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<span>Precursors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precursors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Early development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_1990s_to_early_2000s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_1990s_to_early_2000s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Late 1990s to early 2000s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_1990s_to_early_2000s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Business developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Streaming_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Streaming_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Streaming wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Streaming_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_by_the_general_public" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_by_the_general_public"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Use by the general public</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use_by_the_general_public-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Use by the general public subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Use_by_the_general_public-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transition_from_DVD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition_from_DVD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Transition from DVD</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition_from_DVD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Napster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Napster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Napster</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Napster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_fight_for_intellectual_property_rights:_A&M_Records,_Inc._v._Napster,_Inc." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_fight_for_intellectual_property_rights:_A&M_Records,_Inc._v._Napster,_Inc."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>The fight for intellectual property rights: <i>A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc.</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_fight_for_intellectual_property_rights:_A&M_Records,_Inc._v._Napster,_Inc.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_streaming_platforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_streaming_platforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Music streaming platforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_streaming_platforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-COVID-19_pandemic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COVID-19_pandemic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>COVID-19 pandemic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COVID-19_pandemic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local/home_streaming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local/home_streaming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Local/home streaming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local/home_streaming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Technologies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technologies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Technologies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bandwidth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bandwidth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Bandwidth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bandwidth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protocols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protocols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Protocols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protocols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recording" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recording"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Recording</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recording-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-View_recommendation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#View_recommendation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>View recommendation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-View_recommendation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications_and_marketing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications_and_marketing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Applications and marketing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications_and_marketing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Challenges</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Challenges-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Challenges subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Copyright_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copyright_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Copyright issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copyright_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Streaming media</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B7_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A9" title="وسائط متدفقة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وسائط متدفقة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming" title="Streaming – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Streaming" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="স্ট্রিমিং মিডিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্ট্রিমিং মিডিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming" title="Streaming – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Streaming" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Патокавае мультымэдыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Патокавае мультымэдыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="स्ट्रीमिंग मीडिया – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="स्ट्रीमिंग मीडिया" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Видео стрийминг – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Видео стрийминг" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming" title="Streaming – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Streaming" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming" title="Streaming – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Streaming" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flux_de_dades_multim%C3%A8dia" title="Flux de dades multimèdia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Flux de dades multimèdia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming" title="Streaming – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Streaming" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyfryngau_ffrydio" title="Cyfryngau ffrydio – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cyfryngau ffrydio" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Streaming media" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_Media" title="Streaming Media – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Streaming Media" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voogedastus" title="Voogedastus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Voogedastus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming" title="Streaming – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Streaming" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsendfluo" title="Elsendfluo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elsendfluo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming" title="Streaming – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Streaming" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="رسانه جاری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رسانه جاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming" title="Streaming – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Streaming" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Streaming media" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C3%A1in_sruthaithe" title="Meáin sruthaithe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Meáin sruthaithe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming" title="Streaming – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Streaming" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A6%AC%EB%B0%8D" title="스트리밍 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스트리밍" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%BD%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Հոսքային մուլտիմեդիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հոսքային մուլտիմեդիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="स्ट्रीमिंग माध्यम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्ट्रीमिंग माध्यम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetski_prijenos" title="Internetski prijenos – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Internetski prijenos" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flu-brodkasto" title="Flu-brodkasto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Flu-brodkasto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_pengaliran" title="Media pengaliran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Media pengaliran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streymi" title="Streymi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Streymi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming" title="Streaming – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Streaming" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94" title="הזרמת מדיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הזרמת מדיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straum%C4%93%C5%A1ana" title="Straumēšana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Straumēšana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Streaming media" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Семрежно емитување – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Семрежно емитување" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="സ്ട്രീമിംഗ് മീഡിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്ട്രീമിംഗ് മീഡിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="स्ट्रीमिंग माध्यम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्ट्रीमिंग माध्यम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penstriman" title="Penstriman – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penstriman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Streaming media" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="ストリーミング – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ストリーミング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%C3%B8mming" title="Strømming – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Strømming" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_strumieniowe" title="Media strumieniowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Media strumieniowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming" title="Streaming – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Streaming" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming" title="Streaming – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Streaming" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Потоковое мультимедиа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Потоковое мультимедиа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Streaming media" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%C3%ADming" title="Stríming – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Stríming" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Стриминг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стриминг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming" title="Streaming – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Streaming" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suoratoisto" title="Suoratoisto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Suoratoisto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%C3%B6mmande_media" title="Strömmande media – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Strömmande media" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%93%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88" title="ஊடக ஓடை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஊடக ஓடை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="สื่อส่งผ่านสัญญาณต่อเนื่อง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สื่อส่งผ่านสัญญาณต่อเนื่อง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ger%C3%A7ek_zamanl%C4%B1_veri_ak%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Gerçek zamanlı veri akışı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gerçek zamanlı veri akışı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B0" title="Потокове мультимедіа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Потокове мультимедіа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming" title="Streaming – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Streaming" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A1t_tr%E1%BB%B1c_tuy%E1%BA%BFn" title="Phát trực tuyến – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phát trực tuyến" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E5%AA%92%E4%BD%93" title="流媒体 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="流媒体" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E5%AA%92%E4%BD%93" title="流媒体 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="流媒体" 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class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FStreaming_media"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Streaming_media&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Streaming" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q220499" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Streaming&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Streaming">Streaming</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Multimedia delivery method</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Streaming" and "Streamed" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Stream_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Stream (disambiguation)">Stream (disambiguation)</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Media streaming" redirects here. For the feature in Microsoft Windows, see <a href="/wiki/DLNA" title="DLNA">DLNA</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about streaming media in general. For the music listening format specifically, see <a href="/wiki/Music_streaming_service" title="Music streaming service">Music streaming service</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/NASA_Spacesuit_Development.webm/300px-seek%3D78-NASA_Spacesuit_Development.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="300" height="169" data-durationhint="437" data-mwtitle="NASA_Spacesuit_Development.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:NASA_Spacesuit_Development.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/NASA_Spacesuit_Development.webm/NASA_Spacesuit_Development.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/NASA_Spacesuit_Development.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/NASA_Spacesuit_Development.webm/NASA_Spacesuit_Development.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/NASA_Spacesuit_Development.webm/NASA_Spacesuit_Development.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/NASA_Spacesuit_Development.webm/NASA_Spacesuit_Development.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/NASA_Spacesuit_Development.webm/NASA_Spacesuit_Development.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/NASA_Spacesuit_Development.webm/NASA_Spacesuit_Development.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>On websites such as YouTube, videos such as this short NASA film about spacesuit design are played <a href="/wiki/Real-time_computer_graphics" title="Real-time computer graphics">instantly</a> depending on the user's internet connection, and the video is partially <a href="/wiki/Downloaded" class="mw-redirect" title="Downloaded">downloaded</a> in the background.