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href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Distinction_from_East_and_West_Germanic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distinction_from_East_and_West_Germanic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Distinction from East and West Germanic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distinction_from_East_and_West_Germanic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Features_shared_with_West_Germanic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features_shared_with_West_Germanic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Features shared with West Germanic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Features_shared_with_West_Germanic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Germanic_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Germanic_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>North Germanic features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Germanic_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mutual_intelligibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mutual_intelligibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Mutual intelligibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mutual_intelligibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_boundaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_boundaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Language boundaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_boundaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Family tree</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification_difficulties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_difficulties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Classification difficulties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification_difficulties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Written_norms_of_Norwegian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Written_norms_of_Norwegian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Written norms of Norwegian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Written_norms_of_Norwegian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">North Germanic languages: Difference between revisions</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">83 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noord-Germaanse_tale" title="Noord-Germaanse tale – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Noord-Germaanse tale" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nor%C3%BEgermanisca_spr%C3%A6ca" title="Norþgermanisca spræca – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Norþgermanisca spræca" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0%D2%9B%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Аскандинав бызшәақәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аскандинав бызшәақәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغات جرمانية شمالية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغات جرمانية شمالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luengas_chermanicas_septentrionals" title="Luengas chermanicas septentrionals – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Luengas chermanicas septentrionals" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengoues_scandin%C3%A2ves" title="Lengoues scandinâves – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Lengoues scandinâves" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_escandinaves" title="Llingües escandinaves – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües escandinaves" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A6%DB%8C_%DA%98%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="قوزئی ژرمن دیللری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قوزئی ژرمن دیللری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pak_German_g%C3%AD-chi" title="Pak German gí-chi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pak German gí-chi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Скандынаўскія мовы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Скандынаўскія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Паўночнагерманскія мовы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Паўночнагерманскія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Северногермански езици – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Северногермански езици" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordgermanische_Sprochn" title="Nordgermanische Sprochn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Nordgermanische Sprochn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezho%C3%B9_skandinavek" title="Yezhoù skandinavek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoù skandinavek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_escandinaves" title="Llengües escandinaves – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües escandinaves" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severogerm%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Severogermánské jazyky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Severogermánské jazyky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieithoedd_Germanaidd_Gogleddol" title="Ieithoedd Germanaidd Gogleddol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ieithoedd Germanaidd Gogleddol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordiske_sprog" title="Nordiske sprog – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nordiske sprog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandin%C3%A1vala%C5%A1_gielat" title="Skandinávalaš gielat – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Skandinávalaš gielat" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordgermanische_Sprachen" title="Nordgermanische Sprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nordgermanische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3dpo%C5%82nocnogermaniske_r%C4%9Bcy" title="Pódpołnocnogermaniske rěcy – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Pódpołnocnogermaniske rěcy" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B5hjagermaani_keeled" title="Põhjagermaani keeled – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Põhjagermaani keeled" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Βόρειες γερμανικές γλώσσες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βόρειες γερμανικές γλώσσες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_n%C3%B3rdicas" title="Lenguas nórdicas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas nórdicas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord%C4%9Dermana_lingvaro" title="Nordĝermana lingvaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nordĝermana lingvaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iparraldeko_germaniar_hizkuntzak" title="Iparraldeko germaniar hizkuntzak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Iparraldeko germaniar hizkuntzak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%98%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="زبان‌های ژرمنی شمالی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های ژرمنی شمالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nor%C3%B0urlendsk_m%C3%A1l" title="Norðurlendsk mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Norðurlendsk mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_scandinaves" title="Langues scandinaves – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues scandinaves" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noardgermaanske_talen" title="Noardgermaanske talen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Noardgermaanske talen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_n%C3%B3rdicas" title="Linguas nórdicas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas nórdicas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pet_German_Ng%C3%AE-k%C3%AE" title="Pet German Ngî-kî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pet German Ngî-kî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%81%EA%B2%8C%EB%A5%B4%EB%A7%8C%EC%96%B4%EA%B5%B0" title="북게르만어군 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="북게르만어군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Սկանդինավյան լեզուներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սկանդինավյան լեզուներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%81" title="स्कैंडिनेवियाई भाषाएँ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्कैंडिनेवियाई भाषाएँ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewjerogermanske_r%C4%9B%C4%8De" title="Sewjerogermanske rěče – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Sewjerogermanske rěče" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjevernogermanski_jezici" title="Sjevernogermanski jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sjevernogermanski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordala_Germana" title="Nordala Germana – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nordala Germana" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Jermanik_Utara" title="Rumpun bahasa Jermanik Utara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Jermanik Utara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norr%C3%A6n_tungum%C3%A1l" title="Norræn tungumál – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Norræn tungumál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_germaniche_settentrionali" title="Lingue germaniche settentrionali – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue germaniche settentrionali" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="שפות גרמאניות צפוניות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפות גרמאניות צפוניות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="სკანდინავიური ენები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სკანდინავიური ენები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Скандинавия тілдері – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Скандинавия тілдері" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%8F%D1%81" title="Скандинав кывъяс – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Скандинав кывъяс" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AAn_german%C3%AE_y%C3%AAn_bakur%C3%AE" title="Zimanên germanî yên bakurî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanên germanî yên bakurî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zieme%C4%BC%C4%A3erm%C4%81%C5%86u_valodas" title="Ziemeļģermāņu valodas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ziemeļģermāņu valodas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinav%C5%B3_kalbos" title="Skandinavų kalbos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Skandinavų kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89szaki_germ%C3%A1n_nyelvek" title="Északi germán nyelvek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Északi germán nyelvek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Северногермански јазици – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Северногермански јазици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_skandinaviana" title="Fiteny skandinaviana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny skandinaviana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="სკანდინავიური ნინეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სკანდინავიური ნინეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noord-Germaanse_talen" title="Noord-Germaanse talen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Noord-Germaanse talen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noord-Germaanse_taelen" title="Noord-Germaanse taelen – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Noord-Germaanse taelen" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E3%82%B2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A4" title="北ゲルマン語群 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="北ゲルマン語群" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuurdgermaans_spriaken" title="Nuurdgermaans spriaken – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Nuurdgermaans spriaken" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordiske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Nordiske språk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nordiske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordgermanske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Nordgermanske språk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nordgermanske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinaviya_tillari" title="Skandinaviya tillari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Skandinaviya tillari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_nort_germ%C3%A1niko" title="Lenga nort germániko – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Lenga nort germániko" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noordgermaansche_Spraken" title="Noordgermaansche Spraken – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Noordgermaansche Spraken" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_p%C3%B3%C5%82nocnogerma%C5%84skie" title="Języki północnogermańskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki północnogermańskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_n%C3%B3rdicas" title="Línguas nórdicas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas nórdicas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbi_scandinave" title="Limbi scandinave – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limbi scandinave" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinchay_Qirmanu_simikuna" title="Chinchay Qirmanu simikuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chinchay Qirmanu simikuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%8B" title="Шкандінавскы языкы – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Шкандінавскы языкы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Скандинавские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Скандинавские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuh%C3%ABt_veriore_gjermanike" title="Gjuhët veriore gjermanike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuhët veriore gjermanike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severogerm%C3%A1nske_jazyky" title="Severogermánske jazyky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Severogermánske jazyky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95_%D8%A6%DB%95%DA%B5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95_%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زمانە ئەڵمانییە باکوورییەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانە ئەڵمانییە باکوورییەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Северногермански језици – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Северногермански језици" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinaaviset_kielet" title="Skandinaaviset kielet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Skandinaaviset kielet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordiska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Nordiska språk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nordiska språk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD" title="กลุ่มภาษาเจอร์แมนิกเหนือ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กลุ่มภาษาเจอร์แมนิกเหนือ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0skandinav_dilleri" title="İskandinav dilleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İskandinav dilleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Скандинавські мови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Скандинавські мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li 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title="North Germanic languages">Revision as of 09:10, 23 November 2024</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Germanic_languages&action=edit&oldid=1259092979" title="North Germanic languages">edit</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2024-11-23T09:10:47Z"></span> <span class="mw-diff-undo"><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Germanic_languages&action=edit&undoafter=1247078865&undo=1259092979" title=""Undo" reverts this edit and opens the edit form in preview mode. It allows adding a reason in the summary.">undo</a></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/2001:FB1:26:E2BE:D1E7:43D5:1C39:BE8" class="mw-userlink mw-anonuserlink" title="Special:Contributions/2001:FB1:26:E2BE:D1E7:43D5:1C39:BE8" data-mw-revid="1259092979"><bdi>2001:fb1:26:e2be:d1e7:43d5:1c39:be8</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=User_talk:2001:FB1:26:E2BE:D1E7:43D5:1C39:BE8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:2001:FB1:26:E2BE:D1E7:43D5:1C39:BE8 (page does not exist)">talk</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses"><span class="autocomment"><a href="#See_also">→<bdi dir="ltr">See also</bdi></a></span></span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Germanic_languages&diff=next&oldid=1259092979" title="North Germanic languages" id="differences-nextlink">Next edit →</a></div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 425:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 425:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>== See also ==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>== See also ==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>* [[Comparison of Norwegian<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> Bokmål</del> and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Standard Danish</del>]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>* [[Comparison of<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> Danish,</ins> Norwegian and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Swedish</ins>]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* [[Ingvaeonic languages]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* [[Ingvaeonic languages]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* [[Low Franconian languages]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* [[Low Franconian languages]]</div></td> </tr>  </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Revision as of 09:10, 23 November 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Languages of the Nordic countries</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #c9ffd9;">North Germanic</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Nordic<br />Scandinavian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_peoples" title="North Germanic peoples">North Germanic peoples</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><b>North Germanic</b></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proto-language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Scandinavian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Scandinavian">East Scandinavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Scandinavian" class="mw-redirect" title="West Scandinavian">West Scandinavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutnish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutnish language">Gutnish</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">ISO 639-5</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/gmq" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:gmq">gmq</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nort3160">nort3160</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:North_germanic_languages.