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3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrapper" id="wrapper"> <div class="container"> <main class="content primary" id="content" role="main"> <article class="relative-content"> <div class="menu-glossaire-wrapper sticky-top" id="menu-definition"><ul class="nav menu-glossaire menu-nb-4"><li class='mav-item menu-glossaire-item menu-glossaire-item-auteur'><a class="btn btn-link" href="//en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en#auteur" data-target="#auteur"><span class="picto-round picto-auteur"><img src='squelettes/img/picto-glossaire-auteur.svg?1619777159' alt='' width='20' height='19' /></span><span class="menu-glossaire-item-label">Author Definition</span></a></li> <li class='mav-item menu-glossaire-item menu-glossaire-item-institution'><a class="btn btn-link" href="//en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en#institution" data-target="#institution"><span class="picto-round picto-institution"><img src='squelettes/img/picto-glossaire-institution.svg?1619777159' alt='' width='18' height='16' /></span><span class="menu-glossaire-item-label">Institution Definition</span></a></li> <li class='mav-item menu-glossaire-item menu-glossaire-item-references'><a class="btn btn-link" href="//en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en#references" data-target="#references"><span class="picto-round picto-references"><img src='squelettes/img/picto-glossaire-references.svg?1619777159' alt='' width='15' height='18' /></span><span class="menu-glossaire-item-label">References</span></a></li> <li class='mav-item menu-glossaire-item menu-glossaire-item-index'><button class="btn btn-link collapsed" role="button" data-target="#index" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="index"><span class="picto-round picto-index"><img src='squelettes/img/picto-glossaire-index.svg?1619777159' alt='' width='20' height='18' /></span><span class="menu-glossaire-item-label">Table of contents</span></button></li></ul></div> <header class="section section_primary section_cols section_cartouche"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="cartouche cartouche_glossaire"> <h1 class="cartouche__heading" id="start"> <span class="start-mire"></span> <span class="crayon article-titre-86412 ">Anticompetitive object or effect</span> </h1> </div> </div> </header> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="auteur"> <span>Author Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-apercu" class="definition-section-title">Definition</h3> <div class="crayon article-chapo-99329 apercu surlignable"><p>Article 101(1) TFEU prohibits agreements that have as their object or effect the restriction of competition; such agreements are forbidden unless they satisfy the criteria in Article 101(3). Many other systems of competition law, in the EU and beyond, are formulated in a similar manner. Economic analysis is required to show that an agreement has the effect of restricting competition. However some agreements – for example secret price-fixing or market-sharing agreements between competitors – are so obviously pernicious that they are held to restrict competition by object: no further analysis of their economic effect is required for them to be unlawful.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-texte" class="definition-section-title">Commentary</h3> <div class="crayon article-texte-99329 texte surlignable"><p>Article 101(1) prohibits agreements that have as their object or effect the restriction of competition.</p> <p>In <i>Société Technique Minière v Maschinenbau Ulm (1966)</i> the Court of Justice stated that the words ‘object or effect’ were to be read disjunctively; this means that where an agreement has as its object the restriction of competition it is unnecessary to prove that it will produce anticompetitive effects: only if it is not clear that the object of an agreement is to restrict competition is it necessary to consider whether it might have the effect of doing so. It is still controversial, after more than 50 years of EU competition law, what constitutes a restriction of competition by object. The Court of Justice has stated, for example in <i>Cartes Bancaires v Commission (2014, paragraph 57)</i>, that the essential legal criterion for ascertaining whether coordination between undertakings restricts competition by object is the finding ‘that such coordination reveals in itself a sufficient degree of harm to competition’. The term ‘object’ in Article 101 means the objective meaning and purpose of the agreement considered in the economic context in which it is to be applied; it is not necessary to prove that the parties have the subjective intention of restricting competition when entering into the agreement.</p> <p>However, subjective intention may be a relevant factor in assessing whether the object of an agreement is anticompetitive <i>(Cartes Bancaires, paragraph 54)</i>. The concept of a restriction of competition by object should be interpreted restrictively <i>(Cartes Bancaires, paragraph 58)</i>. In order to decide whether an agreement restricts competition by object, ‘regard must be had to the content of [the agreement’s] provisions, its objectives and the economic and legal context of which it forms a part. When determining that context, it is also necessary to take into consideration the nature of the goods or services affected, as well as the real conditions of the functioning and structure of the market or markets in question’ <i>(Cartes Bancaires, paragraph 53)</i>.</p> <p>Advocate General Kokott’s Opinion in <i>T-Mobile (2009)</i> includes an interesting discussion of why Article 101(1) makes a distinction between object and effect restrictions. First, the classification of certain types of agreement as restrictive by object ‘sensibly conserves resources of competition authorities and the justice system’ <i>(T-Mobile Opinion, paragraph 43)</i>. The fact that a competition authority does not need to demonstrate, for example, that a horizontal price-fixing agreement produces adverse economic effects relieves it of some of the burden that would otherwise rest upon it. Secondly, the Advocate General pointed out that the existence of object restrictions ‘creates legal certainty and allows all market participants to adapt their conduct accordingly’ <i>(T-Mobile Opinion, paragraph 43)</i> adding that, although the concept of restriction by object should not be given an unduly broad interpretation, nor should it be interpreted so narrowly as to deprive it of its practical effectiveness <i>(T-Mobile Opinion, paragraph 44)</i>. Thirdly, she pointed out that, just as a law that forbids people from driving cars when under the influence of alcohol does not require, for a conviction, that the driver has caused an accident—that is to say proof of an effect—so, in the same way, Article 101(1) prohibits certain agreements that have the object of restricting competition, irrespective of whether they produce adverse effects on the market in an individual case <i>(T-Mobile Opinion, paragraph 47)</i>; such agreements will be permitted, therefore, only where the parties can demonstrate that they will lead to economic efficiencies of the kind set out in Article 101(3), and that a fair share of those efficiencies will be passed on to consumers. A competition authority is entitled to conclude that an agreement restricts competition both by object and by effect <i>(Hungarian Banks, paragraphs 33 to 44)</i>.</p> <p>Section 1 of the US Sherman Act 1890 characterises some agreements as per se illegal, whereas others are subject to so-called ‘rule of reason’ analysis. Where there is a per se infringement it is not open to the parties to the agreement to argue that it does not restrict competition: it belongs to a category of agreement that has, by law, been found to be restrictive of competition. There is an obvious analogy between an agreement that is per se illegal under the Sherman Act and one that is restrictive of competition by object under Article 101(1). However there is an important difference between section 1 of the Sherman Act and Article 101 TFEU in that, even if an agreement has as its object the restriction of competition, that is to say that it infringes Article 101(1) per se, the parties can still attempt to justify it under Article 101(3). This possibility does not exist in US law, since there is no equivalent of Article 101(3) in that system. In this sense a judgment such as that of the US Supreme Court in <i>Leegin (2007)</i>, in which it determined that minimum resale price maintenance should be analysed under the rule of reason rather than being per se illegal, brings US law into alignment with that of the EU: it has always been possible to argue that resale price maintenance satisfies Article 101(3), even though it is classified as having as its object the restriction of competition for the purpose of Article 101(1).</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-jurisprudence" class="definition-section-title">Case references</h3> <div class="crayon article-reference-99329 reference"><p><a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A61965CJ0056" class="spip_out" rel="external">30/06/66, Société Technique Minière v Maschinenbau Ulm, Case 56/65</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/review/issues/no-2-2009/case-comments/Anticompetitive-object-The">19/02/09, Advocate General Kokott’s Opinion - T-Mobile, Case C-8/08</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2014/the-eu-court-of-justice-interprets-restriction-of-competition-by-object-en#">11/09/14, Groupement des Cartes Bancaires, Case C-67/13</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/review/issues/no-3-2020/case-comments/restriction-of-competition-by-object-the-court-of-justice-of-the-european-union">02/02/20, Gazdasági Versenyhivatal v Budapest Bank etc (‘Hungarian Banks’), Case C-228/18</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/june-2007/the-us-supreme-court-overturns-its-long-standing-prohibition-against-vertical-en#">28/06/07, Leegin Creative Leather Products v PSKS, 551 US 877</a></p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-biblio" class="definition-section-title">Bibliography</h3> <div class="crayon article-ps-99329 jurisprudence"><p>Bailey, D. and John, L.E., (eds), <i>Bellamy and Child: European Union Law of Competition</i>, 8th Edition, Oxford University Press, 2018, ch 2.</p> <p>Faull, J. and Nikpay, A. (eds), <i>The EU Law of Competition</i>, 3rd Edition, Oxford University Press, 2014, ch 3.</p> <p>Whish, R. and Bailey, D., <i>Competition Law</i>, Oxford University Press, 9th Edition, 2018, ch 3.