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">E-commerce</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shopping_cart_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Shopping_cart_icon.svg/42px-Shopping_cart_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Shopping_cart_icon.svg/63px-Shopping_cart_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Shopping_cart_icon.svg/84px-Shopping_cart_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="116" data-file-height="95" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Digital content</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ebook" title="Ebook">Ebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Streaming media</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Retail goods and services</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_advertising" title="Online advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_auction" title="Online auction">Auctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_banking" title="Online banking">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD-by-mail" title="DVD-by-mail">DVD-by-mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution" title="Digital distribution">Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_food_ordering" title="Online food ordering">Food ordering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_grocer" title="Online grocer">Grocery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_marketplace" title="Online marketplace">Marketplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_pharmacy" title="Online pharmacy">Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridesharing_company" title="Ridesharing company">Ride-hailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_website" title="Travel website">Travel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Online_shopping" title="Online shopping">Online shopping</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_shopping_website" title="Comparison shopping website">Comparison shopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_commerce" title="Social commerce">Social commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_trading_community" title="Online trading community">Trading communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_wallet" title="Online wallet">Wallet</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Mobile_commerce" title="Mobile commerce">Mobile commerce</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_payment" title="Mobile payment">Payment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_ticketing" title="Mobile ticketing">Ticketing</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Customer_service" title="Customer service">Customer service</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Call_centre" title="Call centre">Call centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help_desk" title="Help desk">Help desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_chat" title="Online chat">Live support software</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/E-procurement" title="E-procurement">E-procurement</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Purchase-to-pay" title="Purchase-to-pay">Purchase-to-pay</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Super-app" title="Super-app">Super-apps</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:E-commerce" title="Template:E-commerce"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:E-commerce" title="Template talk:E-commerce"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:E-commerce" title="Special:EditPage/Template:E-commerce"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Streaming media</b> refers to <a href="/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">multimedia</a> delivered through a <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">network</a> for playback using a <a href="/wiki/Media_player_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Media player (disambiguation)">media player</a>. Media is transferred in a <i>stream</i> of <a href="/wiki/Network_packet" title="Network packet">packets</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">server</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Client-server_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Client-server model">client</a> and is rendered in real-time;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this contrasts with file <a href="/wiki/Downloading" class="mw-redirect" title="Downloading">downloading</a>, a process in which the end-user obtains an entire media file before consuming the content. Streaming is presently most prevalent in <a href="/wiki/Video-on-demand" class="mw-redirect" title="Video-on-demand">video-on-demand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming television</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Music_streaming_service" title="Music streaming service">music streaming services</a> over the Internet. </p><p>While streaming is most commonly associated with multimedia from a remote server over the Internet, it also includes <a href="/wiki/Offline" class="mw-redirect" title="Offline">offline</a> multimedia between devices on a <a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">local area network</a>, for example using <a href="/wiki/DLNA" title="DLNA">DLNA</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a <a href="/wiki/Home_server" title="Home server">home server</a>, or in a <a href="/wiki/Personal_area_network" title="Personal area network">personal area network</a> between two devices using <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a> (which uses <a href="/wiki/Radio_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio waves">radio waves</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">IP</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Online streaming was initially popularised by <a href="/wiki/RealNetworks" title="RealNetworks">RealNetworks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> in the 1990s<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has since grown to become the globally most popular method for consuming music and video,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with numerous competing subscription services being offered since the 2010s.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Audio streaming to <a href="/wiki/Wireless_speaker" title="Wireless speaker">wireless speakers</a>, often using Bluetooth, is another use that has become prevalent during that decade.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Live_streaming" title="Live streaming">Live streaming</a> is the real-time delivery of content during production, much as <a href="/wiki/Live_television" title="Live television">live television</a> broadcasts content via television channels.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Distinguishing delivery methods from the media applies specifically to, as most of the traditional media delivery systems are either inherently <i>streaming</i> (e.g., radio, television) or inherently <i>non-streaming</i> (e.g., books, <a href="/wiki/Videotape" title="Videotape">videotapes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Audio_CD" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio CD">audio CDs</a>). The term "streaming media" can apply to media other than video and audio, such as live <a href="/wiki/Closed_captioning" title="Closed captioning">closed captioning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ticker_tape" title="Ticker tape">ticker tape</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Real-time_text" title="Real-time text">real-time text</a>, which are all considered "streaming text". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "streaming" was first used for <a href="/wiki/Tape_drive" title="Tape drive">tape drives</a> manufactured by Data Electronics Inc. that were meant to slowly ramp up and run for the entire track; slower ramp times lowered drive costs. "Streaming" was applied in the early 1990s as a better description for <a href="/wiki/Video_on_demand" title="Video on demand">video on demand</a> and later live video on <a href="/wiki/IP_network" class="mw-redirect" title="IP network">IP networks</a>. It was first done by <a href="/wiki/Starlight_Networks" title="Starlight Networks">Starlight Networks</a> for video streaming and <a href="/wiki/Real_Networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Networks">Real Networks</a> for audio streaming. Such video had previously been referred to by the misnomer "store and forward video."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Precursors">Precursors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Precursors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning in 1881, <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2trophone" title="Théâtrophone">Théâtrophone</a> enabled subscribers to listen to opera and theatre performances over telephone lines. This operated until 1932. The concept of media streaming eventually came to America.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1920s, <a href="/wiki/George_Owen_Squier" title="George Owen Squier">George Owen Squier</a> was granted patents for a system for the transmission and distribution of signals over electrical lines,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was the technical basis for what later became <i><a href="/wiki/Muzak" title="Muzak">Muzak</a></i>, a technology for streaming continuous music to commercial customers without the use of radio. </p><p>The Telephone Music Service, a live jukebox service, began in 1929 and continued until 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pittsburghmagazine.com_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pittsburghmagazine.com-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The clientele eventually included 120 bars and restaurants in the Pittsburgh area. A tavern customer would deposit money in the jukebox, use a telephone on top of the jukebox, and ask the operator to play a song. The operator would find the record in the studio library of more than 100,000 records, put it on a turntable, and the music would be piped over the telephone line to play in the tavern. The music media began as 78s, 33s and 45s, played on the six turntables they monitored. CDs and tapes were incorporated in later years. </p><p>The business had a succession of owners, notably Bill Purse, his daughter Helen Reutzel, and finally Dotti White. The revenue stream for each quarter was split between 60% for the music service and 40% for the tavern owner.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This business model eventually became unsustainable due to city permits and the cost of setting up these telephone lines.<sup id="cite_ref-pittsburghmagazine.com_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pittsburghmagazine.com-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_development">Early development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_online_video" title="Timeline of online video">Timeline of online video</a></div> <p>Attempts to display media on <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">computers</a> date back to the earliest days of computing in the mid-20th century. However, little progress was made for several decades, primarily due to the high cost and limited capabilities of computer hardware. From the late 1980s through the 1990s, consumer-grade personal computers became powerful enough to display various media. The primary technical issues related to streaming were having enough <a href="/wiki/CPU" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU">CPU</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">bus</a> <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">bandwidth</a> to support the required data rates and achieving the <a href="/wiki/Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">real-time computing</a> performance required to prevent <a href="/wiki/Buffer_underrun" title="Buffer underrun">buffer underruns</a> and enable smooth streaming of the content. However, computer networks were still limited in the mid-1990s, and audio and video media were usually delivered over non-streaming channels, such as playback from a local <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">hard disk drive</a> or <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROMs</a> on the end user's computer. </p><p>Terminology in the 1970's was at best confusing for applications such as telemetered aircraft or missile test data. By then PCM [Pulse Code Modulation] was the dominant transmission type. This PCM transmission was bit-serial and not packetized so the 'streaming' terminology was often a confusion factor. In 1969 Grumman acquired one of the first telemetry ground stations [Automated Telemetry Station, 'ATS'] which had the capability for reconstructing serial telemetered data which had been recorded on digital computer peripheral tapes. Computer peripheral tapes were inherently recorded in blocks. Reconstruction was required for continuous display purposes without time-base distortion. The Navy implemented similar capability in DoD for the first time in 1973. These implementations are the only known examples of true 'streaming' in the sense of reconstructing distortion-free serial data from packetized or blocked recordings.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'Real-time' terminology has also been confusing in streaming context. The most accepted definition of 'real-time' requires that all associated processing or formatting of the data must take place prior to availability of the next sample of each measurement. In the 1970s the most powerful mainframe computers were not fast enough for this task at significant overall data rates in the range of 50,000 samples per second. For that reason both the Grumman ATS and the Navy Real-time Telemetry Processing System [RTPS] employed unique special purpose digital computers dedicated to real-time processing of raw data samples. </p><p>In 1990, the first commercial <a href="/wiki/Ethernet_switch" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethernet switch">Ethernet switch</a> was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Kalpana,_Inc." title="Kalpana, Inc.">Kalpana</a>, which enabled the more powerful computer networks that led to the first streaming video solutions used by schools and corporations. </p><p>Practical streaming media was only made possible with advances in <a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">data compression</a> due to the impractically high bandwidth requirements of uncompressed media. Raw <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">digital audio</a> encoded with <a href="/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation" title="Pulse-code modulation">pulse-code modulation</a> (PCM) requires a bandwidth of 1.4<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Mbit/s" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbit/s">Mbit/s</a> for uncompressed <a href="/wiki/CD_audio" class="mw-redirect" title="CD audio">CD audio</a>, while raw <a href="/wiki/Digital_video" title="Digital video">digital video</a> requires a bandwidth of 168<span class="nowrap"> </span>Mbit/s for <a href="/wiki/SD_video" class="mw-redirect" title="SD video">SD video</a> and over 1000<span class="nowrap"> </span>Mbit/s for <a href="/wiki/FHD" class="mw-redirect" title="FHD">FHD</a> video.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_1990s_to_early_2000s">Late 1990s to early 2000s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Late 1990s to early 2000s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Original_net_animation" title="Original net animation">Original net animation</a></div> <p>During the late 1990s and early 2000s, users had increased access to computer networks, especially the Internet. During the early 2000s, users had access to increased network <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)" title="Bandwidth (signal processing)">bandwidth</a>, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Last_mile_(telecommunications)" title="Last mile (telecommunications)">last mile</a>. These technological improvements facilitated the streaming of audio and video content to computer users in their homes and workplaces. There was also an increasing use of standard protocols and formats, such as <a href="/wiki/TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a>, <a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a>, and <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>, as the Internet became increasingly commercialized, which led to an infusion of investment into the sector. </p><p>The band <a href="/wiki/Severe_Tire_Damage_(band)" title="Severe Tire Damage (band)">Severe Tire Damage</a> was the first group to perform live on the Internet. On 24 June 1993, the band was playing a gig at <a href="/wiki/Xerox_PARC" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerox PARC">Xerox PARC</a>, while elsewhere in the building, scientists were discussing new technology (the <a href="/wiki/Mbone" title="Mbone">Mbone</a>) for broadcasting on the Internet using <a href="/wiki/Multicast" title="Multicast">multicasting</a>. As proof of PARC's technology, the band's performance was broadcast and could be seen live in Australia and elsewhere. In a March 2017 interview, band member Russ Haines stated that the band had used approximately "half of the total bandwidth of the internet" to stream the performance, which was a <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="11552 !">152 × 76</span></span> pixel video, updated eight to twelve times per second, with audio quality that was, "at best, a bad telephone connection."