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/North_germanic_languages.svg/300px-North_germanic_languages.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/North_germanic_languages.svg/450px-North_germanic_languages.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/North_germanic_languages.svg/600px-North_germanic_languages.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="334" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><b>North Germanic-speaking lands</b><br /> <p><i>Continental Scandinavian languages:</i> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#6D1EAE; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0080FF; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#004080; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a></div> <p><i>Insular Nordic languages:</i> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#2DCC71; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#399A00; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1F1F1F; color:white;"> </span> <i><a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn</a> (†)</i></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:blank; color:;"> </span> <i><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenlandic Norse language">Greenlandic Norse</a> (†)</i></div> <ul><li>Extinct <a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn</a> was spoken in <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caithness" title="Caithness">Caithness</a> in what is now Scotland until the 19th century.</li> <li>Extinct <a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Norse" title="Greenlandic Norse">Greenlandic Norse</a> was spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norse</a> <a href="/wiki/Norse_settlements_in_Greenland" title="Norse settlements in Greenland">settlements</a> of <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> until their demise in the late 15th century.</li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>North Germanic languages</b> make up one of the three branches of the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a>—a sub-family of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>—along with the <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a> and the extinct <a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic languages</a>. The language group is also referred to as the <b>Nordic languages</b>, a direct translation of the most common term used among <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> scholars and people. </p><p>The term <i>North Germanic languages</i> is used in <a href="/wiki/Comparative_linguistics" title="Comparative linguistics">comparative linguistics</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas the term <b>Scandinavian languages</b> appears in studies of the modern standard languages and the <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a> of <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Torp_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Danish, Norwegian and Swedish are close enough to form a strong <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Mutual_intelligibility">mutual intelligibility</a> where cross-border communication in native languages is very common, particularly between the latter two. </p><p>Approximately 20 million people in the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a> speak a Scandinavian language as their native language,<sup id="cite_ref-Holmberg_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holmberg-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including an approximately <a href="/wiki/Swedish-speaking_population_of_Finland" title="Swedish-speaking population of Finland">5% minority</a> in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>. Besides being the only North Germanic language with official status in two separate sovereign states, Swedish is also the most spoken of the languages overall. 15% of the population in <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> speak Danish as a first language.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This language branch is separated from the <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a>, consisting of languages like English, Dutch, and German to the south, and does not include <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> to the east, which belongs to the completely unrelated <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic language family</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_languages_and_dialects">Modern languages and dialects</h2></div> <p>The modern languages and their dialects in this group are: </p> <ul><li><b>East Scandinavian</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jutlandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Jutlandic dialect">Jutlandic dialect</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Jutlandic_Island" title="North Jutlandic Island">North Jutlandic</a></li> <li>East Jutlandic</li> <li>West Jutlandic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Jutlandic" title="South Jutlandic">South Jutlandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Danish" title="Insular Danish">Insular Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Danish" title="East Danish">East Danish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Swedish_dialects" title="South Swedish dialects">South Swedish dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scanian_dialect" title="Scanian dialect">Scanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tam%C3%A5l" class="mw-redirect" title="Götamål">Göta dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotlandic" title="Gotlandic">Gotland dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svealand_Swedish" class="mw-redirect" title="Svealand Swedish">Svealand dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norrland_dialects" title="Norrland dialects">Norrland dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland_dialects" title="Jämtland dialects">Jämtland dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li>East Swedish dialects <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finland_Swedish" title="Finland Swedish">Finland Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Swedish" title="Estonian Swedish">Estonian Swedish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalecarlian language">Dalecarlian language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elfdalian" title="Elfdalian">Elfdalian</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kroonen_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kroonen-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b>West Scandinavian</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language_conflict" title="Norwegian language conflict">disputed</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a> (written) (disputed between East and West Scandinavian due to its descendance from Danish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a> (written)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndersk" title="Trøndersk">Trønder dialects</a></li> <li><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98stlandsk" class="extiw" title="no:Østlandsk">East Norwegian dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestlandsk" title="Vestlandsk">West Norwegian dialects</a></li> <li><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordnorsk" class="extiw" title="no:Nordnorsk">North Norwegian dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gutnish" title="Gutnish">Gutnish</a></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distinction_from_East_and_West_Germanic">Distinction from East and West Germanic</h3></div> <p>The Germanic languages are traditionally divided into three groups: <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a> and North Germanic.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawkins_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawkins-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their exact relation is difficult to determine from the sparse evidence of runic inscriptions, and they remained <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutually intelligible</a> to some degree during the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a>, so that some individual varieties are difficult to classify. Dialects with the features assigned to the northern group formed from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic language</a> in the late <a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age_in_Northern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age in Northern Europe">Pre-Roman Iron Age in Northern Europe</a>. </p><p>Eventually, around the year 200 AD, speakers of the North Germanic branch became distinguishable from the other Germanic language speakers<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. The early development of this language branch is attested through <a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">runic</a> inscriptions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Features_shared_with_West_Germanic">Features shared with West Germanic</h3></div> <p>The North Germanic group is characterized by a number of <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphological</a> innovations shared with <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="West Germanic">West Germanic</a>: </p> <ul><li>The retraction of Proto-Germanic <i>ē</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛː/</span>, also written <i>ǣ</i>) to <i>ā</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Proto-Germanic *<i>jērą</i> 'year' > Northwest Germanic *<i>jārą,</i> whence <ul><li>North Germanic *<span title="North Germanic languages collective text"><i lang="gmq">āra</i></span> > Old Norse <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">ár</i></span>,</li> <li>West Germanic *<span title="West Germanic languages collective text"><i lang="gmw">jāra</i></span> > Old High German <span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">jār</i></span>, Old English <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">ġēar</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jæ͡ɑːr]</span> vs. Gothic <span title="Gothic-language text"><i lang="got">jēr</i></span>.</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>The raising of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔː]</span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[oː]</span> (and word-finally to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[uː]</span>). The original vowel remained when nasalised *<i>ǭ</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ̃ː]</span> and when before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span>, and was then later lowered to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɑː]</span>. <ul><li>Proto-Germanic *<i>gebō</i> 'gift' <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈɣeβɔː]</span> > Northwest Germanic *<i>geƀu,</i> whence <ul><li>North Germanic *<span title="North Germanic languages collective text"><i lang="gmq">gjavu</i></span> > with <i>u</i>-umlaut *<i>gjǫvu</i> > ON <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">gjǫf</i></span>,</li> <li>West Germanic *<i>gebu</i> > OE <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">giefu</i></span> vs. Gothic <span title="Gothic-language text"><i lang="got">giba</i></span> (vowel lowering).</li></ul></li> <li>Proto-Germanic *<i>tungǭ</i> 'tongue' <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈtuŋɡɔ̃ː]</span> > late Northwest Germanic *<i>tungā</i> > *<i>tunga</i> > ON <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">tunga</i></span>, OHG <span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">zunga</i></span>, OE <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">tunge</i></span> (unstressed <i>a</i> > <i>e</i>) vs. Gothic <span title="Gothic-language text"><i lang="got">tuggō</i></span>.</li> <li>Proto-Germanic gen. sg. *<i>gebōz</i> 'of a gift' <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈɣeβɔːz]</span> > late Northwest Germanic *<i>gebāz,</i> whence <ul><li>North Germanic *<span title="North Germanic languages collective text"><i lang="gmq">gjavaz</i></span> > ON <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">gjafar</i></span>,</li> <li>West Germanic *<span title="West Germanic languages collective text"><i lang="gmw">geba</i></span> > OHG <span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">geba</i></span>, OE <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">giefe</i></span> (unstressed <i>a</i> > <i>e</i>) vs. Gothic <span title="Gothic-language text"><i lang="got">gibōs</i></span>.</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>The development of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_umlaut" title="Germanic umlaut">i-umlaut</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Rhotacism_(sound_change)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhotacism (sound change)">rhotacism</a> of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span>, with presumably a rhotic fricative of some kind as an earlier stage. <ul><li>This change probably affected West Germanic much earlier and then spread from there to North Germanic, but failed to reach East Germanic which had already split off by that time. This is confirmed by an intermediate stage <i>ʀ</i>, clearly attested in late runic East Norse at a time when West Germanic had long merged the sound with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span>.</li></ul></li> <li>The development of the <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">demonstrative</a> pronoun ancestral to English <i>this</i>. <ul><li>Germanic *<i>sa</i>, <i>sō</i>, <i>þat</i> 'this, that' (cf. ON <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">sá</i></span> m., <i>sú</i> f., <i>þat</i> n.; OE <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">se</i></span>, <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">sēo</i></span>, <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">þæt</i></span>; Gothic <span title="Gothic-language text"><i lang="got">sa</i></span> m., <span title="Gothic-language text"><i lang="got">so</i></span> f., <span title="Gothic-language text"><i lang="got">þata</i></span> n.) + proximal *<i>si</i> 'here' (cf. ON <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">si</i></span>, OHG <span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">sē</i></span>, Gothic <span title="Gothic-language text"><i lang="got">sai</i></span> 'lo!, behold!'); <ul><li>Runic Norse: nom. sg. <i>sa-si</i>, gen. <i>þes-si</i>, dat. <i>þeim-si</i> etc., with declension of the first part;</li></ul></li> <li>fixed form with declension on the second part: ON <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">sjá</i></span>, <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">þessi</i></span> m., OHG <span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">these</i></span> m., OE <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">þes</i></span> m., <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">þēos</i></span> f., <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">þis</i></span> n.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Some have argued that after East Germanic broke off from the group, the remaining Germanic languages, the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Germanic" title="Northwest Germanic">Northwest Germanic</a> languages, divided into four main dialects:<sup id="cite_ref-Kuhn_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuhn-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North Germanic, and the three groups conventionally called "West Germanic", namely </p> <ol><li>North Sea Germanic (<a href="/wiki/Ingvaeonic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingvaeonic languages">Ingvaeonic languages</a>, ancestral to the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a>),</li> <li>Weser–Rhine Germanic (<a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Franconian languages">Low Franconian languages</a>) and</li> <li>Elbe Germanic (<a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German languages</a>).</li></ol> <p>Inability of the <a href="/wiki/Tree_model" title="Tree model">tree model</a> to explain the existence of some features in the West Germanic languages stimulated the development of an alternative, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Wave_model" title="Wave model">wave model</a>. </p><p>Under this view, the properties that the West Germanic languages have in common separate from the North Germanic languages are not inherited from a "Proto-West-Germanic" language, but rather spread by <a href="/wiki/Language_contact" title="Language contact">language contact</a> among the Germanic languages spoken in central Europe, not reaching those spoken in Scandinavia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Germanic_features">North Germanic features</h3></div> <p>Some innovations are not found in West and East Germanic, such as: </p> <ul><li>Sharpening of geminate <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jj/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ww/</span> according to <a href="/wiki/Holtzmann%27s_law" title="Holtzmann's law">Holtzmann's law</a> <ul><li>Occurred also in East Germanic, but with a different outcome.</li> <li>Proto-Germanic *<i>twajjǫ̂</i> ("of two") > Old Norse <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">tveggja</i></span>, Gothic <span title="Gothic-language text"><i lang="got">twaddjē</i></span>, but > Old High German <span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">zweiio</i></span></li> <li>Proto-Germanic <i>*triwwiz</i> ("faithful") > Old Norse <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">tryggr</i></span>, Gothic <span title="Gothic-language text"><i lang="got">triggws</i></span>, but > Old High German <span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">triuwi</i></span>, German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">treu</i></span>, Old English <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">trīewe</i></span>, English <i>true</i>.</li></ul></li> <li>Word-final devoicing of <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stop consonants</a>. <ul><li>Proto-Germanic *<i>band</i> ("I/(s)he bound") > *<i>bant</i> > Old West Norse <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">batt</i></span>, Old East Norse <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">bant</i></span>, but Old English <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">band</i></span></li></ul></li> <li>Loss of medial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> with compensatory lengthening of the preceding vowel and the following consonant, if present. <ul><li>Proto-Germanic *<i>nahtų</i> ("night", accusative) > *<i>nāttu</i> > (by u-umlaut) *<i>nǭttu</i> > Old Norse <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">nótt</i></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑi̯/</span> > <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑː/</span> before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> (but not <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span>) <ul><li>Proto-Germanic *<i>sairaz</i> ("sore") > *<i>sāraz</i> > *<i>sārz</i> > Old Norse <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">sárr</i></span>, but > *<i>seira</i> > Old High German <span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">sēr</i></span>.