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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-United_States-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle United States subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Shock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.3</span> <span>Political</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insults,_advice_and_mystery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insults,_advice_and_mystery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.4</span> <span>Insults, advice and mystery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insults,_advice_and_mystery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.5</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ratings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ratings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.6</span> <span>Ratings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ratings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Talk radio</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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– German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Talkradio" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_wicara" title="Radio wicara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Radio wicara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk_radio" title="Talk radio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Talk radio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puheradio" title="Puheradio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Puheradio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A1_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9D_(%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%93%D7%99%D7%90)" title="שמועס פראגראם (ראדיא) – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שמועס פראגראם (ראדיא)" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q502319#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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</nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">Radio</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wireless_tower.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Wireless_tower.svg/50px-Wireless_tower.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Wireless_tower.svg/75px-Wireless_tower.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Wireless_tower.svg/100px-Wireless_tower.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="595" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Forms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">Radio</a> (overland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Satellite radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_radio" title="Internet radio">Internet radio</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Uses and forms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Talk radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_talk_radio" title="Internet talk radio">Internet talk radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_radio" title="Music radio">Music radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call-in" class="mw-redirect" title="Call-in">Call-in (radio)</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Developments</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio station">Radio station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-listened-to_radio_programs" title="List of most-listened-to radio programs">Most listened-to programs</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Physics and engineering</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio waves">Radio waves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio tower">Radio tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio signal">Radio signal</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Radio_sidebar" title="Template:Radio sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Radio_sidebar" title="Template talk:Radio sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Radio_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Radio sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Talk radio</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Radio_format" title="Radio format">radio format</a> containing discussion about topical issues and consisting entirely or almost entirely of original spoken word content rather than outside music. They may feature <a href="/wiki/Monologue" title="Monologue">monologues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dialogue" title="Dialogue">dialogues</a> between the hosts, <a href="/wiki/Interview_(journalism)" title="Interview (journalism)">interviews</a> with guests, and/or listener participation which may be live conversations between the host and listeners who "call in" (usually via <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a>) or via <a href="/wiki/Voice_mail" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice mail">voice mail</a>. Listener contributions are usually <a href="/wiki/Call_screening" title="Call screening">screened</a> by a show's producers to maximize audience interest and, in the case of commercial talk radio, to attract advertisers. </p><p>Talk shows on commercial stations are organized into segments, each separated by a pause for advertisements; however, in public or non-commercial radio, music is sometimes played in place of commercials to separate the program segments. </p><p>Variations of talk radio include conservative talk, <a href="/wiki/Hot_talk" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot talk">hot talk</a>, liberal talk (increasingly known as progressive talk), and <a href="/wiki/Sports_radio" title="Sports radio">sports talk</a>. </p><p>Talk radio has historically been associated with broadcast radio; however, starting around 2005, the technology for Internet-based talk-radio shows became cost-effective in the form of live internet website streaming and <a href="/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">podcasts</a>. Now, an individual can use a variety of services to host an Internet-based talk-radio show without carriage by a traditional radio station. Also, TV programming from talk and news outlets such as <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P." title="Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a> is now often available expanding the world of talk radio further. Talk radio listening is enjoyed not only on radios but a wide variety of other devices and services including PCs using iTunes, station directories such as TuneIn, show directory smartphones with apps such as Stitcher, and time-shifting services like DAR.fm.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Africa">Africa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk_radio&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/SW_Radio_Africa" title="SW Radio Africa">SW Radio Africa</a> was a pro-democracy station that broadcast out of <a href="/wiki/London,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="London, England">London, England</a>, from 2001 to 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Australia">Australia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk_radio&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, talk radio is known as "talkback radio". </p><p>The most popular talkback radio station historically was <a href="/wiki/Media_in_Sydney#Radio" title="Media in Sydney">Sydney's</a> <a href="/wiki/2UE" title="2UE">2UE</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populist</a> programs like <a href="/wiki/John_Laws" title="John Laws"><i>The John Laws Morning Show</i></a>, were widely syndicated across the continent. In recent years though, 2UE has been eclipsed by its Sydney rival <a href="/wiki/2GB" title="2GB">2GB</a> after the defection of 2UE most popular talkback host, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Jones_(talkback_host)" title="Alan Jones (talkback host)">Alan Jones</a>. </p><p>As a result, 2UE and owned by the same company as 2GB) abandoned most of its rigid <a href="/wiki/Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">political</a> and <a href="/wiki/Controversial_issue" class="mw-redirect" title="Controversial issue">hot topic</a>-driven talkback programming in 2016, moving to a less-serious lifestyle and <a href="/wiki/Branded_content" title="Branded content">branded content</a> format, although still maintaining a talkback element.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/3AW" title="3AW">3AW</a> is the highest rating talkback radio station and has also been the highest rating Melbourne radio station for several decades in a row. </p><p>6PR personality Garry Meadows was the first announcer to use talkback radio in early 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'Talkback' radio, using a seven-second time-lapse mechanism, began in Australia in April 1967, simultaneously on <a href="/wiki/2SM" title="2SM">2SM</a>, Sydney (with <a href="/wiki/Mike_Walsh_(TV_host)" title="Mike Walsh (TV host)">Mike Walsh</a>) and 3DB, Melbourne (with <a href="/wiki/Barry_Jones_(Australian_politician)" title="Barry Jones (Australian politician)">Barry Jones</a>). </p><p>In the 1990s and 2000s, "talkback" on FM was attempted. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spoonman" title="The Spoonman">The Spoonman</a></i> was a program hosted by <a href="/wiki/Brian_Carlton" title="Brian Carlton">Brian Carlton</a> on the triple m network in the late 1990s and returned in 2005 for three and a half years, the show wrapping up in 2008. It was a show that covered many topics, but the "hot talk" format in the U.S. would probably be the best way to describe the program. </p><p>Talkback radio has historically been an important political forum in Australia and functions much like the cable news televisions in the United States, with live and "saturated" coverage of political issues. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Brazil">Brazil</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk_radio&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most important talk radios in Brazil are <a href="/wiki/Central_Brasileira_de_Not%C3%ADcias" title="Central Brasileira de Notícias">CBN</a>, <a href="/wiki/BandNews_FM" title="BandNews FM">Band News</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jovem_Pan_FM" title="Jovem Pan FM">Jovem Pan</a>, which has also sports and news broadcasts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canada">Canada</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk_radio&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcasting in Canada">Broadcasting in Canada</a></div> <p>In contrast to talk radio stations in the United States, where syndicated programs tend to make up a significant part of most schedules, privately owned Canadian talk radio stations tend to be predominantly local in programming and focus. There is no <a href="/wiki/Canadian_content" title="Canadian content">Canadian content</a> requirement for talk radio, or "spoken word", programming unless the individual station's license expressly stipulates such a requirement; most do not. (In Canada, prospective radio stations may propose certain restrictions on their license to gain favor with the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Radio-television_and_Telecommunications_Commission" title="Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission">Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission</a> and have an easier time obtaining a license.)