</p> <p>Hovenkamp, H., ‘The Rule of Reason’, <i>University of Pennsylvania Institute for Law & Econ, Research Paper No 17-28</i>, 2016</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_definition sticky-top" id="definition-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en#part-apercu" data-target="#part-apercu">Definition</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en#part-texte" data-target="#part-texte">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en#part-jurisprudence" data-target="#part-jurisprudence">Case references</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en#part-biblio" data-target="#part-biblio">Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Author</h2> <div class="auteurs"> <ul class="liste-items liste-items-well"> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/authors/richard-whish" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH100/auton140-2-b0764.jpg?1732640496) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Richard Whish</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">King's College (London)</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">United Kingdom</span> <span class="articles"><em>37</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>133701</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> </ul> </div> <div class="well citation"> <h2>Quotation</h2> <article class="entry article article-dictionary hentry"> <span class="authors">Richard Whish, </span> <span class="entry-title">Anti-competitive object or effect</span><span class="rubrique"><span class="sep">, </span> Global Dictionary of Competition Law, Concurrences, Art. N° 86412</span> </article> </div> <div class="well stats"> <p><i class="picto picto-eye"></i> <b>Visits</b> <em class="number">28040</em></p> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="institution"> <span>Institution Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="crayon article-texte-86412 texte surlignable"><p>According to the Commission’s Guidelines on the application of Article 81(3) of the Treaty:</p> <p>"The distinction between restrictions by object and restrictions by effect is important. Once it has been established that an agreement has as its object the restriction of competition, there is no need to take account of its concrete effects. In other words, for the purpose of applying Article 81(1) no actual anti-competitive effects need to be demonstrated where the agreement has a restriction of competition as its object. Article 81(3), on the other hand, does not distinguish between agreements that restrict competition by object and agreements that restrict competition by effect. Article 81(3) applies to all agreements that fulfil the four conditions contained therein.</p> <p>Restrictions of competition by object are those that by their very nature have the potential of restricting competition. These are restrictions which in light of the objectives pursued by the Community competition rules have such a high potential of negative effects on competition that it is unnecessary for the purposes of applying Article 81(1) to demonstrate any actual effects on the market. This presumption is based on the serious nature of the restriction and on experience showing that restrictions of competition by object are likely to produce negative effects on the market and to jeopardise the objectives pursued by the Community competition rules. Restrictions by object such as price fixing and market sharing reduce output and raise prices, leading to a misallocation of resources, because goods and services demanded by customers are not produced. They also lead to a reduction in consumer welfare, because consumers have to pay higher prices for the goods and services in question.</p> <p>The assessment of whether or not an agreement has as its object the restriction of competition is based on a number of factors. These factors include, in particular, the content of the agreement and the objective aims pursued by it. It may also be necessary to consider the context in which it is (to be) applied and the actual conduct and behaviour of the parties on the market. In other words, an examination of the facts underlying the agreement and the specific circumstances in which it operates may be required before it can be concluded whether a particular restriction constitutes a restriction of competition by object. The way in which an agreement is actually implemented may reveal a restriction by object even where the formal agreement does not contain an express provision to that effect. Evidence of subjective intent on the part of the parties to restrict competition is a relevant factor but not a necessary condition.</p> <p>Non-exhaustive guidance on what constitutes restrictions by object can be found in Commission block exemption regulations, guidelines and notices. Restrictions that are black-listed in block exemptions or identified as hardcore restrictions in guidelines and notices are generally considered by the Commission to constitute restrictions by object. In the case of horizontal agreements restrictions of competition by object include price fixing, output limitation and sharing of markets and customers. As regards vertical agreements the category of restrictions by object includes, in particular, fixed and minimum resale price maintenance and restrictions providing absolute territorial protection, including restrictions on passive sales.</p> <p>If an agreement is not restrictive of competition by object it must be examined whether it has restrictive effects on competition. Account must be taken of both actual and potential effects. In other words the agreement must have likely anti-competitive effects. In the case of restrictions of competition by effect there is no presumption of anti-competitive effects. For an agreement to be restrictive by effect it must affect actual or potential competition to such an extent that on the relevant market negative effects on prices, output, innovation or the variety or quality of goods and services can be expected with a reasonable degree of probability. Such negative effects must be appreciable. The prohibition rule of Article 81(1) does not apply when the identified anti-competitive effects are insignificant. This test reflects the economic approach which the Commission is applying. The prohibition of Article 81(1) only applies where on the basis of proper market analysis it can be concluded that the agreement has likely anti-competitive effects on the market. It is insufficient for such a finding that the market shares of the parties exceed the thresholds set out in the Commission’s de minimis notice. Agreements falling within safe harbours of block exemption regulations may be caught by Article 81(1) but this is not necessarily so. Moreover, the fact that due to the market shares of the parties, an agreement falls outside the safe harbour of a block exemption is in itself an insufficient basis for finding that the agreement is caught by Article 81(1) or that it does not fulfil the conditions of Article 81(3). Individual assessment of the likely effects produced by the agreement is required."<strong>©</strong> <a href="IMG/pdf/eu_-_guidelines_article_81_3.pdf?40464/5c58b87b5341322774a730f14f5dbb151c64652a0e8411524bece1ad5f41f5f6" class="spip_in" type='application/pdf'><strong> European Commission</strong></a></p> <p>See also <a href="spip.php?page=article&id_article=86575">Effect on competition</a></p></div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"></aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_references scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <section class="subsection subsection_jurisprudence related-section related-jurisprudence scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-jurisprudence"> <span id="references">Case Comments</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvQhWtuyjR679leSFTaLF5gvVd/7Pxy7e6GMOC+5Pz7hjBG3sqGzNE2g00Pu7cwoeuX/R/LP8K0S90GlI+ku8ilDfCvoxzhDq+iCASeBYnrrt04OnACZj55x5+dv3y8XV+PSqkWeLCrdWCGe/RRPqaNqWzRVtk+opzZHobLup6h+nqG8sgXi12Z8E6pID+iz496ZOJM4pKdqAZ/R/fT3Zqir8xvlqnUvENdRbGIJgw9uSnkMx7rx+CZ5VZIZzK0lCDd3lWLZZKibpBPfEExIbu8dujtGxivyNy9zmTYHf4RlwmI0lm2TQWugqe1bOnVLhoP44zJvCFqpMzQ0FTUMOSrO3hkszYLenz6o191KfB' data-origin="//en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/enyinnaya-uwadi">Enyinnaya Uwadi</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/latest/the-nigerian-federal-high-court-affirms-the-competition-authority-s-power-to" rel="bookmark">The Nigerian Federal High Court affirms the Competition Authority’s power to investigate alleged anticompetitive practices in the telecommunications sector <em>(MTN)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2025-02-08T23:00:00Z">9 February 2025</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-123738 introduction entry-content"> <p>Introduction <br class='autobr' /> On Friday, 7th February 2024, the Federal High Court issued a significant ruling reaffirming the authority of the Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Commission (FCCPC) over competition and consumer protection matters within the telecommunications sector. The decision, (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/lithuanian-competition-council-44286">Lithuanian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/latest/the-lithuanian-competition-authority-orders-a-news-media-company-to-divest-from" rel="bookmark">The Lithuanian Competition Authority prohibits a merger in the news media industry following findings of gun jumping <em>(Ekspress / Lrytas)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2025-02-06T23:00:00Z">7 February 2025</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-123767 introduction entry-content"> <p>THE OWNER OF DELFI.LT, WHO DID NOT OBTAIN APPROVAL FROM THE COMPETITION COUNCIL, WILL HAVE TO SELL ONE OF ITS NEWS PORTALS* <br class='autobr' /> The Competition Council has not cleared the transaction by which the Estonian company Ekspress Grupp, which operates the news portal delfi.lt, acquired Lrytas, which (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/paolo-siciliani">Paolo Siciliani</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/special-issues/financial-sector-anticompetitive-practices/anticompetitive-practices-in-the-financial-sector-an-overview-of-eu-and-123468" rel="bookmark">Anticompetitive practices in the financial sector: An overview of EU and national case law</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2025-02-06T23:00:00Z">7 February 2025</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-123468 introduction entry-content"><p>Since the previous special issue in the second half of 2021, infringement decisions for breaches of competition law in financial services markets are remarkably similar, in that they almost exclusively involve anticompetitive agreements among banks (and bank-controlled institutions) with the objective and / or effect of suspending pricing rivalry. The severity of the infringements can vary from draft cooperation agreements for retail services deemed to be essential (eg, cash distribution networks), where the national competition authority was asked for an (ex-ante) opinion before implementation, to (unspoken) cartels. The degree of sophistication of the economic agents expected to suffer harm from these anticompetitive practices also varies from ordinary consumers in retail financial markets, especially with respect to the use of payment cards, to typically large corporations in corporate and investment banking markets, especially with respect to the activity of trading in financial securities (typically derivatives).