</li> <li>With original <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span> Proto-Germanic *<i>gaizaz</i> > *<i>geizz</i> > Old Norse <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">geirr</i></span>.</li></ul></li> <li>General loss of word-final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span>, following the loss of word-final short vowels (which are still present in the earliest runic inscriptions). <ul><li>Proto-Germanic *<i>bindaną</i> > *<i>bindan</i> > Old Norse <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">binda</i></span>, but > Old English <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">bindan</i></span>.</li> <li>This also affected stressed syllables: Proto-Germanic *<i>in</i> > Old Norse <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">í</i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vowel_breaking" title="Vowel breaking">Vowel breaking</a> of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jɑ/</span> except after <span title="North Germanic languages collective text"><i lang="gmq">w</i></span>, <span title="North Germanic languages collective text"><i lang="gmq">r</i></span> or <span title="North Germanic languages collective text"><i lang="gmq">l</i></span> (see "gift" above). <ul><li>The diphthong <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eu/</span> was also affected (also <span title="North Germanic languages collective text"><i lang="gmq">l</i></span>), shifting to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jɒu/</span> at an early stage. This diphthong is preserved in <a href="/wiki/Old_Gutnish" title="Old Gutnish">Old Gutnish</a> and survives in modern <a href="/wiki/Gutnish" title="Gutnish">Gutnish</a>. In other Norse dialects, the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span>-onset and length remained, but the diphthong simplified resulting in variously <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/juː/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/joː/</span>.</li> <li>This affected only stressed syllables. The word *<i>ek</i> ("I"), which could occur both stressed and unstressed, appears varyingly as <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">ek</i></span> (unstressed, with no breaking) and <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">jak</i></span> (stressed, with breaking) throughout Old Norse.</li></ul></li> <li>Loss of initial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> (see "year" above), and also of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> before a round vowel. <ul><li>Proto-Germanic *<i>wulfaz</i> > North Germanic <span title="North Germanic languages collective text"><i lang="gmq">ulfz</i></span> > Old Norse <i lang="non"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ulfr#Old_Norse" class="extiw" title="wikt:ulfr">ulfr</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>The development of <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse#U-umlaut" title="Old Norse">u-umlaut</a>, which rounded stressed vowels when <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> followed in the next syllable. This followed vowel breaking, with <i>ja</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jɑ/</span> being u-umlauted to <i>jǫ</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jɒ/</span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_norse,_ca_900.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg/250px-Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg/375px-Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg/500px-Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="299" /></a><figcaption> The approximate extent of Old Norse and related languages in the early 10th century: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff0000; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse#Old_West_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old West Norse dialect</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff9933; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse#Old_East_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old East Norse dialect</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff00ff; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Old_Gutnish" title="Old Gutnish">Old Gutnish dialect</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffff00; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000ff; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Gothic" title="Crimean Gothic">Crimean Gothic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#009966; color:black;"> </span> Other <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a> with which Old Norse still retained some mutual intelligibility</div> </figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> period, the North Germanic languages developed into an East Scandinavian branch, consisting of <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>; and, secondly, a West Scandinavian branch, consisting of <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> and, thirdly, an Old Gutnish branch.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Norwegian settlers brought Old West Norse to <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a> around 800. Of the modern Scandinavian languages, written Icelandic is closest to this ancient language.<sup id="cite_ref-Lund_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lund-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An additional language, known as <a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn</a>, developed on <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a> after <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> had settled there around 800, but this language became extinct around 1700.<sup id="cite_ref-Holmberg_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holmberg-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In medieval times, speakers of all the Scandinavian languages could understand one another to a significant degree, and it was often referred to as a single language, called the "Danish tongue" until the 13th century by some in Sweden<sup id="cite_ref-Lund_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lund-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Iceland.<sup id="cite_ref-Lindström_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindström-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 16th century, many Danes and Swedes still referred to North Germanic as a single language, which is stated in the introduction to the first Danish translation of the Bible and in <a href="/wiki/Olaus_Magnus" title="Olaus Magnus">Olaus Magnus</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/A_Description_of_the_Northern_Peoples" title="A Description of the Northern Peoples">A Description of the Northern Peoples</a></i>. Dialectal variation between west and east in Old Norse however was certainly present during the Middle Ages and three dialects had emerged: Old West Norse, Old East Norse and Old Gutnish. Old Icelandic was essentially identical to <a href="/wiki/Old_Norwegian" title="Old Norwegian">Old Norwegian</a>, and together they formed the Old West Norse dialect of Old Norse and were also spoken in settlements in Faroe Islands, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, Scotland, the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>, and Norwegian settlements in <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1895336–338_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1895336–338-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Old East Norse dialect was spoken in Denmark, Sweden, settlements in Russia,<sup id="cite_ref-Nationalencyklopedin_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nationalencyklopedin-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> England, and Danish settlements in Normandy. The <a href="/wiki/Old_Gutnish" title="Old Gutnish">Old Gutnish</a> dialect was spoken in <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a> and in various settlements in the East. </p><p>Yet, by 1600, another classification of the North Germanic language branches had arisen from a <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntactic</a> point of view,<sup id="cite_ref-Holmberg_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holmberg-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dividing them into an insular group (Icelandic and Faroese) and a continental group (Danish, Norwegian and Swedish). The division between Insular Nordic (<i>önordiska</i>/<i>ønordisk</i>/<i>øynordisk</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Continental Scandinavian (<i>Skandinavisk</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is based on mutual intelligibility between the two groups and developed due to different influences, particularly the political union of Denmark and Norway (1536–1814) which led to significant Danish influence on central and eastern<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Norwegian dialects (<a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dano-Norwegian" title="Dano-Norwegian">Dano-Norwegian</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Torp_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <p>The North Germanic languages are <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national languages</a> in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, whereas the non-Germanic <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> is spoken by the majority in Finland. In inter-Nordic contexts, texts are today often presented in three versions: Finnish, Icelandic, and one of the three languages Danish, Norwegian and Swedish.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another official language in the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a> is <a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_language" title="Greenlandic language">Greenlandic</a> (in the <a href="/wiki/Eskimo%E2%80%93Aleut_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Eskimo–Aleut languages">Eskimo–Aleut family</a>), the sole official language of <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Southern_Jutland" title="Southern Jutland">Southern Jutland</a> in southwestern Denmark, German is also spoken by the <a href="/wiki/North_Schleswig_Germans" class="mw-redirect" title="North Schleswig Germans">North Schleswig Germans</a>, and German is a recognized minority language in this region. German is the primary language among the <a href="/wiki/Danish_minority_of_Southern_Schleswig" title="Danish minority of Southern Schleswig">Danish minority of Southern Schleswig</a>, and likewise, Danish is the primary language of the North Schleswig Germans. Both minority groups are highly bilingual. </p><p>Traditionally, Danish and German were the two official languages of <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a>; laws and other official instruments for use in Denmark and Norway were written in Danish, and local administrators spoke Danish or Norwegian. German was the administrative language of <a href="/wiki/Holstein" title="Holstein">Holstein</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Schleswig" title="Duchy of Schleswig">Duchy of Schleswig</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sami_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami languages">Sami languages</a> form an unrelated group that has coexisted with the North Germanic language group in Scandinavia since prehistory.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sami, like <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>, is part of the group of the <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During centuries of interaction, Finnish and Sami have imported many more loanwords from North Germanic languages than vice versa. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Language </th> <th>Speakers </th> <th>Official Status </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">9,200,000<a href="#1">*</a></td> <td>Sweden, Finland, European Union, <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,600,000</td> <td>Denmark, <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>, European Union, Nordic Council </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,000,000</td> <td>Norway, Nordic Council </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">358,000</td> <td>Iceland </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">90,000</td> <td>Faroe Islands </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gutnish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutnish language">Gutnish</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,000<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elfdalian" title="Elfdalian">Elfdalian</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,500</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Total</b></td> <td><b>20,251,500</b></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd><div id="1">* The figure includes 450,000 members of the <a href="/wiki/Swedish-speaking_population_of_Finland" title="Swedish-speaking population of Finland">Swedish-speaking population of Finland</a></div></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/North_Germanic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/North Germanic languages">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germanic_languages_in_Europe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Germanic_languages_in_Europe.png/300px-Germanic_languages_in_Europe.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Germanic_languages_in_Europe.png/450px-Germanic_languages_in_Europe.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Germanic_languages_in_Europe.png/600px-Germanic_languages_in_Europe.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="857" /></a><figcaption> The present-day distribution of the Germanic languages in Europe:<br /> <b>North Germanic languages</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00FFFF; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00CED1; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#007ffe; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> (partially national boundaries)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#003f7f; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> (partially national boundaries)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000FF; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> (partially national boundaries)</div> <b>West Germanic languages</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D2691E; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffa500; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E2BD00; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFF435; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> (partially national boundaries)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ADFF2F; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> (partially national boundaries)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008000; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></div> Dots indicate a few of the areas where <a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">multilingualism</a> is common.</figcaption></figure> <p>In historical linguistics, the North Germanic family tree is divided into two main branches, <i>West Scandinavian languages</i> (<a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a>) and <i>East Scandinavian languages</i> (<a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>), along with various dialects and varieties. The two branches are derived from the western and eastern dialect groups of <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> respectively. There was also an <a href="/wiki/Old_Gutnish" title="Old Gutnish">Old Gutnish</a> branch spoken on the island of <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a>. The continental Scandinavian languages (Swedish, Norwegian and Danish) were heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a> during the period of <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League#Commercial_expansion" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic expansion</a>. </p><p>Another way of classifying the languages – focusing on mutual intelligibility rather than the <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life" title="Tree of life">tree-of-life</a> model – posits Norwegian, Danish, and Swedish as <i>Continental Scandinavian</i>, and Faroese and Icelandic as <i>Insular Scandinavian</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Torp_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the long political union between Norway and Denmark, moderate and conservative Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a> share most of the Danish vocabulary and grammar, and was nearly identical to written Danish until the spelling reform of 1907. (For this reason, Bokmål and its unofficial, more conservative variant <i>Riksmål</i> are sometimes considered East Scandinavian, and <a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a> West Scandinavian via the west–east division shown above.)