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most recent nationally syndicated, politically oriented weekday talk radio show in Canada was <i>Charles Adler Tonight</i>, hosted by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Adler_(broadcaster)" title="Charles Adler (broadcaster)">Charles Adler</a> and heard on eleven stations across the country. After 5 years, the show ended in August 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until 2006, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Warren_(radio)" title="Peter Warren (radio)">Peter Warren's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Warren_on_the_Weekend" title="Warren on the Weekend">Warren on the Weekend</a></i> was heard Saturdays and Sundays. Both programs are or were distributed by the <a href="/wiki/Corus_Entertainment" title="Corus Entertainment">Corus Radio Network</a> and, coincidentally, both hosts had hosted different morning call-in programs in the same time slot on <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>'s <a href="/wiki/CJOB" title="CJOB">CJOB</a> 680 before they became nationally syndicated (Adler's show originated from CJOB and retained its original title, while Warren was based in <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria, British Columbia</a>.) before <i>Charles Adler Tonight</i>, Corus had syndicated <i>Rutherford</i>, hosted by conservative <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dave_Rutherford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dave Rutherford (page does not exist)">Dave Rutherford</a> and originating from its <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a> station, <a href="/wiki/CHQR" title="CHQR">CHQR</a>. <i>Rutherford</i> is no longer syndicated nationally but continues to air in Calgary, <a href="/wiki/Edmonton,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmonton, Alberta">Edmonton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/London,_Ontario" title="London, Ontario">London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other Canadian talk radio programs which have been syndicated to different markets include: </p> <ul><li><i>The <a href="/wiki/George_Stroumboulopoulos" title="George Stroumboulopoulos">George Stroumboulopoulos</a> Show</i> airs on Sunday nights on stations in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>.</li> <li><i>The Home Discovery Show</i>, a call-in home renovation program hosted by Shell Busey.</li> <li><i>Love and Romance</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Personal_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal relationship">relationship</a> advice program hosted by Sue McGarvie.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prime_Time_Sports" title="Prime Time Sports">Prime Time Sports</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Sports_radio" title="Sports radio">sports talk</a> program hosted by <a href="/wiki/Bob_McCown" title="Bob McCown">Bob McCown</a>. A three-hour program originating from <a href="/wiki/CJCL" title="CJCL">CJCL</a>, usually only the third hour is broadcast nationally.</li> <li><i>Renovations Cross Canada</i>, a weekend program about home renovations hosted by Ren Molnar. It is the most widely distributed talk radio program in Canada.</li> <li><i>The Roy Green Show</i>, a political and entertainment-based show hosted by Roy Green that airs on Saturday and Sunday afternoons, primarily on the Corus Radio Network.</li> <li><i>The 'X' Zone</i>, a nightly show about <a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">paranormal</a> topics hosted by Rob McConnell. It is also syndicated throughout the United States.</li></ul> <p>Privately owned talk radio syndication networks in Canada are generally formed to share programs across a group of stations with common ownership, although some are formed to distribute their one or two talk radio programs to several stations regardless of ownership. The largest of these is the <a href="/wiki/Corus_Entertainment" title="Corus Entertainment">Corus</a> Radio Network. <a href="/wiki/TSN_Radio" title="TSN Radio">TSN Radio</a>, the successor to the long-defunct <a href="/wiki/The_Team_(radio_network)" title="The Team (radio network)">the Team</a>, is one of the newest national networks in Canada, with operations in several major markets. </p><p>Syndicated programs from the United States which air on Canadian radio stations are typically non-political shows such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Kim_Komando_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="The Kim Komando Show">The Kim Komando Show</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Coast_to_Coast_AM" title="Coast to Coast AM">Coast to Coast AM</a></i>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Sports_radio" title="Sports radio">sports radio</a> shows from the 24-hour networks in the U.S. Traditionally, politically driven talk radio from the United States does not air on Canadian stations, with a few scattered exceptions (e.g. the now-defunct <a href="/wiki/CFBN" title="CFBN">CFBN</a>, which carried political programming such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenn Beck Program">Glenn Beck Program</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Miller" title="Dennis Miller">Dennis Miller</a>, and the also-discontinued talk format of <a href="/wiki/CHAM_(radio_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="CHAM (radio station)">CHAM</a>, which carried Miller). Top political programs such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rush_Limbaugh_Show" title="The Rush Limbaugh Show">The Rush Limbaugh Show</a></i> are never broadcast on Canadian stations, mainly due to high rights fees compared to their relevance to non-American audiences. American stations near the Canadian border can provide many Canadians with access to American talk programs (the signals of Limbaugh affiliates <a href="/wiki/WJR" title="WJR">WJR</a>, <a href="/wiki/WBEN_(AM)" title="WBEN (AM)">WBEN</a>, and <a href="/wiki/WHAM_(AM)" title="WHAM (AM)">WHAM</a>, for example, cover almost all of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ontario" title="Southern Ontario">Southern Ontario</a>). </p><p>Local talk radio plays a significant role in the politics of Newfoundland and Labrador. Political parties have systematically coordinated call-ins by Members of the House of Assembly when public opinion pollsters are known to be in the field.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The provincial government routinely purchases transcripts of calls.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Finland">Finland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk_radio&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A state-owned public channel called <a href="/wiki/YLE" class="mw-redirect" title="YLE">YLE</a> Puhe.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is broadcast throughout the whole country in the Finnish language. The programs include sports and news broadcasts. Its weekly listenership is about 550,000.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finland's first commercial talk station, Radio Rapu, started operations on March 1, 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="France">France</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk_radio&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Talk radio is a popular form of radio entertainment in France, exemplified by Europe 1, RTL, and RMC, plus state-owned France Inter. A premier English language talk radio in France is the <a href="/wiki/Gascony_Show" title="Gascony Show">Gascony Show</a>. Launched in early 2011, this show is broadcast weekly to the Gascony region of the southwest of France, as well as to the rest of France via Internet streaming. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Germany">Germany</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk_radio&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hallo-UE-Wagen-f065-b14-fotodrachen.de_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Hallo-UE-Wagen-f065-b14-fotodrachen.de_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Hallo-UE-Wagen-f065-b14-fotodrachen.de_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Hallo-UE-Wagen-f065-b14-fotodrachen.de_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Hallo-UE-Wagen-f065-b14-fotodrachen.de_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Hallo-UE-Wagen-f065-b14-fotodrachen.de_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Hallo-UE-Wagen-f065-b14-fotodrachen.de_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4224" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hallo_%C3%9C-Wagen" title="Hallo Ü-Wagen">Hallo Ü-Wagen</a> with <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Thomas" title="Carmen Thomas">Carmen Thomas</a> in 1982</figcaption></figure> <p>Radio talk shows are popular in Germany and have a long tradition. The first talk show on public radio was <a href="/wiki/Werner_H%C3%B6fer" title="Werner Höfer">Werner Höfer</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Der_Internationale_Fr%C3%BChschoppen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Der Internationale Frühschoppen (page does not exist)">Der Internationale Frühschoppen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Internationale_Fr%C3%BChschoppen" class="extiw" title="de:Der Internationale Frühschoppen">de</a>]</span>, a political talk begun in 1952. The talk show on wheels <a href="/wiki/Hallo_%C3%9C-Wagen" title="Hallo Ü-Wagen">Hallo Ü-Wagen</a> ran from 1974 to 2010, begun by <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Thomas" title="Carmen Thomas">Carmen Thomas</a> for <a href="/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Westdeutscher Rundfunk">WDR</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Italy">Italy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk_radio&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Talk radio in Italy is popular. <a href="/wiki/Radio24_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio24 (Italy)">Radio 24</a>, part of the group <a href="/wiki/Il_Sole_24_Ore" title="Il Sole 24 Ore">Il Sole 24 Ore</a> privately owned by <a href="/wiki/Confindustria" class="mw-redirect" title="Confindustria">Confindustria</a>, is the most important commercial "news/talk" talk radio station in the country. Its focus is mainly on independent news about the Italian and European economy, finance, culture, and politics, but it also hosts programs focusing on sports, personal finance, music, health, science, technology, and <a href="/wiki/Crowdsourced" class="mw-redirect" title="Crowdsourced">crowdsourced</a> storytelling. State-owned <a href="/wiki/Rai_Radio_3" title="Rai Radio 3">Rai Radio 3</a> is mainly dedicated to literature, the arts, classical music, and general cultural issues. Several regional stations use a format combining that of all-news and talk radio. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk_radio&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, the talk radio format is popularly known as talkback radio. The major radio networks broadcasting in the talk radio format are <a href="/wiki/Newstalk_ZB" title="Newstalk ZB">Newstalk ZB</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radio_Live" title="Radio Live">Radio Live</a>. Their sports sister networks, <a href="/wiki/Radio_Sport" title="Radio Sport">Radio Sport</a> and <a href="/wiki/TAB_Trackside" title="TAB Trackside">TAB Trackside</a> also largely broadcast in a talk format. Other stations such as <a href="/wiki/Radio_New_Zealand_National" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio New Zealand National">Radio New Zealand National</a> have a large component of talk-based content but do not have talk-back (i.e. listener phone-ins). </p><p>Newstalk ZB is the New Zealand market leader, but Radio Live is continuing to try to establish itself with a greater presence in the talk radio market since its inception in 2005. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philippines">Philippines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk_radio&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Almost all <a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">AM</a> radio stations are talk stations. A few stations from <a href="/wiki/Radio_Mindanao_Network" title="Radio Mindanao Network">Radio Mindanao Network</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bombo_Radyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombo Radyo">Bombo Radyo</a> are on FM. <a href="/wiki/DWFM" title="DWFM">Radyo 5 News FM</a> (now True FM) is the first talk radio station in the Philippines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poland">Poland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk_radio&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is two talk radio station in Poland, called <a href="/wiki/TOK_FM" class="mw-redirect" title="TOK FM">TOK FM</a>, which is owned by <a href="/wiki/Agora_SA" class="mw-redirect" title="Agora SA">Agora SA</a>, a Polish media company. Its programmes are broadcast in 10 large cities including <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Katowice" title="Katowice">Katowice</a>. The programme is also available via the Internet and transmitted by the <a href="/wiki/Hot_Bird" title="Hot Bird">Hot Bird</a> <a href="/wiki/Satellite_constellation" title="Satellite constellation">constellation</a>. It was founded in 1998 as "Inforadio" </p><p>Second talk radio station called <a href="/wiki/Radio_Wnet" title="Radio Wnet">Radio Wnet</a>, which is owned by Radio Wnet sp. z o.o., a Polish media company. Its programmes are broadcast in two large cities including Warsaw (87.8 MHz), Kraków (95,2 MHz). The programme is available via Internet. It was founded on 25 May 2009 by <a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Skowro%C5%84ski" title="Krzysztof Skowroński">Krzysztof Skowroński</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grzegorz_Wasowski" class="mw-redirect" title="Grzegorz Wasowski">Grzegorz Wasowski</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katarzyna_Adamiak-Sroczy%C5%84ska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katarzyna Adamiak-Sroczyńska (page does not exist)">Katarzyna Adamiak-Sroczyńska</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monika_Makowska-Wasowska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monika Makowska-Wasowska (page does not exist)">Monika Makowska-Wasowska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Cejrowski" title="Wojciech Cejrowski">Wojciech Cejrowski</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerzy_Jachowicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerzy Jachowicz (page does not exist)">Jerzy Jachowicz</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spain">Spain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk_radio&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Talk radio in Spain is very popular, where the most important radio stations are exclusively dedicated to talk shows, such as Cadena Ser, Cadena Cope, Onda Cero, Radio Nacional, or Punto Radio. There is a very wide variety of topics, such as politics, sport, comedy, and culture. </p><p>Sport talk shows are particularly relevant, since football attracts a massive interest in Spain, with a special focus on FC Barcelona and Real Madrid CF, and the men's national football team. Typically the programming of main talk radio stations is modified whenever there is a major football event, such as a La Liga or a national team match. Daily late-night sport (football) talk shows are also very relevant, with a very intense competition of the radio stations in this time slot which typically starts around midnight. </p><p>Comedy morning talk shows are also very popular in music radio stations (40 principales, M80 radio, Europa FM, and others), where there is strong competition since it is also a very important time slot, when typically people going to the workplace listen to the radio in their cars early in the morning (around 7<span class="nowrap"> </span>am to 8<span class="nowrap"> </span>am). </p><p>As Spain has large English-speaking communities from many different countries, it is a natural place for English language talk radio broadcasting. </p><p>The first Talk radio station in English was Coastline Radio broadcasting from <a href="/wiki/Nerja" title="Nerja">Nerja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Costa_del_Sol" title="Costa del Sol">Costa del Sol</a>. It is now a music station. A group of English expats set up OCI International in the early 1990s. Based in <a href="/wiki/Marbella" title="Marbella">Marbella</a> on the Costa del Sol, it was owned by the ONCE National Spanish Network. It provided a link for the English-speaking expats living on the coast, as well as some content for Scandinavian expats. OCI was closed down in 2007 to make way for Radio Europa music. In 2004 REM FM began broadcasting, with shows mostly fronted by former OCI presenters. The station closed in 2008. </p><p>In 2008, Talk Radio Europe began broadcasting.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It offers a 24-hour schedule of news, interviews, discussion, and debate and is a <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Media&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Media (page does not exist)">World Media</a> Partner with <a href="/wiki/BBC_World_Service" title="BBC World Service">BBC World Service</a> and is affiliated to <a href="/wiki/Independent_Radio_News" title="Independent Radio News">IRN</a>/<a href="/wiki/SKY_News" class="mw-redirect" title="SKY News">SKY News</a>. Talk Radio Europe broadcasts in FM on the <a href="/wiki/Costa_del_Sol" title="Costa del Sol">Costa del Sol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Costa_Almeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Costa Almeria">Costa Almeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Costa_Blanca" title="Costa Blanca">Costa Blanca</a>, and across the island of <a href="/wiki/Mallorca" title="Mallorca">Mallorca</a> in English. It is available on the Internet and all smartphone platforms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk_radio&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Talk radio in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> is popular, though not as much as music radio. Nationwide talk stations include <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_5_Live" title="BBC Radio 5 Live">BBC Radio 5 Live</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4_Extra" title="BBC Radio 4 Extra">BBC Radio 4 Extra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talkradio" title="Talkradio">Talkradio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talksport" title="Talksport">Talksport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Times_Radio" title="Times Radio">Times Radio</a>. Regional stations include <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Scotland" title="BBC Radio Scotland">BBC Radio Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Wales" title="BBC Radio Wales">BBC Radio Wales</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/BBC_Local_Radio" title="BBC Local Radio">BBC Local Radio</a> stations and some commercial stations offer a talk format, for example, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_London" title="BBC Radio London">BBC Radio London</a>, the BBC's flagship local station. Other notable commercial talk stations include London's <a href="/wiki/LBC" title="LBC">LBC</a> which pioneered the newstalk format in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. LBC currently operates two services – <a href="/wiki/LBC" title="LBC">LBC</a>, a newstalk station on FM (London) and via several digital platforms nationally including <a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Broadcasting" title="Digital Audio Broadcasting">DAB</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freeview_(UK)" title="Freeview (UK)">Freeview</a>; and <a href="/wiki/LBC_News" title="LBC News">LBC News</a>, a rolling news station on AM in London and DAB+ nationally. There are many specialised talk services such as <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Television" title="Bloomberg Television">Bloomberg</a>, a financial news station, and Asian Radio Live.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Talk radio expanded dramatically when the BBC's monopoly on radio broadcasting was ended in the 1970s with the launch of <a href="/wiki/Independent_Local_Radio" title="Independent Local Radio">Independent Local Radio</a>. </p><p>Some notable British talk radio presenters include <a href="/wiki/Jenni_Murray" title="Jenni Murray">Jenni Murray</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Humphrys" title="John Humphrys">John Humphrys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martha_Kearney" title="Martha Kearney">Martha Kearney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Dimbleby" title="Jonathan Dimbleby">Jonathan Dimbleby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libby_Purves" title="Libby Purves">Libby Purves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laurie_Taylor_(sociologist)" title="Laurie Taylor (sociologist)">Laurie Taylor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pam_Ayres" title="Pam Ayres">Pam Ayres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melvyn_Bragg" title="Melvyn Bragg">Melvyn Bragg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Boyd" title="Tommy Boyd">Tommy Boyd</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Whale_(radio)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Whale (radio)">James Whale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Allen_(radio_presenter)" title="Steve Allen (radio presenter)">Steve Allen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nick_Abbot" title="Nick Abbot">Nick Abbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iain_Lee" title="Iain Lee">Iain Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Stannage" title="James Stannage">James Stannage</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Galloway" title="George Galloway">George Galloway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julia_Hartley-Brewer" title="Julia Hartley-Brewer">Julia Hartley-Brewer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ian_Collins_(radio_presenter)" title="Ian Collins (radio presenter)">Ian Collins</a>, John Nicoll, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Hayes_(broadcaster)" title="Brian Hayes (broadcaster)">Brian Hayes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottie_McClue" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottie McClue">Scottie McClue</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_O%27Brien_(radio_presenter)" class="mw-redirect" title="James O'Brien (radio presenter)">James O'Brien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicky_Campbell" title="Nicky Campbell">Nicky Campbell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Simon_Mayo" title="Simon Mayo">Simon Mayo</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pete_Price" title="Pete Price">Pete Price</a> on <a href="/wiki/CityTalk" class="mw-redirect" title="CityTalk">CityTalk</a> is also known as the DJ who rushed to the aid of a regular caller who died live on air during a call.