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/dutch-competition-authority-7339">Dutch Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/latest/the-dutch-competition-authority-conditionally-clears-a-telecom-operator-s" rel="bookmark">The Dutch Competition Authority conditionally clears a telecom operator’s acquisition of an antenna-site provider to ensure fair access <em>(KPN / Open Tower Company)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2025-02-05T23:00:00Z">6 February 2025</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-123722 introduction entry-content"> <p>ACM conditionally clears acquisition of Open Tower Company by Dutch telecom operator KPN* Summary Dutch telecom operator KPN can acquire antenna-site provider OTC under certain conditions. As a result, KPN, together with Dutch pension provider APG, has become shareholder of OTC. ACM saw the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/irish-competition-authority">Irish Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/latest/the-irish-competition-authority-conditionally-approves-a-merger-in-the-network" rel="bookmark">The Irish Competition Authority conditionally approves a merger in the network infrastructure sector <em>(Cellnex / Phoenix)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2025-02-05T23:00:00Z">6 February 2025</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-123764 introduction entry-content"> <p>CCPC requires binding commitments from Phoenix to acquire Cellnex* <br class='autobr' /> The Competition and Consumer Protection Commission (CCPC) has cleared, subject to legally binding commitments, the proposed acquisition of Cellnex Ireland Limited and Cignal Infrastructure Limited (together, Cellnex) by Phoenix (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/new-zealand-competition-authority">New Zealand Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/latest/the-new-zealand-competition-authority-addresses-concerns-over-restrictions-on" rel="bookmark">The New Zealand Competition Authority issues a compliance advice letter addressing competition concerns in optometrist surgical training <em>(Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Ophthalmologists)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2025-02-04T23:00:00Z">5 February 2025</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-123727 introduction entry-content"> <p>ComCom sees off potentially problematic arrangement between ophthalmologists* <br class='autobr' /> The Commerce Commission today issued a compliance advice letter to the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Ophthalmologists (RANZCO), following an investigation into concerns the professional body had sought (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/canadian-competition-bureau-84000">Canadian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/latest/the-manitoba-court-of-king-s-bench-accepts-5-guilty-pleas-from-contractors-for" rel="bookmark">The Canadian Court of King’s Bench of Manitoba accepts 5 guilty pleas from contractors for conspiring to divide up social housing refurbishment contracts among themselves <em>(Geoff Gregoire / Guy Pringle / James Kauk...)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2025-02-04T23:00:00Z">5 February 2025</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-123729 introduction entry-content"> <p>Five contractors in Brandon, Manitoba, plead guilty to conspiracy related to social housing projects* <br class='autobr' /> Yesterday, five contractors in Brandon, Manitoba, pleaded guilty before the Manitoba Court of King’s Bench for conspiring to divide up social housing refurbishment contracts among themselves. (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/hellenic-competition-authority">Hellenic Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/february-2025/the-hellenic-competition-authority-launches-a-study-on-competition-conditions" rel="bookmark">The Hellenic Competition Authority launches a study on competition conditions in the animal feed market</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2025-02-03T23:00:00Z">4 February 2025</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-123683 introduction entry-content"> <p>Press Release – Mapping of the conditions of competition in the animal feed sector* <br class='autobr' /> The Hellenic Competition Commission may initiate a mapping study to assess the competitive conditions of competition in any market or sector of the economy, when required for the effective exercise of its (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/belgian-competition-authority-48801">Belgian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/latest/the-belgian-competition-authority-conditionally-approves-the-acquisition-of-a" rel="bookmark">The Belgian Competition Authority conditionally approves the acquisition of a pharmaceutical company following competition concerns in local markets <em>(Popelin / Multipharma / Goed Farma)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2025-02-03T23:00:00Z">4 February 2025</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-123730 introduction entry-content"> <p>The Belgian Competition Authority grants, under conditions, its approval for the acquisition of Goed pharmacies by Multipharma* <br class='autobr' /> On February 4, 2025, the Belgian Competition Authority ("BCA") approved the acquisition of the company Popelin by Multipharma, under certain conditions. <br class='autobr' /> Multipharma (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/european-commission-363">European Commission</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/january-2025/the-eu-commission-approves-eur1-1b-in-italian-state-aid-to-support-the" rel="bookmark">The EU Commission approves €1.1B in Italian State aid to support the employment of young people and female workers</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2025-01-30T23:00:00Z">31 January 2025</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-123680 introduction entry-content"> <p>Commission approves €1.1 billion Italian State aid scheme to support employment of young people and women* <br class='autobr' /> The European Commission has approved, under EU State aid rules, an estimated €1.1 billion Italian scheme to support the employment of young people and of female workers. The scheme (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/australian-competition-authority">Australian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/january-2025/the-australian-competition-authority-proposes-to-re-authorise-a-power" rel="bookmark">The Australian Competition Authority proposes to re-authorise a power generating company to engage in technical and operational cooperation arrangements <em>(Diamantina Power Station)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2025-01-28T23:00:00Z">29 January 2025</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-123585 introduction entry-content"> <p>ACCC proposes to re-authorise power system arrangements* <br class='autobr' /> The ACCC proposes to re-authorise Diamantina Power Station Pty Ltd to continue to engage in technical and operational arrangements related to the operation of the North West Power System. In particular, the authorisation would enable (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/phedon-nicolaides">Phedon Nicolaides</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/preview/what-competitors-must-show-in-order-to-be-able-to-challenge-a-commission" rel="bookmark">The EU General Court assesses competitors’ legal standing to challenge Commission State aid decisions in the postal sector <em>(Danske Fragtmænd)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2025-01-28T23:00:00Z">29 January 2025</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-123770 introduction entry-content"> <p>What Competitors Must Show in order to Be Able to Challenge a Commission Decision on State Aid* <br class='autobr' /> Introduction <br class='autobr' /> A perennial question is whether competitors of aid recipients have legal standing to appeal against Commission decisions that either authorise aid or find that a public measure does (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/uk-competition-authority">UK Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/january-2025/the-uk-competition-authority-independent-inquiry-group-publishes-provisional" rel="bookmark">The UK Competition Authority independent inquiry group publishes provisional findings from its cloud services market investigation</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2025-01-27T23:00:00Z">28 January 2025</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-123588 introduction entry-content"> <p>CMA independent inquiry group publishes provisional findings in cloud services market investigation* Provisional findings show competition in the £9 billion UK cloud services markets is not working as well as it could be. <br class='autobr' /> The Competition and Markets Authority’s (CMA) independent inquiry (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/turkish-competition-authority-20394">Turkish Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/january-2025/the-turkish-competition-authority-fines-14-companies-for-price-fixing-and" rel="bookmark">The Turkish Competition Authority fines 14 companies for price fixing and market sharing in the elevator maintenance and repair market <em>(Sis-Tek / Nigde / Tyana Asönsör...)