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1994, a school music festival was webcast from the Michael Fowler Centre in Wellington, New Zealand. The technician who arranged the webcast, local council employee Richard Naylor, later commented: "We had 16 viewers in 12 countries."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/RealNetworks" title="RealNetworks">RealNetworks</a> pioneered the broadcast of a baseball game between the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Yankees" title="New York Yankees">New York Yankees</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Mariners" title="Seattle Mariners">Seattle Mariners</a> over the Internet in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first symphonic concert on the Internet—a collaboration between the <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Symphony" title="Seattle Symphony">Seattle Symphony</a> and guest musicians <a href="/wiki/Slash_(musician)" title="Slash (musician)">Slash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matt_Cameron" title="Matt Cameron">Matt Cameron</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barrett_Martin" title="Barrett Martin">Barrett Martin</a>—took place at the <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Theatre_(Seattle,_Washington)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramount Theatre (Seattle, Washington)">Paramount Theater</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, Washington, on 10 November 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1996, <a href="/wiki/Marc_Scarpa" title="Marc Scarpa">Marc Scarpa</a> produced the first large-scale, online, live broadcast, the <a href="/wiki/Adam_Yauch" title="Adam Yauch">Adam Yauch</a>–led <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Freedom_Concert" title="Tibetan Freedom Concert">Tibetan Freedom Concert</a>, an event that would define the format of social change broadcasts. Scarpa continued to pioneer in the streaming media world with projects such as <a href="/wiki/Woodstock_%2799" title="Woodstock '99">Woodstock '99</a>, Townhall with <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">President Clinton</a>, and more recently Covered CA's campaign "Tell a Friend Get Covered", which was livestreamed on YouTube. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_developments">Business developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Business developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Xing_Technology" title="Xing Technology">Xing Technology</a> was founded in 1989 and developed a JPEG streaming product called "StreamWorks". Another streaming product appeared in late 1992 and was named StarWorks.<sup id="cite_ref-StarWorks_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StarWorks-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> StarWorks enabled on-demand MPEG-1 full-motion videos to be randomly accessed on corporate <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> networks. Starworks was from <a href="/wiki/Starlight_Networks" title="Starlight Networks">Starlight Networks</a>, which also pioneered live video streaming on Ethernet and via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a> over satellites with <a href="/wiki/Hughes_Network_Systems" title="Hughes Network Systems">Hughes Network Systems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Starlight_Networks_and_Hughes_Network_Systems_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Starlight_Networks_and_Hughes_Network_Systems-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other early companies that created streaming media technology include Progressive Networks and Protocomm prior to widespread World Wide Web usage. After the <a href="/wiki/Netscape_IPO" class="mw-redirect" title="Netscape IPO">Netscape IPO</a> in 1995 (and the release of <a href="/wiki/Windows_95" title="Windows 95">Windows 95</a> with built-in <a href="/wiki/TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a> support), usage of the Internet expanded, and <a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">many companies "went public"</a>, including Progressive Networks (which was renamed "<a href="/wiki/RealNetworks" title="RealNetworks">RealNetworks</a>", and listed on <a href="/wiki/Nasdaq" title="Nasdaq">Nasdaq</a> as "RNWK"). As the web became even more popular in the late 90s, streaming video on the internet blossomed from startups such as <a href="/wiki/Vivo_Software" title="Vivo Software">Vivo Software</a> (later acquired by RealNetworks), VDOnet (acquired by RealNetworks), Precept (acquired by <a href="/wiki/Cisco" title="Cisco">Cisco</a>), and Xing (acquired by RealNetworks).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> developed a media player known as <a href="/wiki/ActiveMovie" title="ActiveMovie">ActiveMovie</a> in 1995 that supported streaming media and included a proprietary streaming format, which was the precursor to the streaming feature later in <a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Player" title="Windows Media Player">Windows Media Player</a> 6.4 in 1999. In June 1999, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> also introduced a streaming media format in its <a href="/wiki/QuickTime" title="QuickTime">QuickTime</a> 4 application. It was later also widely adopted on websites, along with RealPlayer and Windows Media streaming formats. The competing formats on websites required each user to download the respective applications for streaming, which resulted in many users having to have all three applications on their computer for general compatibility. </p><p>In 2000, Industryview.com launched its "world's largest streaming video archive" website to help businesses promote themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Webcasting became an emerging tool for business marketing and advertising that combined the immersive nature of television with the interactivity of the Web. The ability to collect data and feedback from potential customers caused this technology to gain momentum quickly.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 2002, the interest in a single, unified, streaming format and the widespread adoption of <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash" title="Adobe Flash">Adobe Flash</a> prompted the development of a video streaming format through Flash, which was the format used in Flash-based players on <a href="/wiki/Video_hosting" class="mw-redirect" title="Video hosting">video hosting</a> sites. The first popular video streaming site, YouTube, was founded by <a href="/wiki/Steve_Chen" title="Steve Chen">Steve Chen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chad_Hurley" title="Chad Hurley">Chad Hurley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jawed_Karim" title="Jawed Karim">Jawed Karim</a> in 2005. It initially used a Flash-based player, which played <a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_AVC" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-4 AVC">MPEG-4 AVC</a> video and <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="Advanced Audio Coding">AAC</a> audio, but now defaults to <a href="/wiki/HTML_video" title="HTML video">HTML video</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increasing consumer demand for live streaming prompted YouTube to implement a new live streaming service for users.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company currently also offers a (secure) link that returns the available connection speed of the user.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America" title="Recording Industry Association of America">Recording Industry Association of America</a> (RIAA) revealed through its 2015, earnings report that streaming services were responsible for 34.3 percent of the year's total <a href="/wiki/Music_industry" title="Music industry">music industry</a>'s revenue, growing 29 percent from the previous year and becoming the largest source of income, pulling in around $2.4 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> US streaming revenue grew 57 percent to $1.6 billion in the first half of 2016 and accounted for almost half of industry sales.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Streaming_wars">Streaming wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Streaming wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_streaming_media_services" title="List of streaming media services">List of streaming media services</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Streaming wars" redirects here. For the South Park film, see <a href="/wiki/South_Park_The_Streaming_Wars" title="South Park The Streaming Wars">South Park The Streaming Wars</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For competition between music streaming platforms, see <a href="#Music_streaming_platforms">§ Music streaming platforms</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">History of <a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">television in the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TV-icon-EUA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/TV-icon-EUA.svg/40px-TV-icon-EUA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/TV-icon-EUA.svg/60px-TV-icon-EUA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/TV-icon-EUA.svg/80px-TV-icon-EUA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="96" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Eras</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prewar_television_stations" title="Prewar television stations">Prewar and wartime broadcasting</a> (1928–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Television" title="Golden Age of Television">First Golden Age</a> (1947–1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_era" title="Network era">Network era</a> (1950s–1980s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-channel_transition" title="Multi-channel transition">Multi-channel transition</a> (1980s–1990s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak TV">Peak TV</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Post-network_era" title="Post-network era">post-network era</a> (1999–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2023</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Streaming wars">Streaming wars</a> (2019–2022)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Histories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States#Sports_media_in_the_United_States" title="Sports in the United States">Sports broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting_in_the_United_States#History" title="Public broadcasting in the United States">Public broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_television_series#History_in_the_United_States" title="Children's television series">Children's television</a></li> <li>TV animation (<a href="/wiki/Animation_in_the_United_States_in_the_television_era" title="Animation in the United States in the television era">Network era</a> · <a href="/wiki/Modern_animation_in_the_United_States" title="Modern animation in the United States">Modern era</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_television" title="List of years in television">History by decade</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table> <p>The term <i>streaming wars</i> was coined to describe the new era (starting in the late 2010s) of competition between video streaming services such as <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Video" title="Amazon Prime Video">Amazon Prime Video</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hulu" title="Hulu">Hulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_(streaming_service)" title="Max (streaming service)">Max</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disney%2B" title="Disney+">Disney+</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paramount%2B" title="Paramount+">Paramount+</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_TV%2B" title="Apple TV+">Apple TV+</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peacock_(streaming_service)" title="Peacock (streaming service)">Peacock</a>, and many more.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The competition among online platforms has driven them to find ways to differentiate themselves from the rest. A key differentiator is offering exclusive content, often self-produced and created for a specific <a href="/wiki/Market_segment" class="mw-redirect" title="Market segment">market segment</a>. Research suggests that this approach to streaming competition can be disadvantageous for consumers by increasing spending across platforms, and for the industry as a whole by dilution of subscriber base. Once specific content is made available on a streaming service, piracy searches for the same content decrease; competition or legal availability across multiple platforms appears to deter online piracy. Exclusive content produced for subscription services such as Netflix tends to have a higher production budget than content produced exclusively for <a href="/wiki/Pay-per-view" title="Pay-per-view">pay-per-view</a> services, such as Amazon Prime Video.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This competition increased during the first two years of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> as more people stayed home and watched TV. "The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a seismic shift in the film & TV industry in terms of how films are made, distributed, and screened. Many industries have been hit by the economic effects of the pandemic" (Totaro Donato).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2022, a CNN headline declared that "The streaming wars are over" as pandemic-era restrictions had largely ended and audience growth had stalled. This led services to focus on profit over market share by cutting production budgets, cracking down on password sharing, and introducing ad-supported tiers.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A December 2022 article in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Verge" title="The Verge">The Verge</a></i> echoed this, declaring an end to the "golden age of the streaming wars".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2023, several streaming services formed a <a href="/wiki/Trade_association" title="Trade association">trade association</a> named the Streaming Innovation Alliance (SIA), spearheaded by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rivkin" title="Charles Rivkin">Charles Rivkin</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association" title="Motion Picture Association">Motion Picture Association</a> (MPA). Former <a href="/wiki/U.S._representative" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. representative">U.S. representative</a> <a href="/wiki/Fred_Upton" title="Fred Upton">Fred Upton</a> and former <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) acting chair <a href="/wiki/Mignon_Clyburn" title="Mignon Clyburn">Mignon Clyburn</a> serve as senior advisors. Founding members include AfroLandTV, America Nu Network, <a href="/wiki/BET%2B" title="BET+">BET+</a>, <a href="/wiki/Discovery%2B" title="Discovery+">Discovery+</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disney%2B" title="Disney+">Disney+</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disney%2B_Hotstar" title="Disney+ Hotstar">Disney+ Hotstar</a>, <a href="/wiki/ESPN%2B" title="ESPN+">ESPN+</a>, For Us By Us Network, <a href="/wiki/Hulu" title="Hulu">Hulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_(streaming_service)" title="Max (streaming service)">Max</a>, the MPA, MotorTrend+, <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paramount%2B" title="Paramount+">Paramount+</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peacock_(streaming_service)" title="Peacock (streaming service)">Peacock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pluto_TV" title="Pluto TV">Pluto TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Star%2B" title="Star+">Star+</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telemundo" title="Telemundo">Telemundo</a>, <a href="/wiki/TelevisaUnivision" title="TelevisaUnivision">TelevisaUnivision</a>, Vault TV, and <a href="/wiki/Vix_(streaming_service)" title="Vix (streaming service)">Vix</a>. Notably absent were <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roku" title="Roku">Roku</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tubi" title="Tubi">Tubi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_by_the_general_public">Use by the general public</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Use by the general public"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%BE%BD%E6%9D%91%E5%B8%82%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92_%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B3%E7%94%9F_2017_(32782507624).