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously, he had kept a teenager talking for 45 minutes before meeting him to convince him not to commit suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk_radio&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Talk radio is most popular on the <a href="/wiki/AM_band" class="mw-redirect" title="AM band">AM band</a>. "Non-commercial", usually referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Public_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Public radio">public radio</a>", which is mainly located in a reserved spectrum of the <a href="/wiki/FM_band" class="mw-redirect" title="FM band">FM band</a>, also broadcasts talk programs. Commercial all-talk stations can also be found on the FM band in many cities across the US. These shows often rely less on political discussion and analysis than their AM counterparts and often employ the use of pranks and "bits" for entertainment purposes. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">satellite radio</a> services offer uncensored "free-wheeling" original programming. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_%26_Talk" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC News & Talk">ABC News & Talk</a> is an example of "repackaging" for the digital airwaves shows featured on their terrestrial radio stations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk_radio&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Expressing and debating political opinions has been a staple of radio since the medium's infancy. <a href="/wiki/Aimee_Semple_McPherson" title="Aimee Semple McPherson">Aimee Semple McPherson</a> began her radio broadcasts in the early 1920s and even purchased her station, <a href="/wiki/KFSG" title="KFSG">KFSG</a> which went on the air in February 1924; by the mid-1930s, controversial radio priest Father <a href="/wiki/Charles_Coughlin" title="Charles Coughlin">Charles Coughlin</a>'s radio broadcasts were reaching millions per week. There was also a national current events forum called <a href="/wiki/America%27s_Town_Meeting_of_the_Air" title="America's Town Meeting of the Air">America's Town Meeting of the Air</a> which broadcast once a week starting in 1935. It featured panel discussions from some of the biggest newsmakers and was among the first shows to allow audience participation: members of the studio audience could question the guests or even heckle them.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Talk radio as a listener-participation format has existed since the 1930s. John J. Anthony (1902–1970) was an announcer and DJ on New York's WMRJ. It was located in the Merrick Radio Store at 12 New York Boulevard in Jamaica, Long Island. After some marital troubles, refusing to pay alimony and child support, he sought professional help and began his radio series where listeners would call in with their problems in 1930. Radio historians consider this the first instance of talk radio.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While working for New York's <a href="/wiki/WMCA_(AM)" title="WMCA (AM)">WMCA</a> in 1945, <a href="/wiki/Barry_Gray_(radio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barry Gray (radio)">Barry Gray</a> was bored with playing music and put a telephone receiver up to his microphone to talk with bandleader <a href="/wiki/Woody_Herman" title="Woody Herman">Woody Herman</a>. This was soon followed by listener call-ins and Gray is often billed as "the hot mama of talk radio". <a href="/wiki/Herb_Jepko" title="Herb Jepko">Herb Jepko</a> was another pioneer.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Author Bill Cherry proposed George Roy Clough as the first to invite listeners to argue politics on a call-in radio show at KLUF, his station in Galveston, Texas, as a way to bring his political views into listeners' homes. (He later became <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Galveston" title="Free State of Galveston">Mayor of Galveston</a>). Cherry gives no specific date, but the context of events and history of the station would seem to place it also in the 1940s, perhaps earlier. The format was the classic mode in which the announcer gave the topic for that day, and listeners called in to debate the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1948, Alan Courtney – New York disk jockey and co-composer of the popular song "Joltin' Joe DiMaggio" – began a call-in program for the Storer station in Miami, Florida (WGBS) and then on Miami's WQAM, WINZ and WCKR. The "Alan Courtney Open Phone Forum" flourished as an avowedly conservative and anti-communist political forum with a coverage area over the Southeastern U.S. and Cuba. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joe_Pyne" title="Joe Pyne">Joe Pyne</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Nebel" class="mw-redirect" title="John Nebel">John Nebel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Shepherd" title="Jean Shepherd">Jean Shepherd</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Williams_(radio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerry Williams (radio)">Jerry Williams</a> (<a href="/wiki/WMEX_(AM)" title="WMEX (AM)">WMEX</a>-Boston) were among the first to explore the medium in the 1950s. </p><p>A breakthrough in talk radio occurred in 1960 at KLAC in Los Angeles. Alan Henry, a broadcaster in his early thirties, had been hired by John Kluge, president of Metromedia in 1963. Henry had previously worked in such diverse markets as Miami, Florida; Waterloo, Iowa; Hartford, Connecticut; and St. Louis, Missouri. KLAC was dead last in the ratings but Kluge wanted a big Metromedia presence in Los Angeles. He sent Henry from New York to Los Angeles to turn KLAC into a success. The first thing that Henry did was hire the legendary morning team of Lohman and Barkley. Henry had built a strong relationship with programmer Jim Lightfoot, who had joined Henry in Miami. A unique opportunity presented itself when Joe Pyne, who had begun his career as a radio talk personality in Pennsylvania, was fired by KABC in Los Angeles. The speculation was that Pyne was too controversial and confrontational for the ABC corporate culture. Henry hired Pyne on the spot and paid him $25,000 a year, which was then a huge salary for a radio personality. Pyne was given the night show on KLAC. Part of the agreement with Pyne was that Henry and Lightfoot would give him broad control of his program content. </p><p>The show was an immediate success. Henry encouraged the confrontation with listeners and guests for which Pyne became famous. Pyne coined the line "Go gargle with razor blades," for guests with whom he disagreed. The Pyne show was the beginning of the confrontational talk format that later spread across the radio spectrum. At one point in the 1960s, the Joe Pyne show was syndicated on over 250 radio stations in the United States. </p><p>In an odd turn of events, Pyne's radio show led him to television. Henry suggested to John Kluge that Joe Pyne should be put on Metromedia's newly acquired TV station in Los Angeles, KTTV-TV. Kluge told Henry to speak to KTTV-TV general manager Al Kriven, but Henry had already done that, and Kriven had adamantly refused. Kluge telephoned Kriven, and Pyne soon became the nation's first controversial late-night talk television host. <i>The Joe Pyne Show</i> on KTTV-TV quickly shot to the top of the ratings. The format later proliferated on cable television with a variety of new hosts, many of them taking on a similar persona to Joe Pyne. Joe Pyne and Alan Henry were major factors in establishing a new trend in radio and television programming. Alan Henry elaborates on the launching of Joe Pyne on KLAC radio and KTTV-TV in his memoir <i>A Man and His Medium</i>. </p><p>Two <a href="/wiki/Radio_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio station">radio stations</a> – <a href="/wiki/KMOX" title="KMOX">KMOX</a>, 1120 <a href="/wiki/AM_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="AM radio">AM</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis, Missouri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/KABC_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="KABC radio">KABC</a>, 790 AM in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> – adopted an all-<a href="/wiki/Talk_show" title="Talk show">talk show</a> format in 1960, and both claim to be the first to have done so. KABC station manager Ben Hoberman and KMOX station manager <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hyland" title="Robert Hyland">Robert Hyland</a> independently developed the all-talk format. <a href="/wiki/KTKK" title="KTKK">KTKK</a>, 630 AM in Salt Lake City, then known as KSXX, adopted a full-time talk schedule in 1965 and is the third station in the country to have done so. KSXX started with all local talent, and KTKK, which now airs on 1640 AM, has a larger portion of its schedule featuring local talent than most other stations that run a full schedule of talk. </p><p>In the 1970s and early 1980s, as many listeners abandoned AM music formats for the <a href="/wiki/High_fidelity" title="High fidelity">high fidelity</a> sound of <a href="/wiki/FM_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="FM radio">FM radio</a>, the talk radio format began to catch on in more large cities. Former music stations such as <a href="/wiki/KLIF_(AM)" title="KLIF (AM)">KLIF</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>), <a href="/wiki/WLW" title="WLW">WLW</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cincinnati,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cincinnati, Ohio">Cincinnati, Ohio</a>), <a href="/wiki/WHAS_(AM)" title="WHAS (AM)">WHAS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville, Kentucky</a>), <a href="/wiki/WHAM_(AM)" title="WHAM (AM)">WHAM</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester, New York</a>), <a href="/wiki/WLS_(AM)" title="WLS (AM)">WLS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago, Illinois</a>), <a href="/wiki/KFI_(AM)" class="mw-redirect" title="KFI (AM)">KFI</a> (<a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>), <a href="/wiki/WRKO" title="WRKO">WRKO</a> (<a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>), <a href="/wiki/WWKB" title="WWKB">WKBW</a> (<a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a>), and <a href="/wiki/WABC_(AM)" title="WABC (AM)">WABC</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York, New York</a>) made the switch to all-talk as their ratings slumped due to listener migration to the FM band. Since the turn of the 21st century, with many music listeners now migrating to digital platforms such as <a