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2025-01-27T23:00:00Z">28 January 2025</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-123652 introduction entry-content"> <p>Investigation on Undertakings Operating in the Field of Elevator Maintenance and Repair in the Niğde Province Concluded. (28.1.2025)* <br class='autobr' /> The investigation conducted in accordance with the Competition Board decision dated 15.08.2024 and numbered 24-33/786-M to determine whether some undertakings (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/carsten-kruger">Carsten Krüger</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/till-schreiber">Till Schreiber</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/martin-seegers">Martin Seegers</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/january-2025/the-eu-court-of-justice-confirms-that-victims-of-competition-law-infringements" rel="bookmark">The EU Court of Justice confirms that victims of competition law infringements may assign claims for damages to third parties for joint enforcement <em>(ASG 2 / Land Nordrhein-Westfalen)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2025-01-27T23:00:00Z">28 January 2025</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-123670 introduction entry-content"> <p>CJEU confirms the assignment model as an effective means to enforce claims for antitrust damages (ASG 2)* <br class='autobr' /> In its much anticipated ruling of 28 January 2025 in Case C-253/23, ASG 2, the Grand Chamber of the Court of Justice of the European Union (‘CJEU’) confirmed that it is generally possible (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><a id='pagination_articles_related' class='pagination_ancre'></a> <ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsection_articles related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-articles"> <span>Articles</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yTvQhWtuyjR679leWmRjCGDh/Vc/bPRy8ds58IEd4gRQ3P2xTtY7L8OuttGxObgzWclmlvq8OXj6ybeSF/3QebIDIwyjXS8+Ysdpryg90VZKYkHsiLFvSktE29y9lpvDIM+LJN9UGzJUzRh9P/pRM6KGehzcGHYrQGfWerX7x5u1fZz4ePZoO06x++IRB5sSzDZ5LwPbZ7ehgIieepTDwFUx4hLsPhgiTvUS8w/NAohxlJ4UTsI3PQvfMT40YxzLWwSwgv3CnlthvgjZz9EKeOj2Sm1wn3D8Z3LZ5oRfr718deA7ghttotWpJS06aZXQnvMt9vSKMNkqDlsWYEAyH5Ar8s0TCAjN92L7lM=' data-origin="//en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/andreas-schwab">Andreas Schwab</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2025/insights/digital-markets-act-and-services-of-artificial-intelligence" rel="bookmark">Digital Markets Act and Services of Artificial Intelligence</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2025-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2025</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-123465 introduction entry-content"> <p>I. 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These practices, which are most often considered to be (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pascale-dechamps">Pascale Déchamps</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2024/legal-practice/how-to-calculate-interest-when-assessing-damages" rel="bookmark">How to calculate interest when assessing damages?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119752 introduction entry-content"> <p>Interest may represent a significant part of the total award in antitrust damages cases. In a recent French case (Digicel), interest represented a significant portion of the total award, estimated at dozens of million euros. 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It addresses the requirements and conditions to qualify for this benefit, the impact of its implementation on cartel detection in Chile, the interpretation of this (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/leen-de-vreese">Leen De Vreese</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2024/legal-practice/ecn-pharma-report-update-on-competition-enforcement-in-the-pharmaceutical" rel="bookmark">ECN Pharma Report: Update on competition enforcement in the pharmaceutical sector</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119240 introduction entry-content"> <p>The European Commission has published a report providing an overview of the enforcement of EU antitrust and merger rules by the Commission and the national competition authorities in the pharmaceutical sector between 2018 and 2022. 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Economics has not been exempt from the re-examination and adjustment to (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/guillaume-fabre-22585">Guillaume Fabre</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/bastien-thomas">Bastien Thomas</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/nicolas-chavonnand-valades">Nicolas Chavonnand Valades</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2024/articles/concentrations-in-the-digital-sector-interplays-between-the-dma-and-eu-merger" rel="bookmark">Concentrations in the digital sector: Interplays between the DMA and EU merger control</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119116 introduction entry-content"> <p>The Digital Markets Act (DMA) will interact with the merger control regime, procedurally and on the merits. 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Interoperability is an important regulatory tool for digital platforms. It (i) promotes competition in this market and (ii) strengthens the rights of platform users. Legislation already adopted or under discussion is based on this concept, whether (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nicolas-charbit">Nicolas Charbit</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2023/legal-practice/digital-markets-act-and-digital-services-act-a-blueprint-for-global-digital-120405" rel="bookmark">Digital Markets Act and Digital Services Act: A Blueprint for Global Digital Regulation</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120405 introduction entry-content"> <p>The European Union’s Digital Markets Act (DMA) and Digital Services Act (DSA), introduced in 2022, represent a significant effort to regulate digital markets and services by addressing market concentration, unfair practices, and harmful content. The DMA targets large online platforms to prevent (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-events"> <span>Events</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXlRhW9uynRg789g/8XBpGMUzQkVe7qjkWW2cEEY8pdqCbAk8WNkwNYKo946gaG6RUipbtIhRDohq96pR8DVYQMNmikHxRXBW+SAs7dhN6sOBlHDR8EWu1u1AMl6nU73HE+aVxq2tsfGJP0IAHHgO0p/oYfcu6kUO2n9eJ/RRfd10LwbjZmcSVhwiouNcX5Gj6x1j88vJFxk6jnFsfLGNGhCcHK9BWpaoBcHVbziC9NYnj6VLcexNzfw9xF08MK7Xlo2zX3Cnl99/wjRz9EKWOzSVP4tlzMPiaMGXEibK89/GAXp8faERU7cCe9awAfdk3gTMJ3NqUbUIWHuaBgSpmo+F8jnYyqo+fnsdw0VO6u' data-origin="//en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/paul-lugard">Paul Lugard</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/mathew-heim">Mathew Heim</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/remko-bos">Remko Bos</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jody-boudreault">Jody Boudreault</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/david-cardwell">David Cardwell</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/daniel-gore">Daniel Gore</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/catriona-hatton">Catriona Hatton</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/fernando-iscar-ruland">Fernando Iscar Ruland</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/damien-levie">Damien Levie</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/matthew-levitt">Matthew Levitt</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/tero-louko">Tero Louko</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/emariscal-globaleconomicsgroup-com">Elisa Mariscal</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/natalie-mcnelis">Natalie McNelis</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/dirk-middelschulte">Dirk Middelschulte</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/vincent-mussche">Vincent Mussche</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nicole-robins">Nicole Robins</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/stacy-turner">Stacy Turner</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/annemiek-wilpshaar">Annemiek Wilpshaar</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/global-antitrust-hot-topics-eu-us-global-perspectives-120763" rel="bookmark">Global Antitrust Hot Topics: EU, US & Global Perspectives</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-26T10:00:00Z">26 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120763 introduction entry-content"><p>The Global Antitrust Hot Topics: EU, US & Global Perspectives Conference organised by Concurrences in partnership with Baker Botts, Cornerstone Research, Oxera and RBB Economics, took place in Brussels on September 26th, 2024.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nils-wahl">Nils Wahl</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ethel-fonseca">Ethel Fonseca</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/dinner-in-honour-of-nils-wahl-eu-court-of-justice-120748" rel="bookmark">Dinner in honour of Nils Wahl (EU Court of Justice)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-25T17:00:00Z">25 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120748 introduction entry-content"><p>Dinner organised by Concurrences with <a href="en/authors/nils-wahl" class="spip_in">Nils Wahl</a> (European Court of Justice ) and <a href="en/authors/ethel-fonseca" class="spip_in">Ethel Fonseca</a> (RBB Economics) in Brussels on September 25th, 2024 in partnership with RBB Economics.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/louis-vogel">Louis Vogel</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/joseph-vogel">Joseph Vogel</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/dorian-beauchene">Dorian Beauchêne</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/dimitri-dimitrov">Dimitri Dimitrov</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/vivien-terrien">Vivien Terrien</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/rafael-amaro">Rafael Amaro</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laure-comte">Laure Comte</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/juliette-mailliard-209496">Juliette Mailliard</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alban-curral">Alban Curral</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nicolas-ferrier">Nicolas Ferrier</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nicolas-ereseo">Nicolas Éréséo</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alexandre-carbonnel">Alexandre Carbonnel</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ariane-charpin">Ariane Charpin</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/emilie-dumur">Emilie Dumur</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/irene-luc">Irène Luc</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alix-voglimacci-stephanopoli">Alix Voglimacci-Stephanopoli</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/tony-vedie">Tony Vedie</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/caroline-cazaux">Caroline Cazaux</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/herve-delannoy-235">Hervé Delannoy</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/daniel-diot">Daniel Diot</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/distribution-competition-restrictive-practices-120634" rel="bookmark">Distribution, Competition & Restrictive Practices</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-13T07:00:00Z">13 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120634 introduction entry-content"><p>The “Distribution, Competition & Restrictive Practices” Conference organised by Concurrences in partnership with AlixPartners, Bignon Lebray, CARLARA - Carbonnier Lamaze Rasle & Associés, Deloitte, Gide Loyrette Nouel, Oxera Consulting and Wilhelm & Associés took place in Paris on September 13th, 2024.