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of verbs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present_tense_of_verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjective_incorporation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjective_incorporation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Adjective incorporation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjective_incorporation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preproprial_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preproprial_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Preproprial articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preproprial_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subgrouping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subgrouping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Subgrouping </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Subgrouping-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet 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class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Piteå </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Piteå-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_and_south_Västerbotten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_and_south_Västerbotten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 North and south Västerbotten </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_and_south_Västerbotten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transitional_dialects_between_Ångermanland_and_Västerbotten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transitional_dialects_between_Ångermanland_and_Västerbotten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Transitional dialects between Ångermanland and Västerbotten </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transitional_dialects_between_Ångermanland_and_Västerbotten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ångermanland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ångermanland"> <div 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groupings</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish language</a>. It comprises most dialects traditionally spoken in <a href="/wiki/Norrland" title="Norrland">Norrland</a>, except for those of <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A4strikland" title="Gästrikland">Gästrikland</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4lsingland" title="Hälsingland">Hälsingland</a>, which are usually classified as <a href="/wiki/Svealand_Swedish" class="mw-redirect" title="Svealand Swedish">Svealand Swedish</a>, as well as those of <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4rjedalen" title="Härjedalen">Härjedalen</a> and northernmost <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland" title="Jämtland">Jämtland</a>, which are usually classified as <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlstedt1971[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-2">[2]</a> The border between Norrland dialects and Svealand Swedish runs through <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4lsingland" title="Hälsingland">Hälsingland</a>, such that the northern Hälsingland dialects are regarded as Norrland dialects and the southern ones as Svealand Swedish; an alternative delineation follows the southern border of <a href="/wiki/Medelpad" title="Medelpad">Medelpad</a>.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlstedt1971[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-2">[2]</a> The old northern border of the Swedish language in coastal <a href="/wiki/Norrbotten" title="Norrbotten">Norrbotten</a> largely followed the eastern and northern borders of the present-day <a href="/wiki/Kalix_Municipality" title="Kalix Municipality">Kalix</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%96verkalix_Municipality" title="Överkalix Municipality">Överkalix</a> municipalities. From there, a vaguely defined linguistic border ran through <a href="/wiki/Lapland_(Sweden)" title="Lapland (Sweden)">Lappland</a> from the northernmost point of Överkalix parish in an arc to the south of <a href="/wiki/Porjus" title="Porjus">Porjus</a>, then followed the <a href="/wiki/Lule_River" title="Lule River">Lule River</a> to the border with <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessén1967[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-3">[3]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norrland_dialects&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> Norrland dialects arose from the combined influence of the <a href="/wiki/Old_West_Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Old West Norse">Old West Norse</a> spoken in <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndelag" title="Trøndelag">Trøndelag</a> to the west and the <a href="/wiki/Old_East_Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Old East Norse">Old East Norse</a> spoken to the south. The westerly influences were notably strong in the centuries leading up to the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a>. The shift to East Norse progressed through the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. As Norrland gradually came to be more and more under Central Swedish influence in the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Era">Modern Era</a>, many of the older West Norse characteristics disappeared.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdlundFrängsmyr1995319–320-4">[4]</a> The strong West Norse influences can still be seen today in the <a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">toponymy</a> of Norrland in placenames ending in -ånger (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: vik, "harbour"). Parish names such <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sk%C3%B6n_parish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skön parish (page does not exist)">Skön</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indal_parish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indal parish (page does not exist)">Indal</a> (both in <a href="/wiki/Sundsvall_Municipality" title="Sundsvall Municipality">Sundsvall Municipality</a>) have West Nordic origins. The dialect of <a href="/wiki/Norrbotten" title="Norrbotten">Norrbotten</a> displays less West Nordic influence than other more westerly dialects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolm1987-5">[5]</a> The greatest West Nordic/Norwegian, or perhaps least East Nordic/Swedish, influence is found in Jämtland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdlundFrängsmyr1994274–276-6">[6]</a> As with other regiolects, it is difficult to clearly define a unique set of characteristics for the Norrland dialects. The distribution of different features of the dialect have differing boundaries (called <a href="/wiki/Isogloss" title="Isogloss">isoglosses</a>), which are described in the following summary of phenomena regarded as typical of Norrland dialects.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessén1967[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-3">[3]</a> In Norrland, traditional local dialects are on the decline as in many other parts of the world. Aside from characteristic peculiarities in intonation, there are certain grammatical traits that still survive: the infinitive måsta (Standard Swedish: måste), present tense forms such as han gå (Standard Swedish: han går, "he goes") and han ropa (Standard Swedish: han ropar, "he calls"), and the uninflected <a href="/wiki/Predicative_verb" title="Predicative verb">predicative</a> in a statement such as dom ä trött (Standard Swedish: de är trötta, "they are tired").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdlundFrängsmyr199578-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norrland_dialects&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Features">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowel_balance_and_apocope">Vowel balance and apocope</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norrland_dialects&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vowel balance and apocope">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apokope_i_Norrlands_bygdem%C3%A5l.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Apokope_i_Norrlands_bygdem%C3%A5l.png/220px-Apokope_i_Norrlands_bygdem%C3%A5l.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Apokope_i_Norrlands_bygdem%C3%A5l.png/330px-Apokope_i_Norrlands_bygdem%C3%A5l.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Apokope_i_Norrlands_bygdem%C3%A5l.png/440px-Apokope_i_Norrlands_bygdem%C3%A5l.png 2x" data-file-width="3210" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Apocope in the traditional dialects of Norrland, where a darker olive green indicates apocope in more phonological contexts.</figcaption></figure> Unlike present-day Standard Swedish, syllables in <a href="/wiki/Old_Swedish" title="Old Swedish">Old Swedish</a> could be both <a href="/wiki/Syllable_weight" title="Syllable weight">light and heavy</a>, and in the Norrland dialects the two syllable types developed in diverging ways, resulting in a number of phonological developments. In words with an original heavy syllable, the final vowel is often reduced or lost (<a href="/wiki/Apocope" title="Apocope">apocope</a>). The former is common in southern Norrland dialects, as in the infinitive ending of verbs (/a/ > /ə/ or /æ/<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlstedtÅgren1980240-8">[8]</a>), e.g. kaste ‘to throw’ (Standard Swedish kasta). The latter is common in northern Norrland dialects as well as in Jämtland, e.g. kast or more commonly kaast, with preserved double-peak <a href="/wiki/Pitch_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch accent">pitch accent</a> (so-called “circumflex” accent).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlstedtÅgren1980240-8">[8]</a> In words with an original light syllable, no such reduction is found, e.g. taḷa ‘to speak’ (< Old Swedish tăla; Modern Standard Swedish tala). This weight-conditioned ending system is known in Swedish dialectology as vowel balance (Swedish vokalbalans). Vowel balance is abundant throughout the grammatical system. Outside the infinitive of verbs, it is also found in the nominal system, where it affects for instance so-called weak masculines and weak feminines, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Lule%C3%A5_dialects" title="Luleå dialects">Luleå dialect</a> bääkk ‘hill’ (< <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>OSw. <a href="/wiki/Oblique_case" title="Oblique case">oblique</a> bakka; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">Mod.Sw. backe) vs. po:sa ‘bag’ (with lengthened root vowel, from OSw. pŭsa; Mod.Sw. påse); kḷookk ‘clock’ (< OSw. klokku; Mod.Sw. klocka) vs. lö:do ‘barn’ (< OSw. lăþu; Mod.Sw. lada).