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class="section__heading" id="auteur"> <span>Author Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-apercu" class="definition-section-title">Definition</h3> <div class="crayon article-chapo-101570 apercu surlignable"><p>An administered price is one that is imposed by the state or a state institution in place of a price to be set by the market. It is a requirement imposed on undertakings by governments or other public authorities. Such prices are usually driven by the intentions of regulators to remedy/prevent market failures and similar situations, which are likely to lead to undesirable macroeconomic and non-economic consequences. The prices prescribed imperatively by the public authorities, obscure microeconomic analysis as they are driven by the incentives, which are hard to internalise into equilibrium modelling. The instances of administrated prices are common and hardly avoidable as they are usually legally valid and have strong societal legitimacy appeal. For competition law, administered prices are the exogenous factors, which are capable of changing the outcomes of the assessment of anticompetitive practices.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-texte" class="definition-section-title">Commentary</h3> <div class="crayon article-texte-101570 texte surlignable"><p>Administered (regulated) prices are prices for goods and services imposed on undertakings by public authorities. Also, the term may refer to prices in oligopolistic markets not responding to short-run fluctuations – unlike genuinely market prices, which react to changes in demand and supply. In this sense, administered prices may (but do not necessarily have to) be seen as the instances requiring antitrust intervention. In the latter sense, the prices are imposed by oligopolies, not by public authorities. This line of reasoning is not considered in the present analysis.</p> <p>One of the foundational assumptions in theories measuring the performance of economic competition is that <a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/dictionary/price">prices</a>for products and services are defined by internal market processes. Such a freedom of exchange is an essential condition, which allows making substantiated conclusions about the objective economic benefits of the transactions. The price, defined by the market supply and demand forces, is one of the central parameters of competition law, economics and policy. Clearly, no agreement and no transaction in the markets are driven and defined by the autonomous wills of the private agents exclusively. Numerous external constraints and factors always have some impact on the purity of the modelling. As long as these constraints to the freedom of exchange are minor, contextual and indirect, the prices are yet assumed to be free, and the external impact is internalised into the equation, allowing a meaningful assumption of the accuracy of the equilibrium analysis.</p> <p>The situation becomes fundamentally different if prices for specific products and services become regulated by the government. Such practices are systemic in the countries with planned economy. These societies do not rely on competition as the main driving force of growth, innovation and income generation. Instead, the main coordination and distribution function is assigned to the public authorities. Economic competition is seen in such countries as either suboptimal or harmful outright, and as such not requiring any particular measuring. These jurisdictions are excluded from the present analysis. The discussion of the administrated prices is important only for countries, in which such situation is not a rule but an exception from the ordinary approach to pricing. It is particularly relevant for the countries with hybrid elements of planned and market economy as such administered pricing may be used by the governments of these countries as the main mechanism of dirigistic interventions.</p> <p>To a different extent, all economies have either specific situations or entire sectors, requiring an administration of prices by public authorities. This could be a prescription to keep a minimum price, prohibiting going below (as would be the case in instances of protecting small and medium size producers in the markets dominated by much bigger companies capable to decrease price without operating at a loss). In other situations, the regulators may, on the contrary, require keeping a maximum price, prohibiting going above (as would be the case with some natural monopolies, essential food supply or for example opportunistic price gouging during major societal turbulences). Unlike the previous scenario, capping the prices to an imposed maximum is a measure envisaged to benefit primarily not competitors but consumers. Formally, instances of both minimum and maximum price administration allow the markets to compete on price within the permitted parameters (selling at higher price in cases of minimum price requirements or at lower in cases of maximum price requirements). There are also situations when price is set in absolute terms, allowing no deviation from the prescribed nominal. This could be the case with assigning the price for a specific pharmaceutical product or any other product or service in specific cases of public interest. On the temporal dimension the measures of administrating prices may vary from being ad hoc to permanent.</p> <p>The phenomenon of administered prices is different from a phonetically similar practice of price maintenance. The former concerns situations when prices are imposed on the market players by public authorities, while the latter is related to the same cap established by the market players themselves and imposed by a stronger market player on its economically weaker counteragents. The former is an external factor, which may be taken into consideration during competition law analysis. The latter constitutes one of the central economic problems addressed by competition law. Similarly, administrated prices are different from the practice of price fixing, which constitutes a substance of anticompetitive agreement between market players, and alongside price maintenance is one of the most common instances of infringing the provisions of competition law. Price maintenance takes place vertically between producers and distributors. Price fixing takes place horizontally, between competitors. At the level of unilateral conduct, various forms of price discrimination constitute the core of all of price-abusive practices.</p> <p>There is a difference between administered prices imposed by a regulator charged with the task of doing so and prices as a result of competition law intervention. The former scenario concerns proactive price policy, aiming to regulate administratively a specific sector of the economy. The latter situation has a different rationale, aiming primarily at remedying the consequences of an anticompetitive conduct. These remedies are relatively rare, and the pecuniary aspects of these interventions are of the secondary nature. The primarily purpose of this aspect of administered prices is bringing the infringement (or its consequences) to an end.</p> <p>Administered prices are common in the EU Member States, and not so much in the US. In the context of the EU, the phenomenon has also an important implication on establishing and functioning of the Internal Market (ANODE, 2016), as it may hinder market integration as well as have direct impact on EU trade with third countries. Another layer of complexity is added by the instances of practicing price administration by the EU itself (e.g. ‘Roaming Regulation’ or EU Common Agricultural Policy). Giving the strong interdependency between the goals of competition and market integration policies, the negative impact on the protection of either or both is often hard to distinguish.</p> <p>If leading to or imposed in conjunction with an anticompetitive behaviour, administered prices usually serve as a circumstance mitigating the severity of competition infringement. The fact that the restriction is to a different degree linked with the state interference into the market process, may lead to the softening of the liability of the infringer. Particularly, if applied in conjunction with Art 4(3) TEU, imposing upon all EU Member States a duty of sincere cooperation. Depending on the level of autonomy, the undertaking is left with under a specific administered pricing order, the liability may shift from the undertaking to the Member State (Van Eycke v ASPA, 1988): the bigger the autonomy and the room for manoeuvre are left for the undertaking, the higher its liability would be; the stricter the public imperative, the softer the liability (API and Others, 2014).</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-jurisprudence" class="definition-section-title">Case references</h3> <div class="crayon article-reference-101570 reference"><p><a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/FR/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A61986CJ0267" class="spip_out" rel="external">Case C-267/86 Van Eycke v ASPA ECLI:EU:C:1988:427.