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/%E7%BE%BD%E6%9D%91%E5%B8%82%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92_%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B3%E7%94%9F_2017_%2832782507624%29.jpg/220px-%E7%BE%BD%E6%9D%91%E5%B8%82%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92_%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B3%E7%94%9F_2017_%2832782507624%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/%E7%BE%BD%E6%9D%91%E5%B8%82%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92_%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B3%E7%94%9F_2017_%2832782507624%29.jpg/330px-%E7%BE%BD%E6%9D%91%E5%B8%82%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92_%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B3%E7%94%9F_2017_%2832782507624%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/%E7%BE%BD%E6%9D%91%E5%B8%82%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92_%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B3%E7%94%9F_2017_%2832782507624%29.jpg/440px-%E7%BE%BD%E6%9D%91%E5%B8%82%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92_%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B3%E7%94%9F_2017_%2832782507624%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>A camera <a href="/wiki/Live_streaming" title="Live streaming">live streaming</a> at a zoo by <a href="/wiki/Niconico" title="Niconico">Niconico</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Advances in <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networking</a>, combined with powerful home computers and operating systems, have made streaming media affordable and easy for the public. Stand-alone <a href="/wiki/Internet_radio_device" title="Internet radio device">Internet radio devices</a> emerged to offer listeners a non-technical option for listening to audio streams. These audio-streaming services became increasingly popular; music streaming reached 4 trillion streams globally in 2023 -- a significant increase from 2022 -- jumping 34% over the year.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bluetooth_Music_Streaming_-_2014_Scion_tC_(15664918268).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bluetooth_Music_Streaming_-_2014_Scion_tC_%2815664918268%29.jpg/220px-Bluetooth_Music_Streaming_-_2014_Scion_tC_%2815664918268%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bluetooth_Music_Streaming_-_2014_Scion_tC_%2815664918268%29.jpg/330px-Bluetooth_Music_Streaming_-_2014_Scion_tC_%2815664918268%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bluetooth_Music_Streaming_-_2014_Scion_tC_%2815664918268%29.jpg/440px-Bluetooth_Music_Streaming_-_2014_Scion_tC_%2815664918268%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="701" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Car_audio" class="mw-redirect" title="Car audio">car audio</a> receiver playing music being streamed via Bluetooth from a smartphone</figcaption></figure> <p>In general, multimedia content is data-intensive, so media storage and transmission costs are still significant. Media is generally <a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">compressed</a> for transport and storage. Increasing consumer demand for streaming <a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">high-definition</a> (HD) content has led the industry to develop technologies such as <a href="/wiki/WirelessHD" title="WirelessHD">WirelessHD</a> and <a href="/wiki/G.hn" title="G.hn">G.hn</a>, which are optimized for streaming HD content. Many developers have introduced HD streaming apps that work on smaller devices, such as tablets and smartphones, for everyday purposes. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:20%; ; padding:8px;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"Streaming creates the illusion—greatly magnified by headphone use, which is another matter—that music is a utility you can turn on and off; the water metaphor is intrinsic to how it works. It dematerializes music, denies it a crucial measure of autonomy, reality, and power. It makes music seem disposable, impermanent. Hence it intensifies the ebb and flow of pop fashion, the way <a href="/wiki/List_of_viral_music_videos" title="List of viral music videos">musical 'memes'</a> rise up for a week or a month and are then forgotten. And it renders our experience of individual artists/groups shallower." </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<a href="/wiki/Robert_Christgau" title="Robert Christgau">Robert Christgau</a>, 2018<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>A media stream can be streamed either <i>live</i> or <i>on demand</i>. Live streams are generally provided by a method called <i>true streaming</i>. True streaming sends the information straight to the computer or device without saving it to a local file. On-demand streaming is provided by a method called <i><a href="/wiki/Progressive_download" title="Progressive download">progressive download</a></i>. Progressive download saves the received information to a local file and then plays it from that location. On-demand streams are often saved to files for extended period of time, while live streams are only available at one time only (e.g., during a football game).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Streaming media is increasingly being coupled with the use of social media. For example, sites such as YouTube encourage social interaction in webcasts through features such as <a href="/wiki/Live_chat" class="mw-redirect" title="Live chat">live chat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Online survey">online surveys</a>, user posting of comments online, and more. Furthermore, streaming media is increasingly being used for <a href="/wiki/Social_business" title="Social business">social business</a> and <a href="/wiki/E-learning" class="mw-redirect" title="E-learning">e-learning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Horowitz_Research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horowitz Research (page does not exist)">Horowitz Research</a> State of Pay TV, OTT, and SVOD 2017 report said that 70 percent of those viewing content did so through a streaming service and that 40 percent of TV viewing was done this way, twice the number from five years earlier. <a href="/wiki/Millennials" title="Millennials">Millennials</a>, the report said, streamed 60 percent of the content.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transition_from_DVD">Transition from DVD</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Transition from DVD"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the movie streaming industry's largest impacts was on the DVD industry, which drastically dropped in popularity and profitability with the mass popularization of online content.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rise of media streaming caused the downfall of many DVD rental companies, such as <a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_(retailer)" title="Blockbuster (retailer)">Blockbuster</a>. In July 2015, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> published an article about <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a>'s DVD services. It stated that Netflix was continuing their DVD services with 5.3 million subscribers, which was a significant drop from the previous year. On the other hand, their streaming service had 65 million members.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Napster">Napster</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Napster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Music_streaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Music streaming">Music streaming</a> is one of the most popular ways in which consumers interact with streaming media. In the age of digitization, the <a href="/wiki/Private_good" title="Private good">private consumption</a> of music has transformed into a <a href="/wiki/Public_good_(economics)" title="Public good (economics)">public good</a>, largely due to one player in the market: Napster. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Napster" title="Napster">Napster</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">peer-to-peer</a> (P2P) file-sharing network where users could upload and download <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a> files freely, broke all music industry conventions when it launched in early 1999 in Hull, Massachusetts. The platform was developed by Shawn and John Fanning as well as <a href="/wiki/Sean_Parker" title="Sean Parker">Sean Parker</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an interview from 2009, Shawn Fanning explained that Napster "was something that came to me as a result of seeing a sort of unmet need and the passion people had for being able to find all this music, particularly a lot of the obscure stuff, which wouldn't be something you go to a record store and purchase, so it felt like a problem worth solving."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not only did this development disrupt the music industry by making songs that previously required payment to be freely accessible to any Napster user, but it also demonstrated the power of P2P networks in turning any digital file into a public, shareable good. For the brief period of time that Napster existed, mp3 files fundamentally changed as a type of good. Songs were no longer financially excludable, barring access to a computer with internet access, and they were not rivals, meaning if one person downloaded a song, it did not diminish another user from doing the same. Napster, like most other providers of public goods, faced the <a href="/wiki/Free-rider_problem" title="Free-rider problem">free-rider problem</a>. Every user benefits when an individual uploads an mp3 file, but there is no requirement or mechanism that forces all users to share their music. Generally, the platform encouraged sharing; users who downloaded files from others often had their own files available for upload as well. However, not everyone chose to share their files. There was no a built-in incentive specifically discouraging users from sharing their own files.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This structure revolutionized the consumer's perception of ownership over <a href="/wiki/Digital_goods" title="Digital goods">digital goods</a>; it made music freely replicable. Napster quickly garnered millions of users, growing faster than any other business in history. At the peak of its existence, Napster boasted about 80 million users globally. The site gained so much traffic that many college campuses had to block access to Napster because it created network congestion from so many students sharing music files.<sup id="cite_ref-expertise1_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-expertise1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The advent of Napster sparked the creation of numerous other P2P sites, including <a href="/wiki/LimeWire" title="LimeWire">LimeWire</a> (2000), <a href="/wiki/BitTorrent" title="BitTorrent">BitTorrent</a> (2001), and <a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_Bay" title="The Pirate Bay">the Pirate Bay</a> (2003). The reign of P2P networks was short-lived. The first to fall was Napster in 2001. Numerous lawsuits were filed against Napster by various record labels, all of which were subsidiaries of <a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal Music Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sony_Music" title="Sony Music">Sony Music</a> Entertainment, <a href="/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" title="Warner Music Group">Warner Music Group</a>, or <a href="/wiki/EMI" title="EMI">EMI</a>. In addition to this, the <a href="/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America" title="Recording Industry Association of America">Recording Industry Association of America</a> (RIAA) also filed a lawsuit against Napster on the grounds of unauthorized distribution of copyrighted material, which ultimately led Napster to shut down in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-expertise1_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-expertise1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an interview with the <i>New York Times</i>, Gary Stiffelman, who represents <a href="/wiki/Eminem" title="Eminem">Eminem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aerosmith" title="Aerosmith">Aerosmith</a>, and <a href="/wiki/TLC_discography" title="TLC discography">TLC</a>, explained, "I'm not an opponent of artists' music being included in these services, I'm just an opponent of their revenue not being shared."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_fight_for_intellectual_property_rights:_A&M_Records,_Inc._v._Napster,_Inc."><span id="The_fight_for_intellectual_property_rights:_A.26M_Records.2C_Inc._v._Napster.2C_Inc."></span>The fight for intellectual property rights: <i>A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc.</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The fight for intellectual property rights: A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lawsuit <i><a href="/wiki/A%26M_Records,_Inc._v._Napster,_Inc." title="A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc.">A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc.</a></i> fundamentally changed the way consumers interact with music streaming. It was argued on 2 October 2000, and was decided on 12 February 2001. The <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Appeals">Court of Appeals</a> for the Ninth Circuit ruled that a P2P file-sharing service could be held liable for contributory and vicarious infringement of copyright, serving as a landmark decision for Intellectual property law.<sup id="cite_ref-wustl1_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wustl1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first issue that the Court addressed was <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a>, which says that otherwise infringing activities are permissible so long as they are for purposes "such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching [...] scholarship, or research."<sup id="cite_ref-cornell2001_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cornell2001-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Judge Beezer, the judge for this case, noted that Napster claimed that its services fit "three specific alleged fair uses: <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">sampling</a>, where users make temporary copies of a work before purchasing; space-shifting, where users access a sound recording through the Napster system that they already own in audio CD format; and permissive distribution of recordings by both new and established artists."<sup id="cite_ref-cornell2001_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cornell2001-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Judge Beezer found that Napster did not fit these criteria, instead enabling their users to repeatedly copy music, which would affect the market value of the copyrighted good. </p><p>The second claim by the plaintiffs was that Napster was actively contributing to <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">copyright infringement</a> since it had knowledge of widespread file sharing on its platform. Since Napster took no action to reduce infringement and financially benefited from repeated use, the court ruled against the P2P site. The court found that "as much as eighty-seven percent of the files available on Napster may be copyrighted and more than seventy percent may be owned or administered by plaintiffs."<sup id="cite_ref-cornell2001_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cornell2001-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Injunction" title="Injunction">injunction</a> ordered against Napster ended the brief period in which music streaming was a public good – non-rival and non-excludable in nature. Other P2P networks had some success at sharing MP3s, though they all met a similar fate in court. The ruling set the precedent that copyrighted digital content cannot be freely replicated and shared unless given consent by the owner, thereby strengthening the property rights of artists and record labels alike.