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlstedtÅgren1980242-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENyström199337,_90,_109,_131-10">[10]</a> Vowel balance is found in a large contiguous area in Northern Scandinavia. In Sweden it occurs in the entire Norrland dialect area with the exception of northern <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4lsingland" title="Hälsingland">Hälsingland</a>, in <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4rjedalen" title="Härjedalen">Härjedalen</a> and in upper <a href="/wiki/Dalarna" title="Dalarna">Dalarna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlstedtÅgren1980241-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBandle1973-12">[12]</a> Outside of Sweden, it occurs in northern <a href="/wiki/Ostrobothnia_(region)" title="Ostrobothnia (region)">Ostrobothnia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> and in <a href="/wiki/%C3%98stlandet" class="mw-redirect" title="Østlandet">Østlandet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndelag" title="Trøndelag">Trøndelag</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Nordland" title="Nordland">Nordland</a> in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBandle1973-12">[12]</a> It is also notably found in several East Swedish dialects in southern <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBandle1973-12">[12]</a> The dialects of northern Hälsingland, like most northern Svea dialects and Standard Swedish, generally preserve the -a of Old Swedish, i.e. kasta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlstedtÅgren1980241-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessén1969240f-13">[13]</a> There is evidence to support that vowel balance was once a more geographically widespread phenomenon than in the early 20th century (when traditional dialects were still widely spoken). For instance, there are traces of vowel balance in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Swedish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Swedish (page does not exist)">Upper Swedish</a> dialects, and in Old Swedish texts, vowel balance can be found as far south as eastern <a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%A5land" title="Småland">Småland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessén196952-14">[14]</a> The north Scandinavian apocope has a similar geographical distribution pattern, but is found further to the north, prototypically covering <a href="/wiki/Lapland_(Sweden)" title="Lapland (Sweden)">Lappland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norrbotten" title="Norrbotten">Norrbotten</a> and <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterbotten" title="Västerbotten">Västerbotten</a>, as well as most of <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland" title="Jämtland">Jämtland</a> and parts of northern <a href="/wiki/%C3%85ngermanland" title="Ångermanland">Ångermanland</a>. In Norway it covers Trøndelag and parts of Nordland and in Finland the northern part of Ostrobothnia. It is also found in other areas such as northern <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4rmland" title="Värmland">Värmland</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%96land" title="Öland">Öland</a> in Sweden, and <a href="/wiki/Jutlandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Jutlandic dialect">Jutland</a> in Denmark.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBandle1973-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlstedtÅgren1980244-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristoffersen199238-16">[16]</a> General reduction of unstressed ending vowels is, by contrast, a more widespread phenomenon, also found in e.g. <a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Östergötland">Östergötland</a> and Småland as well as in Standard <a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l_Norwegian" class="mw-redirect" title="Bokmål Norwegian">Bokmål Norwegian</a> and Standard <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlstedtÅgren1980241-11">[11]</a> It has been suggested by Russian linguist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurij_Kusmenko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jurij Kusmenko (page does not exist)">Jurij Kusmenko</a> that the Scandinavian vowel balance arose in contact with <a href="/wiki/Saami_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Saami languages">Saami languages</a> where a similar phenomenon was previously found.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKusmenko2007-17">[17]</a> This hypothesis has, however, been deemed unconvincing by several scholars of Scandinavian languages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelsingEdlundHallbergPlatzack2009242-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdlund2011182-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFridell2019121–122-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowel_harmony">Vowel harmony</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norrland_dialects&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vowel harmony">edit</a>]</div> In a subset of dialects with vowel balance, a process known as <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a> is found (also known as vowel levelling or vowel <a href="/wiki/Metaphony" title="Metaphony">metaphony</a>; Swedish tilljämning<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiad1998233-21">[21]</a>). Vowel harmony is restricted to words with an old light root syllable and is an <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assimilation (linguistics)">assimilation</a> of the root vowel and the ending vowel. The assimilation process is usually regressive, i.e. the root vowel adopts features from the ending vowel, although progressive assimilation is also found in dialects in Norway and <a href="/wiki/Dalarna" title="Dalarna">Dalarna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiad1998235f-22">[22]</a> Vowel harmony has its center of intensity in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Norway" title="Eastern Norway">Eastern Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndelag" title="Trøndelag">Trøndelag</a> and upper <a href="/wiki/Dalarna" title="Dalarna">Dalarna</a>, but is also found in Norrland dialects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlstedtÅgren1980234–236-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessén196941-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeijer192136f-25">[25]</a> For instance, the /a/ in <a href="/wiki/Old_Swedish" title="Old Swedish">Old Swedish</a> oblique lăþu ‘barn’ has in many dialects been raised and rounded, e.g. in the Luleå dialect to /ø/: lödo,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlstedtÅgren1980234–236-23">[23]</a> in <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland_dialects" title="Jämtland dialects">Jämtland dialects</a> with full assimilation to /ʉ/: ludu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessén196941-24">[24]</a> In southern <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterbotten" title="Västerbotten">Västerbotten</a> dialects, root vowel harmony with original /i/ is common, e.g. in <a href="/wiki/Past_participle" class="mw-redirect" title="Past participle">past participles</a> such as lissi ‘read’ (< OSw. læ̆sit) and skyri ‘cut’ (< OSw. skŭrit, skŏrit).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindgren194091,_123-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlstedtÅgren1980234–236-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessén196941-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retention_of_/a/_before_/rð/">Retention of /a/ before /rð/</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norrland_dialects&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Retention of /a/ before /rð/">edit</a>]</div> In most Norrland dialects, <a href="/wiki/Old_Swedish" title="Old Swedish">Old Swedish</a> /a/ has been preserved before the consonant cluster /rð/ (which, however, has changed into /ɽ/, a <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex flap">retroflex flap</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessén197041-27">[27]</a> This is unlike Standard Swedish, and the traditional dialects further to the south, where /a/ has shifted to /o/ in this context. Examples include Medelpad (Torp dialect) aḷ ‘ard’ (< <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">OSw. arþer; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">Mod.Sw. årder) and svaḷ ‘pork rind’ (< OSw. svarþ; Mod.Sw. svål).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBogren192133-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessén197041-27">[27]</a> Jämtland does not share this feature, having changed /a/ into /o/ (or /au̯ ~ ou̯/), as in Jämtland vååḷ ‘to become’ (< OSw. varþa).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlstedtÅgren1980256–257-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlstedtÅgren1980257-30">[30]</a> Lexical exceptions exist to this rule, notably the word ‘farm’, which is gåḷ in most of Norrland (< OSw. garþer; Mod.Sw. gård), likely due to influence from the standard language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansson199528-31">[31]</a> The retention of /a/ is also found in adjacent dialects in <a href="/wiki/Ostrobothnia_(region)" title="Ostrobothnia (region)">Ostrobothnia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> to the east, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalecarlian dialects">Dalecarlian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_dialects" title="Norwegian dialects">Norwegian dialects</a> to the (south)west.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessén197041-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medial_palatalization">Medial palatalization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norrland_dialects&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Medial palatalization">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Old_Swedish" title="Old Swedish">Old Swedish</a> initial <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar consonants</a> /ɡ/ and /k/, as well as the cluster /sk/ underwent <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(sound_change)" title="Palatalization (sound change)">palatalization</a> before front vowels in almost all dialects of Swedish. In Norrland dialects unlike Standard Swedish, this change also took place in medial position, resulting in /ɡ/ > /j ~ dʑ/; /k/ > /tɕ/; /sk/ > /ʂ ~ stɕ/, e.g. Arnäs dialect (Ångermanland) rôjjen ‘the rye’ (< <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">OSw. rŭgin; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">Mod.Sw. rågen); <a href="/wiki/%C3%84lvsbyn" title="Älvsbyn">Älvsbyn</a> dialect (Norrbotten) fåḷtje ‘the people’ (< OSw. folkit; Mod.Sw. folket); <a href="/wiki/Burtr%C3%A4sk" title="Burträsk">Burträsk</a> dialect (Västerbotten) fissjen ‘the fish’<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindgren194040-32">[32]</a> (< OSw. fiskin; Mod.Sw. fisken).