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alessio-aresu">Alessio Aresu</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/jorge-ferreira">Jorge Ferreira</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/stephanie-patureau">Stéphanie Patureau</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/antoine-chapsal">Antoine Chapsal</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/antoine-winckler">Antoine Winckler</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/anti-competitive-practices-in-labour-markets" rel="bookmark">Anti-competitive Practices in Labour Markets</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-06-25T10:15:00Z">25 June 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-118920 introduction entry-content"><p>The “Anti-competitive Practices in Labour Markets” workshop organised by Concurrences in partnership with Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton, and Analysis Group took place in Paris on June 25th, 2024.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/paul-nihoul">Paul Nihoul</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/antoine-chapsal">Antoine Chapsal</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/stephane-hautbourg">Stéphane Hautbourg</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurent-godfroid">Laurent Godfroid</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/dinner-with-paul-nihoul-119158" rel="bookmark">Dinner with Paul Nihoul</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-06-13T17:00:00Z">13 June 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119158 introduction entry-content"><p>Dinner organised by Concurrences with <a href="en/authors/paul-nihoul" class="spip_in">Paul Nihoul</a> (Court of justice of the European Union), in partnership with <a href="en/auteurs/gide-loyrette-nouel" class="spip_in">Gide Loyrette Nouel</a> and <a href="en/authors/analysis-group" class="spip_in">Analysis Group</a>.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/yann-guthmann">Yann Guthmann</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/vilen-lipatov">Vilen Lipatov</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/griet-jans">Griet Jans</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/mike-walker">Mike Walker</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marceline-tournier-538">Marceline Tournier</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/amy-newland">Amy Newland</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/aude-laure-delbac">Aude-Laure Delbac</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/franck-dupont">Franck Dupont</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/katie-hudson-211970">Katie Hudson</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/joel-bamford">Joel Bamford</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ingrid-vandenborre">Ingrid Vandenborre</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/matthew-levitt">Matthew Levitt</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/aura-garcia-pabon">Aura García Pabón</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/nadine-watson">Nadine Watson</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/william-e-kovacic">William E. Kovacic</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/caroline-hobson">Caroline Hobson</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/david-sevy">David Sevy</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/christophe-carugati">Christophe Carugati</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nicholas-levy">Nicholas Levy</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/eric-morrison">Eric Morrison</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marcus-smith">Marcus Smith</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ruchit-patel">Ruchit Patel</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/innovation-law-economics-conference" rel="bookmark">Innovation Law & Economics Conference</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-04-23T07:45:00Z">23 April 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-117103 introduction entry-content"><p>The “Innovation Law & Economics Conference” organised by Concurrences in partnership with King’s College London, Baker Botts, Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton, Compass Lexecon, Cooley, Cornerstone Research, Ropes & Gray and Skadden took place in London on April 23rd, 2024.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurence-bary">Laurence Bary</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gonenc-gurkaynak">Gönenç Gürkaynak</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/frederic-de-bure">Frédéric de Bure</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/volker-stocker">Volker Stocker</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ana-malheiro-57974">Ana Malheiro</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/blanche-savary-de-beauregard">Blanche Savary de Beauregard</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Valerie-Benabou">Valérie Benabou</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/anouk-clamens">Anouk Clamens</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/de-bernard">Thibaut de Bernard</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/mikael-herve">Mikaël Hervé</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/solange-viegas-dos-reis">Solange Viegas Dos Reis</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/annemarie-sipkes">Annemarie Sipkes</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/elodie-vandenhende">Elodie Vandenhende</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/david-bosco">David Bosco</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/andrea-pezzoli">Andrea Pezzoli</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/michael-kefi">Michael Kefi</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/guillaume-duquesne">Guillaume Duquesne</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/charlotte-colin-dubuisson-13819">Charlotte Colin-Dubuisson</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/marc-zedler">Marc Zedler</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/daniel-fasquelle">Daniel Fasquelle</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/thibault-schrepel">Thibault Schrepel</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/digital-antitrust-how-to-regulate-116584" rel="bookmark">Digital Antitrust: How to Regulate?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-04-25T06:30:00Z">25 April 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-116584 introduction entry-content"><p>The Conference "Digital Antitrust: How to regulate” organised by Concurrences in partnership with Compass Lexecon, Cleary Gottlieb, Charles River Associates, Dechert, ELIG Gürkaynak Attorneys-at-Law, Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer and White & Case took place in Paris on April 25th, 2024.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/hitesh-makhija">Hitesh Makhija</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/michele-piergiovanni">Michele Piergiovanni</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/katrina-rouse">Katrina Rouse</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/alan-ryan">Alan Ryan</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/innovation-in-antitrust-analysis-in-medical-devices-and-drug-markets" rel="bookmark">Innovation in Antitrust Analysis in Medical Devices and Drug Markets</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-01-10T17:30:00Z">10 January 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-116684 introduction entry-content"><p>Dinner “Innovation in Antitrust Analysis in Medical Devices and Drug Markets” in San Francisco organized by Concurrences under Chatham House Rule, with Michele Piergiovanni (Cabinet Expert - Cabinet of Executive Vice-President Margrethe Vestager), Katrina Rouse (Attorney, Antitrust Division, of the U.S. Department of Justice) Alan Ryan (Partner, Freshfield Bruckhaus Deringer, Silicon Valley), and Hitesh Makhija (Vice President, Analysis Group, San Francisco) in partnership with Freshfield Bruckhaus Deringer and Analysis Group.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/will-hayter">Will Hayter</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/solange-viegas-dos-reis">Solange Viegas Dos Reis</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/aleksandra-zuchowska">Aleksandra Zuchowska</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/anselm-rodenhausen">Anselm Rodenhausen</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/dorian-beauchene">Dorian Beauchêne</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/ilan-akker">Ilan Akker</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/frederic-jenny">Frédéric Jenny</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/james-baker-frontier-economics-com">James Baker</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/eshien-chong">Eshien Chong</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gonenc-gurkaynak">Gönenç Gürkaynak</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/thibault-schrepel">Thibault Schrepel</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/dirk-auer">Dirk Auer</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/eliana-garces">Eliana Garces</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/michael-kefi">Michael Kefi</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/christophe-carugati">Christophe Carugati</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurence-bary">Laurence Bary</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/yann-guthmann">Yann Guthmann</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/mikael-herve">Mikaël Hervé</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/clara-calini">Clara Calini</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/fayrouze-masmi-dazi">Fayrouze Masmi-Dazi</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/digital-antitrust-how-to-regulate-112030" rel="bookmark">Digital Antitrust : How to Regulate ?