href="/wiki/Pandora_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandora Radio">Pandora Radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sirius_XM_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirius XM Radio">Sirius XM Radio</a>, and the numerous variations of the <a href="/wiki/IPod" title="IPod">iPod</a>, talk radio has been expanding on the FM side of the dial as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shock">Shock<span class="anchor" id="Hot_talk"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk_radio&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Shock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Hot talk</b>, also called <b>FM talk</b> or <b>shock talk</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a talk radio format geared predominantly to a male demographic between the ages of 18 and 49. It generally consists of <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">pop culture</a> subjects on <a href="/wiki/FM_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="FM radio">FM radio</a> rather than the political talk found on AM radio. Hosts of hot talk shows are usually known as <i><a href="/wiki/Shock_jock" title="Shock jock">shock jocks</a></i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Clear_Channel_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Clear Channel Communications">Clear Channel Communications</a> (which became iHeartMedia in 2015) has a select few hot talk stations under the moniker <i>Real Radio</i>, while <a href="/wiki/CBS_Radio" title="CBS Radio">CBS Radio</a> once had a larger chain of hot talkers known as <a href="/wiki/Free_FM" title="Free FM">Free FM</a>, though the brand was abandoned after a post-Howard Stern attempt to network the format failed within a year. It is usually found on FM radio <a href="/wiki/Active_rock" title="Active rock">active rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classic_rock" title="Classic rock">classic rock</a>, and country stations in morning drive, as the actual hot talk formatted stations have only achieved mediocre success as a whole compared to AM or conservative talk radio, or even FM music radio. It is also effectively a format that is unviable during an average workday in North America, due to the format's tendency to discuss topics wholly inappropriate for a workplace setting, and outside of discussions of attractiveness, largely repels women as regular listeners. </p><p>In March 2018, CBS Radio's corporate successor Entercom (now <a href="/wiki/Audacy,_Inc." title="Audacy, Inc.">Audacy, Inc.</a>) attempted a hot talk format in San Diego with <a href="/wiki/KWFN" title="KWFN">KEGY</a> <i>97.3 The Machine</i>. It featured a weekday lineup devoted to hot talk programs, blocks of <a href="/wiki/Classic_rock" title="Classic rock">classic rock</a> interspersed with comedy bits during off-peak hours, and coverage of <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Padres" title="San Diego Padres">San Diego Padres</a> baseball. However, the station attracted controversy later that month, when an advertisement for the station's forthcoming morning show <i>Kevin Klein Live</i> (which invited listeners to "jump ... to a new morning show", accompanied by a picture of the <a href="/wiki/Coronado_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronado Bridge">Coronado Bridge</a>) was criticized for glorifying <a href="/wiki/Suicide_bridge" title="Suicide bridge">suicide by bridge jumping</a>. The ensuing controversy prompted the Padres to scrutinize KEGY's direction; executive <a href="/wiki/Ron_Fowler" title="Ron Fowler">Ron Fowler</a> voiced concerns over the team being associated with KEGY's "shock jock" content, threatening to possibly cut ties with the station and Entercom.<sup id="cite_ref-ut-couldend_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ut-couldend-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ut-nowshow_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ut-nowshow-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kevin Klein's program never premiered, and the hot talk format was ultimately dropped on April 12, 2018, in favor of a conventional sports format as <i>97.3 The Fan</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, <a href="/wiki/JVC_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="JVC Media">JVC Media</a> began to establish a hot talk network in Florida branded as <i>Florida Man Radio</i> (in reference to the "<a href="/wiki/Florida_Man" title="Florida Man">Florida Man</a>" <a href="/wiki/Internet_meme" title="Internet meme">internet meme</a>), beginning with <a href="/wiki/WDYZ_(AM)" title="WDYZ (AM)">WDYZ</a> in Orlando. The network has picked up personalities such as <a href="/wiki/The_Shannon_Burke_Show" title="The Shannon Burke Show">Shannon Burke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ed_Tyll" class="mw-redirect" title="Ed Tyll">Ed Tyll</a>, with the syndicated <i><a href="/wiki/Bubba_the_Love_Sponge" title="Bubba the Love Sponge">Bubba the Love Sponge</a></i> serving as its morning show.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, after receiving the station in a trade from Audacy, <a href="/wiki/Beasley_Broadcast_Group" title="Beasley Broadcast Group">Beasley Broadcast Group</a>'s <a href="/wiki/KXTE" title="KXTE">KXTE</a> in Las Vegas shifted to a hot talk format for its weekday lineup, which consists primarily of syndicated morning shows (including <i>Dave and Mahoney</i>, for which it is the flagship station, as well as <i><a href="/wiki/Free_Beer_and_Hot_Wings" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Beer and Hot Wings">Free Beer and Hot Wings</a></i>, and <i>Dave & Chuck the Freak</i> from sister <a href="/wiki/WRIF" title="WRIF">WRIF</a> in Detroit).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The genre has also shown up on <a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">satellite radio</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">podcasting</a>, which typically have more creative freedom due to the lack of indecency rules and lower reliance on corporate advertising. </p><p>Other U.S. hosts specialize in talk radio <a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">comedy</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Phil_Hendrie" title="Phil Hendrie">Phil Hendrie</a>, who voices his fictional guests and occasionally does parodies of other programs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political">Political</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk_radio&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Political"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Conservative_talk_radio" title="Conservative talk radio">Conservative talk radio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Progressive_talk_radio" title="Progressive talk radio">Progressive talk radio</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> saw dramatic growth in the popularity of talk radio during the 1990s due to the repeal of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a>'s post-war <a href="/wiki/Fairness_Doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairness Doctrine">Fairness Doctrine</a> of 1949, in 1987. The mandate of the <a href="/wiki/Fairness_Doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairness Doctrine">Fairness Doctrine</a> was to require that audiences were exposed to a diversity of viewpoints. </p><p>It had required the holders of broadcast licenses to "present controversial issues of public importance" and to do so in a manner that was, in the commission's view, "honest, equitable and balanced". Its repeal provided an opportunity for a kind of partisan political programming with commercial appeal that had not previously existed. </p><p>The most successful pioneer in the early 1990s' talk radio movement in the US was the <a href="/wiki/American_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="American conservatism">politically conservative</a> commentator <a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Rush Limbaugh</a>. Limbaugh's success demonstrated that there was a nationwide market for a passionately delivered conservative polemic on contemporary news, events, and social trends, and changed the face of how the talk radio business was conducted. Unrestrained (by the Fairness Doctrine), cheering for one's political party, and especially against the other, had become popular entertainment which rapidly changed the way politics nationally was discussed, perceived, and conducted. </p><p>Other radio talk show hosts (who describe themselves as either conservative or <a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">libertarian</a>) have also had success as nationally syndicated hosts, including <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Hewitt" title="Hugh Hewitt">Hugh Hewitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Sean Hannity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jon_Arthur_(radio_host)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jon Arthur (radio host)">Jon Arthur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Glenn Beck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Medved" title="Michael Medved">Michael Medved</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Laura Ingraham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neal_Boortz" title="Neal Boortz">Neal Boortz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Savage_(commentator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Savage (commentator)">Michael Savage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(commentator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill O'Reilly (commentator)">Bill O'Reilly</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Larry_Gaiters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Larry Gaiters (page does not exist)">Larry Gaiters</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Levin" title="Mark Levin">Mark Levin</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Salem_Radio_Network" title="Salem Radio Network">Salem Radio Network</a> syndicates a group of religiously oriented Republican activists, including <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical</a> Christian <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Hewitt" title="Hugh Hewitt">Hugh Hewitt</a> and Jewish conservatives <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Dennis Prager</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Medved" title="Michael Medved">Michael Medved</a>; these are mostly distributed in a 24-hour network format among Salem's stations, and they generally earn ratings much less than their syndicated counterparts. </p><p>In the summer of 2007, conservative talk show hosts mobilized public opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Immigration_Reform_Act_of_2007" title="Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007">McCain-Kennedy immigration reform bill</a>, which eventually failed.