<sup id="cite_ref-wustl1_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wustl1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_streaming_platforms">Music streaming platforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Music streaming platforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_streaming_service" title="Music streaming service">Music streaming service</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Music_streaming_platform_use_vs_music_piracy_rates_in_U.S.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Music_streaming_platform_use_vs_music_piracy_rates_in_U.S.png/220px-Music_streaming_platform_use_vs_music_piracy_rates_in_U.S.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Music_streaming_platform_use_vs_music_piracy_rates_in_U.S.png/330px-Music_streaming_platform_use_vs_music_piracy_rates_in_U.S.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Music_streaming_platform_use_vs_music_piracy_rates_in_U.S.png/440px-Music_streaming_platform_use_vs_music_piracy_rates_in_U.S.png 2x" data-file-width="1314" data-file-height="781" /></a><figcaption>As music streaming platforms have become more prevalent in the US, music piracy rates have fallen. Piracy rates are calculated as a function of US total population.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Although music streaming is no longer a freely replicable public good, streaming platforms such as <a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deezer" title="Deezer">Deezer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Music" title="Apple Music">Apple Music</a>, <a href="/wiki/SoundCloud" title="SoundCloud">SoundCloud</a>, <a href="/wiki/YouTube_Music" title="YouTube Music">YouTube Music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Music" title="Amazon Music">Amazon Music</a> have shifted music streaming to a <a href="/wiki/Club_good" title="Club good">club-type good</a>. While some platforms, most notably Spotify, give customers access to a <a href="/wiki/Freemium" title="Freemium">freemium</a> service that enables the use of limited features for exposure to advertisements, most companies operate under a premium subscription model.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under such circumstances, music streaming is financially excludable, requiring that customers pay a monthly fee for access to a music library, but non-rival, since one customer's use does not impair another's. </p><p>There is competition between services similar but lesser to the streaming wars for video media. As of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Spotify has over 207 million users in 78 countries,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Apple Music has about 60 million, and SoundCloud has 175 million.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All platforms provide varying degrees of accessibility. Apple Music and Prime Music only offer their services for paid subscribers, whereas Spotify and SoundCloud offer freemium and premium services. Napster, owned by Rhapsody since 2011, has resurfaced as a music streaming platform offering subscription-based services to over 4.5 million users as of January 2017<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The music industry's response to music streaming was initially negative. Along with music piracy, streaming services disrupted the market and contributed to the fall in US revenue from $14.6 billion in 1999 to $6.3 billion in 2009. CDs and single-track downloads were not selling because content was freely available on the Internet. By 2018, however, music streaming revenue exceeded that of traditional revenue streams (e.g. record sales, album sales, downloads).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Streaming revenue is now one of the largest driving forces behind the growth in the music industry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="COVID-19_pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: COVID-19 pandemic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By August 2020, the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> had streaming services busier than ever. In the UK alone, 12 million people joined a new streaming service that they had not previously had.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An impact analysis of 2020 data by the <a href="/wiki/International_Confederation_of_Societies_of_Authors_and_Composers" class="mw-redirect" title="International Confederation of Societies of Authors and Composers">International Confederation of Societies of Authors and Composers</a> (CISAC) indicated that remuneration from digital streaming of music increased with a strong rise in digital royalty collection (up 16.6% to EUR 2.4 billion), but it would not compensate the overall loss of income of authors from concerts, public performance and broadcast.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  The <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry" title="International Federation of the Phonographic Industry">International Federation of the Phonographic Industry</a> (IFPI) recompiled the music industry initiatives around the world related to the COVID-19. In its State of the Industry report, it recorded that the global recorded music market grew by 7.4% in 2022, the 6th consecutive year of growth. This growth was driven by streaming, mostly from paid subscription streaming revenues which increased by 18.5%, fueled by 443 million users of subscription accounts by the end of 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The COVID-19 pandemic has also driven an increase in misinformation and disinformation, particularly on streaming platforms like YouTube and <a href="/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">podcasts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local/home_streaming"><span id="Local.2Fhome_streaming"></span>Local/home streaming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Local/home streaming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Synology-audio-station-chromecast-apple-tv-dlna2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Synology-audio-station-chromecast-apple-tv-dlna2.jpg/220px-Synology-audio-station-chromecast-apple-tv-dlna2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Synology-audio-station-chromecast-apple-tv-dlna2.jpg/330px-Synology-audio-station-chromecast-apple-tv-dlna2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Synology-audio-station-chromecast-apple-tv-dlna2.jpg/440px-Synology-audio-station-chromecast-apple-tv-dlna2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>A TV set streaming an audio file from a local <a href="/wiki/Home_server" title="Home server">home server</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Streaming also refers to the offline streaming of multimedia at home. This is made possible by technologies such as <a href="/wiki/DLNA" title="DLNA">DLNA</a>, which allow devices on the same local network to connect to each other and share media.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such capabilities are heightened using <a href="/wiki/Network-attached_storage" title="Network-attached storage">network-attached storage</a> (NAS) devices at home, or using specialized software like <a href="/wiki/Plex_Inc." title="Plex Inc.">Plex Media Server</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jellyfin" title="Jellyfin">Jellyfin</a> or <a href="/wiki/TwonkyMedia_server" title="TwonkyMedia server">TwonkyMedia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technologies">Technologies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Technologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bandwidth">Bandwidth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bandwidth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A broadband speed of 2 Mbit/s or more is recommended for streaming <a href="/wiki/Standard-definition_video" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard-definition video">standard-definition video</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example to a <a href="/wiki/Roku" title="Roku">Roku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_TV" title="Apple TV">Apple TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Google_TV_(operating_system)" title="Google TV (operating system)">Google TV</a> or a Sony TV Blu-ray Disc Player. 5 Mbit/s is recommended for high-definition content and 9 Mbit/s for <a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-definition_television" title="Ultra-high-definition television">ultra-high-definition content</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Streaming media storage size is calculated from the streaming bandwidth and length of the media using the following formula (for a single user and file): storage size in <a href="/wiki/Megabyte" title="Megabyte">megabytes</a> is equal to length (in seconds) × <a href="/wiki/Bit_rate" title="Bit rate">bit rate</a> (in bit/s) / (8 × 1024 × 1024). For example, one hour of digital video encoded at 300 kbit/s (this was a typical broadband video in 2005 and it was usually encoded in <span class="nowrap">320 × 240</span> resolution) will be: (3,600 s × 300,000 bit/s) / (8 × 1024 × 1024) requires around 128 <a href="/wiki/Megabyte" title="Megabyte">MB</a> of storage. </p><p>If the file is stored on a server for on-demand streaming and this stream is viewed by 1,000 people at the same time using a <a href="/wiki/Unicast" title="Unicast">Unicast</a> protocol, the requirement is 300 kbit/s × 1,000 = 300,000 kbit/s = 300 Mbit/s of bandwidth. This is equivalent to around 135 <a href="/wiki/Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">GB</a> per hour. Using a <a href="/wiki/Multicast" title="Multicast">multicast</a> protocol the server sends out only a single stream that is common to all users. Therefore, such a stream would only use 300 kbit/s of server bandwidth. </p><p>In 2018 video was more than 60% of data traffic worldwide and accounted for 80% of growth in data usage.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protocols">Protocols</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Protocols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unicast_streaming.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Unicast_streaming.svg/220px-Unicast_streaming.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Unicast_streaming.svg/330px-Unicast_streaming.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Unicast_streaming.svg/440px-Unicast_streaming.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="765" /></a><figcaption>Unicast connections require multiple connections from the same streaming server even when it streams the same content.</figcaption></figure> <p>Video and audio streams are compressed to make the file size smaller. <a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">Audio coding formats</a> include <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vorbis" title="Vorbis">Vorbis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="Advanced Audio Coding">AAC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opus_(audio_format)" title="Opus (audio format)">Opus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">Video coding formats</a> include <a href="/wiki/H.264" class="mw-redirect" title="H.264">H.264</a>, <a href="/wiki/HEVC" class="mw-redirect" title="HEVC">HEVC</a>, <a href="/wiki/VP8" title="VP8">VP8</a> and <a href="/wiki/VP9" title="VP9">VP9</a>. Encoded audio and video streams are assembled in a container <a href="/wiki/Bitstream" title="Bitstream">bitstream</a> such as <a href="/wiki/MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">MP4</a>, <a href="/wiki/FLV" class="mw-redirect" title="FLV">FLV</a>, <a href="/wiki/WebM" title="WebM">WebM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Systems_Format" title="Advanced Systems Format">ASF</a> or <a href="/wiki/Internet_Streaming_Media_Alliance" title="Internet Streaming Media Alliance">ISMA</a>. The bitstream is delivered from a streaming server to a streaming client (e.g., the computer user with their Internet-connected laptop) using a transport protocol, such as Adobe's <a href="/wiki/Real-Time_Messaging_Protocol" title="Real-Time Messaging Protocol">RTMP</a> or <a href="/wiki/Real-time_Transport_Protocol" title="Real-time Transport Protocol">RTP</a>. </p><p>In the 2010s, technologies such as Apple's <a href="/wiki/HTTP_Live_Streaming" title="HTTP Live Streaming">HLS</a>, Microsoft's Smooth Streaming, Adobe's HDS and non-proprietary formats such as <a href="/wiki/MPEG-DASH" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-DASH">MPEG-DASH</a> emerged to enable <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_bitrate_streaming" title="Adaptive bitrate streaming">adaptive bitrate streaming</a> over <a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a> as an alternative to using proprietary transport protocols. Often, a streaming transport protocol is used to send video from an event venue to a <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud</a> transcoding service and <a href="/wiki/Content_delivery_network" title="Content delivery network">content delivery network</a>, which then uses HTTP-based transport protocols to distribute the video to individual homes and users.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The streaming client (the end user) may interact with the streaming server using a control protocol, such as <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Media_Server" title="Microsoft Media Server">MMS</a> or <a href="/wiki/RTSP" class="mw-redirect" title="RTSP">RTSP</a>. </p><p>The quality of the interaction between servers and users is based on the workload of the streaming service; as more users attempt to access a service the quality may be affected by resource constraints in the service.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deploying clusters of streaming servers is one such method where there are regional servers spread across the network, managed by a singular, central server containing copies of all the media files as well as the <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP addresses</a> of the regional servers. This central server then uses <a href="/wiki/Load_balancing_(computing)" title="Load balancing (computing)">load balancing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scheduling_(computing)" title="Scheduling (computing)">scheduling</a> algorithms to redirect users to nearby regional servers capable of accommodating them. This approach also allows the central server to provide streaming data to both users as well as regional servers using <a href="/wiki/FFmpeg" title="FFmpeg">FFmpeg</a> libraries if required, thus demanding the central server to have powerful data processing and immense storage capabilities. In return, workloads on the streaming backbone network are balanced and alleviated, allowing for optimal streaming quality.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="2017 academic source. This is now normally accomplished automatically in CDNs. (April 2023)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Designing a network protocol to support streaming media raises many problems. <a href="/wiki/Datagram" title="Datagram">Datagram</a> protocols, such as the <a href="/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol" title="User Datagram Protocol">User Datagram Protocol</a> (UDP), send the media stream as a series of small packets. This is simple and efficient; however, there is no mechanism within the protocol to guarantee delivery. It is up to the receiving application to detect loss or corruption and recover data using <a href="/wiki/Error_correction" class="mw-redirect" title="Error correction">error correction</a> techniques. If data is lost, the stream may suffer a <a href="/wiki/Dropout_(communications)" title="Dropout (communications)">dropout</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Real-Time_Streaming_Protocol" title="Real-Time Streaming Protocol">Real-Time Streaming Protocol</a> (RTSP), <a href="/wiki/Real-time_Transport_Protocol" title="Real-time Transport Protocol">Real-time Transport Protocol</a> (RTP) and the <a href="/wiki/Real-time_Transport_Control_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Real-time Transport Control Protocol">Real-time Transport Control Protocol</a> (RTCP) were specifically designed to stream media over networks. RTSP runs over a variety of transport protocols, while the latter two are built on top of UDP. </p><p>HTTP adaptive bitrate streaming is based on HTTP progressive download, but contrary to the previous approach, here the files are very small, so that they can be compared to the streaming of packets, much like the case of using RTSP and RTP.