University</a> in Prague. He was the co-recipient of the 2003 High Energy and Particle Physics Prize of the <a href="/wiki/European_Physical_Society" title="European Physical Society">European Physical Society</a>. The Nobel Prize in Physics 2004 was awarded jointly to <a href="/wiki/David_J._Gross" class="mw-redirect" title="David J. Gross">David J. Gross</a>, <a href="/wiki/H._David_Politzer" class="mw-redirect" title="H. David Politzer">H. David Politzer</a> and Frank Wilczek "for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction". Wilczek was also the co-recipient of the 2005 <a href="/wiki/King_Faisal_International_Prize_for_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="King Faisal International Prize for Science">King Faisal International Prize for Science</a>. In that same year, he received the Golden Plate Award of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement" title="Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 25, 2013, Wilczek received an <a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">honorary doctorate</a> from the Faculty of Science and Technology at <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_University" title="Uppsala University">Uppsala University</a>, Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also served on the Physical Sciences jury for the Infosys Prize from 2009 to 2011. In 2011, Wilczek gave the <a href="/wiki/George_Gamow_Memorial_Lectures" title="George Gamow Memorial Lectures">George Gamow Memorial Lecture</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder" title="University of Colorado Boulder">University of Colorado Boulder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022 he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Templeton_Prize" title="Templeton Prize">Templeton Prize</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the work that reveals "a vision of a universe that he regards as embodying mathematical beauty at the scales of the magnificently large and unimaginably small".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wilczek holds the <a href="/wiki/Herman_Feshbach" title="Herman Feshbach">Herman Feshbach</a> Professorship of Physics at <a href="/wiki/MIT_Center_for_Theoretical_Physics" title="MIT Center for Theoretical Physics">MIT Center for Theoretical Physics</a>. He has also worked at the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study" title="Institute for Advanced Study">Institute for Advanced Study</a> in Princeton and the <a href="/wiki/Kavli_Institute_for_Theoretical_Physics" title="Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics">Institute for Theoretical Physics</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara" title="University of California, Santa Barbara">University of California, Santa Barbara</a> and was also a visiting professor at <a href="/wiki/NORDITA" class="mw-redirect" title="NORDITA">NORDITA</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Wilczek&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wilczek's 2004 Nobel Prize was for asymptotic freedom, but he has helped reveal and develop <a href="/wiki/Axion" title="Axion">axions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anyon" title="Anyon">anyons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asymptotic_freedom" title="Asymptotic freedom">asymptotic freedom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Color_superconductivity" title="Color superconductivity">color superconducting</a> phases of <a href="/wiki/Quark_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Quark matter">quark matter</a>, and other aspects of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_field_theory" title="Quantum field theory">quantum field theory</a>. He has worked on <a href="/wiki/Condensed_matter_physics" title="Condensed matter physics">condensed matter physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">astrophysics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">particle physics</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asymptotic_freedom">Asymptotic freedom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Wilczek&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Asymptotic freedom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In 1973, while a graduate student working with <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">David Gross</a> at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>, Wilczek (together with Gross) discovered <a href="/wiki/Asymptotic_freedom" title="Asymptotic freedom">asymptotic freedom</a>, which holds that the closer <a href="/wiki/Quarks" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarks">quarks</a> are to each other, the less the <a href="/wiki/Strong_interaction" title="Strong interaction">strong interaction</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Color_charge" title="Color charge">color charge</a>) between them; when quarks are in extreme proximity, the nuclear force between them is so weak that they behave almost as free particles. The theory, which was independently discovered by <a href="/wiki/H._David_Politzer" class="mw-redirect" title="H. David Politzer">H. David Politzer</a>, was important for the development of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamics" title="Quantum chromodynamics">quantum chromodynamics</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences">Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> when awarding Wilczek its Lorentz Medal in 2002,<sup id="cite_ref-knaw_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knaw-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><blockquote><p>This [asymptotic freedom] is a phenomenon whereby the building blocks which make up the nucleus of an atom – 'quarks' – behave as free particles when they are close together, but become more strongly attracted to each other as the distance between them increases. This theory forms the key to the interpretation of almost all experimental studies involving modern particle accelerators.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Axions">Axions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Wilczek&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Axions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Axion" title="Axion">Axion</a></div> <p>The axion is a hypothetical <a href="/wiki/Elementary_particle" title="Elementary particle">elementary particle</a>. If axions exist and have low mass within a specific range, they are of interest as a possible component of <a href="/wiki/Cold_dark_matter" title="Cold dark matter">cold dark matter</a>. </p><p>In 1977, <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Peccei" title="Roberto Peccei">Roberto Peccei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helen_Quinn" title="Helen Quinn">Helen Quinn</a> postulated a solution to the strong CP problem, the <a href="/wiki/Peccei%E2%80%93Quinn_theory" title="Peccei–Quinn theory">Peccei–Quinn mechanism</a>. This is accomplished by adding a new global symmetry (called a <a href="/wiki/Peccei%E2%80%93Quinn_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Peccei–Quinn symmetry">Peccei–Quinn symmetry</a>.) When that symmetry is spontaneously broken, a new particle results, as shown independently by Wilczek and by <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Steven Weinberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilczek named this new hypothetical particle the "axion" after a brand of laundry detergent,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Weinberg called it "Higglet". Weinberg later agreed to adopt Wilczek's name for the particle.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although most experimental searches for dark matter candidates have targeted <a href="/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particles" class="mw-redirect" title="Weakly interacting massive particles">WIMPs</a>, there have also been many attempts to detect axions.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June, 2020, an international team of physicists working in Italy detected a signal that could be axions.<sup id="cite_ref-SciAm2020Exp_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SciAm2020Exp-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SciAm2020_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SciAm2020-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anyons">Anyons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Wilczek&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Anyons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anyon" title="Anyon">Anyon</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, an anyon is a type of <a href="/wiki/Quasiparticle" title="Quasiparticle">quasiparticle</a> that occurs only in <a href="/wiki/Two-dimensional" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-dimensional"><i>two</i>-dimensional</a> <a href="/wiki/Physical_system" title="Physical system">systems</a>, with properties much less restricted than <a href="/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion">fermions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boson" title="Boson">bosons</a>. In particular, anyons can have properties intermediate between fermions and bosons, including fractional electric charge. This anything-goes behavior inspired Wilczek in 1982 to name them "anyons".<sup id="cite_ref-SymMag2011_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SymMag2011-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1977, a group of <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">theoretical physicists</a> working at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oslo" title="University of Oslo">University of Oslo</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Jon_Magne_Leinaas" title="Jon Magne Leinaas">Jon Leinaas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Myrheim" title="Jan Myrheim">Jan Myrheim</a>, calculated that the traditional division between fermions and bosons would not apply to theoretical particles existing in two <a href="/wiki/Dimension" title="Dimension">dimensions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WilczekJan2006_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WilczekJan2006-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Tsui" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Tsui">Daniel Tsui</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horst_St%C3%B6rmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Horst Störmer">Horst Störmer</a> discovered the <a href="/wiki/Fractional_quantum_Hall_effect" title="Fractional quantum Hall effect">fractional quantum Hall effect</a> in 1982, <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Halperin" title="Bertrand Halperin">Bertrand Halperin</a> (1984) expanded the math Wilczek proposed in 1982 for fractional statistics in two dimensions to help explain it.<sup id="cite_ref-Halp1984_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halp1984-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Frank Wilczek, Dan Arovas, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schrieffer" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Schrieffer">Robert Schrieffer</a> analyzed the fractional quantum Hall effect in 1984, proving that anyons were required to describe it.<sup id="cite_ref-Milestone2020_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milestone2020-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bunch2020_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bunch2020-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, experimenters from the <a href="/wiki/Ecole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecole Normale Supérieure">Ecole Normale Supérieure</a> and from the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Nanosciences_and_Nanotechnologies" title="Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies">Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies</a> (C2N) reported in <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i> that they had made a direct detection of anyons.