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conservative hosts Limbaugh, Ingraham, Bennett, Prager, Hannity, Beck, Levin, and Hewitt coalesced around endorsing former Massachusetts governor <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> for <a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">president</a> at the end of January 2008 (after <a href="/wiki/Fred_Thompson" title="Fred Thompson">Fred Thompson</a>, the described favorite of some of the hosts, dropped out), to oppose the nomination of Senator <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, Romney suspended his campaign in February of the same year and endorsed McCain. During the primaries, Limbaugh in particular had endorsed a plan to do whatever it took to prolong the Democrats' nomination by encouraging political conservatives to cross over to the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a> and voting for the trailing candidate, a plan he called "<a href="/wiki/The_Rush_Limbaugh_Show#Operation_Chaos" title="The Rush Limbaugh Show">Operation Chaos</a>". </p><p>Conservative talk show hosts also lent their unified support for congressional candidate <a href="/wiki/Doug_Hoffman" title="Doug Hoffman">Doug Hoffman</a>, a conservative third-party candidate who was running in <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_23rd_congressional_district_special_election,_2009" class="mw-redirect" title="New York's 23rd congressional district special election, 2009">New York's 23rd congressional district special election, 2009</a>, against a liberal Republican (<a href="/wiki/Dierdre_Scozzafava" class="mw-redirect" title="Dierdre Scozzafava">Dierdre Scozzafava</a>) and a mainstream Democrat (<a href="/wiki/Bill_Owens_(congressman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Owens (congressman)">Bill Owens</a>). The unified support from the conservative base helped propel Hoffman to frontrunner status and effectively killed Scozzafava's campaign, forcing her to drop out of the race several days before the election. This effort backfired on the conservative hosts, as the Democratic candidate Owens won in part thanks to Scozzafava's endorsement of Owens. Local hosts, such as Los Angeles's <a href="/wiki/John_and_Ken" class="mw-redirect" title="John and Ken">John and Ken</a>, have also proven effective in influencing the political landscape. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarians</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Miller" title="Dennis Miller">Dennis Miller</a> (based in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>), Jon Arthur, host of <i>Jon Arthur Live!</i> (based in Florida), Patti Brooks <a href="/wiki/KGMI" title="KGMI">KGMI</a> (based in the Pacific Northwest), Free Talk Live (based in <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>), <a href="/wiki/Penn_Jillette" title="Penn Jillette">Penn Jillette</a> (based in <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Valley" title="Las Vegas Valley">Las Vegas</a>), <a href="/wiki/Jay_Severin" title="Jay Severin">Jay Severin</a> (based in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Davis_(talk_show_host)" title="Mark Davis (talk show host)">Mark Davis</a> (based in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Worth">Fort Worth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>) have also achieved some success. Many of these hosts also publish books, write newspaper columns, appear on television, and give public lectures. </p><p>Politically <a href="/wiki/Liberal_talk_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal talk radio">liberal talk radio</a> aimed at a national audience also emerged in the mid-2000s. <a href="/wiki/Air_America_(radio_network)" title="Air America (radio network)">Air America</a>, a network featuring <i><a href="/wiki/The_Al_Franken_Show" title="The Al Franken Show">The Al Franken Show</a></i>, was founded in 2004. It billed itself as a "progressive alternative" to the conservative talk radio shows. </p><p>Some prominent examples of liberal talk radio shows either previously or currently in national syndication include: <a href="/wiki/Dial_Global" class="mw-redirect" title="Dial Global">Dial Global</a> talk show hosts <a href="/wiki/Ed_Schultz" title="Ed Schultz">Ed Schultz</a> (who moved on to hosting on <a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a> and later on <a href="/wiki/RT_America" title="RT America">RT America</a>), <a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Miller" title="Stephanie Miller">Stephanie Miller</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thom_Hartmann" title="Thom Hartmann">Thom Hartmann</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Press" title="Bill Press">Bill Press</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Norman_Goldman" title="Norman Goldman">Norman Goldman</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (not with Dial Global and is a self-described independent) is still included on syndication stations – see <a href="/wiki/WCPT_(AM)" title="WCPT (AM)">WCPT (AM)</a>. Goldman began as the high-rating fill-in host and "Senior Legal Analyst" for Ed Schultz before launching his show; <a href="/wiki/The_Young_Turks_(talk_show)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Young Turks (talk show)">The Young Turks</a>; Fox former co-host of Hannity and Colmes, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Colmes" title="Alan Colmes">Alan Colmes</a>, First Amendment Radio Network libertarian host <a href="/wiki/Jon_Arthur" title="Jon Arthur">Jon Arthur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mike_Malloy" title="Mike Malloy">Mike Malloy</a>, progressive radio <a href="/wiki/WFTE" title="WFTE">WFTE</a> FM's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorothy_And_Dick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorothy And Dick (page does not exist)">Dorothy And Dick</a>, and Premiere's <a href="/wiki/Randi_Rhodes" title="Randi Rhodes">Randi Rhodes</a> (not on radio 2015). </p><p>In some markets, local liberal hosts have existed for years, such as the British talk host <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson_(radio_commentator)" title="Michael Jackson (radio commentator)">Michael Jackson</a> (who was on the air at <a href="/wiki/KABC_(AM)" title="KABC (AM)">KABC</a> in Los Angeles beginning in 1968 and is currently at <a href="/wiki/KMZT_(AM)" class="mw-redirect" title="KMZT (AM)">KMZT</a>); <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Ward" title="Bernie Ward">Bernie Ward</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>; Jack Ellery in New Jersey and Tampa; <a href="/wiki/Dave_Ross" title="Dave Ross">Dave Ross</a> in Seattle, and <a href="/wiki/Marc_Germain" title="Marc Germain">Marc Germain</a> in Los Angeles. A few earlier syndicated programs were hosted by prominent Democrats who were not experienced broadcasters, such as <a href="/wiki/Jim_Hightower" title="Jim Hightower">Jim Hightower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Brown" title="Jerry Brown">Jerry Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mario_Cuomo" title="Mario Cuomo">Mario Cuomo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alan_Dershowitz" title="Alan Dershowitz">Alan Dershowitz</a>; these met with limited success, and Air America has been faced with various legal and financial problems. </p><p>Air America was sold to a new owner in March 2007, hired well-known programmer David Bernstein, and began its "re-birth." Bernstein subsequently left in early 2008, but the struggling network remained on the air with a revamped line-up. </p><p>On January 21, 2010, Air America radio ceased live programming citing a difficulty with the current economic environment and announced that it would file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy production and liquidate itself. The network ended operations on January 25, 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clear Channel/iHeartMedia, with nearly 1,300 radio stations under its ownership – along with other owners – has in recent years added more <a href="/wiki/Liberal_talk" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal talk">liberal talk</a> stations to their portfolio<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. These have primarily come from the conversion of AM facilities, most of which formerly had <a href="/wiki/Adult_standards" title="Adult standards">adult standards</a> formats. Many complaints (all radio stations are required by the FCC to maintain, in their public files, copies of all correspondence from the public relating to station operations – for a period of three years from receipt) have been received from fans of this musical genre (<a href="/wiki/Tony_Bennett" title="Tony Bennett">Tony Bennett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Big_band_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Big band music">big band music</a>," etc.) – but the left-leaning talk programming leans toward a much younger <a href="/wiki/Demographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographic">demographic</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, a group that advertisers covet. More recently, however, Clear Channel has been dropping liberal formats in favor of their own <a href="/wiki/Fox_Sports_Radio" title="Fox Sports Radio">Fox Sports Radio</a> network. By 2014, most liberal talk stations had abandoned the format, forcing hosts to find other ways to distribute their programming. </p><p>Liberal opinion radio has long existed on the <a href="/wiki/Pacifica_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacifica Radio">Pacifica</a> network, though only available in a small number of major cities, and in formats that more often act as a volunteer-run community forum than as a platform for charismatic hosts who would be likely to attract a large audience. The one major host to become popular on the network is <a href="/wiki/Amy_Goodman" title="Amy Goodman">Amy Goodman</a>, whose <i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a></i> interview and journalism program is broadcast nationwide.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Conservative critics have long complained that the long-format news programming on <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a> (NPR) shows a liberal bias, although this was disputed once in 2004 by <a href="/wiki/Fairness_and_Accuracy_in_Reporting" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting">Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting</a> (FAIR), a <i>progressive</i> media criticism organization, which found that, for example, "representatives of think tanks to the right of center outnumbered those to the left of center by more than four to one: 62 appearances to 15."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> National Public Radio itself denies any partisan agenda.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Politically oriented talk programs on the network are in the mold of <i><a href="/wiki/Talk_of_the_Nation" title="Talk of the Nation">Talk of the Nation</a></i>, which was designed to be a soundboard for the varied opinions of listeners. </p><p>While politically oriented talk is still heard on the AM dial (mostly the conservative format), it has seen some expanding onto the FM dial. One notable example was <a href="/wiki/WPGB" title="WPGB">WPGB</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, which switched to a talk format in 2004 after years of having several different music formats, branding itself as "FM News Talk 104.7" due to the relative uncommonness of politically oriented talk on the FM side of the dial even in 2013 while FM talk, in general, has expanded. Owned by Clear Channel and stylized as one of Clear Channel's typical conservative-leaning AM talk stations, WPGB's ratings were steadily high during its time as a talk station, whereas the station's numerous music formats were among the lowest in the Pittsburgh market before switching.