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-06-08T06:30:00Z">8 June 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-112030 introduction entry-content"><p>The “Digital Antitrust: How to Regulate" conference organized by Concurrences took place on June 8th, 2023 in Paris at the <i>Assemblée nationale</i>.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/erwann-kerguelen">Erwann Kerguelen</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/eric-paroche">Eric Paroche</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/johannes-holzwarth">Johannes Holzwarth</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/delberghe">Christel Delberghe</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/stephen-kinsella-1100">Stephen Kinsella</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/kai-uwe-kuhn">Kai-Uwe Kühn</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/vber-new-rules-new-challenges-105412" rel="bookmark">VBER: New Rules, New Challenges</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-03-15T14:30:00Z">15 March 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-105412 introduction entry-content"><p>The “VBER: New Rules, New Challenges” webinar organised by Concurrences, in partnership with Hogan Lovells, with <a href="en/auteurs/delberghe" class="spip_in">Christel Delberghe</a> (Director General, EuroCommerce), <a href="en/auteurs/johannes-holzwarth" class="spip_in">Johannes Holzwarth</a> (Case-handler officer, DG COMP), <a href="en/authors/erwann-kerguelen" class="spip_in">Erwann Kerguelen</a> (Deputy General Rapporteur, Autorité de la concurrence), <a href="en/authors/kai-uwe-kuhn" class="spip_in">Kai-Uwe Kuhn</a> (Former Chief Economist of DG Competition), <a href="en/authors/stephen-kinsella-1100" class="spip_in">Stephen Kinsella</a> (Specialist Partner, Flint), University of East Anglia) and <a href="en/authors/eric-paroche" class="spip_in">Eric Paroche</a> (Partner, Hogan Lovells).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/hanna-anttilainen">Hanna Anttilainen</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/bernard-amory">Bernard Amory</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marc-ivaldi">Marc Ivaldi</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/anca-cojoc">Anca Cojoc</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gabriel-lluch">Gabriel Lluch</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/telecommunications-infrastructures-and-network-sharing-agreements-101468" rel="bookmark">Telecommunications Infrastructures and Network Sharing Agreements</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-09-20T13:30:00Z">20 September 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-101468 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics Webinar organised by Concurrences, in partnership with Jones Day and Nera Economic Consulting, with <a href="en/authors/hanna-anttilainen" class="spip_in">Hanna Anttilainen</a> (Head of Unit - Antitrust: Telecoms, Markets and cases II: Information, Communication and Media, DG COMP), <a href="en/authors/bernard-amory" class="spip_in">Bernard Amory</a> (Partner, Jones Day), <a href="en/auteurs/anca-cojoc" class="spip_in">Anca Cojoc</a> (Senior Consultant/Principal, NERA Economic Consulting), <a href="en/authors/gabriel-lluch" class="spip_in">Gabriel Lluch</a> (General Counsel - Competition and Regulation, Orange) and <a href="en/authors/marc-ivaldi" class="spip_in">Marc Ivaldi</a> (Affiliated Academic - Head of Econometrics and Programming Team, NERA Economic Consulting).</p></div> </article></div> 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la concurrence), <a href="en/authors/florence-ninane" class="spip_in">Florence Ninane</a> (Partner, Allen & Overy) and <a href="en/authors/laure-schulz" class="spip_in">Laure Schulz</a> (Principal, RBB Economics).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/sophie-bertin">Sophie Bertin</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/peter-d-camesasca">Peter Camesasca</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/christof-schoser">Christof Schoser</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/the-eu-foreign-subsidies-proposal-100789" rel="bookmark">The EU Foreign Subsidies Proposal</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-07-08T13:30:00Z">8 July 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-100789 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics Webinar organised by Concurrences, in partnership with Covington & Burling, with <a href="en/authors/christof-schoser" class="spip_in">Christof Schoser</a> (Head of Task Force Third-Country Subsidies, DG COMP), <a href="en/authors/sophie-bertin" class="spip_in">Sophie Bertin</a> (Senior Advisor, Covington & Burling) and <a href="en/authors/peter-d-camesasca" class="spip_in">Peter D. 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Form and Effects-Based Approaches: A Challenging Duality in the Application of Article 102 TFEU *1 Ariel Ezrachi ** University of Oxford In recent years the debate on the soul of Article 102 TFEU and the effects-based approach have dominated the competition law landscape. (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/maria-elena-vasquez-taveras">María Elena Vásquez Taveras</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/why-competition-voices-from-the-antitrust-community-and-beyond-1493#id=132000" rel="bookmark">Why Competition? 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Stephen Dnes * Royal Holloway, University of London Abstract “Digital ghosts” from perceived missteps with Web 2.0 technologies pervade antitrust analysis of artificial intelligence. Chief (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/aaron-hoag">Aaron Hoag</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/mark-j-niefer">Mark J. Niefer</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/artificial-intelligence-and-competition-policy-1491#id=129683" rel="bookmark">Artificial Intelligence and Competition Policy <small>Artificial Intelligence, Uncertainty, and Merger Review</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-24T22:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">25 </span><span class="m">Sep</span></span><span class="y"> 2024</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">83Arti cial Intelligence and Competition Policy Artificial Intelligence, Uncertainty, and Merger Review Mark J. N iefer * and Aaron D. H oag ** Antonin Scalia Law School, George Mason University Antitrust Division, United States Department of Justice Abstract Merger analysis is inherently (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class="pagination more"><a id='pagination_chapitres' class='pagination_ancre'></a> <ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en?debut_chapitres=15#pagination_chapitres' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_related sticky-top" id="related-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en#related-jurisprudence" data-target="#related-jurisprudence">Case Comments</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en#related-articles" data-target="#related-articles">Articles</a></li> <li><a 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data-anchor="#o">o</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en#p" data-anchor="#p">p</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en#r" data-anchor="#r">r</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en#s" data-anchor="#s">s</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en#t" data-anchor="#t">t</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en#u" data-anchor="#u">u</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en#v" data-anchor="#v">v</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en#w" data-anchor="#w">w</a> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="a"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">a</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/absolute-territorial-protection">Absolute territorial protection </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-dominant-position-en">Abuse of dominant position</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-economic-dependence">Abuse of economic dependence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/access-to-the-file-en">Access to the file</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/actual-competitor">Actual competitor </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/administered-prices">Administered prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/advisory-committee-118302">Advisory committee</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agent-en">Agent</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agreement-notion-en">Agreement (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ai-collusion-algorithm">AI Collusion (Algorithm)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/AKZO-Procedure">AKZO Procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/amicus-curiae">Amicus curiae</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints">Ancillary restraints </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/annulment">Annulment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-market-distortions">Anticompetitive Market Distortions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en">Anticompetitive object or effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-practices">Anticompetitive practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Antitrust">Antitrust</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/applicable-law">Applicable law</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/arbitration">Arbitration</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/article-11-letter">Article 11 letter </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/aec-as-efficient-competitor-principle-and-test">As-Efficient Competitor (AEC)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="b"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">b</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/barriers-to-entry-en">Barriers to