<sup id="cite_ref-Milestone2020_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milestone2020-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time_crystals">Time crystals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Wilczek&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Time crystals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Time_crystal" title="Time crystal">Time crystal</a></div> <p>In 2012 he proposed the idea of a <a href="/wiki/Time_crystal" title="Time crystal">time crystal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, several research teams reported the existence of time crystals.<sup id="cite_ref-TC2018_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TC2018-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, he and Qing-Dong Jiang calculated that the so-called "quantum atmosphere" of materials should theoretically be capable of being probed using existing technology such as diamond probes with <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen-vacancy_center" title="Nitrogen-vacancy center">nitrogen-vacancy centers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_research">Current research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Wilczek&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Current research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"Pure" particle physics: connections between theoretical ideas and observable phenomena;</li> <li>behavior of matter: phase structure of <a href="/wiki/Quark_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Quark matter">quark matter</a> at ultra-high temperature and density; <a href="/wiki/Color_superconductivity" title="Color superconductivity">color superconductivity</a>;</li> <li>application of particle physics to <a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology" title="Physical cosmology">cosmology</a>;</li> <li>application of <a href="/wiki/Field_(physics)" title="Field (physics)">field theory</a> techniques to <a href="/wiki/Condensed_matter_physics" title="Condensed matter physics">condensed matter physics</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_gravity" title="Quantum gravity">quantum theory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Black_holes" class="mw-redirect" title="Black holes">black holes</a>; see, e.g., the application of the moving mirror model to black holes.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Wilczek&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="For_general_audience">For general audience</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Wilczek&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: For general audience"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>2021 <i><a href="/wiki/Fundamentals:_Ten_Keys_to_Reality" title="Fundamentals: Ten Keys to Reality">Fundamentals: Ten Keys to Reality</a></i>, Penguin Press <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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.citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0735223790" title="Special:BookSources/978-0735223790">978-0735223790</a></li> <li>2015 <i>A Beautiful Question: Finding Nature’s Deep Design</i>, Allen Lane, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781846147012" title="Special:BookSources/9781846147012">9781846147012</a></li> <li>2014 (with <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Tegmark" title="Max Tegmark">Max Tegmark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stuart_J._Russell" title="Stuart J. Russell">Stuart Russell</a>). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/stephen-hawking/artificial-intelligence_b_5174265.html">Transcending Complacency on Superintelligent Machines</a>". <a href="/wiki/Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Huffington Post">Huffington Post</a>.</li> <li>2008. <i>The Lightness of Being: Mass, Ether, and the Unification of Forces</i>. <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00321-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00321-1">978-0-465-00321-1</a>.</li> <li>2007. <i>La musica del vuoto</i>. Roma: Di Renzo Editore.</li> <li>2006. <i>Fantastic Realities: 49 Mind Journeys And a Trip to Stockholm</i>. World Scientific. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-256-655-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-256-655-3">978-981-256-655-3</a>.</li> <li>2002, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frankwilczek.com/Wilczek_Easy_Pieces/319_World's_Numerical_Recipe.pdf">On the world's numerical recipe (an ode to physics)</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/Daedalus" title="Daedalus">Daedalus</a></i> 131(1): 142–47.</li> <li>1989 (with <a href="/wiki/Betsy_Devine" title="Betsy Devine">Betsy Devine</a>). <i>Longing for the Harmonies: Themes and Variations from Modern Physics</i>. W W Norton. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30596-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30596-8">978-0-393-30596-8</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technical">Technical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Wilczek&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Technical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a profile for <a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/Q107450" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/Q107450"><b>Frank Wilczek <small>(Q107450)</small></b></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>1988. <i>Geometric Phases in Physics</i>.</li> <li>1990. <i>Fractional Statistics and Anyon Superconductivity</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilczekGross1973" class="citation journal cs1">Wilczek, F.; Gross, D. J. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.8.3633">"Asymptotically Free Gauge Theories. I"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Physical_Review_D" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical Review D">Physical Review D</a></i>. <b>8</b> (10): 3633. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973PhRvD...8.3633G">1973PhRvD...8.3633G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.8.3633">10.1103/PhysRevD.8.3633</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/OSTI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OSTI (identifier)">OSTI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4312175">4312175</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+D&rft.atitle=Asymptotically+Free+Gauge+Theories.+I&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=3633&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevD.8.3633&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fbiblio%2F4312175%23id-name%3DOSTI&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1973PhRvD...8.3633G&rft.aulast=Wilczek&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Gross%2C+D.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1103%252FPhysRevD.8.3633&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wilczek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilczekGross1973" class="citation journal cs1">Wilczek, F.; Gross, D. J. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.30.1343">"Ultraviolet Behavior of non-Abelian Gauge Theories"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Physical_Review_Letters" title="Physical Review Letters">Physical Review Letters</a></i>. <b>30</b> (26): 1343. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973PhRvL..30.1343G">1973PhRvL..30.1343G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.30.1343">10.1103/PhysRevLett.30.1343</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Ultraviolet+Behavior+of+non-Abelian+Gauge+Theories&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=26&rft.pages=1343&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.30.1343&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1973PhRvL..30.1343G&rft.aulast=Wilczek&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Gross%2C+D.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1103%252FPhysRevLett.30.1343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wilczek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilczekZeeTreiman1974" class="citation report cs1">Wilczek, F.; Zee, A.; Treiman, S. B. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1024288/m2/1/high_res_d/4256152.pdf">Scaling Deviations for Neutrino Reactions in Aysmptotically Free Field Theories</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Henry_Laboratories&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Henry Laboratories (page does not exist)">Joseph Henry Laboratories</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2172%2F4256152">10.2172/4256152</a>. <a href="/wiki/OSTI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OSTI (identifier)">OSTI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4256152">4256152</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Scaling+Deviations+for+Neutrino+Reactions+in+Aysmptotically+Free+Field+Theories&rft.pub=Joseph+Henry+Laboratories&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fbiblio%2F4256152%23id-name%3DOSTI&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2172%2F4256152&rft.aulast=Wilczek&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Zee%2C+A.&rft.au=Treiman%2C+S.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.unt.edu%2Fark%3A%2F67531%2Fmetadc1024288%2Fm2%2F1%2Fhigh_res_d%2F4256152.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wilczek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilczekZeeKingsleyTreiman1975" class="citation journal cs1">Wilczek, F.; Zee, A.; Kingsley, R. L.; Treiman, S. B. (1975). "Weak Interaction Models with New Quarks and Right-handed Currents". <i><a href="/wiki/Physical_Review_D" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical Review D">Physical Review D</a></i>. <b>12</b> (9): 2768–2780. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975PhRvD..12.2768W">1975PhRvD..12.2768W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.12.2768">10.1103/PhysRevD.12.2768</a>. <a href="/wiki/OSTI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OSTI (identifier)">OSTI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4082874">4082874</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+D&rft.atitle=Weak+Interaction+Models+with+New+Quarks+and+Right-handed+Currents&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=2768-2780&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevD.12.2768&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fbiblio%2F4082874%23id-name%3DOSTI&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1975PhRvD..12.2768W&rft.aulast=Wilczek&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Zee%2C+A.&rft.au=Kingsley%2C+R.+L.&rft.au=Treiman%2C+S.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wilczek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilczek1978" class="citation journal cs1">Wilczek, F. (1978). "Problem of Strong P and T Invariance in the Presence of Instantons". <i><a href="/wiki/Physical_Review_Letters" title="Physical Review Letters">Physical Review Letters</a></i>. <b>40</b> (5): 279–282. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978PhRvL..40..279W">1978PhRvL..40..279W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.40.279">10.1103/PhysRevLett.40.279</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Problem+of+Strong+P+and+T+Invariance+in+the+Presence+of+Instantons&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=279-282&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.40.279&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1978PhRvL..40..279W&rft.aulast=Wilczek&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wilczek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilczek1982" class="citation journal cs1">Wilczek, F. (1982). "Quantum Mechanics of Fractional Spin Particles". <i><a href="/wiki/Physical_Review_Letters" title="Physical Review Letters">Physical Review Letters</a></i>. <b>49</b> (14): 957. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982PhRvL..49..957W">1982PhRvL..49..957W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.49.957">10.1103/PhysRevLett.49.957</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:120702932">120702932</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Quantum+Mechanics+of+Fractional+Spin+Particles&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=957&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A120702932%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.49.957&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1982PhRvL..49..957W&rft.aulast=Wilczek&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wilczek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilczekTurner1990" class="citation journal cs1">Wilczek, F.; Turner, M. S. (1990). "Inflationary Axion Cosmology". <i><a href="/wiki/Physical_Review_Letters" title="Physical Review Letters">Physical Review Letters</a></i>. <b>66</b> (1): 5–8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991PhRvL..66....5T">1991PhRvL..66....5T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.66.5">10.1103/PhysRevLett.66.5</a>. <a href="/wiki/OSTI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OSTI (identifier)">OSTI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6099352">6099352</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10043128">10043128</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Inflationary+Axion+Cosmology&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-8&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.66.5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10043128&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fbiblio%2F6099352%23id-name%3DOSTI&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991PhRvL..66....5T&rft.aulast=Wilczek&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Turner%2C+M.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wilczek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilczekAlfordRajagopal1998" class="citation journal cs1">Wilczek, F.; Alford, M. G.; Rajagopal, K. (1998). "QCD at finite baryon density: Nucleon droplets and color superconductivity". <i><a href="/wiki/Physics_Letters_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Physics Letters B">Physics Letters B</a></i>. <b>422</b> (1–4): 247–256. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9711395">hep-ph/9711395</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998PhLB..422..247A">1998PhLB..422..247A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0370-2693%2898%2900051-3">10.1016/S0370-2693(98)00051-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2831570">2831570</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Letters+B&rft.atitle=QCD+at+finite+baryon+density%3A+Nucleon+droplets+and+color+superconductivity&rft.volume=422&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=247-256&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fhep-ph%2F9711395&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2831570%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0370-2693%2898%2900051-3&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998PhLB..422..247A&rft.aulast=Wilczek&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Alford%2C+M.+G.&rft.au=Rajagopal%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wilczek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilczek1998" class="citation journal cs1">Wilczek, F. (1998). "Riemann–Einstein structure from volume and gauge symmetry". <i><a href="/wiki/Physical_Review_Letters" title="Physical Review Letters">Physical Review Letters</a></i>. <b>80</b> (22): 4851–4854. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/9801184">hep-th/9801184</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998PhRvL..80.4851W">1998PhRvL..80.4851W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.80.4851">10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.4851</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10272760">10272760</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Riemann%E2%80%93Einstein+structure+from+volume+and+gauge+symmetry&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=4851-4854&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fhep-th%2F9801184&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10272760%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.80.4851&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998PhRvL..80.4851W&rft.aulast=Wilczek&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wilczek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilczekFradkinNayakTsvelik1998" class="citation journal cs1">Wilczek, F.; Fradkin, E. H.; Nayak, C.; Tsvelik, A. (1998). "A Chern–Simons effective field theory for the Pfaffian quantum Hall state". <i><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Physics_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear Physics B">Nuclear Physics B</a></i>. <b>516</b> (3): 704–718. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/9711087">cond-mat/9711087</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998NuPhB.516..704F">1998NuPhB.516..704F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0550-3213%2898%2900111-4">10.1016/S0550-3213(98)00111-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119036166">119036166</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nuclear+Physics+B&rft.atitle=A+Chern%E2%80%93Simons+effective+field+theory+for+the+Pfaffian+quantum+Hall+state&rft.volume=516&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=704-718&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fcond-mat%2F9711087&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119036166%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0550-3213%2898%2900111-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998NuPhB.516..704F&rft.aulast=Wilczek&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Fradkin%2C+E.+H.&rft.au=Nayak%2C+C.&rft.au=Tsvelik%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wilczek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilczekAlfordRajagopal1999" class="citation journal cs1">Wilczek, F.; Alford, M. G.; Rajagopal, K. (1999). "Color-flavor locking and chiral symmetry breaking in high density QCD". <i><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Physics_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear Physics B">Nuclear Physics B</a></i>. <b>537</b> (1): 443–458. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9804403">hep-ph/9804403</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999NuPhB.537..443A">1999NuPhB.537..443A</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.345.6006">10.1.1.345.6006</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0550-3213%2898%2900668-3">10.1016/S0550-3213(98)00668-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6781304">6781304</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nuclear+Physics+B&rft.atitle=Color-flavor+locking+and+chiral+symmetry+breaking+in+high+density+QCD&rft.volume=537&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=443-458&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6781304%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999NuPhB.537..443A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.345.6006%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0550-3213%2898%2900668-3&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fhep-ph%2F9804403&rft.aulast=Wilczek&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Alford%2C+M.+G.&rft.au=Rajagopal%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wilczek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilczek1999" class="citation journal cs1">Wilczek, F. (1999). "Quantum field theory". <i><a href="/wiki/Reviews_of_Modern_Physics" title="Reviews of Modern Physics">Reviews of Modern Physics</a></i>. <b>71</b> (2): S85–S95. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/9803075">hep-th/9803075</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999RvMPS..71...85W">1999RvMPS..71...85W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FRevModPhys.71.S85">10.1103/RevModPhys.71.S85</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:279980">279980</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+of+Modern+Physics&rft.atitle=Quantum+field+theory&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=S85-S95&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fhep-th%2F9803075&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A279980%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FRevModPhys.71.S85&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999RvMPS..71...85W&rft.aulast=Wilczek&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wilczek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilczekSchafer1999" class="citation journal cs1">Wilczek, F.; Schafer, T. (1999). "Continuity of quark and hadron matter". <i><a href="/wiki/Physical_Review_Letters" title="Physical Review Letters">Physical Review Letters</a></i>. <b>82</b> (20): 3956–3959. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9811473">hep-ph/9811473</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999PhRvL..82.3956S">1999PhRvL..82.3956S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.82.3956">10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.3956</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16217372">16217372</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Continuity+of+quark+and+hadron+matter&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=3956-3959&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fhep-ph%2F9811473&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16217372%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.82.3956&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999PhRvL..82.3956S&rft.aulast=Wilczek&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Schafer%2C+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wilczek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilczekBabu,_K.S.Pati,_J.C.2000" class="citation journal cs1">Wilczek, F.; Babu, K.S.; Pati, J.C. (2000). "Fermion masses, neutrino oscillations, and proton decay in the light of SuperKamiokande". <i><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Physics_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear Physics B">Nuclear Physics B</a></i>. <b>566</b> (1–2): 33–91. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9812538">hep-ph/9812538</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998hep.ph...12538B">1998hep.ph...12538B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0550-3213%2899%2900589-1">10.1016/S0550-3213(99)00589-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14736670">14736670</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nuclear+Physics+B&rft.atitle=Fermion+masses%2C+neutrino+oscillations%2C+and+proton+decay+in+the+light+of+SuperKamiokande&rft.volume=566&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=33-91&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fhep-ph%2F9812538&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14736670%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0550-3213%2899%2900589-1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998hep.ph...12538B&rft.aulast=Wilczek&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Babu%2C+K.S.&rft.au=Pati%2C+J.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wilczek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilczekLinderGood2020" class="citation journal cs1">Wilczek, F.; Linder, E. V.; Good, M.R.R. (2020). "Moving mirror model for quasithermal radiation fields". <i><a href="/wiki/Physical_Review_D" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical Review D">Physical Review D</a></i>. <b>101</b> (2): 025012. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.01129">1909.01129</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PhRvD.101b5012G">2020PhRvD.101b5012G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.101.025012">10.1103/PhysRevD.101.025012</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1%2F125524">1721.1/125524</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213899274">213899274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+D&rft.atitle=Moving+mirror+model+for+quasithermal+radiation+fields&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=025012&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1721.1%2F125524&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213899274%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020PhRvD.101b5012G&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1909.01129&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevD.101.025012&rft.aulast=Wilczek&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Linder%2C+E.+V.&rft.au=Good%2C+M.R.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wilczek" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Wilczek&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coupling_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupling unification">Coupling unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_matter" title="Dark matter">Dark matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle" title="Weakly interacting massive particle">WIMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_number" title="Quantum number">Quantum number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soliton" title="Soliton">Soliton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractional_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Fractional statistics">Fractional statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall_effect" title="Hall effect">Hall effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Physics_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT Physics Department">MIT Physics Department</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Wilczek&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Nobel_autobiography-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_autobiography_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_autobiography_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_autobiography_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_autobiography_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2004/wilczek/biographical/">"Frank Wilczek – Autobiography"</a>. Nobel Prize.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frank+Wilczek+%E2%80%93+Autobiography&rft.pub=Nobel+Prize&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fphysics%2F2004%2Fwilczek%2Fbiographical%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wilczek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilczek" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Wilczek, Frank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=42&v=kj8_sCFd_YI"><i>2004 Nobel Highlights with Laureates in Physics, David J. Gross, H. David Politzer, Frank Wilczek</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a>. Event occurs at 0:42 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2004+Nobel+Highlights+with+Laureates+in+Physics%2C+David+J.+Gross%2C+H.+David+Politzer%2C+Frank+Wilczek&rft.pub=Nobel+Prize&rft.aulast=Wilczek&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Ftime_continue%3D42%26v%3Dkj8_sCFd_YI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wilczek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilczek" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Wilczek, Frank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q_1ApbLzJAg"><i>A Beautiful Question</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Talks_at_Google" class="mw-redirect" title="Talks at Google">Talks at Google</a>. Event occurs at 0:13 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Beautiful+Question&rft.pub=Talks+at+Google&rft.aulast=Wilczek&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dq_1ApbLzJAg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wilczek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/physics/people/faculty/wilczek_frank.html">"Frank Wilczek, Herman Feshbach Professor of Physics"</a>. Department of Physics, MIT. 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-06-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frank+Wilczek%2C+Herman+Feshbach+Professor+of+Physics&rft.pub=Department+of+Physics%2C+MIT&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Fphysics%2Fpeople%2Ffaculty%2Fwilczek_frank.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wilczek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nobel-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2004/wilczek/facts/">"Frank Wilczek Facts"</a>. <i>NobelPrize.org</i>. Stockholm: Nobel Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NobelPrize.org&rft.atitle=Frank+Wilczek+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fphysics%2F2004%2Fwilczek%2Ffacts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wilczek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Thomas, Burnett (May 11th, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.templetonprize.org/laureate-sub/dr-frank-wilczek-receives-2022-templeton-prize//">"Dr. Frank Wilczek Receives 2022 Templeton Prize"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Templeton_Prize" title="Templeton Prize"><i>The Templeton Prize</i></a>. Retrieved 11 May 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIP2020-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AIP2020_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AIP2020_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AIP2020_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilczek2020" class="citation web cs1">Wilczek, Frank (September 15, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/44536">"Oral history interview with Frank Wilczek, 2020 June 4"</a>. AIP<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 18,</span> 2020</span>. <q>Somewhere between working class and lower middle class. Yeah, lower middle class, I guess I would say. Unlike my grandparents, who really did work with their hands, my father, as I said, was kind of a technician and repairman. He actually got very good at the job and was rising through the ranks.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oral+history+interview+with+Frank+Wilczek%2C+2020+June+4&rft.pub=AIP&rft.date=2020-09-15&rft.aulast=Wilczek&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aip.org%2Fhistory-programs%2Fniels-bohr-library%2Foral-histories%2F44536&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wilczek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sU2018-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sU2018_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171016003411/http://www.su.se/english/research/profile-areas/astrophysics-cosmology-and-particle-physics/the-nobel-laureate-who-got-hooked-on-stockholm-1.309112">"The Nobel laureate who got hooked on Stockholm"</a>. Stockholm University. September 15, 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.su.se/english/research/profile-areas/astrophysics-cosmology-and-particle-physics/the-nobel-laureate-who-got-hooked-on-stockholm-1.309112">the original</a> on October 16, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 18,</span> 2020</span>. <q>Frank Wilczek's story starts in Queens, New York, where he grew up in a working-class family with roots in Europe. They were children of the Great Depression from Long Island and had limited access to resources, but that didn't stop them from working to educate themselves. Frank's father was a self-taught engineer and passed his interest in technology and science on to his son.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+laureate+who+got+hooked+on+Stockholm&rft.pub=Stockholm+University&rft.date=2020-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.su.se%2Fenglish%2Fresearch%2Fprofile-areas%2Fastrophysics-cosmology-and-particle-physics%2Fthe-nobel-laureate-who-got-hooked-on-stockholm-1.309112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wilczek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDreifus2009" class="citation news cs1">Dreifus, Claudia (December 28, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/29/science/29conv.html?_r=1">"Discovering the Mathematical Laws of Nature"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Discovering+the+Mathematical+Laws+of+Nature&rft.date=2009-12-28&rft.aulast=Dreifus&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F12%2F29%2Fscience%2F29conv.html%3F_r%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wilczek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UFT2018-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UFT2018_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717085409/https://www.uft.org/news/feature-stories/noteworthy-graduates/noteworthy-graduates-frank-wilczek-nobel-laureate-physics">"Noteworthy graduates: Frank Wilczek, Nobel laureate in physics"</a>. United Federation of Teachers. December 7, 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uft.org/news/feature-stories/noteworthy-graduates/noteworthy-graduates-frank-wilczek-nobel-laureate-physics">the original</a> on July 17, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2020</span>. <q>As a high school senior, Wilczek was a finalist in the national Science Talent Search. He says his premise about mathematical structures called groups was the best part of his project, posing 'a sensible question for someone to ask at that stage'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Noteworthy+graduates%3A+Frank+Wilczek%2C+Nobel+laureate+in+physics&rft.pub=United+Federation+of+Teachers&rft.date=2018-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uft.org%2Fnews%2Ffeature-stories%2Fnoteworthy-graduates%2Fnoteworthy-graduates-frank-wilczek-nobel-laureate-physics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wilczek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.societyforscience.org/regeneron-sts/science-talent-search-1967/">"Westinghouse Science Talent Search 1967"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Science" title="Society for Science">Society for Science</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Westinghouse+Science+Talent+Search+1967&rft.pub=Society+for+Science&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.societyforscience.org%2Fregeneron-sts%2Fscience-talent-search-1967%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wilczek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docplayer.net/31086301-Frank-wilczek-curriculum-vitae.html">"FRANK WILCZEK CURRICULUM VITAE – PDF"</a>. <i>docplayer.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=docplayer.net&rft.atitle=FRANK+WILCZEK+CURRICULUM+VITAE+%E2%80%93+PDF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocplayer.net%2F31086301-Frank-wilczek-curriculum-vitae.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wilczek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=94768">Frank Anthony Wilczek</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project" title="Mathematics Genealogy Project">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MIT_2004-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MIT_2004_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2004" class="citation web cs1">Thompson, Elizabeth A (October 5, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.mit.edu/2004/nobel-conf">"Wilczek thanks family, country and Mother Nature"</a>. <i>MIT News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2020</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'I noticed that whatever moves Frank called out, the players would do what he said. They'd make the moves he predicted. This happened even when what he called out was different from what others called out', recalled Devine.