</a></p> <p><a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/GA/TXT/?uri=CELEX:62008CC0058" class="spip_out" rel="external">Opinion of Advocate General Poiares Maduro in Case C-58/08 Vodafone EU:C:2009:596.</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2014/The-EU-Court-of-Justice-rules-that-70052">Cases C-184 to 187, 194, 195 & 208/13 API and Others ECLI:EU:C:2014:2147.</a></p> <p><a href="https://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?num=C-333/14" class="spip_out" rel="external">Case C-33/14 Scotch Whisky Association and Others v Lord Advocate and Advocate General for Scotland, EU:C:2015:845.</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/review/issues/no-4-2016/case-comments/energy-the-court-of-justice-of-the-european-union-adopts-an-interesting">Case C-121/15 ANODE EU:C:2016:637</a></p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-biblio" class="definition-section-title">Bibliography</h3> <div class="crayon article-ps-101570 jurisprudence"><p>Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union, OJ C 326, 2012.</p> <p>Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, OJ C 326, 2012.</p> <p>Regulation 717/2007 of 27 June 2007 on roaming on public mobile telephone networks within the Community and amending Directive 2002/21/EC, OJ L171/32, 2007.</p> <p>Regulation 1308/2013 of 17 December 2013 establishing a common organisation of the markets in agricultural products and repealing Council Regulations (EEC) No 922/72, (EEC) No 234/79, (EC) No 1037/2001 and (EC) No 1234/2007, OJ L347/671, 2013.</p> <p>Niamh Dunne, ‘Regulating Prices in the European Union’, Yearbook of European Law, Vol. 37, No. 1, 2018, pp. 344–394.</p> <p>George Stigler, ‘Administered Prices and Oligopolistic Inflation’, The Journal of Business Vol. 35, No. 1, 1962, pp. 1–13. John Vickers, ‘Regulation, Competition and the Structure of Prices’, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Vol. 13, No. 1, 1997, pp. 15–26.</p> <p>David Storer, Ethel Teljeur, ‘Regulated Prices: Is the Process Right? An Analysis of Administered Prices in South Africa’, Executive Report for National Treasury of South Africa, 2003.</p> <p>‘Price Controls and Competition Law During Covid-19 In Latin America’ Report, 2020.</p> <p>Angus MacCulloch, ‘State Intervention in Pricing: An Intersection Of EU Free Movement and Competition Law’, European Law Review, Vol. 42, No. 2, 2017, pp. 190–207.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_definition sticky-top" id="definition-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/administered-prices#part-apercu" data-target="#part-apercu">Definition</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/administered-prices#part-texte" data-target="#part-texte">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/administered-prices#part-jurisprudence" data-target="#part-jurisprudence">Case references</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/administered-prices#part-biblio" data-target="#part-biblio">Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Author</h2> <div class="auteurs"> <ul class="liste-items liste-items-well"> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/auteurs/oles-andriychuk" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH100/auton47381-9dc53.png?1712054500) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Oles Andriychuk</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">University of Exeter</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">United Kingdom</span> <span class="articles"><em>10</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>28402</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> </ul> </div> <div class="well citation"> <h2>Quotation</h2> <article class="entry article article-dictionary hentry"> <span class="authors">Oles Andriychuk, </span> <span class="entry-title">Administered prices</span><span class="rubrique"><span class="sep">, </span> Global Dictionary of Competition Law, Concurrences, Art. N° 85393</span> </article> </div> <div class="well stats"> <p><i class="picto picto-eye"></i> <b>Visits</b> <em class="number">3703</em></p> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="institution"> <span>Institution Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="crayon article-texte-85393 texte surlignable"><p>Administered prices are prices set by firms that do not vary in response to short-run fluctuations in demand and supply conditions. This price rigidity has been viewed by some economists as arising from the exercise of market power. Various research studies have been conducted attempting to link administered prices to concentration and inflation. What emerges from the findings is that there are differences across industries (and across countries) in the degree of price flexibility which simple models of market clearing cannot fully explain. However, researchers have been confronted with serious measurement difficulties, notably the fact that official price indices often do not reflect price discounts. (...)</p> <p><strong>©</strong> <abbr class="spip_out" rel="external" title='Dead link'><strong>OECD</strong></abbr></p></div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"></aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_references scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <section class="subsection subsection_jurisprudence related-section related-jurisprudence scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-jurisprudence"> <span id="references">Case Comments</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yV/QhWtpygOp5Unw2Eznc0I+zQzvF82q8jjqNM6W+L63+r3vurBoiOiO+IBETTkjeESxtns83ngCmLc+ma+bkV5o8jWLqUWBy2oC38iPcyZQoqBqGrNXPjW0Dvy1+/gt3U+5PTQZToW3qXsUJ0bEO8J4qYbc1b3xrDXfpuBl2puVRXzjWWB73Esa3YbvrA05anLEPRSXjk/yYk9sV8vjxT8mcCU7AMvGLqRLPRGZCmkTmb6UL/axNze+9y/0B4q7Xfo2Kgw2b/KR+bGY73n/5fxA1+F8+pnnGGhNviEO5u+Ok1aqDkrN/4yu6CSUTVCkHWmYVjcPgYNViHTXiGtKzOE69onjg==' data-origin="//en/dictionary/administered-prices"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/german-competition-authority">German Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/preview/bundeskartellamt-publishes-2023-24-market-power-report-on-the-electricity" rel="bookmark">The German Competition Authority publishes its Market Power Report on the electricity generation sector for 2023/24</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-24T23:00:00Z">25 November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-122073 introduction entry-content"> <p>Bundeskartellamt publishes 2023/24 Market Power Report on the electricity generation sector* <br class='autobr' /> The Bundeskartellamt has today published its fifth Market Power Report describing the conditions of competition in the generation of electricity. The report analyses the market power situation in the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/Jorge-Padilla">Jorge Padilla</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Ian-Small">Ian Small</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Thilo-Klein">Thilo Klein</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/paul-reynolds-117041">Paul Reynolds</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/preview/comments-on-the-mobile-telecoms-sections-of-the-european-commission-s-report-on" rel="bookmark">The EU Commission publishes a report exploring aspects of the state of competition in the EU</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-20T23:00:00Z">21 November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121988 introduction entry-content"> <p>Abstract <br class='autobr' /> This paper reviews an empirical study of the impact of market concentration on prices and investment in retail mobile communications markets set out in “Exploring aspects of the state of competition in the EU”, a study commissioned by the European Commission. The study finds that a (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/uk-competition-authority">UK Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/preview/tribunal-fines-drug-firms-l69m-for-excessive-pricing-after-cma-investigation" rel="bookmark">The UK Competition Appeal Tribunal fines 2 pharmaceutical companies £69M for charging excessive prices for key epilepsy medicine <em>(Pfizer / Flynn)</em> </a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-19T23:00:00Z">20 November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121960 introduction entry-content"> <p>Tribunal fines drug firms £69m for excessive pricing after CMA investigation* <br class='autobr' /> Firms which raised prices for key epilepsy medicine – causing NHS costs to soar to £50 million – found by the CAT to have breached competition law. In a judgment handed down today, the CAT found that Pfizer and (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/german-competition-authority">German Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/november-2024/the-german-competition-authority-allows-an-advertising-firm-and-a-media-company" rel="bookmark">The German Competition Authority allows an advertising firm and a media company to jointly market advertising space <em>(AdAlliance / Bauer)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-10T23:00:00Z">11 November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121701 introduction entry-content"> <p>Bundeskartellamt allows AdAlliance