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Danish has developed a greater distance between the spoken and written versions of the language, so the differences between spoken Norwegian and spoken Danish are somewhat more significant than the difference between their respective written forms. Written Danish is relatively close to the other Continental Scandinavian languages, but the sound developments of spoken Danish include reduction and assimilation of consonants and vowels, as well as the prosodic feature called <i><a href="/wiki/St%C3%B8d" title="Stød">stød</a></i> in Danish, developments which have not occurred in the other languages (though the <i>stød</i> corresponds to the changes in pitch in Norwegian and Swedish, which are <a href="/wiki/Pitch-accent_language" title="Pitch-accent language">pitch-accent languages</a>). Scandinavians are widely expected to understand some of the other spoken Scandinavian languages. There may be some difficulty particularly with elderly dialect speakers, however public radio and television presenters are often well understood by speakers of the other Scandinavian countries, although there are various regional differences of mutual intelligibility for understanding mainstream dialects of the languages between different parts of the three language areas. </p><p>Sweden left the <a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a> in 1523 due to conflicts with Denmark, leaving two Scandinavian units: The union of Denmark–Norway (ruled from Copenhagen, Denmark) and Sweden (including present-day Finland). The two countries took different sides during several wars until 1814, when the Denmark-Norway unit was disestablished, and made different international contacts. This led to different borrowings from foreign languages (Sweden had a francophone period), for example the <a href="/wiki/Old_Swedish" title="Old Swedish">Old Swedish</a> word <i>vindöga</i> 'window' was replaced by <i>fönster</i> (from Middle Low German), whereas native <i>vindue</i> was kept in Danish. Norwegians, who spoke (and still speak) the Norwegian dialects derived from Old Norse, would say <i>vindauga</i> or similar. The written language of Denmark-Norway however, was based on the dialect of Copenhagen and thus had <i>vindue</i>. On the other hand, the word <i>begynde</i> 'begin' (now written <i>begynne</i> in Norwegian Bokmål) was borrowed into Danish and Norwegian, whereas native <i>börja</i> was kept in Swedish. Even though standard Swedish and Danish were moving apart, the dialects were not influenced that much. Thus Norwegian and Swedish remained similar in pronunciation, and words like <i>børja</i> were able to survive in some of the Norwegian dialects whereas <i>vindöga</i> survived in some of the Swedish dialects. Nynorsk incorporates much of these words, like <i>byrja</i> (cf. Swedish <i>börja</i>, Danish <i>begynde</i>), <i>veke</i> (cf. Sw <i>vecka</i>, Dan <i>uge</i>) and <i>vatn</i> (Sw <i>vatten</i>, Dan <i>vand</i>) whereas Bokmål has retained the Danish forms (<i>begynne</i>, <i>uke</i>, <i>vann</i>). As a result, Nynorsk does not conform to the above east–west split model, since it shares a lot of features with Swedish.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (September 2020)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:North_Germanic_languages#Classification_and_influence" title="Talk:North Germanic languages">discuss</a></i>]</sup> According to the Norwegian linguist <a href="/wiki/Arne_Torp" title="Arne Torp">Arne Torp</a>, the Nynorsk project (which had as a goal to re-establish a written Norwegian language) would have been much harder to carry out if Norway had been in a union with Sweden instead of with Denmark, simply because the differences would have been smaller.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Currently, English <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> are influencing the languages. A 2005 survey of words used by speakers of the Scandinavian languages showed that the number of English loanwords used in the languages has doubled during the last 30 years and is now 1.2%. Icelandic has imported fewer English words than the other North Germanic languages, despite the fact that it is the country that uses English most.<sup id="cite_ref-Urban_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urban-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mutual_intelligibility">Mutual intelligibility</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages#Vocabulary_comparison" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages § Vocabulary comparison</a></div> <p>The mutual intelligibility between the Continental Scandinavian languages is asymmetrical. Various studies have shown Norwegian speakers to be the best in Scandinavia at understanding other languages within the language group.<sup id="cite_ref-Delsing_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delsing-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a study undertaken during 2002–2005 and funded by the Nordic Cultural Fund, Swedish speakers in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> and Danish speakers in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> have the greatest difficulty in understanding other Nordic languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Urban_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urban-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study, which focused mainly on native speakers under the age of 25, showed that the lowest ability to comprehend another language is demonstrated by youth in Stockholm in regard to Danish, producing the lowest ability score in the survey.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The greatest variation in results between participants within the same country was also demonstrated by the Swedish speakers in the study. Participants from <a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a>, located in the southernmost Swedish province of <a href="/wiki/Scania" title="Scania">Scania</a> (Skåne), demonstrated a better understanding of Danish than Swedish speakers to the north.<sup id="cite_ref-Delsing_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delsing-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Access to Danish television and radio, direct trains to <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> over the <a href="/wiki/%C3%98resund_Bridge" title="Øresund Bridge">Øresund Bridge</a> and a larger number of cross-border commuters in the <a href="/wiki/%C3%98resund_Region" title="Øresund Region">Øresund Region</a> contribute to a better knowledge of spoken Danish and a better knowledge of the unique Danish words among the region's inhabitants. According to the study, youth in this region were able to understand the Danish language (slightly) better than the Norwegian language. But they still could not understand Danish as well as the Norwegians could, demonstrating once again the relative distance of Swedish from Danish. Youth in Copenhagen had a very poor command of Swedish, showing that the Øresund connection was mostly one-way.<sup id="cite_ref-Delsing_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delsing-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The results from the study of how well native youth in different Scandinavian cities did when tested on their knowledge of the other Continental Scandinavian languages are summarized in table format,<sup id="cite_ref-Delsing_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delsing-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reproduced below. The maximum score was 10.0: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>City </th> <th>Comprehension<br />of Danish </th> <th>Comprehension<br />of Swedish </th> <th>Comprehension<br />of Norwegian </th> <th>Average </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%85rhus" class="mw-redirect" title="Århus">Århus</a>, Denmark </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td align="center">3.74 </td> <td align="center">4.68 </td> <td align="center">4.21 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, Denmark </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td align="center">3.60 </td> <td align="center">4.13 </td> <td align="center">3.87 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a>, Sweden </td> <td align="center">5.08 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td align="center">4.97 </td> <td align="center">5.02 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, Sweden </td> <td align="center">3.46 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td align="center">5.56 </td> <td align="center">4.51 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a>, Norway </td> <td align="center">6.50 </td> <td align="center">6.15 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td align="center">6.32 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, Norway </td> <td align="center">6.57 </td> <td align="center">7.12 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td align="center">6.85 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Faroese speakers (of the Insular Scandinavian languages group) are even better than the Norwegians at comprehending two or more languages within the Continental Scandinavian languages group, scoring high in both Danish (which they study at school) and Norwegian and having the highest score on a Scandinavian language other than their native language, as well as the highest average score. Icelandic speakers, in contrast, have a poor command of Norwegian and Swedish. They do somewhat better with Danish, as they are taught Danish in school (Icelandic is not mutually intelligible with Scandinavian languages, nor any language, not even Faroese, which is though closest). When speakers of Faroese and Icelandic were tested on how well they understood the three Continental Scandinavian languages, the test results were as follows (maximum score 10.0):<sup id="cite_ref-Delsing_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delsing-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Area/<br />Country </th> <th>Comprehension<br />of Danish </th> <th>Comprehension<br />of Swedish </th> <th>Comprehension<br />of Norwegian </th> <th>Average </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a> </td> <td align="center">8.28 </td> <td align="center">5.75 </td> <td align="center">7.00 </td> <td align="center">7.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> </td> <td align="center">5.36 </td> <td align="center">3.34 </td> <td align="center">3.40 </td> <td align="center">4.19 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h3></div> <p>The North Germanic languages share many lexical, grammatical, phonological, and morphological similarities, to a more significant extent than the <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a> do. These lexical, grammatical, and morphological similarities can be outlined in the table below. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Language</th> <th>Sentence </th></tr> <tr> <td>English</td> <td>It was a humid, grey summer day at the end of June. </td></tr> <tr> <td>West Frisian</td> <td><span title="West Frisian-language text"><i lang="fy">It wie in stribbelige/fochtige, graue simmerdei oan de ein fan Juny.</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Low Saxon</td> <td><span title="Low German-language text"><i lang="nds">Dat weer/was een vuchtige, griese Summerdag an't Enn vun Juni.</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Afrikaans</td> <td><span title="Afrikaans-language text"><i lang="af">Dit was 'n vogtige, grou somer dag aan die einde van Junie.</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dutch</td> <td><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Het was een vochtige, grauwe zomerdag eind juni./aan het einde van juni.</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>German</td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Es war ein feuchter, grauer Sommertag Ende Juni / im späten Juni.</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Swedish</td> <td><span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">Det var en fuktig, grå sommardag i slutet av juni.</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Danish</td> <td><span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">Det var en fugtig, grå sommerdag sidst i juni.</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Norwegian (Bokmål)</td> <td><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">Det var en fuktig, grå sommerdag i slutten av juni.</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Norwegian (Nynorsk)</td> <td><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">Det var ein fuktig, grå sommardag/sumardag i slutten av juni.</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Icelandic</td> <td><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">Það var rakur, grár sumardagur í lok júní.</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Faroese</td> <td><span title="Faroese-language text"><i lang="fo">Tað var ein rakur, gráur summardagur síðst í juni.</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Elfdalian</td> <td><span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">Eð war ien fuktun, grå såmårdag i slutę åv juni.</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gutnish</td> <td><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">De var en fuktur, graar summadag ei släutait av jäuni.</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_boundaries">Language boundaries</h3></div> <p>Given the aforementioned homogeneity, there exists some discussion on whether the continental group should be considered one or several languages.<sup id="cite_ref-nordenssprog_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nordenssprog-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Continental Scandinavian languages are often cited as proof of the <a href="/wiki/Aphorism" title="Aphorism">aphorism</a> "<a href="/wiki/A_language_is_a_dialect_with_an_army_and_navy" title="A language is a dialect with an army and navy">A language is a dialect with an army and navy</a>". The differences in dialects within the countries of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark can often be greater than the differences across the borders, but the political independence of these countries leads continental Scandinavian to be classified into <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> in the popular mind as well as among most linguists. The generally agreed upon <a href="/wiki/Language_border" title="Language border">language border</a> is, in other words, politically shaped. This is also because of the strong influence of the <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard languages</a>, particularly in Denmark and Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-nordenssprog_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nordenssprog-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even if the language policy of Norway has been more tolerant of rural dialectal variation in formal language, the <a href="/wiki/Prestige_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Prestige dialect">prestige dialect</a> often referred to as "Eastern Urban Norwegian", spoken mainly in and around the <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a> region, is sometimes considered normative. The influence of a standard Norwegian is nevertheless less so than in Denmark and Sweden, since the prestige dialect in Norway has moved geographically several times over the past 200 years. The organised formation of <a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a> out of western Norwegian dialects after Norway became independent from Denmark in 1814 intensified the politico-linguistic divisions. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a> has on several occasions referred to the (Germanic) languages spoken in Scandinavia as the "Scandinavian language" (singular); for instance, the official newsletter of the Nordic Council is written in the "Scandinavian language".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Skandinavisk(a) is Swedish spoken with key words and constructs borrowed from Norwegian/Danish or the other way round (February 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The creation of one unified written language has been considered as highly unlikely, given the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language_conflict" title="Norwegian language conflict">failure to agree upon a common standardized language in Norway</a>. However, there is a slight chance of "some uniformization of spelling" between Norway, Sweden and Denmark.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_tree">Family tree</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/North_Germanic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/North Germanic languages">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>All North Germanic languages are descended from <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a>. Divisions between subfamilies of North Germanic are rarely precisely defined: Most form continuous clines, with adjacent <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a> being mutually intelligible and the most separated ones not. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germanic_Languages_Map_Europe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Germanic_Languages_Map_Europe.png/220px-Germanic_Languages_Map_Europe.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Germanic_Languages_Map_Europe.png/330px-Germanic_Languages_Map_Europe.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Germanic_Languages_Map_Europe.png/440px-Germanic_Languages_Map_Europe.png 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="911" /></a><figcaption>Germanic languages division including West and East Scandinavian languages and dialects</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_West_Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Old West Norse">West Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Norse" title="Greenlandic Norse">Greenlandic Norse</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordnorsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordnorsk">Nordnorsk</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordnorsk" class="extiw" title="no:Nordnorsk">no</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Norway" title="Northern Norway">Northern Norway</a>) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bod%C3%B8_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bodø dialect (page does not exist)">Bodø dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bod%C3%B8dialekt" class="extiw" title="no:Bodødialekt">no</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/Bod%C3%B8_Municipality" title="Bodø Municipality">Bodø Municipality</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%B8nn%C3%B8y_dialect" title="Brønnøy dialect">Brønnøy dialect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Br%C3%B8nn%C3%B8y_Municipality" title="Brønnøy Municipality">Brønnøy Municipality</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helgeland_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helgeland dialect (page does not exist)">Helgeland dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helgelandsk" class="extiw" title="no:Helgelandsk">no</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/Helgeland" title="Helgeland">Helgeland</a>)</li> <li><i>other dialects</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndersk" title="Trøndersk">Trøndersk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndelag" title="Trøndelag">Trøndelag</a>) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosen_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fosen dialect (page does not exist)">Fosen dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosendialekt" class="extiw" title="no:Fosendialekt">no</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/Fosen" title="Fosen">Fosen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A4rjedal_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Härjedal dialect (page does not exist)">Härjedal dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4rjedalska" class="extiw" title="sv:Härjedalska">sv</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4rjedalen" title="Härjedalen">Härjedalen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland_dialects" title="Jämtland dialects">Jämtland dialects</a> (<a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland" title="Jämtland">Jämtland province</a>) (Wide linguistic similarity with the <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndersk" title="Trøndersk">Trøndersk</a> dialects in Norway)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meldal_dialect" title="Meldal dialect">Meldal dialect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Meldal_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Meldal Municipality">Meldal Municipality</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tydal_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tydal dialect (page does not exist)">Tydal dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tydalsdialekt" class="extiw" title="no:Tydalsdialekt">no</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/Tydal_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Tydal Municipality">Tydal Municipality</a>)</li> <li><i>other dialects</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestlandsk" title="Vestlandsk">Vestlandsk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Western_Norway" title="Western Norway">Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Norway" title="Southern Norway">Southern Norway</a>) <ul><li>West <i>(Vestlandet)</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergensk" title="Bergensk">Bergen dialect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bergen_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergen Municipality">Bergen Municipality</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haugesund_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haugesund dialect (page does not exist)">Haugesund dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haugesund-dialekt" class="extiw" title="no:Haugesund-dialekt">no</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/Haugesund_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Haugesund Municipality">Haugesund Municipality</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A6rsk_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jærsk dialect (page does not exist)">Jærsk dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A6rsk" class="extiw" title="no:Jærsk">no</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/J%C3%A6ren" title="Jæren">Jæren district</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karm%C3%B8y_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karmøy dialect (page does not exist)">Karmøy dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karm%C3%B8ydialekt" class="extiw" title="no:Karmøydialekt">no</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/Karm%C3%B8y_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Karmøy Municipality">Karmøy Municipality</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nordm%C3%B8re_dialects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nordmøre dialects (page does not exist)">Nordmøre dialects</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordm%C3%B8rsdialekt" class="extiw" title="no:Nordmørsdialekt">no</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/Nordm%C3%B8re" title="Nordmøre">Nordmøre</a>) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunndals%C3%B8ra_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sunndalsøra dialect (page does not exist)">Sunndalsøra dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunndals%C3%B8ram%C3%A5l" class="extiw" title="no:Sunndalsøramål">no</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/Sunndals%C3%B8ra" title="Sunndalsøra">Sunndalsøra</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romsdal_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romsdal dialect (page does not exist)">Romsdal dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romsdalsdialekt" class="extiw" title="no:Romsdalsdialekt">no</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/Romsdal" title="Romsdal">Romsdal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandnes-m%C3%A5l" title="Sandnes-mål">Sandnes dialect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sandnes_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandnes Municipality">Sandnes Municipality</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sognam%C3%A5l" class="mw-redirect" title="Sognamål">Sogn dialect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sogn" title="Sogn">Sogn district</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunnm%C3%B8re_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sunnmøre dialect (page does not exist)">Sunnmøre dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnm%C3%B8rsdialekt" class="extiw" title="no:Sunnmørsdialekt">no</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/Sunnm%C3%B8re" title="Sunnmøre">Sunnmøre</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stavangersk" title="Stavangersk">Stavanger dialect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stavanger_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Stavanger Municipality">Stavanger Municipality</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strilar_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strilar dialect (page does not exist)">Strilar dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strilam%C3%A5l" class="extiw" title="no:Strilamål">no</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/Midhordland" title="Midhordland">Midhordland district</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>South <i>(Sørlandet)</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arendalsk" title="Arendalsk">Arendal dialect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arendal_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Arendal Municipality">Arendal region</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valle-Setesdalsk_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valle-Setesdalsk dialect (page does not exist)">Valle-Setesdalsk dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setesdalsk" class="extiw" title="no:Setesdalsk">no</a>]</span> (Upper <a href="/wiki/Setesdal" title="Setesdal">Setesdal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valle_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Valle Municipality">Valle Municipality</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>other dialects</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%98stlandsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Østlandsk (page does not exist)">Østlandsk</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98stlandsk" class="extiw" title="no:Østlandsk">no</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Norway" title="Eastern Norway">Eastern Norway</a>) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flatbygd_dialects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flatbygd dialects (page does not exist)">Flatbygd dialects</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatbygdm%C3%A5l" class="extiw" title="no:Flatbygdmål">no</a>]</span> (Lowland districts) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vikv%C3%A6rsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikværsk">Vikværsk dialects</a> (<a href="/wiki/Viken,_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Viken, Norway">Viken district</a>) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andebu_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andebu dialect (page does not exist)">Andebu dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andebum%C3%A5l" class="extiw" title="no:Andebumål">no</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/Andebu" title="Andebu">Andebu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bohusl%C3%A4n_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bohuslän dialect (page does not exist)">Bohuslän dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohusl%C3%A4nska" class="extiw" title="sv:Bohuslänska">sv</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/Bohusl%C3%A4n" title="Bohuslän">Bohuslän province</a>) (Influenced by <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> in retrospective)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grenland_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grenland dialect (page does not exist)">Grenland dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenlandsm%C3%A5l" class="extiw" title="no:Grenlandsmål">no</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/Grenland" title="Grenland">Grenland district</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslo_dialect" title="Oslo dialect">Oslo dialect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midt%C3%B8stland_dialects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Midtøstland dialects (page does not exist)">Midtøstland dialects</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midt%C3%B8stlandsm%C3%A5l" class="extiw" title="no:Midtøstlandsmål">no</a>]</span> (Mid-east districts) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ringerike_dialects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ringerike dialects (page does not exist)">Ringerike dialects</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringeriksm%C3%A5l" class="extiw" title="no:Ringeriksmål">no</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/Ringerike_(traditional_district)" title="Ringerike (traditional district)">Ringerike district</a>) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B8nefoss_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hønefoss dialect (page does not exist)">Hønefoss dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8nefossdialekt" class="extiw" title="no:Hønefossdialekt">no</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/H%C3%B8nefoss" title="Hønefoss">Hønefoss</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%85dal_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ådal dialect (page does not exist)">Ådal dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85dalsm%C3%A5l" class="extiw" title="no:Ådalsmål">no</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/%C3%85dal" title="Ådal">Ådal</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oppland_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oppland dialect (page does not exist)">Oppland dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opplandsm%C3%A5l" class="extiw" title="no:Opplandsmål">no</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/Opplandene" class="mw-redirect" title="Opplandene">Opplandene district</a>) <ul><li>Hedmark dialects (<a href="/wiki/Hedmark" title="Hedmark">Hedmark</a>) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solung_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solung dialect (page does not exist)">Solung dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solung" class="extiw" title="no:Solung">no</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/Sol%C3%B8r" title="Solør">Solør</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadeland_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hadeland dialect (page does not exist)">Hadeland dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadelandsdialekt" class="extiw" title="no:Hadelandsdialekt">no</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/Hadeland" title="Hadeland">Hadeland district</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%98sterdal_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Østerdal dialect (page does not exist)">Østerdal dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98sterdalsm%C3%A5l" class="extiw" title="no:Østerdalsmål">no</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/Viken,_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Viken, Norway">Viken district</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4rna-Idrem%C3%A5l" class="mw-redirect" title="Särna-Idremål">Särna-Idre dialect</a> (<a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4rna" title="Särna">Särna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Idre" title="Idre">Idre</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midland_dialects_(Norway)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Midland dialects (Norway) (page does not exist)">Midland dialects</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlandsm%C3%A5l" class="extiw" title="no:Midlandsmål">no</a>]</span> (Midland districts) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gudbrandsdalsm%C3%A5l" title="Gudbrandsdalsmål">Gudbrandsdal dialect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gudbrandsdalen" title="Gudbrandsdalen">Gudbrandsdalen</a> and Upper <a href="/wiki/Folldal_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Folldal Municipality">Folldal Municipality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Innlandet" title="Innlandet">Innlandet</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallingm%C3%A5l-Valdris" title="Hallingmål-Valdris">Hallingdal-Valdres dialects</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hallingdal" title="Hallingdal">Hallingdal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valdres" title="Valdres">Valdres</a>) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hallingdal_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hallingdal dialect (page does not exist)">Hallingdal dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallingdialekt" class="extiw" title="no:Hallingdialekt">no</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valdris" class="mw-redirect" title="Valdris">Valdris dialect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Valdres" title="Valdres">Valdres district</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Telemark-Numedal dialects (<a href="/wiki/Telemark" title="Telemark">Telemark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Numedal" title="Numedal">Numedal</a>) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%B8_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bø dialect (page does not exist)">Bø dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B8hering_(dialekt)" class="extiw" title="no:Bøhering (dialekt)">no</a>]</span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>other dialects</i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_East_Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Old East Norse">East Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Danish" title="Insular Danish">Insular Danish</a> (Ømål)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Danish" title="East Danish">East Danish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bornholmsk_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Bornholmsk dialect">Bornholmsk</a> along with former East Danish dialects in <a href="/wiki/Blekinge" title="Blekinge">Blekinge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halland" title="Halland">Halland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scania" title="Scania">Skåne</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scanian_dialect" title="Scanian dialect">Scanian dialect</a>) as well as the southern parts of <a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%A5land" title="Småland">Småland</a>, now generally considered <a href="/wiki/South_Swedish_dialects" title="South Swedish dialects">South Swedish dialects</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutlandic" title="Jutlandic">Jutlandic</a> (or Jutish, in <a href="/wiki/Jutland" title="Jutland">Jutland</a>) <ul><li>Northern Jutlandic <ul><li>East Jutlandic</li> <li>West Jutlandic</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Jutlandic" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Jutlandic">Southern Jutlandic</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Jutland" title="Southern Jutland">Southern Jutland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Schleswig" title="Southern Schleswig">Southern Schleswig</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_East_Norwegian" title="Urban East Norwegian">Urban East Norwegian</a> (generally considered a Norwegian dialect)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sveam%C3%A5l" class="mw-redirect" title="Sveamål">Sveamål</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Svealand" title="Svealand">Svealand</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Norrland_dialects" title="Norrland dialects">Norrland dialects</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Norrland" title="Norrland">Norrland</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tam%C3%A5l" class="mw-redirect" title="Götamål">Götamål</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6taland" title="Götaland">Götaland</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gotlandic" title="Gotlandic">Gotlandic</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Swedish_dialects_in_Ostrobothnia" title="Swedish dialects in Ostrobothnia">Swedish dialects in Ostrobothnia</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>)</li> <li><i>other dialects</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalecarlian dialects">Dalecarlian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dalarna" title="Dalarna">Dalarna</a>), including <a href="/wiki/Elfdalian" title="Elfdalian">Elfdalian</a> (which is considered a separate language from Swedish, <a href="/wiki/%C3%84lvdalen" title="Älvdalen">Älvdalen locality</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Kroonen_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kroonen-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Gutnish" title="Old Gutnish">Old Gutnish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gutnish" title="Gutnish">Gutnish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a>) <ul><li>Laumål</li> <li>Fårömål</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification_difficulties">Classification difficulties</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Jamtlandic_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamtlandic dialects">Jamtlandic dialects</a> share many characteristics with both Trøndersk and with Norrländska mål. Due to this ambiguous position, it is contested whether Jamtlandic belongs to the West Scandinavian or the East Scandinavian group.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Elfdalian" title="Elfdalian">Elfdalian</a> (Älvdalen speech), generally considered a <i>Sveamål</i> dialect, today has an official orthography and is, because of a lack of mutual intelligibility with <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>, considered as a separate language by many linguists. Traditionally regarded as a Swedish dialect,<sup id="cite_ref-Stickel2010_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stickel2010-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but by several criteria closer to West Scandinavian dialects,<sup id="cite_ref-Kroonen_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kroonen-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elfdalian is a separate language by the standard of mutual intelligibility.