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MIT+News&rft.atitle=Wilczek+thanks+family%2C+country+and+Mother+Nature&rft.date=2004-10-05&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.mit.edu%2F2004%2Fnobel-conf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wilczek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilczek2015" class="citation book cs1">Wilczek, Frank (2015). <i>A Beautiful Question</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Beautiful+Question&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Wilczek&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wilczek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SciAm2022-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SciAm2022_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerali2022" class="citation journal cs1">Merali, Zeeya (May 11, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/god-dark-matter-and-falling-cats-a-conversation-with-2022-templeton-prize-winner-frank-wilczek/">"God, Dark Matter and Falling Cats: A Conversation with 2022 Templeton Prize Winner Frank Wilczek"</a>. <i>Scientific American</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2022</span>. <q>The use of the word "God" in common culture is very loose. People can mean entirely different things by it. For me, the unifying thread is thinking big: thinking about how the world works, what it is, how it came to be and what all that means for what we should do. I chose to study this partly to fill the void that was left when I realized I could no longer accept the dogmas of the Catholic Church that had meant a lot to me as a teenager.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=God%2C+Dark+Matter+and+Falling+Cats%3A+A+Conversation+with+2022+Templeton+Prize+Winner+Frank+Wilczek&rft.date=2022-05-11&rft.aulast=Merali&rft.aufirst=Zeeya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fgod-dark-matter-and-falling-cats-a-conversation-with-2022-templeton-prize-winner-frank-wilczek%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wilczek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2015" class="citation web cs1">Wang, Amy X. (4 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/culture/2015/08/frank-wilczeks-a-beautiful-question-reviewed.html">"Why Is the World So Beautiful? A Physicist Tries to Answer"</a>. <i>Slate Magazine</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate+Magazine&rft.atitle=Why+Is+the+World+So+Beautiful%3F+A+Physicist+Tries+to+Answer.&rft.date=2015-08-04&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Amy+X.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Fculture%2F2015%2F08%2Ffrank-wilczeks-a-beautiful-question-reviewed.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wilczek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilczek2013" class="citation web cs1">Wilczek, Frank [@FrankWilczek] (September 8, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/FrankWilczek/status/376705595228696576">"My Wikipedia entry says "agnostic", but "pantheist" is closer to the mark. 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"A New Light Boson?". <i>Physical Review Letters</i>. <b>40</b> (4): 223–226. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978PhRvL..40..223W">1978PhRvL..40..223W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.40.223">10.1103/PhysRevLett.40.223</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=A+New+Light+Boson%3F&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=223-226&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.40.223&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1978PhRvL..40..223W&rft.au=Weinberg%2C+Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wilczek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOverbye2020" class="citation news cs1">Overbye, Dennis (17 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/17/science/xenon-axions-neutrinos-tritium.html">"Seeking dark matter, they detected another mystery"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Seeking+dark+matter%2C+they+detected+another+mystery&rft.date=2020-06-17&rft.aulast=Overbye&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F06%2F17%2Fscience%2Fxenon-axions-neutrinos-tritium.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wilczek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilczek2016" class="citation magazine cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wilczek, Frank</a> (7 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/how-axions-may-explain-times-arrow-20160107/">"Time's (almost) reversible arrow"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Quanta_Magazine" title="Quanta Magazine">Quanta Magazine</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quanta+Magazine&rft.atitle=Time%27s+%28almost%29+reversible+arrow&rft.date=2016-01-07&rft.aulast=Wilczek&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.quantamagazine.org%2Fhow-axions-may-explain-times-arrow-20160107%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wilczek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physics.aps.org/articles/v11/34">"Homing in on Axions?" (Physics.aps.org, April 9, 2018)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SciAm2020Exp-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SciAm2020Exp_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLetzter2020" class="citation web cs1">Letzter, Rafi (June 17, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/physicists-announce-potential-dark-matter-breakthrough/">"Physicists Announce Potential Dark Matter Breakthrough"</a>. <i>Scientific American</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 22,</span> 2020</span>. <q>A team of physicists has made what might be the first-ever detection of an axion. Axions are unconfirmed, hypothetical ultralight particles from beyond the Standard Model of particle physics, which describes the behavior of subatomic particles. Theoretical physicists first proposed the existence of axions in the 1970s in order to resolve problems in the math governing the strong force, which binds particles called quarks together. But axions have since become a popular explanation for dark matter, the mysterious substance that makes up 85% of the mass of the universe, yet emits no light.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Physicists+Announce+Potential+Dark+Matter+Breakthrough&rft.date=2020-06-17&rft.aulast=Letzter&rft.aufirst=Rafi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fphysicists-announce-potential-dark-matter-breakthrough%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wilczek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SciAm2020-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SciAm2020_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalk2020" class="citation web cs1">Falk, Dan (June 23, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/is-dark-matter-made-of-axions/">"Is Dark Matter Made of Axions?"</a>. <i>Scientific American</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 22,</span> 2020</span>. <q>Then, in 1977 Helen Quinn and the late Roberto Peccei, both then at Stanford University, proposed a solution: perhaps there is a hitherto unknown field that pervades all of space and suppresses the neutron's asymmetries. Later, theoretical physicists Frank Wilczek and Steven Weinberg deduced that if the Standard Model were tweaked to allow such a field, it would imply the existence of a new particle, dubbed the axion. (Wilczek got the idea for the name from a brand of laundry detergent.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Is+Dark+Matter+Made+of+Axions%3F&rft.date=2020-06-23&rft.aulast=Falk&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fis-dark-matter-made-of-axions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wilczek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SymMag2011-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SymMag2011_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.symmetrymagazine.org/breaking/2011/08/31/anyons-anyone">"Anyons, anyone?"</a>. <i>Symmetry Magazine</i>. August 31, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2020</span>. <q>In 1982 physicist Frank Wilczek gave these interstitial particles the name anyon ... 'Any anyon can be anything between a boson or a fermion', Keilmann says. 'Wilczek is a funny guy.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Symmetry+Magazine&rft.atitle=Anyons%2C+anyone%3F&rft.date=2011-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.symmetrymagazine.org%2Fbreaking%2F2011%2F08%2F31%2Fanyons-anyone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wilczek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WilczekJan2006-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WilczekJan2006_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilczek2006" class="citation journal cs1">Wilczek, Frank (January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/indepth/23894">"From electronics to anyonics"</a>. <i>Physics World</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 22–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F2058-7058%2F19%2F1%2F31">10.1088/2058-7058/19/1/31</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0953-8585">0953-8585</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 25,</span> 2020</span>. <q>In the early 1980s I named the hypothetical new particles 'anyons', the idea being that anything goes – but I did not lose much sleep anticipating their discovery. Very soon afterwards, however, Bert Halperin at Harvard University found the concept of anyons useful in understanding certain aspects of the fractional quantum Hall effect, which describes the modifications that take place in electronics at low temperatures in strong magnetic fields.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+World&rft.atitle=From+electronics+to+anyonics&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=22-23&rft.date=2006-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F2058-7058%2F19%2F1%2F31&rft.issn=0953-8585&rft.aulast=Wilczek&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphysicsworld.com%2Fcws%2Farticle%2Findepth%2F23894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wilczek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Halp1984-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Halp1984_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalperin1984" class="citation journal cs1">Halperin, B. I. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.52.1583">"Statistics of Quasiparticles and the Hierarchy of Fractional Quantized Hall States"</a>. <i>Physical Review Letters</i>. <b>52</b> (18): 1583–1586. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984PhRvL..52.1583H">1984PhRvL..52.1583H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.52.1583">10.1103/PhysRevLett.52.1583</a>. <q>The appearance of fractional statistics in the present context is strongly reminiscent of the fractional statistics introduced by Wilczek to describe charged particles tied to "magnetic flux tubes" in two dimensions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Statistics+of+Quasiparticles+and+the+Hierarchy+of+Fractional+Quantized+Hall+States&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=1583-1586&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.52.1583&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1984PhRvL..52.1583H&rft.aulast=Halperin&rft.aufirst=B.+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.aps.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.52.1583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wilczek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milestone2020-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Milestone2020_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milestone2020_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNajjar2020" class="citation magazine cs1">Najjar, Dana (May 12, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/story/milestone-evidence-for-anyons-a-third-kingdom-of-particles/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Milestone' Evidence for Anyons, a Third Kingdom of Particles"</a>. <i>Wired</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 18,</span> 2020</span>. <q>In the early 1980s, physicists first used these conditions to observe the 'fractional quantum Hall effect', in which electrons come together to create so-called quasiparticles that have a fraction of the charge of a single electron. (If it seems strange to call the collective behavior of electrons a particle, think of the proton, which is itself made up of three quarks.) In 1984, a seminal two-page paper by Wilczek, Daniel Arovas and John Robert Schrieffer showed that these quasiparticles had to be anyons.