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlstedtÅgren1980260f-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessén196941–43-34">[34]</a> Medial palatalization is especially common in the definite form of masculine and neutral nouns, as shown above. However, in many dialects the change unproductive and has been gradually reversed due to <a href="/wiki/Analogy_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Analogy (linguistics)">analogy</a> with other unpalatalised forms in the paradigm,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlstedtÅgren1980260f-33">[33]</a> hence the definite form of ‘the fish’ in the Burträsk dialect is either palatalized fissjin or unpalatalized fisken.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindgren194040-32">[32]</a> In words where there are no related unpalatalized forms, palatalization is more robust, e.g. myttje ‘much’ (< OSw. mykit, Mod.Sw. mycket.)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlstedtÅgren1980260f-33">[33]</a> The southern border for medial palatalization runs through <a href="/wiki/Uppland" title="Uppland">Uppland</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4stmanland" title="Västmanland">Västmanland</a> and <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4rmland" title="Värmland">Värmland</a> in <a href="/wiki/Svealand" title="Svealand">Svealand</a>. It is also found in <a href="/wiki/Ostrobothnia_(region)" title="Ostrobothnia (region)">Ostrobothnia</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Uusimaa" title="Uusimaa">Uusimaa</a> (Nyland) in Finland, as well as parts of <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>. There are also indications that medial palatalization formerly reached even further south, into the archipelago of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland" title="Södermanland">Södermanland</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Östergötland">Östergötland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessén196941–43-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stress_in_compound_words">Stress in compound words</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norrland_dialects&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Stress in compound words">edit</a>]</div> In many Norrland dialects, the primary <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress</a> in <a href="/wiki/Compound_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Compound words">compound words</a> is placed on the second element, e.g. Ångermanland neverˈtak ‘birch roof’ or veaˈkast ‘wood pile’.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessén196943-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPamp1978134-36">[36]</a> This type of stress is especially found in <a href="/wiki/%C3%85ngermanland" title="Ångermanland">Ångermanland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norrbotten" title="Norrbotten">Norrbotten</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvars2015286-37">[37]</a> but also further south in northern <a href="/wiki/Uppland" title="Uppland">Uppland</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dert%C3%B6rn" title="Södertörn">Södertörn</a>, as well as western <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessén196943-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvars2015180-38">[38]</a> Similar stress phenomena are found in western <a href="/wiki/Uusimaa" title="Uusimaa">Uusimaa</a> (Nyland) in Finland, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A5ne" class="mw-redirect" title="Skåne">Skåne</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Halland" title="Halland">Halland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessén196943-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPamp197847-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_of_the_definite_form">Use of the definite form</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norrland_dialects&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Use of the definite form">edit</a>]</div> Norrland dialects are known for using the definite form for more grammatical functions than does Standard Swedish, where the corresponding form is often a <a href="/wiki/Bare_noun" class="mw-redirect" title="Bare noun">bare noun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelsing200315-40">[40]</a> A primary use of the definite article is with <a href="/wiki/Non-count_noun" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-count noun">non-count nouns</a> and nouns denoting an unlimited quantity. For this reason, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lars-Olof_Delsing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lars-Olof Delsing (page does not exist)">Lars-Olof Delsing</a> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars-Olof_Delsing" class="extiw" title="sv:Lars-Olof Delsing">sv</a>] calls this use of the definite form “<a href="/wiki/Partitive" title="Partitive">partitive</a>”, since the partitive use is similar to e.g. the <a href="/wiki/French_articles_and_determiners#Partitive_article" title="French articles and determiners">French partitive</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelsing200315-40">[40]</a> while <a href="/wiki/%C3%96sten_Dahl" title="Östen Dahl">Östen Dahl</a> calls this non-delimited use.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahl201549-41">[41]</a> Examples of this usage include Arnäs dialect (Ångermanland) såddä svejjrôgen ‘sowed burn-beaten rye’ (Standard Swedish sådde svedjeråg); <a href="/wiki/Skellefte%C3%A5" title="Skellefteå">Skellefteå</a> (northern Västerbotten) väärm mjölka ‘heat milk’ (Standard Swedish värma mjölk).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlstedtÅgren1980281-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahl201549f-43">[43]</a> This use of the definite form is common in dialects in <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterbotten" title="Västerbotten">Västerbotten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norrbotten" title="Norrbotten">Norrbotten</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%85ngermanland" title="Ångermanland">Ångermanland</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland" title="Jämtland">Jämtland</a> as well as in the settler dialects of <a href="/wiki/Lapland_(Sweden)" title="Lapland (Sweden)">Lapland</a>. There are also attested examples from <a href="/wiki/Medelpad" title="Medelpad">Medelpad</a>. In addition, it is also common in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovansiljan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ovansiljan (page does not exist)">Ovansiljan</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/Dalarna" title="Dalarna">Dalarna</a>, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Ostrobothnia_(region)" title="Ostrobothnia (region)">Ostrobothnia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahl201555–61-44">[44]</a> Furthermore, the definite form is also used in generic statements, i.e. when a general statement is made about the entity the noun phrase refers to, e.g. beavers build dams or gold is expensive. This usage also includes “citation uses”, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Ersmark,_Skellefte%C3%A5" title="Ersmark, Skellefteå">Ersmark</a> dialect (northern Västerbotten) he kall ve fö sjanostn ‘this we call sand cheese’.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahl201549-41">[41]</a> This usage of the definite form is even more widespread and apart from the areas listed above, it is also found in <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4rmland" title="Värmland">Värmland</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahl201545–46-45">[45]</a> Dahl also lists a number of other contexts where the definite article is used, including after quantifiers, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Sorsele" title="Sorsele">Sorsele</a> dialect (southern Västerbotten) tre brödren ‘three brothers’ (Standard Swedish tre bröder); with so called “low referential” singular count nouns, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Burtr%C3%A4sk" title="Burträsk">Burträsk</a> dialect (northern Västerbotten) vi hadd hästn ‘we had a horse’ (Standard Swedish vi hade häst). In cases like these, the referent is not important but rather the property of owning a horse. In addition, the definite is also often used in instrumental phrases, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Bjurholm" title="Bjurholm">Bjurholm</a> dialect (Västerbotten–Ångermanland transitional) ät såppa ve skea ‘eats soup with a spoon’ (Standard Swedish äter soppa med sked),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahl201583–87-46">[46]</a> as well as a few other cases.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahl201549f-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Present_tense_of_verbs">Present tense of verbs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norrland_dialects&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Present tense of verbs">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:R-bortfall_i_Norrlands_bygdem%C3%A5l.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/R-bortfall_i_Norrlands_bygdem%C3%A5l.png/220px-R-bortfall_i_Norrlands_bygdem%C3%A5l.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/R-bortfall_i_Norrlands_bygdem%C3%A5l.png/330px-R-bortfall_i_Norrlands_bygdem%C3%A5l.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/R-bortfall_i_Norrlands_bygdem%C3%A5l.png/440px-R-bortfall_i_Norrlands_bygdem%C3%A5l.png 2x" data-file-width="3210" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Loss of /r/ in traditional dialects in Norrland, including loss of the present tense ending -er (isogloss line 1, yellow).</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present tense</a> of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_strong_verb" title="Germanic strong verb">strong verbs</a>, the ending -er is lost, e.g. han bit ‘he bites’ (Standard Swedish han biter); han spring ‘he runs’ (Standard Swedish han springer).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessén196943-35">[35]</a> This is characteristic for all traditional Norrland dialects, and the southern border for runs through <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4lsingland" title="Hälsingland">Hälsingland</a>, so that northern Hälsingland has han bit, but southern han bite.