entry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bertrand-nash-equilibrium">Bertrand (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bid-rigging">Bid rigging</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/block-exemption-regulation">Block exemption (Regulation) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/boycott">Boycott</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/brand-competition-en">Brand competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bundling">Bundling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/burden-of-proof">Burden of proof</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/buyer-power">Buyer power </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="c"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">c</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/cartel">Cartel </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/clearance-phase-ii-merger">Clearance phase II (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collecting-society">Collecting society </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-dominance">Collective dominance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-redress-class-action">Collective redress (class action)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/comity">Comity </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/commission-communication">Commission communication</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competence">Competence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competition-policy-89181">Competition policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/complaint">Complaint </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Compliance-programme">Compliance programme </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/compulsory-license">Compulsory license</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concentration-indexes-en">Concentration indexes</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concerted-practices-en">Concerted practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concession-86056">Concession</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concurrent-jurisdiction">Concurrent jurisdiction</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Consortium-12192">Consortium </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumer-protection">Consumer protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en">Consumers’ associations</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-change">Control (change)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-notion">Control (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cooperation-between-competition-authorities-en">Cooperation between competition authorities</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/coordinated-effects">Coordinated effects</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/copyright">Copyright</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corruption">Corruption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cost-based-access">Cost-based access</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cournot-nash-equilibrium">Cournot (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/criminal-sanctions">Criminal sanctions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cross-subsidisation">Cross subsidisation </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="d"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">d</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/damages">Damages</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/de-minimis-notice">De minimis notice</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/digital-markets-act">Digital Markets Act</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/direct-effect">Direct effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices">Discriminatory practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/distribution-agreement">Distribution agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/divestiture">Divestiture</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/dominance-notion">Dominance (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/downstream-market-117440">Downstream market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="e"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">e</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/echr">ECHR</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-analysis">Economic analysis</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-efficiency">Economic efficiency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economies-of-scale">Economies of scale </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ecosystem-failures">Ecosystem Failures</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effect-on-trade-between-member-states">Effect on trade between Member States</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effective-judicial-protection">Effective judicial protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effects-doctrine-118100">Effects doctrine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court">EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) & Court </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en">Environmental protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/error-costs-108946">Error costs</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/essential-facility">Essential facility</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en">European Competition Network (ECN)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en">Excessive prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exchange-of-information">Exchanges of information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusionary-practice">Exclusionary practice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exclusive-distribution-12218">Exclusive distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-purchasing-en">Exclusive purchasing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-right-art-106-tfeu">Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusivity-clause">Exclusivity clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exhaustion">Exhaustion </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Extra-territoriality">Extra-territoriality</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="f"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">f</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Failing-firm-defence">Failing firm defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fidelity-rebates">Fidelity rebates</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Fine">Fine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fintech">Fintech</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreclosure-117887">Foreclosure</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-direct-investment-fdi">Foreign direct investment (FDI)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-subsidies">Foreign Subsidies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/form-co">Form CO (EU) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/frand">FRAND</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Free-riding">Free riding </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="g"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">g</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/geographic-market">Geographic market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corporate-group">Group of undertakings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization">Group purchasing organization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/guidelines-119080">Guidelines</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/gun-jumping">Gun jumping</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="h"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">h</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions">Hard core restrictions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Hearing-officer">Hearing officer </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/horizontal-agreement">Horizontal cooperation agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/hsr-filing-us-108854">HSR Filing (US)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="i"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">i</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/independence-and-impartiality">Independence and impartiality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/individual-exemption-86377">Individual exemption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/industrial-policy">Industrial policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en">Intellectual property right</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/inter-brand-competition">Inter-brand competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Interim-measures">Interim measures </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-co-operation">International co-operation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-competition-network-icn">International competition network (ICN) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/investigations-inquiries-en">Investigations / inquiries</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="j"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">j</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/judicial-review">Judicial review</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="k"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">k</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Know-how">Know-how </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="l"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">l</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/legal-privilege">Legal privilege</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Leniency-programme">Leniency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/lerner-index">Lerner index</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/letter-of-formal-notice-118055">Letter of formal notice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/licensing">Licensing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/limitation-period-119083">Limitation Period </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="m"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">m</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/margin-squeeze">Margin squeeze</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/marginal-costs">Marginal costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-economy-investor">Market