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=%27Milestone%27+Evidence+for+Anyons%2C+a+Third+Kingdom+of+Particles&rft.date=2020-05-12&rft.aulast=Najjar&rft.aufirst=Dana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fstory%2Fmilestone-evidence-for-anyons-a-third-kingdom-of-particles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wilczek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bunch2020-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bunch2020_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumé2020" class="citation web cs1">Dumé, Isabelle (May 28, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physicsworld.com/a/anyons-bunch-together-in-a-2d-conductor/">"Anyons bunch together in a 2D conductor"</a>. <i>Physics World</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2020</span>. <q>The existence of anyons – which get their name from the fact that their behaviour is neither fermion-like or boson-like – was predicted in the early 1980s by the theoretical physicist Frank Wilczek. Soon afterwards, another physicist, Bert Halperin, found that anyons could explain certain aspects of the fractional quantum Hall effect, which describes the changes that take place in electronics at low temperatures in strong magnetic fields. Then, in 1984, Dan Arovas, Bob Schrieffer and Wilczek proved that a successful theory of the fractional quantum Hall effect does indeed require particles that are neither bosons or fermions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Physics+World&rft.atitle=Anyons+bunch+together+in+a+2D+conductor&rft.date=2020-05-28&rft.aulast=Dum%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Isabelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphysicsworld.com%2Fa%2Fanyons-bunch-together-in-a-2d-conductor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wilczek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartolomei2020" class="citation journal cs1">Bartolomei, H.; et al. (April 10, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aaz5601">"Fractional statistics in anyon collisions"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>368</b> (6487): 173–177. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.13157">2006.13157</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Sci...368..173B">2020Sci...368..173B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aaz5601">10.1126/science.aaz5601</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32273465">32273465</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:215551196">215551196</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Fractional+statistics+in+anyon+collisions&rft.volume=368&rft.issue=6487&rft.pages=173-177&rft.date=2020-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A215551196%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020Sci...368..173B&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2006.13157&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32273465&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aaz5601&rft.aulast=Bartolomei&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aaz5601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wilczek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolchover2013" class="citation journal cs1">Wolchover, Natalie (2013-04-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2013/04/time-crystals/all/">"Time Crystals' Could Upend Physicists' Theory of Time"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wired (website)">Wired</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Time+Crystals%27+Could+Upend+Physicists%27+Theory+of+Time&rft.date=2013-04-30&rft.aulast=Wolchover&rft.aufirst=Natalie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fwiredscience%2F2013%2F04%2Ftime-crystals%2Fall%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wilczek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TC2018-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TC2018_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall2018" class="citation web cs1">Ball, Phillip (July 17, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physicsworld.com/a/in-search-of-time-crystals/">"In Search of Time Crystals"</a>. <i>Physics World</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 23,</span> 2019</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"We discovered experimentally that discrete time crystals not only exist, but that this phase is also remarkably robust." Mikhail Lukin, Harvard University</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Physics+World&rft.atitle=In+Search+of+Time+Crystals&rft.date=2018-07-17&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphysicsworld.com%2Fa%2Fin-search-of-time-crystals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wilczek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoo2018" class="citation news cs1">Woo, Marcus (September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/quantum-atmospheres-may-reveal-secrets-of-matter-20180925/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Quantum Atmospheres' May Reveal Secrets of Matter"</a>. <i>Quanta Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quanta+Magazine&rft.atitle=%27Quantum+Atmospheres%27+May+Reveal+Secrets+of+Matter&rft.date=2018-09&rft.aulast=Woo&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.quantamagazine.org%2Fquantum-atmospheres-may-reveal-secrets-of-matter-20180925%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wilczek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJiangWilczek2019" class="citation journal cs1">Jiang, Qing-Dong; Wilczek, Frank (10 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevB.99.201104">"Quantum atmospherics for materials diagnosis"</a>. <i>Physical Review B</i>. <b>99</b> (20): 201104. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1809.01692">1809.01692</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PhRvB..99t1104J">2019PhRvB..99t1104J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevB.99.201104">10.1103/PhysRevB.99.201104</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+B&rft.atitle=Quantum+atmospherics+for+materials+diagnosis&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=201104&rft.date=2019-05-10&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1809.01692&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevB.99.201104&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019PhRvB..99t1104J&rft.aulast=Jiang&rft.aufirst=Qing-Dong&rft.au=Wilczek%2C+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1103%252FPhysRevB.99.201104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wilczek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilczekLinderGood2020" class="citation journal cs1">Wilczek, F.; Linder, E. V.; Good, M.R.R. (2020). "Moving mirror model for quasithermal radiation fields". <i><a href="/wiki/Physical_Review_D" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical Review D">Physical Review D</a></i>. <b>101</b> (2): 025012. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.01129">1909.01129</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PhRvD.101b5012G">2020PhRvD.101b5012G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.101.025012">10.1103/PhysRevD.101.025012</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1%2F125524">1721.1/125524</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213899274">213899274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+D&rft.atitle=Moving+mirror+model+for+quasithermal+radiation+fields&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=025012&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1721.1%2F125524&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213899274%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020PhRvD.101b5012G&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1909.01129&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevD.101.025012&rft.aulast=Wilczek&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Linder%2C+E.+V.&rft.au=Good%2C+M.R.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wilczek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRokhsar1992" class="citation journal cs1">Rokhsar, Daniel S. (1992). "Review of <i>Fractional Statistics and Anyon Superconductivity</i> by Frank Wilczek". <i>Physics Today</i>. <b>45</b> (2): 101. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992PhT....45b.101W">1992PhT....45b.101W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.2809542">10.1063/1.2809542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.atitle=Review+of+Fractional+Statistics+and+Anyon+Superconductivity+by+Frank+Wilczek&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=101&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.2809542&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992PhT....45b.101W&rft.aulast=Rokhsar&rft.aufirst=Daniel+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wilczek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Wilczek&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Frank_Wilczek" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Frank Wilczek">Frank Wilczek</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" class="extiw" title="q:Frank Wilczek">Frank Wilczek</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/778">Frank Wilczek</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107450#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inspirehep.net/author/profile/F.A.Wilczek.1">Frank Wilczek</a> on <a href="/wiki/INSPIRE-HEP" title="INSPIRE-HEP">INSPIRE-HEP</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107450#P2930" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/find/all/1/all:+AND+Frank+Wilczek/0/1/0/all/0/1">Papers in ArXiv</a></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://classic.esquire.com/article/1984/12/1/the-quirk-of-the-quark">The Quirk of the Quark</a>": article about Frank Wilczek by <a href="/wiki/K._C._Cole" title="K. C. Cole">K. C. Cole</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)" title="Esquire (magazine)">Esquire</a></i> (December, 1984)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120722020156/http://archive.sciencewatch.com/interviews/frank_wilczek1.htm">Wilczek on anyons and superconductivity</a> (April, 1991)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://techtv.mit.edu/videos/16440-the-world-s-numerical-recipe">The World's Numerical Recipe</a> (April 26, 2001)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://betsydevine.com/blog/category/nobel/">Blog of the Wilczek family's Nobel adventures</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110930193306/http://betsydevine.com/blog/category/nobel/">Archived</a> 2011-09-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (2004)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121021004342/http://fora.tv/2008/09/25/Frank_Wilczek_The_LHC_and_Unified_Field_Theory">ForaTV: The Large Hadron Collider and Unified Field Theory</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> (September 25, 2008)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100325141056/http://simplycharly.com/einstein/frank_wilczek_interview.htm">Frank Wilczek explains Einstein's massive contributions to science</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson">Freeman Dyson</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/22575">Leaping into the Grand Unknown: Review of <i>The Lightness of Being</i></a>", <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a></i> 56(6). (April 9, 2009)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://7thavenueproject.com/post/479973045/frank-wilczek-incredible-lightness-of-being">Frank