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clear Channel, which owns WPGB, has shifted some of their talk stations from full-power FM signals to lower-range translator stations which use AM or <a href="/wiki/HD_Radio" title="HD Radio">HD Radio</a> subchannel stations to originate those broadcasts; WPGB fired its <a href="/wiki/The_War_Room_with_Quinn_and_Rose" title="The War Room with Quinn and Rose">morning show</a> in December 2013 and switched back to music in August 2014, selling the format rights to AM station <a href="/wiki/WJAS" title="WJAS">WJAS</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insults,_advice_and_mystery"><span id="Insults.2C_advice_and_mystery"></span>Insults, advice and mystery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk_radio&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Insults, advice and mystery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There had been some precursors for talk radio show stars, such as the Los Angeles-area controversialist <a href="/wiki/Joe_Pyne" title="Joe Pyne">Joe Pyne</a>, who would attack callers on his program in the early 1960s – one of his famous insults was "gargle with razor blades"; the similar <a href="/wiki/Bob_Grant_(radio_host)" title="Bob Grant (radio host)">Bob Grant</a> in New York City; and <a href="/wiki/Wally_George" title="Wally George">Wally George</a> in Southern California.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Talk radio also included personal relationship consultants such as <a href="/wiki/Laura_Schlessinger" title="Laura Schlessinger">Laura Schlessinger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barbara_De_Angelis" title="Barbara De Angelis">Barbara De Angelis</a> both heard on <a href="/wiki/KFI" title="KFI">KFI</a> AM in Los Angeles. Host <a href="/wiki/Larry_Elder" title="Larry Elder">Larry Elder</a> on <a href="/wiki/KABC_(AM)" title="KABC (AM)">KABC (AM)</a> was a lawyer before entering the talk radio market. <a href="/wiki/Leo_Laporte" title="Leo Laporte">Leo Laporte</a> offers consumers computer advice. Business and real estate advice shows, paid health supplement presentations and religious programs are widely available. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_radio_shows" title="Paranormal radio shows">Paranormal radio shows</a> have had a place on radio for several decades; while the format has never been successful on a full-time basis, it has proven popular in the overnight <a href="/wiki/Graveyard_slot" title="Graveyard slot">graveyard slot</a>. Long John Nebel's program was one of the first to devote itself to the concept before it was further fleshed out by <a href="/wiki/Art_Bell" title="Art Bell">Art Bell</a>, whose <i><a href="/wiki/Coast_to_Coast_AM" title="Coast to Coast AM">Coast to Coast AM</a></i> went on to have comparable popularity to daytime talk hosts of his era. Bell had a long-running, on-and-off relationship with the show he founded, often leaving the show and returning on an erratic basis, also starting up new shows such as <i>Dreamland</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Art_Bell%27s_Dark_Matter" title="Art Bell's Dark Matter">Art Bell's Dark Matter</a>,</i> and <i>Midnight in the Desert</i> only to quit them a few weeks into their run; Bell died in 2018. <i>Coast to Coast AM</i> continues with <a href="/wiki/George_Noory" title="George Noory">George Noory</a> as the permanent lead host, with a rotating host on weekends. Clyde Lewis and <a href="/wiki/Jason_Hawes" title="Jason Hawes">Jason Hawes</a> also host nationally syndicated paranormal shows. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk_radio&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sports_radio" title="Sports radio">Sports talk radio</a> can be found locally and nationally in the US; as of 2013, five national full-time sports talk networks exist. The oldest existing network, dating to 1991, is <a href="/wiki/SportsMap" title="SportsMap">SportsMap</a> (although it has only been branded as such since 2020 and has rebranded frequently over the years). Market leader <a href="/wiki/ESPN_Radio" title="ESPN Radio">ESPN Radio</a> followed shortly thereafter in 1992, followed by <a href="/wiki/Fox_Sports_Radio" title="Fox Sports Radio">Fox Sports Radio</a> c. 2000 and the near-concurrent entries of <a href="/wiki/CBS_Sports_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="CBS Sports Radio">CBS Sports Radio</a> and <a href="/wiki/NBC_Sports_Radio" title="NBC Sports Radio">NBC Sports Radio</a> in late 2012 and early 2013. Most of these, however, air on weak, low-budget AM stations; the most successful sports talk stations operate primarily with local programs and supplement their programming with the <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_of_sports_events" title="Broadcasting of sports events">broadcasting of sports events</a>, usually involving the local teams in the <a href="/wiki/Major_professional_sports_leagues_in_the_United_States_and_Canada" title="Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada">major professional sports leagues</a>. This adds significant expenses to the station's operations, and must be balanced carefully with the regular talk schedule, as an incendiary view about the team by a host can lead to that team pulling their broadcasts from the station. </p><p>Local stations may also hire personalities with <a href="/wiki/Hot_take" title="Hot take">polarizing opinions about sports topics and athletes</a> to make some kind of national impact that might turn off listeners, and in large markets, sports talk stations may be made up of personalities <a href="/wiki/Brokered_programming" title="Brokered programming">who pay stations for their show time and their advertising</a>, disallowing any natural flow between each program, along with in-station competitions about whose show has the most impact. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ratings">Ratings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk_radio&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ratings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pew researchers found in 2004 that 17% of the public regularly listens to talk radio. This audience is mostly male, middle-aged, and conservative. Among those who regularly listen to talk radio, 41% are Republican and 28% are Democrats. Furthermore, 45% describe themselves as conservatives, compared with 18% who say they are progressive/liberals.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Arbitron" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbitron">Arbitron</a> <a href="/wiki/Portable_people_meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable people meter">portable people meter</a> ratings system, compiled data suggesting that out of 11 nationally rated radio formats, talk radio had lost nearly the most market share<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ratings continue to slide.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, Arbitron's executive summary noted that " 92% of consumers aged 12 years and older listen to the radio each week" and "news-talk-information and talk-personality remained number one in PPM markets and number two in the rest of the U.S."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_most-listened-to_radio_programs" title="List of most-listened-to radio programs">most-listened-to radio programs</a> in the United States are talk radio shows or have talk radio elements like <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sean_Hannity_Show" title="The Sean Hannity Show">The Sean Hannity Show</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/All_Things_Considered" title="All Things Considered">All Things Considered</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk_radio&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_and_American_politics" title="Mass media and American politics">Mass media and American politics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk_radio&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Valerie Geller, <i>Beyond Powerful Radio: A Communicator's Guide to the Internet Age – News, Talk, Information & Personality</i> (CRC Press, 2012).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 24,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wally+George+vs.+Morton+Downey%2C+Jr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanfilms.com%2Fplay.cfm%3Fclipid%3D86%26cid%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATalk+radio" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080423161812/http://people-press.org/reports/display.php3?PageID=834">"News Audiences Increasingly Politicized"</a>. People-press.org. June 8, 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people-press.org/reports/display.php3?PageID=834">the original</a> on April 23, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-11-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=News+Audiences+Increasingly+Politicized&rft.pub=People-press.org&rft.date=2004-06-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople-press.org%2Freports%2Fdisplay.php3%3FPageID%3D834&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATalk+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarkerBos2011" class="citation journal cs1">Harker; Bos (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radioinsights.com/2011/10/hows-news-talk-doing.html">"How's News-Talk Doing?"</a>. <i>Radio Insights</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Insights&rft.atitle=How%27s+News-Talk+Doing%3F&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Harker&rft.au=Bos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radioinsights.com%2F2011%2F10%2Fhows-news-talk-doing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATalk+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarker" class="citation journal cs1">Harker. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radioinsights.com/2012/06/is-newstalk-radio-in-trouble.html">"Is News/Talk Radio in Trouble?"</a>. <i>Radio Insights</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Insights&rft.atitle=Is+News%2FTalk+Radio+in+Trouble%3F&rft.au=Harker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radioinsights.com%2F2012%2F06%2Fis-newstalk-radio-in-trouble.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATalk+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arbitron.com/downloads/Radio_Today_2013_execsum.pdf">"Radio Today 2013"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>arbitron.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=arbitron.com&rft.atitle=Radio+Today+2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arbitron.com%2Fdownloads%2FRadio_Today_2013_execsum.