<sup id="cite_ref-Aftonbladet2007_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aftonbladet2007-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traveller Danish, Rodi, and Swedish Romani are varieties of Danish, Norwegian and Swedish with <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> vocabulary or <a href="/wiki/Para-Romani" title="Para-Romani">Para-Romani</a> known collectively as the <a href="/wiki/Scandoromani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandoromani language">Scandoromani language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are spoken by <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_and_Swedish_Travellers" title="Norwegian and Swedish Travellers">Norwegian and Swedish Travellers</a>. The Scando-Romani varieties in Sweden and Norway combine elements from the dialects of Western Sweden, Eastern Norway (Østlandet) and Trøndersk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Written_norms_of_Norwegian">Written norms of Norwegian</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language_conflict" title="Norwegian language conflict">Norwegian language conflict</a></div> <p>Norwegian has two official written norms, Bokmål and Nynorsk. In addition, there are some unofficial norms. <i><a href="/wiki/Riksm%C3%A5l" title="Riksmål">Riksmål</a></i> is more conservative than Bokmål (that is, closer to Danish) and is used to various extents by numerous people, especially in the cities and by the largest newspaper in Norway, <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no"><a href="/wiki/Aftenposten" title="Aftenposten">Aftenposten</a></i></span>. On the other hand, <i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B8gnorsk" title="Høgnorsk">Høgnorsk</a></i> (High Norwegian) is similar to Nynorsk and is used by a very small minority. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Danish,_Norwegian_and_Swedish" title="Comparison of Danish, Norwegian and Swedish">Comparison of Danish, Norwegian and Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingvaeonic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingvaeonic languages">Ingvaeonic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Franconian languages">Low Franconian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_Danish_and_Swedish" title="Gender in Danish and Swedish">Gender in Danish and Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanian_dialect" title="Scanian dialect">Scanian dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svorsk" title="Svorsk">Svorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Germanic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="South Germanic languages">South Germanic languages</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90971">Language Family Trees Indo-European, Germanic, North</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121003151054/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90971">Archived</a> 3 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uit.no/scandiasyn/scandiasyn/1">Scandinavian Dialect Syntax</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112160915/http://uit.no/scandiasyn/scandiasyn/1">Archived</a> 12 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Network for Scandinavian Dialect Syntax. Retrieved 11 November 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Torp-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Torp_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torp_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torp_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Torp, Arne (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norden.org/en/publications/publications/2004-010">Nordiske sprog i fortid og nutid. Sproglighed og sprogforskelle, sprogfamilier og sprogslægtskab</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111104143651/http://www.norden.org/en/publications/publications/2004-010">Archived</a> 4 November 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Moderne nordiske sprog. In <i>Nordens sprog – med rødder og fødder</i>. Nord 2004:010, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-893-1041-3" title="Special:BookSources/92-893-1041-3">92-893-1041-3</a>, Nordic Council of Ministers' Secretariat, Copenhagen 2004. (In Danish).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holmberg-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holmberg_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holmberg_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holmberg_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmberg, Anders and Christer Platzack (2005). "The Scandinavian languages". In <i>The Comparative Syntax Handbook,</i> eds <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Cinque" title="Guglielmo Cinque">Guglielmo Cinque</a> and Richard S. Kayne. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dur.ac.uk/anders.holmberg/resources/The%20Scandinavian%20Languages.pdf">Excerpt at Durham University</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071203191740/http://www.dur.ac.uk/anders.holmberg/resources/The%20Scandinavian%20Languages.pdf">Archived</a> 3 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unric.org/da/sprog-og-politik-i-groenland/">"Sprog og politik i Grønland"</a>. <i>Forenede Nationers</i> (in Danish). 21 February 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220221205325/https://unric.org/da/sprog-og-politik-i-groenland/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forenede+Nationers&rft.atitle=Sprog+og+politik+i+Gr%C3%B8nland&rft.date=2021-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funric.org%2Fda%2Fsprog-og-politik-i-groenland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Germanic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leinonen, Therese (2011), "Aggregate analysis of vowel pronunciation in Swedish dialects", Oslo Studies in Language 3 (2) Aggregate analysis of vowel pronunciation in Swedish dialects]", Oslo Studies in Language 3 (2); Dahl, Östen (2000), <i>Språkets enhet och mångfald</i>., Lund: <a href="/wiki/Studentlitteratur" title="Studentlitteratur">Studentlitteratur</a>, pp. 117–119; Lars-Erik Edlund "Språklig variation i tid och rum" in Dahl, Östen & Edlund, Lars-Erik, eds. (2010), <i>Sveriges nationalatlas. Språken i Sverige.</i>Stockholm: Kungl. Vitterhets historie och antikvitets akademien, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kroonen-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kroonen_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kroonen_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kroonen_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroonen" class="citation web cs1">Kroonen, Guus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inss.ku.dk/ansatte/?pure=files/35220983/elfdalian.pdf">"On the origins of the Elfdalian nasal vowels from the perspective of diachronic dialectology and Germanic etymology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Department of Nordic Studies and Linguistics</i>. University of Copenhagen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160206012822/http://inss.ku.dk/ansatte/?pure=files/35220983/elfdalian.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2016</span>. <q>In many aspects, Elfdalian, takes up a middle position between East and West Nordic. However, it shares some innovations with West Nordic, but none with East Nordic. This invalidates the claim that Elfdalian split off from Old Swedish.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Nordic+Studies+and+Linguistics&rft.atitle=On+the+origins+of+the+Elfdalian+nasal+vowels+from+the+perspective+of+diachronic+dialectology+and+Germanic+etymology&rft.aulast=Kroonen&rft.aufirst=Guus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finss.ku.dk%2Fansatte%2F%3Fpure%3Dfiles%2F35220983%2Felfdalian.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Germanic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hawkins-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hawkins_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkins1987" class="citation book cs1">Hawkins, John A. (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldsmajorlangu00comr">"Germanic languages"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Comrie" title="Bernard Comrie">Bernard Comrie</a> (ed.). <i>The World's Major Languages</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldsmajorlangu00comr/page/68">68–76</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-520521-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-520521-9"><bdi>0-19-520521-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Germanic+languages&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Major+Languages&rft.pages=68-76&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-19-520521-9&rft.aulast=Hawkins&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldsmajorlangu00comr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Germanic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">But see <a href="/wiki/Fausto_Cercignani" title="Fausto Cercignani">Cercignani, Fausto</a>, <i>Indo-European ē in Germanic</i>, in «Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung», 86/1, 1972, pp. 104–110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuhn-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kuhn_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhn1955–1956" class="citation journal cs1">Kuhn, Hans (1955–1956). "Zur Gliederung der germanischen Sprachen". <i>Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literatur</i>. <b>86</b>: 1–47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+deutsches+Altertum+und+deutsche+Literatur&rft.atitle=Zur+Gliederung+der+germanischen+Sprachen&rft.volume=86&rft.pages=1-47&rft.date=1955%2F1956&rft.aulast=Kuhn&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Germanic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bandle, Oskar (ed.)(2005). <i>The Nordic Languages: An International Handbook of the History of the North Germanic Languages</i>. Walter de Gruyter, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-017149-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-017149-X">3-11-017149-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lund-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lund_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lund_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lund, Jørn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.um.dk/Publikationer/UM/English/FactsheetDenmark/Language/html/chapter01.htm">Language</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040815170436/http://www.um.dk/Publikationer/UM/English/FactsheetDenmark/Language/html/chapter01.htm">Archived</a> 15 August 2004 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Published online by Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Version 1 – November 2003. Retrieved 13 November 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lindström-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lindström_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindströmLindström2012" class="citation book cs1">Lindström, Fredrik; Lindström, Henrik (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G0hhAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1"><i>Svitjods undergång och Sveriges födelse</i></a>. Albert Bonniers Förlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-0-013451-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-0-013451-8"><bdi>978-91-0-013451-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Svitjods+underg%C3%A5ng+och+Sveriges+f%C3%B6delse&rft.pub=Albert+Bonniers+F%C3%B6rlag&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-91-0-013451-8&rft.aulast=Lindstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Fredrik&rft.au=Lindstr%C3%B6m%2C+Henrik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG0hhAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Germanic+languages" class="Z3988"></span>, p. 259</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1895336–338-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1895336–338_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdams1895">Adams 1895</a>, pp. 336–338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nationalencyklopedin-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nationalencyklopedin_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article <i>Nordiska språk</i>, section <i>Historia</i>, subsection <i>Omkring 800–1100</i>, in <i><a href="/wiki/Nationalencyklopedin" title="Nationalencyklopedin">Nationalencyklopedin</a></i> (1994).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jónsson, Jóhannes Gísli and Thórhallur Eythórsson (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=72768CEEDB6A49E6E7A7224C321A3A45.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=355925">"Variation in subject case marking in Insular Scandinavian"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160504233812/http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=72768CEEDB6A49E6E7A7224C321A3A45.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=355925">Archived</a> 4 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Nordic Journal of Linguistics (2005), 28: 223–245 Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 9 November 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bernd_Heine" title="Bernd Heine">Heine, Bernd</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tania_Kuteva" title="Tania Kuteva">Tania Kuteva</a> (2006). <i>The Changing Languages of Europe</i>. Oxford University Press, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-929734-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-929734-7">0-19-929734-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Nordic Council's/Nordic Council of Ministers' political magazine <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010222132/http://www.analysnorden.org/">Analys Norden</a> offers three versions: a section labeled "Íslenska" (Icelandic), a section labeled "Skandinavisk" (in either Danish, Norwegian or Swedish), and a section labeled "Suomi" (Finnish).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sammallahti, Pekka, 1990. "The Sámi Language: Past and Present". In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0008/000861/086162e.pdf">Arctic Languages: An Awakening.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180721155248/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0008/000861/086162e.pdf">Archived</a> 21 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Paris. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-3-102661-5" title="Special:BookSources/92-3-102661-5">92-3-102661-5</a>, p. 440: "the arrival of a Uralic population and language in Samiland [...] means that there has been a period of at least 5000 years of uninterrupted linguistic and cultural development in Samiland. [...] It is also possible, however, that the earlier inhabitants of the area also spoke a Uralic language: we do not know of any linguistic groups in the area other than the Uralic and Indo-Europeans (represented by the present Scandinavian languages)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Inez Svonni Fjällström (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eng.samer.se/servlet/GetDoc?meta_id=1185">"A language with deep roots"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071005152013/http://www.eng.samer.se/servlet/GetDoc?meta_id=1185">Archived</a> 5 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.<i>Sápmi: Language history</i>, 14 November 2006. Samiskt Informationscentrum Sametinget: "The Scandinavian languages are Northern Germanic languages. [...] Sami belongs to the Finno-Ugric language family. Finnish, Estonian, Livonian and Hungarian belong to the same language family and are consequently related to each other."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/languages-atlas/index.php?hl=en&page=atlasmap">"UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180802160530/http://www.unesco.org/languages-atlas/index.php?hl=en&page=atlasmap">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNESCO+Atlas+of+the+World%27s+Languages+in+danger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Flanguages-atlas%2Findex.php%3Fhl%3Den%26page%3Datlasmap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Germanic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Victor Ginsburgh, Shlomo Weber (2011). <i>How many languages do we need?: the economics of linguistic diversity</i>, Princeton University Press. p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniforum.uio.no/nyheter/2005/03/nynorsk-noe-for-svensker.html">"Nynorsk – noe for svensker? – Uniforum"</a>. <i>www.uniforum.uio.no</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225054148/https://www.uniforum.uio.no/nyheter/2005/03/nynorsk-noe-for-svensker.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.uniforum.uio.no&rft.atitle=Nynorsk+%E2%80%93+noe+for+svensker%3F+%E2%80%93+Uniforum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uniforum.uio.no%2Fnyheter%2F2005%2F03%2Fnynorsk-noe-for-svensker.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Germanic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urban-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Urban_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Urban_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Urban misunderstandings". In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050213062716/http://www.norden.org/norden_i_veckan/2005/uk/050117.asp">Norden this week – Monday 01.17.2005</a>. The Nordic Council and the Nordic Council of Ministers. Retrieved 13 November 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Delsing-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Delsing_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Delsing_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Delsing_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Delsing_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Delsing_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Delsing, Lars-Olof and Katarina Lundin Åkesson (2005). <i>Håller språket ihop Norden? En forskningsrapport om ungdomars förståelse av danska, svenska och norska</i>. Available in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norden.org/sv/publikationer/publikationer/2005-573/at_download/publicationfile">pdf format</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514040259/http://www.norden.org/sv/publikationer/publikationer/2005-573/at_download/publicationfile">Archived</a> 14 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Numbers are from Figure 4:11. "Grannspråksförståelse bland infödda skandinaver fördelade på ort", p. 65 and Figure 4:6. "Sammanlagt resultat på grannspråksundersökningen fördelat på område", p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maurud, Ø (1976). <i>Nabospråksforståelse i Skandinavia. En undersøkelse om gjensidig forståelse av tale- og skriftspråk i Danmark, Norge og Sverige</i>. Nordisk utredningsserie 13. Nordiska rådet, Stockholm.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKordić2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Snje%C5%BEana_Kordi%C4%87" title="Snježana Kordić">Kordić, Snježana</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372202077">"Ideology Against Language: The Current Situation in South Slavic Countries"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In <a href="/wiki/Motoki_Nomachi" title="Motoki Nomachi">Nomachi, Motoki</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tomasz_Kamusella" title="Tomasz Kamusella">Kamusella, Tomasz</a> (eds.). <i>Languages and Nationalism Instead of Empires</i>. Routledge Histories of Central and Eastern Europe. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 167–179. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003034025-11">10.4324/9781003034025-11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-367-47191-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-367-47191-0"><bdi>978-0-367-47191-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1390118985">1390118985</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:259576119">259576119</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4680766">4680766</a></span>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/COBISS.SR" class="mw-redirect" title="COBISS.SR">COBISS.SR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plus.cobiss.net/cobiss/sr/sr/bib/search?q=125229577&db=cobib&mat=allmaterials">125229577</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/COBISS_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="COBISS (identifier)">COBISS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plus.cobiss.net/cobiss/si/en/bib/171014403">171014403</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kordic-ideology-against-language">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2024</span>. p. 169: <q>Stockholm's youth understand 55% of spoken Norwegian and 34% of spoken Danish.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ideology+Against+Language%3A+The+Current+Situation+in+South+Slavic+Countries&rft.btitle=Languages+and+Nationalism+Instead+of+Empires&rft.place=London&rft.series=Routledge+Histories+of+Central+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.pages=167-179&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A259576119%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781003034025-11&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1390118985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D4680766%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.isbn=978-0-367-47191-0&rft.aulast=Kordi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Snje%C5%BEana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F372202077&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Germanic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nordenssprog-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nordenssprog_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nordenssprog_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306211105/http://www.norden.org/da/publikationer/publikationer/2004-008/at_download/publicationfile">"Nordens språk – med rötter och fötter"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norden.org/da/publikationer/publikationer/2004-008/at_download/publicationfile">the original</a> on 6 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nordens+spr%C3%A5k+%E2%80%93+med+r%C3%B6tter+och+f%C3%B6tter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.norden.org%2Fda%2Fpublikationer%2Fpublikationer%2F2004-008%2Fat_download%2Fpublicationfile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Germanic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norden.org/sv/nordiska-ministerraadet/samarbetsministrarna-mr-sam/graenshindersarbete/informationstjaenster/informationstjaensten-hallaa-norden/nyhetsbrev"><i>Hello Norden</i> newsletter</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140409023041/http://www.norden.org/sv/nordiska-ministerraadet/samarbetsministrarna-mr-sam/graenshindersarbete/informationstjaenster/informationstjaensten-hallaa-norden/nyhetsbrev">Archived</a> 9 April 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s language of publication is described as <i>skandinaviska</i> (in Swedish) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2021">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210919235329/https://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/scandilan.htm">"The Scandinavian Languages: Their Histories and Relationships"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/scandilan.htm">the original</a> on 19 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Scandinavian+Languages%3A+Their+Histories+and+Relationships&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sjsu.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fwatkins%2Fscandilan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Germanic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norden.org/no/aktuelt/nyheter/201dfinlandssvensk-boer-vaere-hovedspraak-i-nordisk-union201d">Finlandssvensk som hovedspråk</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171012005926/http://www.norden.org/no/aktuelt/nyheter/201dfinlandssvensk-boer-vaere-hovedspraak-i-nordisk-union201d">Archived</a> 12 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Norwegian bokmål)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dalen, Arnold (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sprakrad.no/Trykksaker/Spraaknytt/Spraaknytt_3_2005/Jemtsk_og_troendersk/">Jemtsk og trøndersk – to nære slektningar</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070318193458/http://www.sprakrad.no/Trykksaker/Spraaknytt/Spraaknytt_3_2005/Jemtsk_og_troendersk/">Archived</a> 18 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Språkrådet, Norway. (In Norwegian). Retrieved 13 November 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stickel2010-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stickel2010_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEkberg2010" class="citation book cs1">Ekberg, Lena (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fFYa2ooeVXgC&pg=PA90">"The National Minority Languages in Sweden"</a>. In Gerhard Stickel (ed.). <i>National, Regional and Minority Languages in Europe: Contributions to the Annual Conference 2009 of Efnil in Dublin</i>. Peter Lang. pp. 87–92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783631603659" title="Special:BookSources/9783631603659"><bdi>9783631603659</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+National+Minority+Languages+in+Sweden&rft.btitle=National%2C+Regional+and+Minority+Languages+in+Europe%3A+Contributions+to+the+Annual+Conference+2009+of+Efnil+in+Dublin&rft.pages=87-92&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9783631603659&rft.aulast=Ekberg&rft.aufirst=Lena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfFYa2ooeVXgC%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Germanic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aftonbladet2007-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aftonbladet2007_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahlDahlbergDelsingHalvarsson2007" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dahl, Östen; Dahlberg, Ingrid; Delsing, Lars-Olof; Halvarsson, Herbert; Larsson, Gösta; Nyström, Gunnar; Olsson, Rut; Sapir, Yair; Steensland, Lars; Williams, Henrik (8 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aftonbladet.se/debatt/article11053696.ab">"Älvdalskan är ett språk – inte en svensk dialekt"</a> [Elfdalian is a language – not a Swedish dialect]. <i>Aftonbladet</i> (in Swedish). Stockholm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120825120038/http://www.aftonbladet.se/debatt/article11053696.ab">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aftonbladet&rft.atitle=%C3%84lvdalskan+%C3%A4r+ett+spr%C3%A5k+%E2%80%93+inte+en+svensk+dialekt&rft.date=2007-02-08&rft.aulast=Dahl&rft.aufirst=%C3%96sten&rft.au=Dahlberg%2C+Ingrid&rft.au=Delsing%2C+Lars-Olof&rft.au=Halvarsson%2C+Herbert&rft.au=Larsson%2C+G%C3%B6sta&rft.au=Nystr%C3%B6m%2C+Gunnar&rft.au=Olsson%2C+Rut&rft.au=Sapir%2C+Yair&rft.au=Steensland%2C+Lars&rft.au=Williams%2C+Henrik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aftonbladet.se%2Fdebatt%2Farticle11053696.ab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Germanic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahl2008" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dahl, Östen (December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spraktidningen.se/artiklar/2008/11/alvdalska-eget-sprak-eller-varsting-bland-dialekter">"Älvdalska – eget språk eller värsting bland dialekter?"</a> [Elfdalian – its own language or an outstanding dialect?]. <i>Språktidningen</i> (in Swedish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171207110314/http://spraktidningen.se/artiklar/2008/11/alvdalska-eget-sprak-eller-varsting-bland-dialekter">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spr%C3%A5ktidningen&rft.atitle=%C3%84lvdalska+%E2%80%93+eget+spr%C3%A5k+eller+v%C3%A4rsting+bland+dialekter%3F&rft.date=2008-12&rft.aulast=Dahl&rft.aufirst=%C3%96sten&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspraktidningen.se%2Fartiklar%2F2008%2F11%2Falvdalska-eget-sprak-eller-varsting-bland-dialekter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Germanic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZach2013" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zach, Kristine (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://othes.univie.ac.at/26671/1/2013-02-27_0748117.pdf">"Das Älvdalische – Sprache oder Dialekt? (Diplomarbeit)"</a> [Elfdalian – Language or dialect? (Masters thesis)] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200217105905/http://othes.univie.ac.at/26671/1/2013-02-27_0748117.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Das+%C3%84lvdalische+%E2%80%93+Sprache+oder+Dialekt%3F+%28Diplomarbeit%29&rft.pub=University+of+Vienna&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Zach&rft.aufirst=Kristine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fothes.univie.ac.at%2F26671%2F1%2F2013-02-27_0748117.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Germanic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sapir, Yair (2004). <i>Elfdalian, the Vernacular of Övdaln</i>. Conference paper, 18–19 juni 2004. Available in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nordiska.uu.se/arkiv/konferenser/alvdalska/konferensbidrag/Sapir.pdf">pdf format at Uppsala University online archive</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722160911/http://www.nordiska.uu.se/arkiv/konferenser/alvdalska/konferensbidrag/Sapir.pdf">Archived</a> 22 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">LLOW – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://languageserver.uni-graz.at/ls/desc?id=233">Traveller Danish</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160309101055/http://languageserver.uni-graz.at/ls/desc?id=233">Archived</a> 9 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1895" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Charles Kendall (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H8IXAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA336"><i>Johnson's Universal Cyclopedia: A New Edition</i></a>. D. Appleton, A. J. Johnson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Johnson%27s+Universal+Cyclopedia%3A+A+New+Edition&rft.pub=D.+Appleton%2C+A.+J.+Johnson&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Charles+Kendall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH8IXAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Germanic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJervelund2007" class="citation cs2">Jervelund, Anita (2007), <i>Sådan Staver Vi</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S%C3%A5dan+Staver+Vi&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Jervelund&rft.aufirst=Anita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Germanic+languages" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristiansen,_Tore_m.fl.1996" class="citation cs2">Kristiansen, Tore m.fl. (1996), <i>Dansk Sproglære</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dansk+Sprogl%C3%A6re&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Kristiansen%2C+Tore+m.fl.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Germanic+languages" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucazin2010" class="citation cs2">Lucazin, M (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110808193103/http://www.maniskor.se/isbn9789197726528.pdf"><i>Utkast till ortografi över skånska språket med morfologi och ordlista. Första. revisionen</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-977265-2-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-977265-2-8"><bdi>978-91-977265-2-8</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maniskor.se/isbn9789197726528.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Utkast+till+ortografi+%C3%B6ver+sk%C3%A5nska+spr%C3%A5ket+med+morfologi+och+ordlista.+F%C3%B6rsta.+revisionen&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-91-977265-2-8&rft.aulast=Lucazin&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maniskor.se%2Fisbn9789197726528.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Germanic+languages" class="Z3988"></span> Outlined Scanian orthography including morphology and word index. First revision.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Maurer_(linguist)" title="Friedrich Maurer (linguist)">Maurer, Friedrich</a> (1942), <i>Nordgermanen und Alemannen: Studien zur germanischen und frühdeutschen Sprachgeschichte, Stammes- und Volkskunde</i>, Strasbourg: Hünenburg.</li> <li>Rowe, Charley. The problematic Holtzmann's Law in Germanic. (Indogermanische Forschungen Bd. 108, 2003).</li> <li>Iben Stampe Sletten red., <i>Nordens sprog – med rødder og fødder</i>, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-893-1041-3" title="Special:BookSources/92-893-1041-3">92-893-1041-3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norden.org/da/publikationer/publikationer/2004-010">available online</a>, also available in the other Scandinavian languages.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Scandinavian_Languages" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Scandinavian Languages">Scandinavian Languages</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Works related to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Scandinavian_languages" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Portal:Scandinavian languages">Scandinavian languages</a> at Wikisource</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoreen1886" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Noreen" title="Adolf Noreen">Noreen, Adolf</a> (1886). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Scandinavian Languages"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Scandinavian_Languages">"Scandinavian Languages" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. XXI (9th ed.). pp. 366–374.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Scandinavian+Languages&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=366-374&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Noreen&rft.aufirst=Adolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Germanic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://germanic-studies.org/Middle-Low-German-loanwords-in-the-Scandinavian-languages.htm">Middle Low German influence on the Scandinavian languages</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://germanic-studies.org/Scandinavian-only-words.htm">Scandinavian-only words</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://germanic-studies.org/Scandinavian-loanwords-in-Old-and-Middle-English-and-their-legacy-in-the-dialects-of-England-and-modern-standard-English.htm">Scandinavian loans in Old and Middle English, and their legacy in the dialects of England and modern standard English</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ezglot.com/most-similar-languages.php?l=dan#most-similar-languages">Most similar languages to Danish</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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id="Germanic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>According to contemporary <a href="/wiki/Germanic_philology" title="Germanic philology">philology</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="West" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglic languages">Anglic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects of English">dialects</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>Irish Middle English</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fingallian" title="Fingallian">Fingallian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kildare_Poems#Linguistic_features" title="Kildare Poems">Kildare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yola_dialect" title="Yola dialect">Yola</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_Scots" title="Early Scots">Early Scots</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Scots" title="Middle Scots">Middle Scots</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Frisian" title="Middle Frisian">Middle Frisian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_language" title="East Frisian language">East Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_language" title="Saterland Frisian language">Saterland Frisian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Weser</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wangerooge_Frisian" title="Wangerooge Frisian">Wangerooge Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wursten_Frisian" title="Wursten Frisian">Wursten Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harlingerland_Frisian" title="Harlingerland Frisian">Harlingerland Frisian</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Insular <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eiderstedt_Frisian" title="Eiderstedt Frisian">Eiderstedt</a></i></li> <li>Föhr–Amrum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6hr_North_Frisian" title="Föhr North Frisian">Föhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrum_North_Frisian" title="Amrum North Frisian">Amrum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland_Frisian" title="Heligoland Frisian">Heligolandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylt_North_Frisian" title="Sylt North Frisian">Sylt</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mainland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6kingharde_North_Frisian" title="Bökingharde North Frisian">Bökingharde</a> <ul><li>Mooring</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halligen_Frisian" title="Halligen Frisian">Halligen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goesharde_Frisian" title="Goesharde Frisian">Goesharde</a> <ul><li>Northern</li> <li>Central</li> <li><i>Southern</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karrharde_Frisian" title="Karrharde Frisian">Karrharde</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strand_Frisian" title="Strand Frisian">Strand</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiedingharde_Frisian" title="Wiedingharde Frisian">Wiedingharde</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_languages" title="West Frisian languages">West Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindeloopen_Frisian" title="Hindeloopen Frisian">Hindeloopen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiermonnikoog_Frisian" title="Schiermonnikoog Frisian">Schiermonnikoog</a></li> <li>Westlauwers–Terschellings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">Mainland West Frisian</a> <ul><li>Clay Frisian</li> <li>Wood