Wilczek discusses his book "The Lightness of Being" on the 7th Avenue Project Radio Show</a> (November 29, 2009)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jqEGpvu_Bgo"><span class="plainlinks">A television interview with Frank Wilczek</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> for Cambridge University Television (February, 2011)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lewisfrumkes.com/radioshow/frank-wilczeck-interview">A radio interview with Frank Wilczeck</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120422082251/http://lewisfrumkes.com/radioshow/frank-wilczeck-interview">Archived</a> 2012-04-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Aired on the <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Burke_Frumkes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Burke Frumkes">Lewis Burke Frumkes</a> Radio Show (April 10, 2011)</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quantamagazine.org/frank-wilczek-cracked-open-the-cosmos-20210112/">A Prodigy Who Cracked Open the Cosmos</a>": article about Frank Wilczek by <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Dreifus" title="Claudia Dreifus">Claudia Dreifus</a> published in <i><a href="/wiki/Quanta_Magazine" title="Quanta Magazine">Quanta Magazine</a></i> (January 12, 2021)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2004_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2004 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2004_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:2004 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2004_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2004 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="2004_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2004 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Ciechanover" title="Aaron Ciechanover">Aaron Ciechanover</a> (Israel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avram_Hershko" title="Avram Hershko">Avram Hershko</a> (Israel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irwin_Rose" title="Irwin Rose">Irwin Rose</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/2004_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2004 Nobel Prize in Literature">2004</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elfriede_Jelinek" title="Elfriede Jelinek">Elfriede Jelinek</a> (Austria)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangari Maathai">Wangari Maathai</a> (Kenya)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">David Gross</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Hugh David Politzer</a> (United States)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frank Wilczek</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Axel" title="Richard Axel">Richard Axel</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_B._Buck" title="Linda B. Buck">Linda B. Buck</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finn_E._Kydland" title="Finn E. Kydland">Finn E. Kydland</a> (Norway)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Prescott" title="Edward C. Prescott">Edward C. Prescott</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1999_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1999 Nobel Prize winners">1999</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2000_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2000 Nobel Prize winners">2000</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2001_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2001 Nobel Prize winners">2001</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2002_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2002 Nobel Prize winners">2002</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2003_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2003 Nobel Prize winners">2003</a></dd> <dd><b>2004 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2005_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2005 Nobel Prize winners">2005</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2006_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2006 Nobel Prize winners">2006</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2007_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2007 Nobel Prize winners">2007</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2008_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2008 Nobel Prize winners">2008</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2009_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2009 Nobel Prize winners">2009</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Rayleigh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Michelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Van der Waals</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">W. L. Bragg</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W. H. Bragg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Millikan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">M. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Perrin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Compton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">De Broglie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">Raman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1931</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1934</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Francis_Hess" title="Victor Francis Hess">Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">C. D. Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">G. P. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Blackett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">Powell</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Lamb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Brattain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">C. N. Yang</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T. D. Lee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Cherenkov" title="Pavel Cherenkov">Cherenkov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Frank" title="Ilya Frank">Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Igor_Tamm" title="Igor Tamm">Tamm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Glaser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Goeppert Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Basov" title="Nikolay Basov">Basov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov">Prokhorov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Shin%27ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga" title="Shin'ichirō Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Néel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Josephson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">A. Bohr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Mottelson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Ting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Philip_W._Anderson" title="Philip W. Anderson">P. W. Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Van Vleck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">R. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Schawlow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">K. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">K. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">Fowler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Van der Meer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Georg_Bednorz" title="Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> / <a href="/wiki/K._Alex_M%C3%BCller" title="K. Alex Müller">Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.">Ramsey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">R. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">J. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/David_Lee_(physicist)" title="David Lee (physicist)">D. Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Osheroff" title="Douglas Osheroff">Osheroff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Laughlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Tsui</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov">Alferov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–<br />present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Cornell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Davis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Abrikosov_(physicist)" title="Alexei Abrikosov (physicist)">Abrikosov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Leggett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Politzer</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wilczek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Glauber" title="Roy J. Glauber">Glauber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hall" title="John L. Hall">Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Hänsch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)">Kobayashi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Maskawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">Wineland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald" title="Arthur B. McDonald">McDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" title="David J. Thouless">Thouless</a> / <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Kosterlitz" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Peebles" title="Jim Peebles">Peebles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrea_M._Ghez" title="Andrea M. Ghez">Ghez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">L'Huillier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence" title="Template:Existential risk from artificial intelligence"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence" title="Template talk:Existential risk from artificial intelligence"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Existential risk from artificial intelligence"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">Existential risk</a> from <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence" title="Artificial general intelligence">AGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_alignment" title="AI alignment">AI alignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_capability_control" title="AI capability control">AI capability control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_safety" title="AI safety">AI safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_takeover" title="AI takeover">AI takeover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_accelerationism" title="Effective accelerationism">Effective accelerationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Ethics of artificial intelligence">Ethics of artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">Existential risk from artificial general intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendly_artificial_intelligence" title="Friendly artificial intelligence">Friendly artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_convergence" title="Instrumental convergence">Instrumental convergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_explosion" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence explosion">Intelligence explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longtermism" title="Longtermism">Longtermism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_ethics" title="Machine ethics">Machine ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering_risks" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffering risks">Suffering risks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superintelligence" title="Superintelligence">Superintelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">Technological singularity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alignment_Research_Center" title="Alignment Research Center">Alignment Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_AI_Safety" title="Center for AI Safety">Center for AI Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Applied_Rationality" title="Center