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reliable protocols, such as the <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">Transmission Control Protocol</a> (TCP), guarantee correct delivery of each bit in the media stream. It means, however, that when there is data loss on the network, the media stream stalls while the protocol handlers detect the loss and retransmit the missing data. Clients can minimize this effect by buffering data for display. While delay due to buffering is acceptable in video-on-demand scenarios, users of interactive applications such as video conferencing will experience a loss of fidelity if the delay caused by buffering exceeds 200 ms.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Multicast_stream.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Multicast_stream.svg/220px-Multicast_stream.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Multicast_stream.svg/330px-Multicast_stream.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Multicast_stream.svg/440px-Multicast_stream.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="765" /></a><figcaption>Multicasting broadcasts the same copy of the multimedia over the entire network to a group of clients</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Unicast" title="Unicast">Unicast</a> protocols send a separate copy of the media stream from the server to each recipient. Unicast is the norm for most Internet connections but does not scale well when many users want to view the same television program concurrently. <a href="/wiki/Multicast" title="Multicast">Multicast</a> protocols were developed to reduce server and network loads resulting from duplicate data streams that occur when many recipients receive unicast content streams independently. These protocols send a single stream from the source to a group of recipients. Depending on the network infrastructure and type, multicast transmission may or may not be feasible. One potential disadvantage of multicasting is the loss of <a href="/wiki/Video_on_demand" title="Video on demand">video on demand</a> functionality. Continuous streaming of radio or television material usually precludes the recipient's ability to control playback. However, this problem can be mitigated by elements such as caching servers, digital <a href="/wiki/Set-top_box" title="Set-top box">set-top boxes</a>, and buffered <a href="/wiki/Media_player_(application_software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Media player (application software)">media players</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/IP_multicast" title="IP multicast">IP multicast</a> provides a means to send a single media stream to a group of recipients on a <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer network</a>. A connection management protocol, usually <a href="/wiki/Internet_Group_Management_Protocol" title="Internet Group Management Protocol">Internet Group Management Protocol</a>, is used to manage the delivery of multicast streams to the groups of recipients on a LAN. One of the challenges in deploying IP multicast is that routers and firewalls between LANs must allow the passage of packets destined to multicast groups. If the organization that is serving the content has control over the network between server and recipients (i.e., educational, government, and corporate <a href="/wiki/Intranet" title="Intranet">intranets</a>), then routing protocols such as <a href="/wiki/Protocol_Independent_Multicast" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol Independent Multicast">Protocol Independent Multicast</a> can be used to deliver stream content to multiple <a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">local area network</a> segments. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">Peer-to-peer</a> (P2P) protocols arrange for prerecorded streams to be sent between computers. This prevents the server and its network connections from becoming a bottleneck. However, it raises technical, performance, security, quality, and business issues. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Content_delivery_network" title="Content delivery network">Content delivery networks</a> (CDNs) use intermediate servers to distribute the load. Internet-compatible unicast delivery is used between CDN nodes and streaming destinations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recording">Recording</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Recording"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Media that is livestreamed can be recorded through certain media players, such as <a href="/wiki/VLC_player" class="mw-redirect" title="VLC player">VLC player</a>, or through the use of a <a href="/wiki/Screen_recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Screen recorder">screen recorder</a>. Live-streaming platforms such as <a href="/wiki/Twitch_(service)" title="Twitch (service)">Twitch</a> may also incorporate a <a href="/wiki/Video_on_demand" title="Video on demand">video on demand</a> system that allows automatic recording of live broadcasts so that they can be watched later.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> YouTube also has recordings of live broadcasts, including television shows aired on major networks. These streams have the potential to be recorded by anyone who has access to them, whether legally or otherwise.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="View_recommendation">View recommendation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: View recommendation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most streaming services feature a <a href="/wiki/Recommender_system" title="Recommender system">recommender system</a> for viewing based on each user's view history in conjunction with all viewers' aggregated view histories. Rather than focusing on subjective categorization of content by content curators), there is an assumption that, with the immensity of data collected on viewing habits, the choices of those who are first to view content can be algorithmically extrapolated to the totality of the user base, with increasing probabilistic accuracy as to the likelihood of their choosing and enjoying the recommended content as more data is collected.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications_and_marketing">Applications and marketing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Applications and marketing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Useful and typical applications of streaming are, for example, long <a href="/wiki/Video_lesson" title="Video lesson">video lectures</a> performed online.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An advantage of this presentation is that these lectures can be very long, although they can always be interrupted or repeated at arbitrary places. Streaming enables new content marketing concepts. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Philharmonic_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra">Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra</a> sells Internet live streams of whole concerts instead of several CDs or similar fixed media in their <a href="/wiki/Digital_Concert_Hall" title="Digital Concert Hall">Digital Concert Hall</a><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using YouTube for <a href="/wiki/Trailer_(promotion)" title="Trailer (promotion)">trailers</a>. These online concerts are also spread over a lot of different places, including cinemas at various places on the globe. A similar concept is used by the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera" title="Metropolitan Opera">Metropolitan Opera</a> in New York. There is also <a href="/wiki/High_Definition_Earth_Viewing_cameras" title="High Definition Earth Viewing cameras">a livestream</a> from the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In video entertainment, video streaming platforms like <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hulu" title="Hulu">Hulu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Disney%2B" title="Disney+">Disney+</a> are mainstream elements of the media industry.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marketers have found many opportunities offered by streaming media and the platforms that offer them, especially in light of the significant increase in the use of streaming media during <a href="/wiki/COVID_lockdowns" class="mw-redirect" title="COVID lockdowns">COVID lockdowns</a> from 2020 onwards. While revenue and placement of <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">traditional advertising</a> continued to decrease, <a href="/wiki/Digital_marketing" title="Digital marketing">digital marketing</a> increased by 15% in 2021,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">digital media</a> and <a href="/wiki/Search_engine" title="Search engine">search</a> representing 65% of the expenditures. </p><p>A case study commissioned by the WIPO<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> indicates that streaming services attract advertising budgets with the opportunities provided by interactivity and the use of data from users, resulting in personalization on a mass scale with <a href="/wiki/Content_marketing" title="Content marketing">content marketing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Targeted marketing is expanding with the use of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>, in particular programmatic advertisement, a tool that helps advertisers decide their campaign parameters and whether they are interested in buying advertising space online or not. One example of advertising space acquisition is Real-Time Bidding (RTB).<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Challenges">Challenges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Challenges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copyright_issues">Copyright issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Copyright issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Copyright_aspects_of_downloading_and_streaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright aspects of downloading and streaming">Copyright aspects of downloading and streaming</a></div> <p>For <a href="/wiki/Over-the-top_media_service" title="Over-the-top media service">over-the-top media service</a> (OTT) platforms, the original content captures additional subscribers.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This presents copyright issues and the potential for international exploitation through streaming,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> widespread use of standards, and metadata in digital files.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The WIPO has indicated several basic copyright issues arising for those pursuing work in the film<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and music industries<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the era of streaming. </p><p>Streaming copyrighted content can involve making infringing copies of the works in question. The recording and distribution of streamed content is also an issue for many companies that rely on revenue based on views or attendance.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/28px-45_record.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/42px-45_record.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/55px-45_record.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Record_production" title="Portal:Record production">Record production portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_music_streaming_services" title="Comparison of music streaming services">Comparison of music streaming services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_streaming_media_software" title="Comparison of streaming media software">Comparison of streaming media software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_video_hosting_services" title="Comparison of video hosting services">Comparison of video hosting services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_delivery_platform" title="Content delivery platform">Content delivery platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">Digital television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directive_on_Copyright_in_the_Digital_Single_Market" title="Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market">Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol_television" title="Internet Protocol television">Internet Protocol television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_streaming_media_services" title="List of streaming media services">List of streaming media services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_streaming_media_systems" title="List of streaming media systems">List of streaming media systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M3U" title="M3U">M3U</a> playlists</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Streaming_Day" title="National Streaming Day">National Streaming Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-the-top_media_service" title="Over-the-top media service">Over-the-top media service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2PTV" title="P2PTV">P2PTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection_of_Broadcasts_and_Broadcasting_Organizations_Treaty" title="Protection of Broadcasts and Broadcasting Organizations Treaty">Protection of Broadcasts and Broadcasting Organizations Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_TV" title="Smart TV">Smart TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_ripping" title="Stream ripping">Stream ripping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_over_cellular" title="Video over cellular">Video over cellular</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output 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Archived from <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/12/business/media/coronavirus-misinformation-radio-podcasts.html">the original</a></span> on 28 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=docs.qnap.com&rft.atitle=Enabling+and+configuring+DLNA+media+server&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.qnap.com%2Foperating-system%2Fquts-hero%2F5.1.x%2Fen-us%2Fenabling-and-configuring-dlna-media-server-86443D8B.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.manifest-tech.com/ce_products/digital_home.htm">"Connected Digital Home"</a>. <i>manifest-tech.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=manifest-tech.com&rft.atitle=Connected+Digital+Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.manifest-tech.com%2Fce_products%2Fdigital_home.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrookes2023" class="citation web cs1">Brookes, Tim (30 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.howtogeek.com/880945/no-plex-app-no-problem-using-plex-as-a-dlna-upnp-server/">"No Plex App, No Problem: Using Plex as a DLNA/UPnP Server"</a>. <i>How-To Geek</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=How-To+Geek&rft.atitle=No+Plex+App%2C+No+Problem%3A+Using+Plex+as+a+DLNA%2FUPnP+Server&rft.date=2023-03-30&rft.aulast=Brookes&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.howtogeek.com%2F880945%2Fno-plex-app-no-problem-using-plex-as-a-dlna-upnp-server%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaples,_Kim2016" class="citation web cs1">Staples, Kim (20 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.broadbandchoices.co.uk/guides/internet/watching-tv-online">"How to watch live TV online: The complete guide"</a>. <i>broadbandchoices</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160516142628/http://www.broadbandchoices.co.uk/guides/internet/watching-tv-online">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=broadbandchoices&rft.atitle=How+to+watch+live+TV+online%3A+The+complete+guide&rft.date=2016-05-20&rft.au=Staples%2C+Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadbandchoices.co.uk%2Fguides%2Finternet%2Fwatching-tv-online&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Minimum requirements for Sony TV Blu-ray Disc Player, on advertisement attached to a NetFlix DVD<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The citation is not specific enough to facilitate source verification (March 2011)">not specific enough to verify</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRizk2019" class="citation web cs1">Rizk, Shirley (21 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eib.org/en/stories/digital-footprint">"The myth of the green cloud"</a>. <i>European Investment Bank</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414035732/https://www.eib.org/en/stories/digital-footprint">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Investment+Bank&rft.atitle=The+myth+of+the+green+cloud&rft.date=2019-06-21&rft.aulast=Rizk&rft.aufirst=Shirley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eib.org%2Fen%2Fstories%2Fdigital-footprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/collateral/executive-perspectives/annual-internet-report/white-paper-c11-741490.html">"Cisco Annual Internet Report (2018–2023) White Paper"</a>. <i>Cisco</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140207074720/http://www.cisco.com/en/US/solutions/collateral/ns341/ns525/ns537/ns705/ns827/white_paper_c11-520862.