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPamp1978124-47">[47]</a> This feature is also found in northern <a href="/wiki/Dalarna" title="Dalarna">Dalarna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndelag" title="Trøndelag">Trøndelag</a> in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlstedtÅgren1980245-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adjective_incorporation">Adjective incorporation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norrland_dialects&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Adjective incorporation">edit</a>]</div> While adjective–noun compounds are possible in all Scandinavian varieties, Norrland dialects tend to form compounds with adjectives more frequently,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessén196943-35">[35]</a> and with a semantic difference. Contrasting den nya bilen ‘the new car’ with the compounded form nybilen in Standard Swedish, the compound may only have the reading “the recently fabricated car”, not “the car I just bought (in contrast to my old car)”. In Norrland dialect that employ adjective incorporation however, this is only true for the indefinite form, while the definite nybiln can also refer to a new car contrasted to the speaker's old car.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahl2015127–128-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandströmHolmberg2003-50">[50]</a> Adjective incorporation may also occur when the adjective represent a more occasional rather than inherent property of the noun, hence <a href="/wiki/Nederkalix_dialect" title="Nederkalix dialect">Nederkalix dialect</a> (Norrbotten) litn artibåt ‘nice little boat’, lilfåtiståkkar ‘poor little thing’; <a href="/wiki/Vilhelmina" title="Vilhelmina">Vilhelmina</a> dialect (southern Västerbotten) tôkken gammstygggûbb ‘such an ugly old man’.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahl2015130–131-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutberg1924141-52">[52]</a> Adjective incorporation is found in all Norrland dialects, as well as in northern <a href="/wiki/Dalarna" title="Dalarna">Dalarna</a>. It is also found to some extent in <a href="/wiki/Ostrobothnia_(region)" title="Ostrobothnia (region)">Ostrobothnia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndelag" title="Trøndelag">Trøndelag</a> in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelsing200349-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahl2015140–147-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preproprial_articles">Preproprial articles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norrland_dialects&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Preproprial articles">edit</a>]</div> A preproprial article is an article used before <a href="/wiki/Proper_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper name">proper names</a>, and works like a definite article for both first names, surnames, as well as <a href="/wiki/Kinship_term" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinship term">kinship terms</a> in Norrland dialects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelsing200320–22-55">[55]</a> In Norrland dialects, the form of the article is usually identical to the unstressed forms of the 3rd person <a href="/wiki/Personal_pronoun" title="Personal pronoun">personal pronouns</a>, from which they are also historically derived: (e)n in the <a href="/wiki/Masculine" class="mw-redirect" title="Masculine">masculine</a>, and a in the <a href="/wiki/Feminine" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminine">feminine</a>, e.g. n Erik or a Anna. In many dialects the article is indeclinable, but in many dialects with a <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative case</a>, it has a dative form as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelsing200320–22-55">[55]</a> The preproprial article is used when the proper name functions as an argument and in identifying <a href="/wiki/Predicate_(grammar)" title="Predicate (grammar)">predicatives</a>: de här ä n Erik ‘this is Erik’, but not when it functions as a predicate with the verbs heta ‘to be named’ and kallas ‘to be called’: han het (*en) Erik ‘his name is Erik’, nor in <a href="/wiki/Vocative" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocative">vocative</a> constructions: (*a) Anna, vars ä du ‘Anna, where are you?’.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelsing200320–22-55">[55]</a> The preproprial article is obligatory in all traditional dialects in Norrland except for the southernmost regions of <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4lsingland" title="Hälsingland">Hälsingland</a> and <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A4strikland" title="Gästrikland">Gästrikland</a>. It is also found in western <a href="/wiki/Dalarna" title="Dalarna">Dalarna</a> and in northern <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4rmland" title="Värmland">Värmland</a>. It is also common in most parts of <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, except the very south.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelsing200320–22-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subgrouping">Subgrouping</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norrland_dialects&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Subgrouping">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norrlandsmal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Norrlandsmal.png/220px-Norrlandsmal.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Norrlandsmal.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>Geography of Norrland dialects according to Karl-Hampus Dahlstedt and Per-Uno Ågren from 1954</figcaption></figure> Below is a list of common subdialectal divisions of Norrland dialects, beginning in the north and ending in the south.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlstedt1971[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdlundFrängsmyr1995319–320-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Settler_dialects">Settler dialects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norrland_dialects&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Settler dialects">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kiruna_dialect" title="Kiruna dialect">Kiruna dialect</a></div> The so-called "settler dialects" (Swedish: nybyggarmål) comprise all the Swedish dialects in <a href="/wiki/Lapland_(Sweden)" title="Lapland (Sweden)">Lappland</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl-Hampus_Dahlstedt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl-Hampus Dahlstedt (page does not exist)">Karl-Hampus Dahlstedt</a> geographically defines this dialect to those inland parts of <a href="/wiki/Norrbotten" title="Norrbotten">Norrbotten</a> where the Swedish dialects do not fit in with any of the relatively more clearly defined dialects of the coastal regions, due to the patchwork ancestry of the Swedish-speaking settlers that populated the area. One typical "settler dialect" is found in <a href="/wiki/Arjeplog" title="Arjeplog">Arjeplog</a>, which arose from a blending of Standard Swedish with the Piteå and Umeå dialects. There is also Sami influence on these dialects, such as the absence of the "thick L", which is generally typical of Norrland dialects.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlstedtÅgren1954[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-56">[56]</a> Another area in which a "settler dialect" is spoken is <a href="/wiki/Malmf%C3%A4lten" title="Malmfälten">Malmfälten</a>. Swedish came to the <a href="/wiki/Lappmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Lappmark">Lappmark</a> in the 18th and 19th centuries as ethnic <a href="/wiki/Swedes" title="Swedes">Swedes</a> began to settle the area. They came from many different regions, and some even spoke <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> or a Sami language natively. This resulted in a blending of both dialects and languages. Most of the Lappmark dialects thus lack such archaic features as the <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative case</a> and diphthongs that the dialects of the coastal parishes have retained. Nevertheless, the differences between the various Lappmark dialects can be considerable, depending on the heritage of those who settled in a given area. A notable number of Sami loanwords have found their way into the dialects of Lappmark and the areas just to the south. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Siberian_jay" title="Siberian jay">Siberian jay</a> is locally called koxik as opposed to the Standard Swedish lavskrika.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlstedtÅgren1954[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kalix">Kalix</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norrland_dialects&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Kalix">edit</a>]</div> The Kalix dialects (Swedish: kalixmål) are spoken in the medieval Kalix parishes (present-day <a href="/wiki/Kalix_Municipality" title="Kalix Municipality">Kalix</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%96verkalix_Municipality" title="Överkalix Municipality">Överkalix</a> municipalities).&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlstedtÅgren1954[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-56">[56]</a> Like other dialects in <a href="/wiki/Norrbotten" title="Norrbotten">Norrbotten</a>, the Kalix dialects retain numerous archaic features. Many <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> <a href="/wiki/Diphthongs" class="mw-redirect" title="Diphthongs">diphthongs</a> have been preserved, as well as archaic consonant clusters such as sj, stj and lj. The <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative case</a> is also retained, including following a <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">preposition</a>. Additionally, verbs at least partially retain their old plural forms. The Kalix dialects are divided into <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96verkalix_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Överkalix dialect (page does not exist)">Överkalix dialect</a> (överkalixmål)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalix_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalix dialect">Nederkalix dialect</a> (nederkalixmål)</li></ul> One difference between these two varieties is that the old consonant clusters mb, nd, and ng have been retained in Överkalix, but not in Nederkalix. For example, the Standard Swedish kam ("comb" or "crest") is kemb in Överkalix, but kap in Nederkalix. Furthermore, the Överkalix dialect has more influences from Sami languages and <a href="/wiki/Me%C3%A4nkieli" title="Meänkieli">Meänkieli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdlundFrängsmyr1995187–188-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdlundFrängsmyr1996409-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Luleå">Luleå</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norrland_dialects&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Luleå">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Lule%C3%A5_dialects" title="Luleå dialects">Luleå dialects</a> (Swedish: lulemål) are spoken in and around the mediaeval parish of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lule%C3%A5_parish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luleå parish (page does not exist)">Luleå</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Boden_Municipality" title="Boden Municipality">Boden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lule%C3%A5_Municipality" title="Luleå Municipality">Luleå</a> municipalities). They are also spoken in the easternmost parts of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lule_lappmark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lule lappmark (page does not exist)">Lule lappmark</a> up to near <a href="/wiki/Vuollerim" title="Vuollerim">Vuollerim</a>.