and Bauer to jointly market advertising space* <br class='autobr' /> The Bundeskartellamt has no objections at this point in time to the plans by Heinrich Bauer Verlag KG (Bauer) and AdAlliance GmbH (AdAlliance), which belongs to RTL Deutschland, to jointly market Bauer’s (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/us-department-of-justice-antitrust-division">US Department of Justice Antitrust Division</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/november-2024/the-us-court-of-appeals-for-the-first-circuit-affirms-the-blocking-of-2-major" rel="bookmark">The US Court of Appeals for the First Circuit affirms the blocking of 2 major airlines’ non-compete agreements in the Northeast <em>(American Airlines / JetBlue)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-07T23:00:00Z">8 November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121702 introduction entry-content"> <p>U.S. Court of Appeals Affirms Justice Department’s Victory Protecting Airline Competition* <br class='autobr' /> The U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit today affirmed the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts’ ruling in favor of the Justice Department and the Attorneys General of six states (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/new-zealand-competition-authority">New Zealand Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/november-2024/the-new-zealand-competition-authority-files-proceedings-against-a-plasterboard" rel="bookmark">The New Zealand Competition Authority files proceedings against a plasterboard manufacturer for anticompetitive rebates <em>(Winstone Wallboards)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-31T23:00:00Z">1 November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121454 introduction entry-content"> <p>The Commerce Commission has filed proceedings under sections 27 and 36 of the Commerce Act in the Auckland High Court against Winstone Wallboards, a subsidiary of Fletcher Building that manufactures and supplies GIB-branded plasterboard. The Commission alleges that Winstone’s use of retroactive (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/canadian-competition-bureau-84000">Canadian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2024/the-canadian-competition-authority-recommends-local-governments-consider" rel="bookmark">The Canadian Competition Authority recommends local governments consider permitting the sale of pet medicines by pharmacists</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-29T23:00:00Z">30 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121466 introduction entry-content"> <p>Competition Bureau recommends increasing competition in the sale of pet medication* <br class='autobr' /> Mandating the supply of pet medication to pharmacists would improve competition and consumer choice. <br class='autobr' /> In recent years, more Canadians have brought pets into their homes. But Canadians’ choice of where to fill (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Finnish-Competition-and-Consumer-43771">Finnish Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2024/the-finnish-market-court-fines-a-dairy-company-eur600k-for-breaching-a" rel="bookmark">The Finnish Market Court fines a dairy company €600K for breaching a condition set for the approval of its acquisition of a food service wholesaler <em>(Valio)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-29T23:00:00Z">30 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121468 introduction entry-content"> <p>The Market Court imposed a penalty payment of 600,000 euros on Valio for breaching a condition set for the approval of the Heinon Tukku acquisition* <br class='autobr' /> In its decision of 30 October 2024, the Market Court imposed a penalty payment of 600,000 euros on Valio. The Market Court agreed with the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/turkish-competition-authority-20394">Turkish Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2024/the-turkish-competition-authority-agrees-a-settlement-with-a-homecare-products" rel="bookmark">The Turkish Competition Authority agrees a settlement with a homecare products maker including a substantial fine for resale price maintenance <em>(Koroplast)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-15T22:00:00Z">16 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121641 introduction entry-content"> <p>Koroplast fined around 31 million TL in an investigation concluded with a settlement.* <br class='autobr' /> The investigation launched in accordance with the Competition Board decision dated 27.06.2024 and numbered 24-27/644-M in order to determine whether Koroplast Temizlik ve Ambalaj Ürünleri Sanayi ve Dış (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/wilmer-hale">Wilmer Hale</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/january-2002/the-german-supreme-court-rules-against-a-leading-supermarket-retailer-in-a" rel="bookmark">The German Supreme Court rules against a leading supermarket retailer in a below-cost pricing case <em>(Walmart)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-14T11:02:19Z">14 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120495 introduction entry-content"> <p>In November 2000, we reported on the German Federal Cartel Office (“FCO”) decision requiring Wal-Mart to increase its prices in Germany for certain basic food items (such as milk, margarine, and sugar) that Wal-Mart had sold below its purchase cost. Wal-Mart thereafter appealed the decision to (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/henrik-ballebye-okholm">Henrik Ballebye Okholm</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/stephanie-spahn">Stephanie Spahn</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/trine-kaerskund-norgaard">Trine Kærslund Nørgaard</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/victor-ahlqvist">Victor Ahlqvist</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/kalle-kantanen">Kalle Kantanen</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/special-issues/nordic-competition-law/nordic-competition-law-an-overview-of-eu-and-national-case-law" rel="bookmark">Nordic Competition Law: An overview of EU and national case law</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-10T22:00:00Z">11 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120650 introduction entry-content"><p>Public enforcement of competition law in the Nordic countries has remained active with several recent in-depth merger inquiries, antitrust investigations, and State aid cases. The authorities have further investigated markets viewed as susceptible to competition concerns through market studies; for example, the groceries market has been under examination across the region. The Nordic countries share common policy objectives as manifested through recently proposed or already implemented legislative amendments, which give authorities powers to call in potentially problematic below-threshold mergers and to remedy competition concerns on the back of self-initiated market investigations. This article is based on interviews with Danish, Finnish, and Icelandic national competition authorities and prominent competition law practitioners from law firms in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden, covering developments over the past 12 months.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Estonian-Competition-Authority">Estonian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2024/the-estonian-competition-authority-issues-a-precept-to-a-waste-management" rel="bookmark">The Estonian Competition Authority issues a precept to a waste management company regarding the prices set for the additional service of waste transport <em>(Eesti Keskkonnateenused)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-06T22:00:00Z">7 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121633 introduction entry-content"> <p>The Competition Authority issued a precept to Eesti Keskkonnateenused AS regarding the prices set for the additional service of waste transport* <br class='autobr' /> The Competition Authority issued a precept to Eesti Keskkonnateenused AS, requiring a reduction in the price set for manual transport of containers (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/emma-ghanem">Emma Ghanem</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gavin-murphy">Gavin Murphy</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2024/the-canadian-competition-authority-obtains-court-orders-to-assist-in-its" rel="bookmark">The Canadian Competition Authority obtains court orders to assist in its examination of the domestic airline industry</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-02T22:00:00Z">3 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121437 introduction entry-content"> <p>Canada’s Commissioner of Competition (‘Commissioner’), who is assisted in the administration and enforcement of the Competition Act (‘Act’) by the Competition Bureau (‘Bureau’), obtained two court orders from the Federal Court of Canada (‘court’) on 2 October 2024. The orders require Air (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/australian-competition-authority">Australian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2024/the-australian-competition-authority-moves-its-supermarket-inquiry-into-the" rel="bookmark">The