Frisian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westereendersk" title="Westereendersk">Westereendersk</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terschelling_Frisian" title="Terschelling Frisian">Terschelling</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Low_German" class="mw-redirect" title="West Low German">West Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon" title="Dutch Low Saxon">Dutch Low Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellingwarfs_dialect" title="Stellingwarfs dialect">Stellingwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweants_dialect" title="Tweants dialect">Tweants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gronings_dialect" title="Gronings dialect">Gronings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A8ents_dialects" title="Drèents dialects">Drèents</a></li> <li>Gelders-Overijssels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achterhooks" title="Achterhooks">Achterhooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallaans_dialect" title="Sallaans dialect">Sallaans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urkers_dialect" title="Urkers dialect">Urkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veluws_dialect" title="Veluws dialect">Veluws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Low_Saxon" title="Northern Low Saxon">Northern Low Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_Low_Saxon" title="East Frisian Low Saxon">East Frisian Low Saxon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastphalian_language" title="Eastphalian language">Eastphalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westphalian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian language">Westphalian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Low_German" title="East Low German">East Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch_dialect" title="Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch dialect">Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburgisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburgisch dialect">Brandenburgisch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Pomeranian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Pomeranian (page does not exist)">Central Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Pomeranian">East Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Prussian_dialect" title="Low Prussian dialect">Low Prussian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian" title="Low Franconian">Low Franconian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_language" title="Frankish language">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Dutch" title="Old Dutch">Old Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">Standard variants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaaps" title="Kaaps">Kaaps</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Low Franconian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Dutch_dialects" title="Central Dutch dialects">Central Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hollandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollandic dialect">Hollandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Flemish" title="French Flemish">French Flemish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeelandic" title="Zeelandic">Zeelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Flemish" title="East Flemish">East Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brabantian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabantian dialect">Brabantian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleverlandish" title="Kleverlandish">Kleverlandish</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_Dutch" title="Surinamese Dutch">Surinamese Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Dutch_language" title="Jersey Dutch language">Jersey Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Dutch" title="Mohawk Dutch">Mohawk Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadsfries_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadsfries dialects">Stadsfries</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bildts" title="Bildts">Bildts</a>/<a href="/wiki/Amelands" title="Amelands">Amelands</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Midslands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Midslands (page does not exist)">Midslands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Low_Franconian" title="South Low Franconian">East Low Franconian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish">Limburgish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cover groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergish_dialects" title="Bergish dialects">Bergish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse-Rhenish" title="Meuse-Rhenish">Meuse-Rhenish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_High_German" title="New High German">New High German</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German" title="Early New High German">Early New High German</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Standard_German" title="German Standard German">German Standard German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_German" title="Austrian German">Austrian Standard German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">Swiss Standard German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-<a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard variants</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Namibian German">Namibian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_Black_German" title="Namibian Black German">Namibian Black German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_German" title="Berlin German">Berlinerisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unserdeutsch" title="Unserdeutsch">Unserdeutsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barossa_German" title="Barossa German">Barossa German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotwelsch" title="Rotwelsch">Rotwelsch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenish_language" title="Yenish language">Yenish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects#Eastern_Yiddish" title="Yiddish dialects">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects#Western_Yiddish" title="Yiddish dialects">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Scotland#"Scots-Yiddish"" title="History of the Jews in Scotland">Scots Yiddish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Central_German" title="West Central German">West Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Franconian_languages" title="Central Franconian languages">Central Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colognian_dialect" title="Colognian dialect">Colognian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Limburgish_dialect" title="Southeast Limburgish dialect">Southeast Limburgish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Franconian_language" title="Moselle Franconian language">Moselle Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_dialect" title="Transylvanian Saxon dialect">Transylvanian Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunsr%C3%BCckisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunsrückisch dialect">Hunsrückisch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunsrik" title="Hunsrik">Hunsrik</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Franconian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenish Franconian languages">Rhine Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Lorraine Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatine_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine German language">Palatine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Germans#Language" title="Volga Germans">Volga German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessian_dialects" title="Hessian dialects">Hessian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Hessian" title="Central Hessian">Central Hessian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amana_German" title="Amana German">Amana German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Central_German" title="East Central German">East Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thuringian_dialect" title="Thuringian dialect">Thuringian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_German" title="Upper Saxon German">Upper Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzgebirgisch" title="Erzgebirgisch">Erzgebirgisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_dialects" title="Lusatian dialects">Lusatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_German" title="Silesian German">Silesian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Prussian_dialect" title="High Prussian dialect">High Prussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wymysorys_language" title="Wymysorys language">Wymysorys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzenau_dialect" title="Alzenau dialect">Halcnovian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_German" title="Upper German">Upper German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic</a> in the broad sense <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_Alemannic_German" title="Low Alemannic German">Low Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_Tovar_dialect" title="Colonia Tovar dialect">Coloniero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Alemannic_German" title="High Alemannic German">High Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest_Alemannic_German" title="Highest Alemannic German">Highest Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walser_German" title="Walser German">Walser German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swabian_German" title="Swabian German">Swabian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Bavarian" title="Northern Bavarian">Northern Bavarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bavarian" title="Central Bavarian">Central Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viennese_German" title="Viennese German">Viennese German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bavarian" title="Southern Bavarian">Southern Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_dialect" title="South Tyrolean dialect">South Tyrolean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_language" title="Cimbrian language">Cimbrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2cheno_language" title="Mòcheno language">Mòcheno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottscheerish" title="Gottscheerish">Gottscheerish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Franconian_German" title="South Franconian German">South Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Franconian_German" title="East Franconian German">East Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vogtlandian" title="Vogtlandian">Vogtlandian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lombardic_language" title="Lombardic language">Langobardic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_and_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></i> <ul><li><i>Old West Norse</i></li> <li><i>Old East Norse</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Gutnish" title="Old Gutnish">Old Gutnish</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergensk" title="Bergensk">Bergensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebabnorsk" title="Kebabnorsk">Kebabnorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sognam%C3%A5l_dialect" title="Sognamål dialect">Sognamål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndersk" title="Trøndersk">Trøndersk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallingm%C3%A5l-Valdris" title="Hallingmål-Valdris">Valdris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestlandsk" title="Vestlandsk">Vestlandsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikv%C3%A6rsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikværsk">Vikværsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a> (written)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a> (written)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norwegian" title="Old Norwegian">Old Norwegian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Norwegian" title="Middle Norwegian">Middle Norwegian</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse#Old_Icelandic" title="Old Norse">Old Icelandic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Icelandic#Middle_Icelandic_(1350–1550)" title="History of Icelandic">Middle Icelandic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Norse" title="Greenlandic Norse">Greenlandic Norse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_dialects" title="Swedish dialects">Swedish dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinkeby_Swedish" title="Rinkeby Swedish">Rinkebysvenska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_dialects" title="Danish dialects">Danish dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Danish" title="Insular Danish">Insular Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutlandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Jutlandic dialect">Jutlandic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Jutlandic" title="South Jutlandic">South Jutlandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Danish" title="East Danish">East Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bornholm_dialect" title="Bornholm dialect">Bornholmsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanian_dialect" title="Scanian dialect">Scanian</a> (historically)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Schleswig_Danish" title="Southern Schleswig Danish">Southern Schleswig Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B8tudanskt_accent" title="Gøtudanskt accent">Gøtudanskt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkerdansk" title="Perkerdansk">Perkerdansk</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Danish" title="History of Danish">Old Danish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Danish" title="History of Danish">Middle Danish</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalecarlian language">Dalecarlian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elfdalian" title="Elfdalian">Elfdalian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gutnish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gutnish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutnish language">Mainland Gutnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A5r%C3%B6m%C3%A5l_dialect" title="Fårömål dialect">Fårö Gutnish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Gothic" title="Crimean Gothic">Crimean Gothic</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burgundians#Language" title="Burgundians">Burgundian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vandalic_language" title="Vandalic language">Vandalic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Philology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_philology" title="Germanic philology">Philology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Maurer_(linguist)" title="Friedrich Maurer (linguist)">Language subgroups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elbe_Germanic" title="Elbe Germanic">Elbe (Irminonic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weser-Rhine_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Weser-Rhine Germanic">Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic">North Sea (Ingvaeonic)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Germanic" title="Northwest Germanic">Northwest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gotho-Nordic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotho-Nordic">Gotho-Nordic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/South_Germanic" title="South Germanic">South</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_grammar" title="Proto-Germanic grammar">Proto-Germanic grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Germanic parent language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Belgian_language" title="Ancient Belgian language">Ancient Belgian language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diachronic features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimm%27s_law" title="Grimm's law">Grimm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verner%27s_law" title="Verner's law">Verner's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holtzmann%27s_law" title="Holtzmann's law">Holtzmann's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sievers%27s_law" title="Sievers's law">Sievers's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kluge%27s_law" title="Kluge's law">Kluge's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Germanic substrate hypothesis">Germanic substrate hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_gemination" title="West Germanic gemination">West Germanic gemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_German_consonant_shift" title="High German consonant shift">High German consonant shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_a-mutation" title="Germanic a-mutation">Germanic a-mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_umlaut" title="Germanic umlaut">Germanic umlaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_spirant_law" title="Germanic spirant law">Germanic spirant law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingvaeonic_nasal_spirant_law" title="Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law">Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift" title="Great Vowel Shift">Great Vowel Shift</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synchronic features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Germanic verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_strong_verb" title="Germanic strong verb">Germanic strong verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_weak_verb" title="Germanic weak verb">Germanic weak verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb#Preterite-presents" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Preterite-present verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatischer_Wechsel" title="Grammatischer Wechsel">Grammatischer Wechsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Indo-European ablaut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106085#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106085#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106085#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1106392/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4120035-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85117963">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12649042d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12649042d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007558462305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027399737">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Germanic_languages&oldid=1259092979">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Germanic_languages&oldid=1259092979</a>"</div></div> <div 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