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cisco&rft.atitle=Cisco+Annual+Internet+Report+%282018%E2%80%932023%29+White+Paper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cisco.com%2Fc%2Fen%2Fus%2Fsolutions%2Fcollateral%2Fexecutive-perspectives%2Fannual-internet-report%2Fwhite-paper-c11-741490.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101140531/http://www.istreamplanet.com/casestudy/the-london-olympic-games-go-live-package/">"Streaming the London Olympic Games with the 'Go Live Package' from iStreamPlanet and Haivision"</a>. <i>iStreamPlanet</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.istreamplanet.com/casestudy/the-london-olympic-games-go-live-package/">the original</a> on 1 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iStreamPlanet&rft.atitle=Streaming+the+London+Olympic+Games+with+the+%27Go+Live+Package%27+from+iStreamPlanet+and+Haivision&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.istreamplanet.com%2Fcasestudy%2Fthe-london-olympic-games-go-live-package%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSripanidkulchaiMaggsZhang2004" class="citation book cs1">Sripanidkulchai, Kunwadee; Maggs, Bruce; Zhang, Hui (2004). "An analysis of live streaming workloads on the internet". <i>Proceedings of the 4th ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet measurement</i>. IMC '04. New York, NY, US: ACM. pp. 41–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1028788.1028795">10.1145/1028788.1028795</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781581138214" title="Special:BookSources/9781581138214"><bdi>9781581138214</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1742312">1742312</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+analysis+of+live+streaming+workloads+on+the+internet&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+4th+ACM+SIGCOMM+conference+on+Internet+measurement&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY%2C+US&rft.series=IMC+%2704&rft.pages=41-54&rft.pub=ACM&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1742312%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1028788.1028795&rft.isbn=9781581138214&rft.aulast=Sripanidkulchai&rft.aufirst=Kunwadee&rft.au=Maggs%2C+Bruce&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Hui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhaoChun-longBao-zhao2015" class="citation journal cs1">Zhao, Hong; Chun-long, Zhou; Bao-zhao, Jin (3 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334929">"Design and Implementation of Streaming Media Server Cluster Based on FFMpeg"</a>. <i>The Scientific World Journal</i>. <b>2015</b>: 963083. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2015%2F963083">10.1155/2015/963083</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334929">4334929</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25734187">25734187</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scientific+World+Journal&rft.atitle=Design+and+Implementation+of+Streaming+Media+Server+Cluster+Based+on+FFMpeg&rft.volume=2015&rft.pages=963083&rft.date=2015-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4334929%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25734187&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2015%2F963083&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Hong&rft.au=Chun-long%2C+Zhou&rft.au=Bao-zhao%2C+Jin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4334929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ch. Z. Patrikakis, N. Papaoulakis, Ch. Stefanoudaki, M. S. Nunes, "Streaming content wars: Download and play strikes back" presented at the Personalization in Media Delivery Platforms Workshop, [218 – 226], Venice, Italy, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krasic, C. and Li, K. and Walpole, J., <i>The case for streaming multimedia with TCP</i>, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 213–218, Springer, 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215225249/https://help.twitch.tv/customer/portal/articles/1575302-videos-on-demand">"Videos On Demand"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://help.twitch.tv/customer/portal/articles/1575302-videos-on-demand">the original</a> on 15 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Videos+On+Demand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhelp.twitch.tv%2Fcustomer%2Fportal%2Farticles%2F1575302-videos-on-demand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurroughsRugg2014" class="citation journal cs1">Burroughs, Benjamin; Rugg, Adam (3 July 2014). "Extending the Broadcast: Streaming Culture and the Problems of Digital Geographies". <i>Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media</i>. <b>58</b> (3): 365–380. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08838151.2014.935854">10.1080/08838151.2014.935854</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0883-8151">0883-8151</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144577408">144577408</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Broadcasting+%26+Electronic+Media&rft.atitle=Extending+the+Broadcast%3A+Streaming+Culture+and+the+Problems+of+Digital+Geographies&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=365-380&rft.date=2014-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144577408%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0883-8151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08838151.2014.935854&rft.aulast=Burroughs&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft.au=Rugg%2C+Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuijsman2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Buijsman, Stefan (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TYzzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13"><i>Pluses and Minuses: How Math Solves Our Problems</i></a> (in Dutch) (English ed.). Amsterdam: Penguin Books. pp. 12–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-313458-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-313458-9"><bdi>978-0-14-313458-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pluses+and+Minuses%3A+How+Math+Solves+Our+Problems&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=12-16&rft.edition=English&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-14-313458-9&rft.aulast=Buijsman&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTYzzDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A typical one-hour <a href="/wiki/Video_lesson" title="Video lesson">video lecture</a> is the following live stream from an international conference on <a href="/wiki/Financial_crises" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crises">financial crises</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley2008" class="citation web cs1">Stanley, Eugene (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://videolectures.net/eccs08_stanley_aosptucs/">"Applications of Statistical Physics to Understanding Complex Systems"</a>. <i>Videolectures</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190528191529/http://videolectures.net/eccs08_stanley_aosptucs/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Videolectures&rft.atitle=Applications+of+Statistical+Physics+to+Understanding+Complex+Systems&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvideolectures.net%2Feccs08_stanley_aosptucs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalconcerthall.com/">"The Berliner Philharmoniker's Digital Concert Hall"</a>. <i>digitalconcerthall.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120503212518/http://digitalconcerthall.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=digitalconcerthall.com&rft.atitle=The+Berliner+Philharmoniker%27s+Digital+Concert+Hall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalconcerthall.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/ESRS/HDEV/">"ISS High Definition Live Streaming Video of the Earth (HDEV)"</a>. <i>Earth Science & Remote Sensing Unit</i>. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161208002437/https://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/ESRS/HDEV/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WIPO&rft.atitle=Revised+Proposal+for+a+Pilot+Project+on+Copyright+and+the+Distribution+of+Content+in+the+Digital+Environment+Submitted+by+Brazil&rft.date=2018-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fmeetings%2Fen%2Fdoc_details.jsp%3Fdoc_id%3D421771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biteable.com/blog/what-is-programmatic-video-advertising/">"What is programmatic video advertising? (And why it's smart to use it)"</a>. <i>Biteable</i>. 17 May 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220204090153/https://biteable.com/blog/what-is-programmatic-video-advertising/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biteable&rft.atitle=What+is+programmatic+video+advertising%3F+%28And+why+it%27s+smart+to+use+it%29&rft.date=2018-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiteable.com%2Fblog%2Fwhat-is-programmatic-video-advertising%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Katz, Raul (October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/ip-development/en/agenda/work_undertaken.html#pilot_project_cdcde">Study on the copyright legal framework and licensing practices of audiovisual content in the digital environment, Part 1: Audiovisual OTT business models in Latin America: Recent trends and future evolution.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221105090545/https://www.wipo.int/ip-development/en/agenda/work_undertaken.html#pilot_project_cdcde">Archived</a> 5 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> World Intellectual Property Organization</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moullier, B; Galvis, Alexandra (October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/ip-development/en/agenda/pdf/part_4_contractual_practices_latin_american_audiovisual_sector_digital_environment.pdf">Study on the copyright legal framework and licensing practices of audiovisual content in the digital environment, Part 4: contractual practices in the Latin American audiovisual sector in the digital environment.</a> World Intellectual Property Organization <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220521132841/https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/ip-development/en/agenda/pdf/part_4_contractual_practices_latin_american_audiovisual_sector_digital_environment.pdf">Archived</a> 21 May 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schotz, Gustavo (October 2021). Study on the copyright legal framework and licensing practices of audiovisual content in the digital environment, Part 5: The Identification and Use of Metadata in Audiovisual Works <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/ip-development/en/agenda/pdf/11_part_5_identification_and_metadata_av-en.pdf">https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/ip-development/en/agenda/pdf/11_part_5_identification_and_metadata_av-en.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407160626/https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/ip-development/en/agenda/pdf/11_part_5_identification_and_metadata_av-en.pdf">Archived</a> 7 April 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. World Intellectual Property Organization</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">WIPO, How to make a living in the Film Industry. Available at: How to Make a Living in the Film Industry <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.wipo.int/copyright/en/creative_industries/film.html">https://www.wipo.int/copyright/en/creative_industries/film.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221105092823/https://www.wipo.int/copyright/en/creative_industries/film.html">Archived</a> 5 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (wipo.int)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">WIPO, How to make a living in the Film Industry. Rights, Camera, Action! <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/copyright/869/wipo_pub_869.pdf">https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/copyright/869/wipo_pub_869.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220626082928/https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/copyright/869/wipo_pub_869.pdf">Archived</a> 26 June 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (wipo.int)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">WIPO, How to make a living in the Music Industry. Available at: How to Make a Living in the Music Industry <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/copyright/939/wipo_pub_939.pdf">https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/copyright/939/wipo_pub_939.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220307210332/http://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/copyright/939/wipo_pub_939.pdf">Archived</a> 7 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (wipo.int)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaeda2001" class="citation book cs1">Maeda, Mari (17 March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osapublishing.org/abstract.cfm?uri=OFC-2001-TuK1">"OFC'01 Invited Talk the Internet of the Future"</a>. <i>Optical Fiber Communication Conference and International Conference on Quantum Information</i>. Optical Society of America. pp. TuK1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2FOFC.2001.TuK1">10.1364/OFC.2001.TuK1</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55752-654-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-55752-654-0"><bdi>1-55752-654-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200218115929/https://www.osapublishing.org/abstract.cfm?uri=OFC-2001-TuK1">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=OFC%2701+Invited+Talk+the+Internet+of+the+Future&rft.btitle=Optical+Fiber+Communication+Conference+and+International+Conference+on+Quantum+Information&rft.pages=TuK1&rft.pub=Optical+Society+of+America&rft.date=2001-03-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1364%2FOFC.2001.TuK1&rft.isbn=1-55752-654-0&rft.aulast=Maeda&rft.aufirst=Mari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osapublishing.org%2Fabstract.cfm%3Furi%3DOFC-2001-TuK1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hagen, Anja Nylund (2020). Music in Streams: Communicating Music in the Streaming Paradigm, In Michael Filimowicz & Veronika Tzankova (ed.), <i>Reimagining Communication: Mediation (1st Edition)</i>. Routledge.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston,_J.2011" class="citation news cs1">Preston, J. (11 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/12/business/media/occupy-movement-shows-potential-of-live-online-video.html?_r=1&ref=technology">"Occupy Video Showcases Live Streaming"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Occupy+Video+Showcases+Live+Streaming&rft.date=2011-12-11&rft.au=Preston%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F12%2F12%2Fbusiness%2Fmedia%2Foccupy-movement-shows-potential-of-live-online-video.html%3F_r%3D1%26ref%3Dtechnology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman,_Alex2019" class="citation news cs1">Sherman, Alex (27 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2019/10/27/how-att-disney-and-comcast-are-handling-the-move-to-streaming.html">"AT&T, Disney and Comcast have very different plans for the streaming wars – here's what they're doing and why"</a>. CNBC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=AT%26T%2C+Disney+and+Comcast+have+very+different+plans+for+the+streaming+wars+%E2%80%93+here%27s+what+they%27re+doing+and+why&rft.date=2019-10-27&rft.au=Sherman%2C+Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2019%2F10%2F27%2Fhow-att-disney-and-comcast-are-handling-the-move-to-streaming.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160321172010/http://blog.streamingmedia.com/2016/03/history-of-the-streaming-media-industry.html">"The Early History of the Streaming Media Industry and The Battle Between Microsoft & Real"</a>. <i>streamingmedia.com</i>. March 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.streamingmedia.com/2016/03/history-of-the-streaming-media-industry.html">the original</a> on 21 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=streamingmedia.com&rft.atitle=The+Early+History+of+the+Streaming+Media+Industry+and+The+Battle+Between+Microsoft+%26+Real&rft.date=2016-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.streamingmedia.com%2F2016%2F03%2Fhistory-of-the-streaming-media-industry.