Australian Competition Authority moves its supermarket inquiry into the next phase after hearing consumer and supplier concerns</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-26T22:00:00Z">27 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120786 introduction entry-content"> <p>ACCC Supermarkets Inquiry moves into next phase after hearing consumer and supplier concerns* <br class='autobr' /> Many Australian consumers and grocery suppliers have told the ACCC they are concerned that some of Australia’s supermarket retailers have considerable market power and are engaging in practices which (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/spanish-competition-authority">Spanish Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2024/the-spanish-competition-authority-opens-infringement-proceedings-against-a-bar" rel="bookmark">The Spanish Competition Authority opens infringement proceedings against a bar association for potentially breaching a resolution on pricing practices <em>(Colegio de la Abogacía de Barcelona)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-26T22:00:00Z">27 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120791 introduction entry-content"> <p>The CNMC opens infringement proceedings against the Barcelona Bar Association (ICAB)* It allegedly recommended once again prices in breach not only of the Law on Competition Defence (LDC), but also of two resolutions of the CNMC from 2018 and 2020. The ICAB and eight other Bar Associations have (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><a id='pagination_articles_related' class='pagination_ancre'></a> <ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/administered-prices?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsection_articles related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-articles"> <span>Articles</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yVjQxWtuyhvcafceInwIdBmnkT/yVWcSNmf58YgOA1M31f+SD3KE50VynWHnbsQrV9BrlEEXFMSsfHjr6k1IJz22vBW+RN8k9y83nARdPy7QoqBSEvNXMDWkXsY67cNb38+SBfSVTommpLkUN0bmgQgaY+swUSAH8fXpmgkyCKPVvXz4efZour6CfuORBjsY58fR2IFTz7rmhDOJ/vytwY9gkTBwiQJ065OijgGfaPm9BV6/y1o3PQvfMR4nNlYrEdm8FlWQmLh8ou71sY1NeXjHd35jnLPPqCMaHuDe4H9iTJLFT5NSPK3n12DdZgYNxRUmSRK7hHMcgSTs4/gWg==' data-origin="//en/dictionary/administered-prices"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/university-of-oxford-centre-for-competition-law-and-policy">University of Oxford - Centre for Competition Law and Policy </a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2024/conferences/trends-in-retail-competition-private-labels-brands-and-competition-policy-st-121728" rel="bookmark">Trends in retail competition: Private labels, brands and competition policy (St Catherine’s College Oxford, 14 June 2024)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121728 introduction entry-content"> <p>Held on 14th June at St Catherine’s College, the nineteenth Oxford Symposium explored the intersections of competition policy, branded and private label products, and retail. The recent rise in input costs, causing rapid consumer price inflation, dominated the morning discussions. Panels (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/pierre-boyadjian">Pierre Boyadjian</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/geraldine-rousset">Géraldine Rousset</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-4-2024/legal-practice/the-control-of-control-the-jurisprudence-of-the-conseil-d-etat-regarding-the" rel="bookmark">The control of control: The jurisprudence of the Conseil d’État regarding the prohibition of merger operations</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121873 introduction entry-content"> <p>In two decisions handed down in 2022 and 2024, the Conseil d’État (French Supreme Administrative Court) validated the first two merger prohibition decisions issued by the French Competition Authority in the Soditroy and SPMR cases. This article offers a cross-analysis of these two decisions, (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/stephane-retterer">Stephane Retterer</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2024/foreword/competition-in-small-island-economies-in-oceania-what-regulatory-tools" rel="bookmark">Competition in small island economies in Oceania: What regulatory tools?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119106 introduction entry-content"> <p>The South Pacific small island economies, with their marvelous lagoons such as the ones in New Caledonia, are not a paradise for competition law. Indeed, New Caledonia’s Island economy, with only 270,000 inhabitants and the third-highest GDP per capita in the region after Australia and New (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/roger-alford">Roger Alford</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-2-2024/foreword/private-litigation-against-real-estate-commissions-is-one-of-the-biggest" rel="bookmark">Private litigation against real estate commissions is one of the biggest antitrust stories of the year</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-118412 introduction entry-content"> <p>One of the biggest stories in antitrust has nothing to do with Big Tech. It has nothing to do with artificial intelligence, or algorithms, or data security. It is not about the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the Digital Markets Act (DMA), or the failed American Innovation and Choice (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/petros-c-mavroidis">Petros C. Mavroidis</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/damien-neven-38490">Damien Neven</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2024/libres-propos/legitimate-objectives-in-antitrust-analysis-the-fifa-regulation-of-agents-and" rel="bookmark">Legitimate objectives in antitrust analysis: The FIFA regulation of agents and the right to regulate football in Europe</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-02-29T23:00:00Z">March 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-117111 introduction entry-content"> <p>Introductory remarks <br class='autobr' /> FIFA (Fédération internationale de football association) has adopted a new regulation of the market for the agents of players, the FIFA Football Agent Regulation (FFAR), in December 2022. Agents provide services to players as well as clubs primarily in the case of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/morgane-guignard-168552">Morgane Guignard</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/yann-delaprez-207357">Yann Delaprez</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2024/law-economics/effectiveness-of-horizontal-merger-remedies-in-vertical-markets" rel="bookmark">Effectiveness of horizontal merger remedies in vertical markets</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-02-29T23:00:00Z">March 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-116766 introduction entry-content"> <p>The article explores the effectiveness of divestitures as a remedy for upstream horizontal mergers in vertically related markets. We argue that competition authorities ignoring the asymmetric bargaining power between upstream and downstream firms when assessing the choice of the buyer of the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/david-evans">David Evans</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-1-2024/law-economics/the-economic-analysis-of-exclusive-contracts-in-two-sided-markets-federal-trade" rel="bookmark">The economic analysis of exclusive contracts in two-sided markets: <em>Federal Trade Commission v. Surescripts</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-02-29T23:00:00Z">March 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-116601 introduction entry-content"> <p>Over the past 15 years in the United States, electronic networks have largely replaced traditional methods for transmitting prescription and insurance information between healthcare stakeholders. The 2019 lawsuit by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission against Surescripts alleged monopolies (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/frederic-buy">Frédéric Buy</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/luc-marie-augagneur">Luc-Marie Augagneur</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/helen-coulibaly-le-gac">Helen Coulibaly-Le Gac</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/marie-doisy">Marie Doisy</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nicolas-ferrier">Nicolas Ferrier</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jean-christophe-grall">Jean-Christophe Grall</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/vincent-lorieul">Vincent Lorieul</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nathalie-petrignet">Nathalie Pétrignet</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2024/on-topic/descrozaille-or-egalim-3-law-commercial-relations-law-reformed-once-again" rel="bookmark">Descrozaille" or "EGalim 3" law: Commercial relations law reformed once again</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-02-29T23:00:00Z">March 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-117308 