for Applied Rationality">Center for Applied Rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Human-Compatible_Artificial_Intelligence" title="Center for Human-Compatible Artificial Intelligence">Center for Human-Compatible Artificial Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_the_Study_of_Existential_Risk" title="Centre for the Study of Existential Risk">Centre for the Study of Existential Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EleutherAI" title="EleutherAI">EleutherAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Humanity_Institute" title="Future of Humanity Institute">Future of Humanity Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Life_Institute" title="Future of Life Institute">Future of Life Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_DeepMind" title="Google DeepMind">Google DeepMind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanity%2B" title="Humanity+">Humanity+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Ethics_and_Emerging_Technologies" title="Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies">Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverhulme_Centre_for_the_Future_of_Intelligence" title="Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence">Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_Intelligence_Research_Institute" title="Machine Intelligence Research Institute">Machine Intelligence Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI">OpenAI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slate_Star_Codex" title="Slate Star Codex">Scott Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Altman" title="Sam Altman">Sam Altman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshua_Bengio" title="Yoshua Bengio">Yoshua Bengio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Bostrom" title="Nick Bostrom">Nick Bostrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Christiano_(researcher)" title="Paul Christiano (researcher)">Paul Christiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Eric_Drexler" title="K. Eric Drexler">Eric Drexler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Harris" title="Sam Harris">Sam Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Hendrycks" title="Dan Hendrycks">Dan Hendrycks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Geoffrey Hinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Joy" title="Bill Joy">Bill Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shane_Legg" title="Shane Legg">Shane Legg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Omohundro" title="Steve Omohundro">Steve Omohundro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huw_Price" title="Huw Price">Huw Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees" title="Martin Rees">Martin Rees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_J._Russell" title="Stuart J. Russell">Stuart J. Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaan_Tallinn" title="Jaan Tallinn">Jaan Tallinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Tegmark" title="Max Tegmark">Max Tegmark</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frank Wilczek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Yampolskiy" title="Roman Yampolskiy">Roman Yampolskiy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_Yudkowsky" title="Eliezer Yudkowsky">Eliezer Yudkowsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statement_on_AI_risk_of_extinction" title="Statement on AI risk of extinction">Statement on AI risk of extinction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_Compatible" title="Human Compatible">Human Compatible</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_letter_on_artificial_intelligence_(2015)" title="Open letter on artificial intelligence (2015)">Open letter on artificial intelligence (2015)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Final_Invention" title="Our Final Invention">Our Final Invention</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Precipice:_Existential_Risk_and_the_Future_of_Humanity" title="The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity">The Precipice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Superintelligence:_Paths,_Dangers,_Strategies" title="Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies">Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Do_You_Trust_This_Computer%3F" title="Do You Trust This Computer?">Do You Trust This Computer?</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_Act" title="Artificial Intelligence Act">Artificial Intelligence Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" title="Category:Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Templeton_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Templeton_Prize_Laureates" title="Template:Templeton Prize Laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Templeton_Prize_Laureates" title="Template talk:Templeton Prize Laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Templeton_Prize_Laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Templeton Prize Laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Templeton_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Templeton_Prize#Laureates" title="Templeton Prize">Templeton Prize laureates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brother_Roger" title="Brother Roger">Brother Roger</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Joseph_Suenens" title="Leo Joseph Suenens">Leo Josef Suenens</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiara_Lubich" title="Chiara Lubich">Chiara Lubich</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Torrance" title="Thomas F. Torrance">Thomas F. Torrance</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikky%C5%8D_Niwano" title="Nikkyō Niwano">Nikkyō Niwano</a> (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Wendell_Burhoe" title="Ralph Wendell Burhoe">Ralph Wendell Burhoe</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicely_Saunders" title="Cicely Saunders">Cicely Saunders</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keston_Institute" title="Keston Institute">Michael Bourdeaux</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alister_Hardy" title="Alister Hardy">Alister Hardy</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I._McCord" title="James I. McCord">James I. McCord</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Jaki" title="Stanley Jaki">Stanley Jaki</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inamullah_Khan" title="Inamullah Khan">Inamullah Khan</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker">Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker</a> & <a href="/wiki/George_MacLeod" title="George MacLeod">George MacLeod</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Amte" title="Baba Amte">Baba Amte</a> & <a href="/wiki/Charles_Birch" title="Charles Birch">Charles Birch</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Jakobovits,_Baron_Jakobovits" title="Immanuel Jakobovits, Baron Jakobovits">Immanuel Jakobovits</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyung-Chik_Han" title="Kyung-Chik Han">Kyung-Chik Han</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Charles Colson</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Novak" title="Michael Novak">Michael Novak</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Davies" title="Paul Davies">Paul Davies</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Bright" title="Bill Bright">Bill Bright</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Shastri_Athavale" title="Pandurang Shastri Athavale">Pandurang Shastri Athavale</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Sternberg" title="Sigmund Sternberg">Sigmund Sternberg</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Barbour" title="Ian Barbour">Ian Barbour</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson">Freeman Dyson</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Peacocke" title="Arthur Peacocke">Arthur Peacocke</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Polkinghorne" title="John Polkinghorne">John Polkinghorne</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmes_Rolston_III" title="Holmes Rolston III">Holmes Rolston III</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._R._Ellis" title="George F. R. Ellis">George F. R. Ellis</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles H. Townes</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Barrow" title="John D. Barrow">John D. Barrow</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Charles Taylor</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Heller" title="Michał Heller">Michał Heller</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_d%27Espagnat" title="Bernard d'Espagnat">Bernard d'Espagnat</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_J._Ayala" title="Francisco J. Ayala">Francisco J. Ayala</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees" title="Martin Rees">Martin Rees</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Hal%C3%ADk" title="Tomáš Halík">Tomáš Halík</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Vanier" title="Jean Vanier">Jean Vanier</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Sacks,_Baron_Sacks" title="Jonathan Sacks, Baron Sacks">Jonathan Sacks</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_II_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah II of Jordan">Abdullah II of Jordan</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Gleiser" title="Marcelo Gleiser">Marcelo Gleiser</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Collins" title="Francis Collins">Francis Collins</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Goodall" title="Jane Goodall">Jane Goodall</a> (2021)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frank Wilczek</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edna_Adan_Ismail" title="Edna Adan Ismail">Edna Adan Ismail</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107450#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107450#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107450#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109202854">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/84241989">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJw4FgxtMhTXRrgkymkbh3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/131653369">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86010219">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12978658b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12978658b">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01185395">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=js20051114020&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4871768">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073950106">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90367357">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000258104&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000573304&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201849423">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/dbqswvtx0ghz94k">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810555437005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007279575405171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058581053906706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03524777?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6489-6155">ORCID</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=94768">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:wilczek.frank-a">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dblp.org/pid/84/5570">DBLP</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/182900">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/131653369">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/057070245">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6s02015">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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