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.streamingmedia.com/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=74052">"What is Streaming? A high-level view of streaming media technology, history"</a>. <i>streamingmedia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=streamingmedia.com&rft.atitle=What+is+Streaming%3F+A+high-level+view+of+streaming+media+technology%2C+history&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.streamingmedia.com%2FArticles%2FReadArticle.aspx%3FArticleID%3D74052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Broadcasting" title="Template:Broadcasting"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Broadcasting" title="Template talk:Broadcasting"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Broadcasting" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Broadcasting"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Broadcasting" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">Radio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_program" title="Radio program">Radio program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_radio" title="Cable radio">Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_radio" title="Digital radio">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Satellite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_computing" title="Mobile computing">Mobile computing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_television" title="Mobile television">Mobile television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletext" title="Teletext">Teletext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_show" title="Television show">Television show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">Analog</a></li> <li><a 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Broadcasting<br />niche</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campus_radio" title="Campus radio">Campus radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_broadcasting" title="Commercial broadcasting">Commercial broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_radio" title="Community radio">Community radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multichannel_television" title="Multichannel television">Multichannel television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pay_television" title="Pay television">Pay television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pay-per-view" title="Pay-per-view">Pay-per-view</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">News broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_radio" title="Pirate radio">Pirate radio</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pirate_television" title="Pirate television">Pirate television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">Public broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_broadcasting" title="Religious broadcasting">Religious broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talk_radio" title="Talk radio">Talk radio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Specialty_channel" title="Specialty channel">Specialty<br />channels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_adult_television_channels" title="List of adult television channels">Adult television channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_interest_channel" title="Children's interest channel">Children's interest channel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_television_series" title="Children's television series">Children's television series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_channel" title="Documentary channel">Documentary channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_interest_channel" title="Men's interest channel">Men's interest channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_movie_television_channels" title="List of movie television channels">Movie television channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_radio" title="Music radio">Music radio</a> / <a href="/wiki/Music_television" title="Music television">Music television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiz_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Quiz channel">Quiz channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping_channel" title="Shopping channel">Shopping channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">News broadcasting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Business channels">Business channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_affairs_(broadcasting)" title="Public affairs (broadcasting)">Public affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestreamed_news" title="Livestreamed news">Livestreamed news</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports broadcasting">Sports broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_interest_channel" title="Women's interest channel">Women's interest channel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production<br />and funding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_network" title="Broadcast network">Broadcast network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast-safe" title="Broadcast-safe">Broadcast-safe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_television_systems" title="Broadcast television systems">Broadcast television systems</a></li> <li>Graphics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_on-screen_graphic" title="Digital on-screen graphic">Digital on-screen graphic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_third" title="Lower third">Lower third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_ticker" title="News ticker">News ticker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-screen_display" title="On-screen display">On-screen display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Score_bug" title="Score bug">Score bug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_news_screen_layout" title="Television news screen layout">Television news screen layout</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_affiliate" title="Network affiliate">Network affiliate</a></li> <li>Occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_designer" title="Broadcast designer">Broadcast designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_license" title="Broadcast license">Broadcast license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_network_programming" title="Director of network programming">Director of network programming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outside_broadcasting" title="Outside broadcasting">Outside broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_box" title="Press box">Press box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_pool" title="Press pool">Press pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_licence" title="Television licence">Television licence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_studio" title="Television studio">Television studio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Web_syndication" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Web_syndication" title="Template:Web syndication"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Web_syndication" title="Template talk:Web syndication"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Web_syndication" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Web syndication"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Web_syndication" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Web_syndication" title="Web syndication">Web syndication</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>History</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_blogging" title="History of blogging">Blogging</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_podcasting" title="History of podcasting">Podcasting</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vlog#History" title="Vlog">Vlogging</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_web_syndication_technology" title="History of web syndication technology">Web syndication technology</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niche_blogging" title="Niche blogging">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_blog" title="Art blog">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_blogosphere" title="Mormon blogosphere">Bloggernacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_blog" title="Classical music blog">Classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_blog" title="Corporate blog">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_diary" title="Dream diary">Dream diary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edublog" title="Edublog">Edublog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic journal">Electronic journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing">Fake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_family-and-homemaking_blogs" title="List of family-and-homemaking blogs">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_blog" title="Fashion blog">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_blogging" title="Food blogging">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_blog" title="Health blog">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blawg" class="mw-redirect" title="Blawg">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifelog" title="Lifelog">Lifelog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP3_blog" title="MP3 blog">MP3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoblog" title="Photoblog">Photoblog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_blog" title="Police blog">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog#Political_impact" title="Blog">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_diary" title="Project diary">Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_blog" title="Reverse blog">Reverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_blog" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel blog">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warblog" class="mw-redirect" title="Warblog">Warblog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BitTorrent" title="BitTorrent">BitTorrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed_URI_scheme" title="Feed URI scheme">Feed URI scheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linkback" title="Linkback">Linkback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permalink" title="Permalink">Permalink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping_(blogging)" title="Ping (blogging)">Ping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingback" title="Pingback">Pingback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reblogging" title="Reblogging">Reblogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refback" title="Refback">Refback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback_(data_management)" title="Rollback (data management)">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trackback" title="Trackback">Trackback</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mechanism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thread_(Internet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thread (Internet)">Thread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotagging" title="Geotagging">Geotagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSS_enclosure" title="RSS enclosure">RSS enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FeedSync#Examples" title="FeedSync">Synchronization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Memetics" title="Memetics">Memetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atom_(web_standard)" title="Atom (web standard)">Atom feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_feed" title="Data feed">Data feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photofeed" title="Photofeed">Photofeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_feed" title="Product feed">Product feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_feed" title="Web feed">Web feed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/RSS" title="RSS">RSS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GeoRSS" title="GeoRSS">GeoRSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_RSS" title="Media RSS">MRSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSS_TV" title="RSS TV">RSS TV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-process_communication" title="Inter-process communication">Inter-process communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(web_application_hybrid)" title="Mashup (web application hybrid)">Mashup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference_(computer_science)" title="Reference (computer science)">Referencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSS_editor" title="RSS editor">RSS editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSS_tracking" title="RSS tracking">RSS tracking</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Streaming media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OPML" title="OPML">OPML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSS_Advisory_Board" title="RSS Advisory Board">RSS Advisory Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XBEL" title="XBEL">XBEL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XOXO_(microformat)" title="XOXO (microformat)">XOXO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Form</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Audio_podcasts" title="Category:Audio podcasts">Audio podcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_podcast" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced podcast">Enhanced podcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobilecast" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobilecast">Mobilecast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrowcasting" title="Narrowcasting">Narrowcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peercasting" title="Peercasting">Peercasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screencast" title="Screencast">Screencast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slidecasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Slidecasting">Slidecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videocast" class="mw-redirect" title="Videocast">Videocast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcomic" title="Webcomic">Webcomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webtoon" title="Webtoon">Webtoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_series" title="Web series">Web series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_blog" title="Anonymous blog">Anonymous blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog#Types" title="Blog">Collaborative blog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnist" title="Columnist">Columnist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">Instant messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liveblogging" title="Liveblogging">Liveblogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microblogging" title="Microblogging">Microblog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_blogging" title="Mobile blogging">Mobile blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spam_blog" title="Spam blog">Spam blog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_blog" class="mw-redirect" title="Video blog">Video blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motovlog" title="Motovlog">Motovlogging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blog_carnival" class="mw-redirect" 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href="/wiki/Comparison_of_feed_aggregators" title="Comparison of feed aggregators">Aggregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/News_aggregator" title="News aggregator">News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poll_aggregator" title="Poll aggregator">Poll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_aggregator" title="Review aggregator">Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_aggregator" title="Search aggregator">Search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_aggregator" title="Video aggregator">Video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom_(Web_standard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atom (Web standard)">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom_(Web_standard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atom (Web standard)">AtomPub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcatching" title="Broadcatching">Broadcatching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashtag" title="Hashtag">Hashtag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewsML" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsML">NewsML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NewsML_1" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsML 1">1</a></li> 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