introduction entry-content"> <p>The Law of 30 March 2023 “tendant à renforcer l’équilibre dans les relations commerciales entre fournisseurs et distributeurs", so-called "loi Desrozaille" ou "loi Egalim 3", modifies in depth, and again, the French law governing the relationship between suppliers and retailers. The article (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/farouk-er-razki">Farouk Er-razki</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-1-2024/books/algorithms-collusion-and-competition-law-a-comparative-approach-117329" rel="bookmark">Algorithms, Collusion and Competition Law: A Comparative Approach</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-02-29T23:00:00Z">March 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-117329 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pierre-regibeau">Pierre Régibeau</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/oliver-latham">Oliver Latham</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-4-2023/interviews/pierre-regibeau-the-exit-interview" rel="bookmark">Pierre Régibeau (DG COMP) : The exit interview</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-114696 introduction entry-content"> <p>Interview conducted by Oliver Latham, Charles River Associates International, London <br class='autobr' /> ********** <br class='autobr' /> You’ve been chief economist through a period of big developments in competition policy. We have got the rise of New Brandeisian thinking in the US, a more muscular approach to merger enforcement (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/damiano-canapa">Damiano Canapa</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/valerio-torti">Valerio Torti</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2023/international/switzerland-the-proposed-article-5-1-bis-of-the-swiss-cartel-act-an-unnecessary" rel="bookmark">Switzerland: The proposed Article 5(1) <em>bis</em> of Cartel Act - An unnecessary distraction to weaken a fundamental law</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-114852 introduction entry-content"> <p>This contribution discusses the criticism and concerns raised by the proposed modification of Article 5 of the Swiss Federal Act on Cartels and other Restraints of Competition, which prohibits unlawful agreements affecting competition. This reform was proposed by the Swiss Federal Council on 24 (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/theodore-l-banks">Theodore Banks</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2021/livres/distribution-law-antitrust-principles-and-practice-ed-3-richard-whish-and-david" rel="bookmark">Distribution Law: Antitrust Principles and Practice (ed.3), Theodore BANKS</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-114797 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/maria-eugenia-garibotti">Maria Eugenia Garibotti</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/chanont-big-banternghansa">Chanont "Big" Banternghansa</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/kristof-zetenyi">Kristof Zetenyi</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2023/law-economics/efficiencies-in-the-second-score-auction-model" rel="bookmark">Efficiencies in the second-score auction model</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-112602 introduction entry-content"> <p>The second-score auction (SSA) model is often used to evaluate the potential competitive effects of a merger or acquisition involving markets in which sellers and buyers set individualized prices for products. This article discusses the interpretation and implementation of efficiencies in the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marjolein-de-backer">Marjolein De Backer</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alec-j-burnside">Alec J. Burnside</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/anton-hartl">Anton Hartl</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/simon-holmes">Simon Holmes</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/suzanne-kingston">Suzanne Kingston</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/alexander-koprivnikar">Alexander Koprivnikar</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/manish-mohan-govil">Manish Mohan Govil</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/siun-o-keeffe">Siún O’Keeffe</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/peter-georg-picht">Peter Georg Picht</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/elise-provost">Elise Provost</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nicole-rosenboom">Nicole Rosenboom</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/sahar-shamsi">Sahar Shamsi</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/khushi-singh">Khushi Singh</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/delphine-strohl">Delphine Strohl</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/ralph-taschke">Ralph Taschke</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-1-2023/on-topic/sustainability-and-competition-policy" rel="bookmark">Sustainability and competition policy</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-111069 introduction entry-content"> <p>The need to integrate sustainability considerations into all modern competition policies is more important than ever in the light of three factors: the effects of climate change becoming ever more apparent; inadequate policy and regulatory responses; and growing evidence that many businesses are (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/guillaume-dezobry">Guillaume Dezobry</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/alexandra-bonhomme">Alexandra Bonhomme</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/dominique-jamme">Dominique Jamme</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pierre-jeremie">Pierre Jérémie</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/laurent-joudon">Laurent Joudon</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/leigh-hancher">Leigh Hancher</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/michel-derdevet">Michel Derdevet</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/marjolaine-germain-letaleur">Marjolaine Germain Letaleur</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2023/on-topic/energy-and-competition" rel="bookmark">Energy and competition</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-111311 introduction entry-content"> <p>For almost eighteen months, Europe has been facing an unprecedented energy crisis. The massive increase in electricity and gas prices is threatening the competitiveness of industries and undermining the entire European economy. While the Member States have adopted temporary measures to limit the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/administered-prices?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-events"> <span>Events</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvQhWtuyjR679lUHrAjCGD87VjCx1MC627mMKC+4Pz7xjBO2mMSznl0qj+LghRiyg5AGYVKCVTZXusHPhIzLIJPisgv8XcfJbr6EHllUw/NhonMf8Z/KcdXXVZrVsdi3Q+pT5C3m/gmvn8drr3UA+7KRRYzL/1xpC+wb9JBaLEMceWpfrAA4J7WiKCEh/rfArPIOTzaDhx7ijpHb+VKPGhbVogkWviUxPyHVT/CGwfXUj6ULoswGQg7G/Pqwcu7Xfo2AX3DHt99PAjD8I47EjG+e+5OlyG5l5Zu3RwN5eL6q/OIlDFUjGThbpSp+JH0BXhTSu7PgatsAipuZDD8Q7iQCw=' data-origin="//en/dictionary/administered-prices"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/barbara-brandtner">Barbara Brandtner</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/sheldon-mills">Sheldon Mills</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/frederic-palomino-56121">Frederic Palomino</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/matthew-readings">Matthew Readings</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/daniela-bowry-blum">Daniela Bowry-Blum</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/financial-services-and-antitrust-a-live-update-with-dg-comp-and-uk-fca-96667" rel="bookmark">Financial Services and Antitrust: A live update with DG COMP and UK FCA</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-10-13T13:30:00Z">13 October 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-96667 introduction entry-content"><p>Webinar of the "Law & Economics" Series organised by Concurrences, in partnership with Compass Lexecon and Shearman & Sterling, with <a href="en/authors/daniela-bowry-blum" class="spip_in">Daniela Bowry-Blum</a> (Head of Competition, Santander), <a href="en/authors/barbara-brandtner" class="spip_in">Barbara Brandtner</a> (Head of Unit, Markets and cases III: Financial services - Antitrust: Payments systems, DG COMP), <a href="en/authors/sheldon-mills" class="spip_in">Sheldon Mills</a> (Interim Executive Director of Strategy & Competition, UK Financial Conduct Authority), <a href="en/authors/frederic-palomino-56121" class="spip_in">Frédéric Palomino</a> (Senior Vice President, Compass Lexecon) and <a href="en/authors/matthew-readings" class="spip_in">Matthew Readings</a> (Partner, Shearman & Sterling).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/mark-powell">Mark Powell</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nicholas-forwood">Nicholas Forwood</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/katarzyna-czapracka">Katarzyna Czapracka</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Thilo-Klein">Thilo Klein</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/the-general-court-s-ck-telecoms-ruling-is-three-the-new-magic-number-towards-a" rel="bookmark">The General Court’s CK Telecoms ruling: Is Three the New Magic Number? 