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlstedtÅgren1954[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-56">[56]</a> These dialects may be further subdivided as follows <ul><li>Lower Luleå dialect (in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Lule%C3%A5_parish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lower Luleå parish (page does not exist)">Lower Luleå parish</a>)</li> <li>Upper Luleå dialect (in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Lule%C3%A5_parish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Luleå parish (page does not exist)">Upper Luleå parish</a>)</li> <li>Råneå dialect (in <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A5ne%C3%A5_parish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Råneå parish (page does not exist)">Råneå parish</a>)</li></ul> The Luleå dialects are known for, among other things, a rich inventory of diphthongs. The Old Norse ai, au, and öy are preserved, as well as ei (e.g., stein for Standard Swedish sten, meaning "stone"), eo (e.g., heok for Standard Swedish hök, meaning <a href="/wiki/Hawk" title="Hawk">hawk</a>), and oi (e.g., hoi for Standard Swedish hö, meaning "hay"). These dialects also have a number of vowels that differ from Standard Swedish. For example, Standard Swedish i becomes öi (röis instead of Standard ris, meaning "rice"), while Standard u becomes eo or eu (heos instead of Standard hus, meaning "house").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdlundFrängsmyr199578-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Piteå">Piteå</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norrland_dialects&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Piteå">edit</a>]</div> The Piteå dialects (Swedish: pitemål) are spoken in the area of the mediaeval Piteå parish (present-day <a href="/wiki/Pite%C3%A5_Municipality" title="Piteå Municipality">Piteå</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%84lvsbyn_Municipality" title="Älvsbyn Municipality">Älvsbyn</a> municipalities) as well as in the southernmost parts of <a href="/wiki/Jokkmokk_Municipality" title="Jokkmokk Municipality">Jokkmokk Municipality</a> and in northern <a href="/wiki/Arvidsjaur_Municipality" title="Arvidsjaur Municipality">Arvidsjaur Municipality</a> in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pite_lappmark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pite lappmark (page does not exist)">Pite lappmark</a>.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_56-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlstedtÅgren1954[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-56">[56]</a> These dialects also preserve a number of archaic features, such as conserved diphthongs in words like göuk (Standard Swedish: gök, "cuckoo bird") and stein (Standard Swedish: sten, "stone"). The consonant clusters mb, nd, and ng are often retained, for example in kamb (Standard Swedish: kam, "comb"). Unique to the Piteå dialects is that Old Swedish long "a" (modern "å") has become short "a" before "n", but nowhere else. Thus, lan (Standard Swedish: lån", "loan"), but båt (Standard Swedish: båt, "boat").&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdlundFrängsmyr1995[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_and_south_Västerbotten">North and south Västerbotten</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norrland_dialects&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: North and south Västerbotten">edit</a>]</div> Northern Västerbotten dialects (Swedish: nordvästerbottniska mål) are spoken in the northern parts of <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterbotten" title="Västerbotten">Västerbotten</a>, primarily the mediaeval <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skellefte%C3%A5_parish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skellefteå parish (page does not exist)">Skellefteå parish</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Norsj%C3%B6_Municipality" title="Norsjö Municipality">Norsjö</a>), together with a part of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pite_lappmark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pite lappmark (page does not exist)">Pite lappmark</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%A5_Municipality" title="Malå Municipality">Malå</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arvidsjaur_Municipality" title="Arvidsjaur Municipality">Arvidsjaur</a>).&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_56-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlstedtÅgren1954[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-56">[56]</a> Just like the coastal dialects of Norrbotten, the Northern Västerbotten dialects preserve numerous archaic features. The dative case is still used, not only after prepositions but also after certain adjectives and verbs. Old Norse diphthongs have been preserved in many local dialects, but have developed in different, unique ways. For instance, Standard Swedish öra ("ear") can be ööyr, ääyr, or aajr in various local dialects of Northern Västerbotten.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdlundFrängsmyr1996331–333-60">[60]</a> Southern Västerbotten dialects (Swedish: sydvästerbottniska mål) are spoken along the <a href="/wiki/Ume_River" title="Ume River">Ume River</a> from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ume%C3%A5_parish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umeå parish (page does not exist)">Umeå</a> to <a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A4rna_parish_(Lule%C3%A5)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tärna parish (Luleå) (page does not exist)">Tärna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sorsele_Municipality" title="Sorsele Municipality">Sorsele</a>, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bygde%C3%A5_parish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bygdeå parish (page does not exist)">Bygdeå</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holm%C3%B6n" class="mw-redirect" title="Holmön">Holmön</a>. A dialect is spoken in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lycksele_lappmark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lycksele lappmark (page does not exist)">Lycksele lappmark</a> which is highly reminiscent of dialects spoken in <a href="/wiki/Ume%C3%A5" title="Umeå">Umeå</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4nn%C3%A4s" title="Vännäs">Vännäs</a>, and Degerfors (<a href="/wiki/Vindeln" title="Vindeln">Vindeln</a>). These influences become less apparent approaching the Norwegian border, but are still strong as far as Tärna, where an old Umeå substratum is evident. The local dialect of Sorsele is influenced by the Northern Västerbotten dialects as well.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_56-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlstedtÅgren1954[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-56">[56]</a> The Southern Västerbotten dialects also preserve archaic diphthongs, for instance in bein (Standard Swedish: ben, "leg") and ööys (Standard Swedish: ösa, "to scoop"). This is a characteristic that distinguishes the Southern Västerbotten dialects from the dialects of Nordmaling and Bjurholm to the south as well as a shared feature with the Northern Västerbotten dialects. One difference between the Southern and Northern Västerbotten dialects is that in the Southern group, a "g" is often inserted between the old diphthong "au" and a following an "r" or "thick L". For example, Southern ôger is aur in the Northern dialects (Standard Swedish: <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96r" class="extiw" title="sv:Ör">ör</a>, "gravelly ground").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdlundFrängsmyr1996331–333-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transitional_dialects_between_Ångermanland_and_Västerbotten">Transitional dialects between Ångermanland and Västerbotten</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norrland_dialects&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Transitional dialects between Ångermanland and Västerbotten">edit</a>]</div> These dialects, intermediate between the Southern Västerbotten dialects and the Ångermanland dialect, are spoken in <a href="/wiki/Nordmaling_Municipality" title="Nordmaling Municipality">Nordmaling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bjurholm_Municipality" title="Bjurholm Municipality">Bjurholm</a> as well as <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96rtr%C3%A4sk_Municipality&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Örträsk Municipality (page does not exist)">Örträsk</a>.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_56-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlstedtÅgren1954[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-56">[56]</a> These dialects are similar to the dialect of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nolaskogs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nolaskogs (page does not exist)">nolaskogs</a>, such as in the change of Old Norse hv- to gv- (gvit as opposed to Standard Swedish vit, meaning "white").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdlundFrängsmyr1996370-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ångermanland">Ångermanland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norrland_dialects&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ångermanland">edit</a>]</div> The Ångermanland dialects (Swedish: ångermanländska mål) are spoken in <a href="/wiki/%C3%85ngermanland" title="Ångermanland">Ångermanland</a> (with the exception of <a href="#Transitional_dialects_between_Ångermanland_and_Västerbotten">Nordmaling and Bjurholm</a>) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%85sele_lappmark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Åsele lappmark (page does not exist)">Åsele lappmark</a>. The dialects of <a href="/wiki/%C3%85sele_Municipality" title="Åsele Municipality">Åsele</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vilhelmina_Municipality" title="Vilhelmina Municipality">Vilhelmina</a> have largely retained their Ångermanland character while still developing into their own. One exception is <a href="/wiki/Fredrika,_Sweden" title="Fredrika, Sweden">Fredrika</a> parish, which developed a speech closer to Standard Swedish as a result of lying near major immigration routes from Ångermanland. The dialect of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dikan%C3%A4s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dikanäs (page does not exist)">Dikanäs</a> in Vilhelmina municipality is a transitional dialect between Ångermanland and the dialects of Lycksele lappmark.