economy investor</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-power">Market power</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-share">Market share </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/media-pluralism">Media pluralism</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-notion-12318-en">Merger (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-prohibition">Merger (prohibition)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-withdrawal-118046">Merger (withdrawal)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Merger-control-procedure">Merger control procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-remedies-100323">Merger remedies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/minority-shareholdings-89176">Minority shareholdings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/misinformation">Misinformation</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/mobility-barriers-117741">Mobility Barriers</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Monopoly">Monopoly </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="n"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">n</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/ne-bis-in-idem-86490">Ne bis in idem</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/negative-clearance-118047">Negative clearance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Network-effect">Network effect </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-compete-obligation-12156-en">Non-compete obligation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-horizontal-mergers">Non-Horizontal Mergers </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/notification-12310">Notification</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/nullity">Nullity </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="o"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">o</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/oligopoly">Oligopoly </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/online-platforms">Online Platforms</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="p"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">p</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/parallel-imports-parallel-trade-en">Parallel imports (parallel trade)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/passing-on-en">Passing-on</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Passive-sales">Passive sales </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/patents">Patents</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/pay-for-delay">Pay-for-delay</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/periodic-penalty-payment">Periodic penalty payment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/potential-competition">Potential competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/predatory-pricing">Predatory pricing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/preliminary-rulings-art-267-tfue">Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en">Price discrimination </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-leadership">Price leadership</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-signaling">Price signalling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-fixing-agreement">Price-fixing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/prices-en">Prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equal-treatment">Principle of equal treatment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equivalence">Principle of equivalence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-proportionality">Principle of proportionality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privacy-and-data-protection">Privacy and data protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/private-enforcement">Private enforcement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privatization-en">Privatization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/procedural-autonomy">Procedural autonomy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/professional-association-86373-en">Professional association</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/public-procurement">Public procurement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Public-undertaking">Public undertaking</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="r"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">r</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/r-d-agreement">R&D agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/case-referral-system-mergers">Referral (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal">Refusal to deal</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/the-registry-of-the-general-court-of-the-european-union">Registry of the General Court of the European Union</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Relevant-market">Relevant market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/remedies-antitrust-en">Remedies (antitrust)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/request-for-information">Request for information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-below-cost-en">Resale below cost </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-price-maintenance-rpm">Resale price maintenance (RPM)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation">Restriction on exportation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/rule-of-reason">Rule of reason</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="s"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">s</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/sunk-costs-117836"> Sunk Costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sector-inquiry">Sector inquiry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/selective-distribution">Selective distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/self-preference-111802">Self-Preference</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Services-of-general-economic">Services of general economic interest </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Single-branding">Single branding </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sole-control">Sole control</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/specialization-agreements">Specialization agreements </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Spill-over-effects">Spill-over effects </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/standard-essential-patent-sep">Standard-Essential Patent (SEP)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-action-defense">State action defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-compatibility">State aid (compatibility)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid">State aid (existing aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-notification-en">State aid (notification)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid">State aid (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-recovery">State aid (recovery) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid">State aid (unlawful aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/State-measure">State measure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Statement-of-objections-SO">Statement of objections (SO) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Substitutability">Substitutability </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sustainability">Sustainability</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/switching-costs">Switching Costs</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="t"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">t</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/technology-transfer">Technology transfer</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/test-siec-merger-en">Test SIEC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-slc-src-sdc-tests">Test SLC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/tipping">Tipping</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/business-secrets">Trade Secrets</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trademark">Trademark</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trustee-mergers-en">Trustee (mergers)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/turnover-threshold-merger">Turnover threshold (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/two-sided-market">Two-sided market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="u"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">u</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/undertaking-notion">Undertaking (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/unfair-competition">Unfair competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/universal-service-118054">Universal Service</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/upstream-market">Upstream market </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="v"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">v</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/variable-costs">Variable costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Vertical-agreement">Vertical agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/vertical-restraints-or-restrictions">Vertical restraints (or restrictions)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="w"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">w</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/White-clause">White clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/withdrawal-of-the-benefit-of-a-block-exemption">Withdrawal (of the benefit of a block exemption)</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <script type="text/javascript"> jQuery(function(){ // hack on appelle 1 scrollspy sur body et 1 sur window pour pas les melanger jQuery(window).scrollspy({ target: '#menu-definition', offset: 130 }); jQuery('body').scrollspy({ target: '#definition-index', offset: 130 }); jQuery(document).scrollspy({ target: '#related-index', offset: 130 }); // Affichage de l'index var $btn_index = jQuery('[data-target="#index"]'); var $index = jQuery('#index'); $btn_index.on('click', function(e) { e.stopPropagation(); var me = jQuery(this); if (me.is('.collapsed')) { $btn_index.removeClass('in'); me.addClass('in'); var $container = $index.closest('.relative-content'); var y = me.offset().top - $container.offset().top + me.outerHeight(); var picto = me.find('.picto-round'); if (!picto.length) { picto = me; } var h = jQuery(window).height() 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