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author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/paul-csiszar">Paul Csiszar</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/andrea-collart">Andrea Collart</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pascal-belmin">Pascal Belmin</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/luc-gyselen">Luc Gyselen</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/security-of-supply-chains-how-to-address-it-in-covid-19-and-beyond" rel="bookmark">Security of Supply Chains: How to address it in Covid-19 and beyond?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-06-29T13:30:00Z">29 June 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-95314 introduction entry-content"><p>Webinar of the "#NewAntitrust" Webinar Series organised by Concurrences, in partnership with Arnold & Porter and Avisa Partners, with <a href="en/authors/paul-csiszar" 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class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-04-17T13:30:00Z">17 April 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-94217 introduction entry-content"><p>Webinar of the "Quarantine Webinar Series" organised by Concurrences with <a href="en/auteur/Maria-Jaspers" class="spip_in">Maria Jaspers</a> (Head of the Antitrust Policy and Case Support Unit, DG COMP) and <a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2005/case-comments/The-French-NCA-holds-that-the" class="spip_in">Rainer Becker</a> (Head of the Antitrust: Pharma and Health services Unit, DG COMP).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/frederic-jenny">Frédéric Jenny</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/john-davies">John Davies</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/luc-gyselen">Luc Gyselen</a></span>, 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Mark Gidley</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/james-killick">James Killick</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Miguel-de-la-Mano">Miguel De La Mano</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/paul-csiszar">Paul Csiszar</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/dominance-in-the-pharma-sector-an-eu-us-perspective-83030" rel="bookmark">Dominance in the pharma sector - An EU/US Perspective </a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2016-04-12T10:00:00Z">12 April 2016</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-83030 introduction entry-content"><p>Conference organized by Concurrences Review in partnership with Compass Lexecon and White & Case.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn 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href="en/authors/antoine-chapsal">Antoine Chapsal</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/etienne-pfister">Etienne Pfister</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ombline-ancelin">Ombline Ancelin</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/vertical-restraints-what-s-new-82928" rel="bookmark">Vertical restraints: what’s new?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2015-02-13T11:00:00Z">13 February 2015</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-82928 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics workshop organized by Concurrences in partnership with Simmons & Simmons and MAPP.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/antoine-chapsal">Antoine Chapsal</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn 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Forrester | A Scot without Borders - Liber Amicorum - Volume II Should reverse payment patent settlements be prohibited per se? VALERIE MEUNIER AND JORGE PADILLA * Using the same competition test and counterfactual that has been used in the economic literature that is often cited to (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/barry-e-hawk">Barry E. 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Forrester | A Scot without Borders - Liber Amicorum - Volume I Pre-lunch oration from Saturday 27 th June 2009 (The day after the award of his LLD by the University of Glasgow) COLIN MACKAY My Lords, La dies and Gentlem en… I'd l ike to say a few words about m y old and dear friend, Ian (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class="pagination more"><a id='pagination_chapitres' class='pagination_ancre'></a> <ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/administered-prices?debut_chapitres=15#pagination_chapitres' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_related sticky-top" id="related-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/administered-prices#related-jurisprudence" data-target="#related-jurisprudence">Case Comments</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/administered-prices#related-articles" 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href="//en/dictionary/administered-prices#s" data-anchor="#s">s</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/administered-prices#t" data-anchor="#t">t</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/administered-prices#u" data-anchor="#u">u</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/administered-prices#v" data-anchor="#v">v</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/administered-prices#w" data-anchor="#w">w</a> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="a"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">a</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/absolute-territorial-protection">Absolute territorial protection </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-dominant-position-en">Abuse of dominant position</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-economic-dependence">Abuse of economic dependence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/access-to-the-file-en">Access to the file</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/actual-competitor">Actual competitor </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/administered-prices">Administered prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/advisory-committee-118302">Advisory committee</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agent-en">Agent</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agreement-notion-en">Agreement (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ai-collusion-algorithm">AI Collusion (Algorithm)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/AKZO-Procedure">AKZO Procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/amicus-curiae">Amicus curiae</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints">Ancillary restraints </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/annulment">Annulment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-market-distortions">Anticompetitive Market Distortions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en">Anticompetitive object or effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-practices">Anticompetitive practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Antitrust">Antitrust</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/applicable-law">Applicable law</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/arbitration">Arbitration</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/article-11-letter">Article 11 letter </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/aec-as-efficient-competitor-principle-and-test">As-Efficient Competitor (AEC)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="b"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">b</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/barriers-to-entry-en">Barriers to entry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bertrand-nash-equilibrium">Bertrand (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bid-rigging">Bid rigging</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/block-exemption-regulation">Block exemption (Regulation) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/boycott">Boycott</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/brand-competition-en">Brand competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bundling">Bundling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/burden-of-proof">Burden of proof</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/buyer-power">Buyer power </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="c"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">c</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/cartel">Cartel </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/clearance-phase-ii-merger">Clearance phase II (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collecting-society">Collecting society </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-dominance">Collective dominance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-redress-class-action">Collective redress (class action)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/comity">Comity </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/commission-communication">Commission communication</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competence">Competence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competition-policy-89181">Competition policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/complaint">Complaint </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Compliance-programme">Compliance programme </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/compulsory-license">Compulsory license</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concentration-indexes-en">Concentration indexes</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concerted-practices-en">Concerted practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concession-86056">Concession</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concurrent-jurisdiction">Concurrent jurisdiction</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Consortium-12192">Consortium </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumer-protection">Consumer protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en">Consumers’ associations</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-change">Control (change)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-notion">Control (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cooperation-between-competition-authorities-en">Cooperation between competition authorities</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/coordinated-effects">Coordinated effects</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/copyright">Copyright</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corruption">Corruption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cost-based-access">Cost-based access</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cournot-nash-equilibrium">Cournot (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/criminal-sanctions">Criminal sanctions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cross-subsidisation">Cross subsidisation </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="d"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">d</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/damages">Damages</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/de-minimis-notice">De minimis notice</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/digital-markets-act">Digital Markets Act</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/direct-effect">Direct effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices">Discriminatory practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/distribution-agreement">Distribution agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/divestiture">Divestiture</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/dominance-notion">Dominance (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/downstream-market-117440">Downstream market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="e"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">e</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/echr">ECHR</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-analysis">Economic analysis</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-efficiency">Economic efficiency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economies-of-scale">Economies of scale </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ecosystem-failures">Ecosystem Failures</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effect-on-trade-between-member-states">Effect on trade between Member States</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effective-judicial-protection">Effective judicial protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effects-doctrine-118100">Effects doctrine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court">EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) & Court </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en">Environmental protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/error-costs-108946">Error costs</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/essential-facility">Essential facility</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en">European Competition Network (ECN)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en">Excessive prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exchange-of-information">Exchanges of information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusionary-practice">Exclusionary practice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exclusive-distribution-12218">Exclusive distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-purchasing-en">Exclusive purchasing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-right-art-106-tfeu">Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusivity-clause">Exclusivity clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exhaustion">Exhaustion </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Extra-territoriality">Extra-territoriality</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="f"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">f</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Failing-firm-defence">Failing firm defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fidelity-rebates">Fidelity rebates</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Fine">Fine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fintech">Fintech</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreclosure-117887">Foreclosure</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-direct-investment-fdi">Foreign direct investment (FDI)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-subsidies">Foreign Subsidies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/form-co">Form CO (EU) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/frand">FRAND</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Free-riding">Free riding </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="g"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">g</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/geographic-market">Geographic market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corporate-group">Group of undertakings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization">Group purchasing organization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/guidelines-119080">Guidelines</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/gun-jumping">Gun jumping</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="h"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">h</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions">Hard core restrictions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Hearing-officer">Hearing officer </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/horizontal-agreement">Horizontal cooperation agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/hsr-filing-us-108854">HSR Filing (US)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="i"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">i</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/independence-and-impartiality">Independence and impartiality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/individual-exemption-86377">Individual exemption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/industrial-policy">Industrial policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en">Intellectual property right</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/inter-brand-competition">Inter-brand competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Interim-measures">Interim measures </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-co-operation">International co-operation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-competition-network-icn">International competition network (ICN) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/investigations-inquiries-en">Investigations / inquiries</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="j"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">j</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/judicial-review">Judicial review</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="k"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">k</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Know-how">Know-how </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="l"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">l</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/legal-privilege">Legal privilege</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Leniency-programme">Leniency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/lerner-index">Lerner index</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/letter-of-formal-notice-118055">Letter of formal notice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/licensing">Licensing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/limitation-period-119083">Limitation Period </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="m"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">m</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/margin-squeeze">Margin