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATalk+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk_radio&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>History of talk radio <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalper,_Donna_L.2008" class="citation book cs1">Halper, Donna L. (2008). <i>Icons of Talk: The Media Mouths That Changed America</i>. Greenwood Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Icons+of+Talk%3A+The+Media+Mouths+That+Changed+America&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Halper%2C+Donna+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATalk+radio" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li>Hot talk: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2007" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, Marc (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/somethinginairra00fish"><i>Something in the Air: Radio, Rock, and the Revolution That Shaped a Generation</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-50907-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-50907-0"><bdi>978-0-375-50907-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Something+in+the+Air%3A+Radio%2C+Rock%2C+and+the+Revolution+That+Shaped+a+Generation&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-375-50907-0&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsomethinginairra00fish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATalk+radio" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJurkowitzGlobe_Staff2000" class="citation news cs1">Jurkowitz, Mark; Globe Staff (2000-02-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=BG&p_theme=bg&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EADDE2EB3C5154B&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM">"Talk Radio's Blue Streak as Political Issues Lose Their Pull, Programmers Are Wooing Younger Audiences with a Mix of Shock Talk, Jock Talk, and R-Rated Banter"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Talk+Radio%27s+Blue+Streak+as+Political+Issues+Lose+Their+Pull%2C+Programmers+Are+Wooing+Younger+Audiences+with+a+Mix+of+Shock+Talk%2C+Jock+Talk%2C+and+R-Rated+Banter&rft.date=2000-02-13&rft.aulast=Jurkowitz&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Globe+Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.newsbank.com%2Fnl-search%2Fwe%2FArchives%3Fp_product%3DBG%26p_theme%3Dbg%26p_action%3Dsearch%26p_maxdocs%3D200%26p_topdoc%3D1%26p_text_direct-0%3D0EADDE2EB3C5154B%26p_field_direct-0%3Ddocument_id%26p_perpage%3D10%26p_sort%3DYMD_date%3AD%26s_trackval%3DGooglePM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATalk+radio" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=ST&s_site=dfw&p_multi=ST&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB042E584467764&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM">"War of the Words More FM stations switching from hard rock to all talk"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth_Star-Telegram" title="Fort Worth Star-Telegram">Fort Worth Star-Telegram</a></i>. 1998-11-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fort+Worth+Star-Telegram&rft.atitle=War+of+the+Words+More+FM+stations+switching+from+hard+rock+to+all+talk&rft.date=1998-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.newsbank.com%2Fnl-search%2Fwe%2FArchives%3Fp_product%3DST%26s_site%3Ddfw%26p_multi%3DST%26p_theme%3Drealcities%26p_action%3Dsearch%26p_maxdocs%3D200%26p_topdoc%3D1%26p_text_direct-0%3D0EB042E584467764%26p_field_direct-0%3Ddocument_id%26p_perpage%3D10%26p_sort%3DYMD_date%3AD%26s_trackval%3DGooglePM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATalk+radio" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein1995" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Goldstein" title="Patrick Goldstein">Goldstein, Patrick</a> (1995-07-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090304001435/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/22642186.html?dids=22642186:22642186&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Jul+16%2C+1995&author=Patrick+Goldstein&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=YAKITY+YAK%2C+PLEASE+TALK+BACK+Inside+the+Intense+and+Screwy+World+of+Talk+Radio+and+the+Search+for+the+Next+LarrykingrushlimbaughhowardsterngordonliddyWhomever&pqatl=google">"Yakity Yak, Please Talk Back: Inside the Intense and Screwy World of Talk Radio and the Search for the Next LarrykingrushlimbaughhowardsterngordonliddyWhomever"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/22642186.html?dids=22642186:22642186&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Jul+16%2C+1995&author=Patrick+Goldstein&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=YAKITY+YAK%2C+PLEASE+TALK+BACK+Inside+the+Intense+and+Screwy+World+of+Talk+Radio+and+the+Search+for+the+Next+LarrykingrushlimbaughhowardsterngordonliddyWhomever&pqatl=google">the original</a> on March 4, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Yakity+Yak%2C+Please+Talk+Back%3A+Inside+the+Intense+and+Screwy+World+of+Talk+Radio+and+the+Search+for+the+Next+LarrykingrushlimbaughhowardsterngordonliddyWhomever&rft.date=1995-07-16&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Flatimes%2Faccess%2F22642186.html%3Fdids%3D22642186%3A22642186%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT%26date%3DJul%2B16%252C%2B1995%26author%3DPatrick%2BGoldstein%26pub%3DLos%2BAngeles%2BTimes%2B%28pre-1997%2BFulltext%29%26desc%3DYAKITY%2BYAK%252C%2BPLEASE%2BTALK%2BBACK%2BInside%2Bthe%2BIntense%2Band%2BScrewy%2BWorld%2Bof%2BTalk%2BRadio%2Band%2Bthe%2BSearch%2Bfor%2Bthe%2BNext%2BLarrykingrushlimbaughhowardsterngordonliddyWhomever%26pqatl%3Dgoogle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATalk+radio" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li>Politically oriented talk radio: <ul><li>David C. Barker; <i>Rushed to Judgment: Talk Radio, Persuasion, and American Political Behavior</i> Columbia University Press, 2002</li> <li>Stephen Earl Bennett; "Americans' Exposure to Political Talk Radio and Their Knowledge of Public Affairs" in <i>Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media</i>, Vol. 46, 2002</li> <li>Jeffrey M. Berry, and Sarah Sobieraj. <i>The Outrage Industry: Political Opinion Media and the New Incivility</i> (2014)</li> <li>Randy Bobbitt. <i>Us Against Them: The Political Culture of Talk Radio</i> (Lexington Books; 2010) 275 pages. Traces the history of the medium since its beginnings in the 1950s and examines its varied impact on elections through 2008.</li> <li>Christopher L. Gianos and C. Richard Hofstetter; "Political Talk Radio: Actions Speak Louder Than Words", <i>Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media</i>. Volume: 41. Issue: 4. : 1997. pp 501+.</li> <li>Ian Hutchby; <i>Confrontation Talk: Arguments, Asymmetries, and Power on Talk Radio</i> Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1996</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk_radio&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Talk_radio" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Talk radio">Talk radio</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110924132902/http://www.talkers.com/top-talk-radio-audiences/">"The Top Talk Radio Audiences"</a>. <i>Talker's Magazine</i>. Spring 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://talkers.com/top-talk-radio-audiences/">the original</a> on 2011-09-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Talker%27s+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Top+Talk+Radio+Audiences&rft.ssn=spring&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftalkers.com%2Ftop-talk-radio-audiences%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATalk+radio" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://1radionews.com">1 Radio News app and directory of global talk and news radio stations in English</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_show" title="Television show">Television show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">Analog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">Digital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_terrestrial_television" title="Digital terrestrial television">Digital terrestrial television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Satellite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet television">Internet television</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet_radio" title="Internet radio">radio</a> (<a href="/wiki/Webcast" title="Webcast">Webcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Web television">Web television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2PTV" title="P2PTV">Peer-to-peer television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BitTorrent#Film.2C_video.2C_and_music" title="BitTorrent">BitTorrent television and movies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Broadcasting<br />niche</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campus_radio" title="Campus radio">Campus radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_broadcasting" title="Commercial broadcasting">Commercial broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_radio" title="Community radio">Community radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multichannel_television" title="Multichannel television">Multichannel television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pay_television" title="Pay television">Pay television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pay-per-view" title="Pay-per-view">Pay-per-view</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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interest channel">Children's interest channel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_television_series" title="Children's television series">Children's television series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_channel" title="Documentary channel">Documentary channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_interest_channel" title="Men's interest channel">Men's interest channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_movie_television_channels" title="List of movie television channels">Movie television channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_radio" title="Music radio">Music radio</a> / <a href="/wiki/Music_television" title="Music television">Music television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiz_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Quiz channel">Quiz channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping_channel" title="Shopping channel">Shopping channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">News broadcasting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_channels" class="mw-redirect" 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systems">Broadcast television systems</a></li> <li>Graphics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_on-screen_graphic" title="Digital on-screen graphic">Digital on-screen graphic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_third" title="Lower third">Lower third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_ticker" title="News ticker">News ticker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-screen_display" title="On-screen display">On-screen display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Score_bug" title="Score bug">Score bug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_news_screen_layout" title="Television news screen layout">Television news screen layout</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_affiliate" title="Network affiliate">Network affiliate</a></li> <li>Occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_designer" title="Broadcast designer">Broadcast designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_license" title="Broadcast license">Broadcast license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_network_programming" title="Director of network 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