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_56-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlstedtÅgren1954[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-56">[56]</a> The Ångermanland dialects may be further subdivided as follows: <ul><li>Dialects of <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%85sele_lappmark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Åsele lappmark (page does not exist)">Åsele lappmark</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vilhelmina_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vilhelmina dialect (page does not exist)">Vilhelmina dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nolaskogs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nolaskogs (page does not exist)">Nolaskogs</a> dialect</li> <li>Dialects of <a href="/wiki/%C3%85dalen" title="Ådalen">Ådalen</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jämtland">Jämtland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norrland_dialects&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Jämtland">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland_dialects" title="Jämtland dialects">Jämtland dialects</a></div> The Jämtland dialects (Swedish: jämtmål, jämtska) comprise the dialects of <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland" title="Jämtland">Jämtland</a>, with the exception of upper <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frostviken&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frostviken (page does not exist)">Frostviken</a>, where the so-called Lid dialect (Lidmålet) is spoken.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_56-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlstedtÅgren1954[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-56">[56]</a> These dialects are to a greater extent than other Norrland dialects caught between eastern (i.e., Swedish) and western (i.e., Norwegian) linguistic influences. For example, the vowel u in words such as bu (Standard Swedish: bod, "hut"; cf. Norwegian: bu) and ku (Standard Swedish: ko, "cow"; cf. Norwegian: ku).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdlundFrängsmyr1994274–276-6">[6]</a> The Jämtland dialects, like other Norrland dialects, also retain the archaic diphthongs of Old Norse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdlundFrängsmyr1994274–276-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medelpad">Medelpad</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norrland_dialects&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Medelpad">edit</a>]</div> The Medelpad dialects (Swedish: medelpadsmål) are spoken in <a href="/wiki/Medelpad" title="Medelpad">Medelpad</a>, with the exception of the westernmost parish of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haver%C3%B6_parish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haverö parish (page does not exist)">Haverö</a>, where the Hogdal dialects are spoken.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_56-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlstedtÅgren1954[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-56">[56]</a> In comparison to other Norrland dialects, the Medelpad dialects are relatively uniform. The most important outer isogloss is the one with the Hälsing dialects to the south, which defines the limits of the "vowel balance" characteristic of Norrland dialects. One characteristic that distinguishes the Medelpad dialects (for example, <a href="/wiki/Indal" title="Indal">Indal</a>–<a href="/wiki/Liden" title="Liden">Liden</a>) from other nearby dialects is the pronunciation of both short and long i and y as the same, the so-called "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viby_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viby I (page does not exist)">Viby I</a>". In <a href="/w/index.php?title=Borgsj%C3%B6_parish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Borgsjö parish (page does not exist)">Borgsjö</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Torp_parish_(H%C3%A4rn%C3%B6sand)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Torp parish (Härnösand) (page does not exist)">Torp</a>, y is pronounced as i, while ö is pronounced closer to e. This trait is also found in the Hälsing dialects and in parts of <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4rjedalen" title="Härjedalen">Härjedalen</a>. Other traits are shared with the Ångermanländ dialects, like the <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex nasal">"thick n"</a> sound after long vowels in words such as van ("experienced", "habituated to") and måne ("moon"). In the northernmost pars of Medelpad, the dialects show notable influence from <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland_dialects" title="Jämtland dialects">Jämtland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdlundFrängsmyr1995138–139-62">[62]</a> A characteristic typical for dialects of coastal Medelpad is short u in place of standard ö. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hogdal">Hogdal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norrland_dialects&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Hogdal">edit</a>]</div> These dialects are spoken in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haver%C3%B6_parish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haverö parish (page does not exist)">Haverö</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ytterhogdal" title="Ytterhogdal">Ytterhogdal</a>.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_56-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlstedtÅgren1954[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Hälsingland">Northern Hälsingland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norrland_dialects&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Northern Hälsingland">edit</a>]</div> The commonly accepted isogloss between Norrland dialects and Svealand Swedish runs through <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4lsingland" title="Hälsingland">Hälsingland</a>. This area, however, is a typical transition region. From A Svealand standpoint, there are reasons to define the isogloss as coinciding with the southern border of Hälsingland (through <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96dm%C3%A5rden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ödmården (page does not exist)">Ödmården</a>). From a Norrland standpoint, there are alternative reasons to define it as coinciding with the southern border of <a href="/wiki/Medelpad" title="Medelpad">Medelpad</a>, which would fit with the southern limit of vowel balance.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_56-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlstedtÅgren1954[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-56">[56]</a> Included in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A4lsingland_dialects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hälsingland dialects (page does not exist)">Hälsingland dialects</a> are the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassela_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hassela dialect (page does not exist)">Hassela dialect</a> (Swedish: hasselamål) and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Forsa_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forsa dialect (page does not exist)">Forsa dialect</a> (Swedish: forsamål). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norrland_dialects&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norrland_dialects&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ne.se/lang/norrl%C3%A4ndska-m%C3%A5l">"Norrländska mål"</a>. Nationalencyklopedin (in Swedish). Retrieved 2023-08-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nationalencyklopedin&rft.atitle=Norrl%C3%A4ndska+m%C3%A5l&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ne.se%2Flang%2Fnorrl%25C3%25A4ndska-m%25C3%25A5l&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorrland+dialects" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlstedt1971[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlstedt1971[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlstedt1971[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlstedt1971[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_2-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDahlstedt1971">Dahlstedt 1971</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessén1967[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-3">^ <a 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1969</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPamp1978134-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPamp1978134_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPamp1978">Pamp 1978</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvars2015286-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvars2015286_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIvars2015">Ivars 2015</a>, p. 286. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvars2015180-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvars2015180_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIvars2015">Ivars 2015</a>, p. 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPamp197847-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPamp197847_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPamp1978">Pamp 1978</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelsing200315-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelsing200315_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelsing200315_40-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDelsing2003">Delsing 2003</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahl201549-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahl201549_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahl201549_41-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDahl2015">Dahl 2015</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlstedtÅgren1980281-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlstedtÅgren1980281_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDahlstedtÅgren1980">Dahlstedt & Ågren 1980</a>, p. 281. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahl201549f-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahl201549f_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahl201549f_43-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDahl2015">Dahl 2015</a>, p. 49f. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahl201555–61-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahl201555–61_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDahl2015">Dahl 2015</a>, pp. 55–61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahl201545–46-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahl201545–46_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDahl2015">Dahl 2015</a>, pp. 45–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahl201583–87-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahl201583–87_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDahl2015">Dahl 2015</a>, pp. 83–87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPamp1978124-47"><a 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlstedtÅgren1954[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlstedtÅgren1954[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_56-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlstedtÅgren1954[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_56-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlstedtÅgren1954[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_56-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlstedtÅgren1954[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_56-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlstedtÅgren1954[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_56-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlstedtÅgren1954[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_56-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlstedtÅgren1954[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_56-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlstedtÅgren1954[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_56-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlstedtÅgren1954[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_56-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlstedtÅgren1954[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_56-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlstedtÅgren1954[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_56-12">m</a> <a href="#CITEREFDahlstedtÅgren1954">Dahlstedt & Ågren 1954</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdlundFrängsmyr1995187–188-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdlundFrängsmyr1995187–188_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdlundFrängsmyr1995">Edlund & Frängsmyr 1995</a>, pp. 187–188. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdlundFrängsmyr1996409-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdlundFrängsmyr1996409_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdlundFrängsmyr1996">Edlund & Frängsmyr 1996</a>, p. 409. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdlundFrängsmyr1995[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdlundFrängsmyr1995[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdlundFrängsmyr1995">Edlund & Frängsmyr 1995</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdlundFrängsmyr1996331–333-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdlundFrängsmyr1996331–333_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdlundFrängsmyr1996331–333_60-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdlundFrängsmyr1996">Edlund & Frängsmyr 1996</a>, pp. 331–333. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdlundFrängsmyr1996370-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdlundFrängsmyr1996370_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdlundFrängsmyr1996">Edlund & Frängsmyr 1996</a>, p. 370. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdlundFrängsmyr1995138–139-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdlundFrängsmyr1995138–139_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdlundFrängsmyr1995">Edlund & Frängsmyr 1995</a>, pp. 138–139. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norrland_dialects&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBandle1973" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bandle, Oskar (1973). Die Gliederung des Nordgermanischen. Beiträge zur nordischen Philologie, 99-0102922-8 ; 1 (in German). Basel: Helbing & Lichtenhahn.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Gliederung+des+Nordgermanischen&rft.place=Basel&rft.series=Beitr%C3%A4ge+zur+nordischen+Philologie%2C+99-0102922-8+%3B+1&rft.pub=Helbing+%26+Lichtenhahn&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Bandle&rft.aufirst=Oskar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorrland+dialects" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogren1921" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bogren, Petrus (1921). Torpmålets ljud- och formlära. Skrifter utgivna genom Dialekt- och folkminnesarkivet i Uppsala, A:23 (in Swedish). Stockholm: Norstedt.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Torpm%C3%A5lets+ljud-+och+forml%C3%A4ra&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.series=Skrifter+utgivna+genom+Dialekt-+och+folkminnesarkivet+i+Uppsala%2C+A%3A23&rft.pub=Norstedt&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Bogren&rft.aufirst=Petrus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorrland+dialects" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahl2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96sten_Dahl" title="Östen Dahl">Dahl, Östen</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3AXWCQAAQBAJ">Grammaticalization in the North: Noun phrase morphosyntax in Scandinavian vernaculars</a>. Studies in Diversity Linguistics. Vol. 6. Berlin: Language Science Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-944675-57-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-944675-57-2"><bdi>978-3-944675-57-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grammaticalization+in+the+North%3A+Noun+phrase+morphosyntax+in+Scandinavian+vernaculars&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Studies+in+Diversity+Linguistics&rft.pub=Language+Science+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-944675-57-2&rft.aulast=Dahl&rft.aufirst=%C3%96sten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3AXWCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorrland+dialects" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahlstedt1971" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dahlstedt, Karl-Hampus (1971). Norrländska och nusvenska: tre studier i nutida svenska (in Swedish). Lund: Studentlitt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-44-07961-3" title="Special:BookSources/91-44-07961-3"><bdi>91-44-07961-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LIBRIS" title="LIBRIS">LIBRIS</a> 7276064.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norrl%C3%A4ndska+och+nusvenska%3A+tre+studier+i+nutida+svenska&rft.place=Lund&rft.pub=Studentlitt&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=91-44-07961-3&rft.aulast=Dahlstedt&rft.aufirst=Karl-Hampus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorrland+dialects" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahlstedtÅgren1954" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dahlstedt, Karl-Hampus; Ågren, Per-Uno (1954). Övre Norrlands bygdemål: berättelser på bygdemål med förklaringar och en dialektöversikt (in Swedish) (1st ed.). Umeå: Vetenskapliga Biblioteket.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%96vre+Norrlands+bygdem%C3%A5l%3A+ber%C3%A4ttelser+p%C3%A5+bygdem%C3%A5l+med+f%C3%B6rklaringar+och+en+dialekt%C3%B6versikt&rft.place=Ume%C3%A5&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Vetenskapliga+Biblioteket&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Dahlstedt&rft.aufirst=Karl-Hampus&rft.au=%C3%85gren%2C+Per-Uno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorrland+dialects" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahlstedtÅgren1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dahlstedt, Karl-Hampus; Ågren, Per-Uno (1980). Övre Norrlands bygdemål: berättelser på bygdemål med förklaringar och en dialektöversikt (in Swedish) (2nd ed.). Umeå: Johan Nordlander-sällsk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%96vre+Norrlands+bygdem%C3%A5l%3A+ber%C3%A4ttelser+p%C3%A5+bygdem%C3%A5l+med+f%C3%B6rklaringar+och+en+dialekt%C3%B6versikt&rft.place=Ume%C3%A5&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Johan+Nordlander-s%C3%A4llsk.&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Dahlstedt&rft.aufirst=Karl-Hampus&rft.au=%C3%85gren%2C+Per-Uno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorrland+dialects" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelsing2003" class="citation book cs1">Delsing, Lars-Olof (2003). "Syntaktisk variation i nordiska nominalfraser". In Vangsnes, Øystein Alexander; Holmberg, Anders; Delsing, Lars-Olof (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070610074313/http://www.hum.uit.no/a/vangsnes/Dialektboka.pdf">Dialektsyntaktiska studier av den nordiska nominalfrasen</a> (PDF). Oslo: Novus. pp. 11–64. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hum.uit.no/a/vangsnes/Dialektboka.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2007-06-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Syntaktisk+variation+i+nordiska+nominalfraser&rft.btitle=Dialektsyntaktiska+studier+av+den+nordiska+nominalfrasen&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pages=11-64&rft.pub=Novus&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Delsing&rft.aufirst=Lars-Olof&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hum.uit.no%2Fa%2Fvangsnes%2FDialektboka.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorrland+dialects" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelsingEdlundHallbergPlatzack2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Delsing, Lars-Olof; Edlund, Lars-Erik; Hallberg, Göran; Platzack, Christer (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.lub.lu.se/anf/issue/view/1799/117">"Litteraturkrönika 2008"</a>. Arkiv för nordisk filologi (in Swedish). Eslöv.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arkiv+f%C3%B6r+nordisk+filologi&rft.atitle=Litteraturkr%C3%B6nika+2008&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Delsing&rft.aufirst=Lars-Olof&rft.au=Edlund%2C+Lars-Erik&rft.au=Hallberg%2C+G%C3%B6ran&rft.au=Platzack%2C+Christer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.lub.lu.se%2Fanf%2Fissue%2Fview%2F1799%2F117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorrland+dialects" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdlundFrängsmyr1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Edlund, Lars-Erik; Frängsmyr, Tore, eds. (1994). Norrländsk uppslagsbok: ett uppslagsverk på vetenskaplig grund om den norrländska regionen. Bd 2, [Gästr-Lantz] (in Swedish). Umeå: Norrlands univ.-förl. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-972484-0-1" title="Special:BookSources/91-972484-0-1"><bdi>91-972484-0-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LIBRIS" title="LIBRIS">LIBRIS</a> 1610872.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norrl%C3%A4ndsk+uppslagsbok%3A+ett+uppslagsverk+p%C3%A5+vetenskaplig+grund+om+den+norrl%C3%A4ndska+regionen.+Bd+2%2C+%5BG%C3%A4str-Lantz%5D&rft.place=Ume%C3%A5&rft.pub=Norrlands+univ.-f%C3%B6rl.&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=91-972484-0-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorrland+dialects" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdlundFrängsmyr1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Edlund, Lars-Erik; Frängsmyr, Tore, eds. (1995). Norrländsk uppslagsbok: ett uppslagsverk på vetenskaplig grund om den norrländska regionen. Bd 3, [Lapp-Reens] (in Swedish). Umeå: Norrlands univ.-förl. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-972484-1-X" title="Special:BookSources/91-972484-1-X"><bdi>91-972484-1-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LIBRIS" title="LIBRIS">LIBRIS</a> 1610873.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norrl%C3%A4ndsk+uppslagsbok%3A+ett+uppslagsverk+p%C3%A5+vetenskaplig+grund+om+den+norrl%C3%A4ndska+regionen.+Bd+3%2C+%5BLapp-Reens%5D&rft.place=Ume%C3%A5&rft.pub=Norrlands+univ.-f%C3%B6rl.&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=91-972484-1-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorrland+dialects" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdlundFrängsmyr1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Edlund, Lars-Erik; Frängsmyr, Tore, eds. (1996). Norrländsk uppslagsbok: ett uppslagsverk på vetenskaplig grund om den norrländska regionen. Bd 4, [Regio-Övre] (in Swedish). Umeå: Norrlands univ.-förl. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-972484-2-8" title="Special:BookSources/91-972484-2-8"><bdi>91-972484-2-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LIBRIS" title="LIBRIS">LIBRIS</a> 1610874.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norrl%C3%A4ndsk+uppslagsbok%3A+ett+uppslagsverk+p%C3%A5+vetenskaplig+grund+om+den+norrl%C3%A4ndska+regionen.+Bd+4%2C+%5BRegio-%C3%96vre%5D&rft.place=Ume%C3%A5&rft.pub=Norrlands+univ.-f%C3%B6rl.&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=91-972484-2-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorrland+dialects" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdlund2011" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Edlund, Lars-Erik (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gustavadolfsakademien.se/files/download/documents/SvLm_2011.pdf">"Aktuell litteratur om svenska dialekter: En krönika sammanställd av Lars-Erik Edlund i samverkan med medarbetare vid Dialekt- och folkminnesarkivet i Uppsala, Institutet för språk och folkminnen"</a> (PDF). Svenska landsmål och svenskt folkliv (in Swedish). Uppsala: Kungl. 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Praksis"</a>. Maal og Minne (in Swedish). Oslo: Bymålslaget.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maal+og+Minne&rft.atitle=%5BReview+of%5D+Norsk+spr%C3%A5khistorie+2.+Praksis.&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Fridell&rft.aufirst=Staffan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fojs.novus.no%2Findex.php%2FMOM%2Fissue%2Fview%2F207%2F25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorrland+dialects" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeijer1921" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Geijer, Herman (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isof.se/download/18.317326fe1795688972720bfb/1622029229728/Svenska%20landsm%C3%A5l%20och%20Svenskt%20folkliv_1922_1_h153.pdf">"Några bidrag till frågan om tilljämningens ock apokopens utbredningsvägar"</a> (PDF). Svenska landsmål och svenskt folkliv (in Swedish). 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Uppsala : Swedish Science Press, 1981-: 57–60. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0349-2834">0349-2834</a>. <a href="/wiki/LIBRIS" title="LIBRIS">LIBRIS</a> 3251578.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bebyggelsehistorisk+Tidskrift&rft.atitle=Spr%C3%A5kgrupper+i+forntidens+Norrland.&rft.volume=1987&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=57-60&rft.date=1987&rft.issn=0349-2834&rft.aulast=Holm&rft.aufirst=G%C3%B6sta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorrland+dialects" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmbergSandström2003" class="citation book cs1">Holmberg, Anders; Sandström, Görel (2003). "Vad är det för särskilt med nordsvenska nominalfraser". 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På grundval av Ella Odstedts samlingar</a> (PDF) (in Swedish). Uppsala: Dialekt- och folkminnesarkivet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arn%C3%A4sm%C3%A5let%3A+Ordbok+%C3%B6ver+en+%C3%A5ngermanl%C3%A4ndsk+dialekt.+P%C3%A5+grundval+av+Ella+Odstedts+samlingar.&rft.place=Uppsala&rft.pub=Dialekt-+och+folkminnesarkivet&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=S%C3%B6derstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Sven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisof.diva-portal.org%2Fsmash%2Fget%2Fdiva2%3A1093648%2FFULLTEXT01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorrland+dialects" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWessén1967" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wessén, Elias (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aKsPAQAAIAAJ&q=Wess%C3%A9n,+Elias:+%22V%C3%A5ra+folkm%C3%A5l%22">Våra folkmål</a> (in Swedish) (8th ed.). Stockholm: Fritze. <a href="/wiki/LIBRIS" title="LIBRIS">LIBRIS</a> 459860.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=V%C3%A5ra+folkm%C3%A5l&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Fritze&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Wess%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Elias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaKsPAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DWess%25C3%25A9n%2C%2BElias%3A%2B%2522V%25C3%25A5ra%2Bfolkm%25C3%25A5l%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorrland+dialects" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWessén1969" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Elias_Wess%C3%A9n" title="Elias Wessén">Wessén, Elias</a> (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL20307246M/Svensk_spraakhistoria">Svensk spraakhistoria</a> [History of the Swedish language]. Nordisk kursbibliotek (in Swedish) (8th ed.). Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL20307246M">20307246M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Svensk+spraakhistoria&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.series=Nordisk+kursbibliotek&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Almqvist+%26+Wiksell&rft.date=1969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL20307246M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Wess%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Elias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL20307246M%2FSvensk_spraakhistoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorrland+dialects" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWessén1970" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Elias_Wess%C3%A9n" title="Elias Wessén">Wessén, Elias</a> (1970). Våra folkmål (in Swedish) (9th ed.). Stockholm: Fritze.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=V%C3%A5ra+folkm%C3%A5l&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Fritze&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Wess%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Elias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorrland+dialects" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norrland_dialects&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://swedia.ling.gu.se/Norrland/index.html">Listen to some Norrland dialects</a> (in Swedish)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120828034359/http://www2.sofi.se/daum/dialekter/index.htm">Text samples of traditional dialects from northern Norrland</a> (in Swedish)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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style="width:1%">National variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Swedish" title="Standard Swedish">Standard Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_Swedish" title="Finland Swedish">Finland Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Swedish" title="Estonian Swedish">Estonian Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gammalsvenska" title="Gammalsvenska">Ukrainian Swedish (Gammalsvenska)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_dialects" title="Swedish dialects">Dialects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gotlandic" title="Gotlandic">Gotländska mål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tam%C3%A5l_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Götamål dialect">Götamål</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Norrländska mål</a>:</li> <li>Östsvenska mål: <a href="/wiki/Swedish_dialects_in_Ostrobothnia" title="Swedish dialects in Ostrobothnia">Ostrobothnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svealand_Swedish" class="mw-redirect" title="Svealand Swedish">Sveamål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Swedish_dialects" title="South Swedish dialects">Sydsvenska mål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_dialects" title="Åland dialects">Åländska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm_dialects" title="Stockholm dialects">Stockholmska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinkeby_Swedish" title="Rinkeby Swedish">Rinkebysvenska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_alphabet" title="Swedish alphabet">Alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85" title="Å">Å</a></li> <li><a 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literature">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Reformation_and_Renaissance_literature" title="Swedish Reformation and Renaissance literature">Reformation and Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_enlightenment_literature" title="Swedish enlightenment literature">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Romantic_literature" title="Swedish Romantic literature">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_realism" title="Swedish realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_Swedish_literature" title="Modernist Swedish literature">Modernist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Modernist_poetry" title="Swedish Modernist poetry">poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_children%27s_literature" title="Swedish children's literature">Children's</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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