squeeze</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/marginal-costs">Marginal costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-economy-investor">Market economy investor</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-power">Market power</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-share">Market share </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/media-pluralism">Media pluralism</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-notion-12318-en">Merger (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-prohibition">Merger (prohibition)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-withdrawal-118046">Merger (withdrawal)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Merger-control-procedure">Merger control procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-remedies-100323">Merger remedies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/minority-shareholdings-89176">Minority shareholdings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/misinformation">Misinformation</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/mobility-barriers-117741">Mobility Barriers</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Monopoly">Monopoly </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="n"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">n</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/ne-bis-in-idem-86490">Ne bis in idem</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/negative-clearance-118047">Negative clearance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Network-effect">Network effect </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-compete-obligation-12156-en">Non-compete obligation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-horizontal-mergers">Non-Horizontal Mergers </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/notification-12310">Notification</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/nullity">Nullity </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="o"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">o</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/oligopoly">Oligopoly </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/online-platforms">Online Platforms</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="p"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">p</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/parallel-imports-parallel-trade-en">Parallel imports (parallel trade)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/passing-on-en">Passing-on</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Passive-sales">Passive sales </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/patents">Patents</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/pay-for-delay">Pay-for-delay</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/periodic-penalty-payment">Periodic penalty payment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/potential-competition">Potential competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/predatory-pricing">Predatory pricing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/preliminary-rulings-art-267-tfue">Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en">Price discrimination </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-leadership">Price leadership</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-signaling">Price signalling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-fixing-agreement">Price-fixing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/prices-en">Prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equal-treatment">Principle of equal treatment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equivalence">Principle of equivalence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-proportionality">Principle of proportionality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privacy-and-data-protection">Privacy and data protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/private-enforcement">Private enforcement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privatization-en">Privatization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/procedural-autonomy">Procedural autonomy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/professional-association-86373-en">Professional association</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/public-procurement">Public procurement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Public-undertaking">Public undertaking</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="r"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">r</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/r-d-agreement">R&D agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/case-referral-system-mergers">Referral (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal">Refusal to deal</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/the-registry-of-the-general-court-of-the-european-union">Registry of the General Court of the European Union</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Relevant-market">Relevant market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/remedies-antitrust-en">Remedies (antitrust)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/request-for-information">Request for information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-below-cost-en">Resale below cost </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-price-maintenance-rpm">Resale price maintenance (RPM)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation">Restriction on exportation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/rule-of-reason">Rule of reason</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="s"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">s</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/sunk-costs-117836"> Sunk Costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sector-inquiry">Sector inquiry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/selective-distribution">Selective distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/self-preference-111802">Self-Preference</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Services-of-general-economic">Services of general economic interest </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Single-branding">Single branding </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sole-control">Sole control</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/specialization-agreements">Specialization agreements </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Spill-over-effects">Spill-over effects </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/standard-essential-patent-sep">Standard-Essential Patent (SEP)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-action-defense">State action defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-compatibility">State aid (compatibility)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid">State aid (existing aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-notification-en">State aid (notification)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid">State aid (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-recovery">State aid (recovery) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid">State aid (unlawful aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/State-measure">State measure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Statement-of-objections-SO">Statement of objections (SO) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Substitutability">Substitutability </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sustainability">Sustainability</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/switching-costs">Switching Costs</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="t"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">t</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/technology-transfer">Technology transfer</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/test-siec-merger-en">Test SIEC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-slc-src-sdc-tests">Test SLC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/tipping">Tipping</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/business-secrets">Trade Secrets</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trademark">Trademark</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trustee-mergers-en">Trustee (mergers)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/turnover-threshold-merger">Turnover threshold (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/two-sided-market">Two-sided market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="u"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">u</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/undertaking-notion">Undertaking (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/unfair-competition">Unfair competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/universal-service-118054">Universal Service</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/upstream-market">Upstream market </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="v"> <div 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