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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Positive_vs._negative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positive_vs._negative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Positive vs. negative </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Positive_vs._negative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arguments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arguments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Arguments </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Arguments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Arguments subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Arguments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Epistemological_arguments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epistemological_arguments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Epistemological arguments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epistemological_arguments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ontological_arguments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ontological_arguments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Ontological arguments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ontological_arguments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Logical_arguments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logical_arguments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Logical arguments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logical_arguments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reductionary_accounts_of_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reductionary_accounts_of_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Reductionary accounts of religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reductionary_accounts_of_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atheism_and_ethics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atheism_and_ethics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Atheism and ethics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Atheism_and_ethics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Atheism and ethics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Atheism_and_ethics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Secular_ethics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secular_ethics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Secular ethics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secular_ethics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Criticism of religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atheism,_religions,_and_spirituality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atheism,_religions,_and_spirituality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Atheism, religions, and spirituality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atheism,_religions,_and_spirituality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Indian_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Indian_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Early Indian religions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Indian_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Classical antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Middle_Ages_to_the_Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Middle_Ages_to_the_Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Early Middle Ages to the Renaissance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Middle_Ages_to_the_Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Early modern period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australasia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australasia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Australasia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australasia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arab_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Arab world </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attitudes_toward_atheism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attitudes_toward_atheism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Attitudes toward atheism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attitudes_toward_atheism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wealth,_education,_and_reasoning_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wealth,_education,_and_reasoning_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Wealth, education, and reasoning style </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wealth,_education,_and_reasoning_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Atheism</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 171 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-171" aria-hidden="true" > 171 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ate%C3%AFsme" title="Ateïsme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ateïsme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheismus" title="Atheismus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Atheismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="नास्तिकता – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="नास्तिकता" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel%C4%93afl%C4%93asnes" title="Gelēaflēasnes – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Gelēaflēasnes" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="إلحاد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إلحاد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ate%C3%ADsmo" title="Ateísmo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ateísmo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="নাস্তিকতা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="নাস্তিকতা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ate%C3%ADsmu" title="Ateísmu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ateísmu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tup%C3%A3re_jerovia%27%E1%BB%B9" title="Tupãre jerovia'ỹ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tupãre jerovia'ỹ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateizm" title="Ateizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ateizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="آتئیزم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آتئیزم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="নাস্তিক্যবাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নাস্তিক্যবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateisma" title="Ateisma – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Ateisma" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BB-s%C3%AEn-l%C5%ABn" title="Bû-sîn-lūn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bû-sîn-lūn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Атеизм – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Атеизм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Атэізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Атэізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Атэізм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Атэізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateismo" title="Ateismo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ateismo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Атеизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Атеизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheismus" title="Atheismus – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Atheismus" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BE%B7%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A8%E0%BE%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="ལྷ་མེད་སྨྲ་བ་པོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ལྷ་མེད་སྨྲ་བ་པོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateizam" title="Ateizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ateizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizoueegezh" title="Dizoueegezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dizoueegezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Атеизм – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Атеизм" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateisme" title="Ateisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ateisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Атеизм – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Атеизм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateyismo" title="Ateyismo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ateyismo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateismus" title="Ateismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ateismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateisimu" title="Ateisimu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Ateisimu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anffyddiaeth" title="Anffyddiaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Anffyddiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateisme" title="Ateisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ateisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="إلحاد – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="إلحاد" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheismus" title="Atheismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Atheismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateism" title="Ateism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ateism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%8A%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Αθεϊσμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αθεϊσμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ate%C3%ADsmo" title="Ateísmo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ateísmo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateismo" title="Ateismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ateismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateismo" title="Ateismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ateismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="خداناباوری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خداناباوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naastiktaa_(Atheism)" title="Naastiktaa (Atheism) – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Naastiktaa (Atheism)" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudloysi" title="Gudloysi – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Gudloysi" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ath%C3%A9isme" title="Athéisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Athéisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ate%C3%AFsme" title="Ateïsme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ateïsme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateisim" title="Ateisim – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Ateisim" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aindiachas" title="Aindiachas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aindiachas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjeeys" title="Anjeeys – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Anjeeys" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-dhiadhaireachd" title="Neo-dhiadhaireachd – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Neo-dhiadhaireachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ate%C3%ADsmo" title="Ateísmo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ateísmo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A6" title="નાસ્તિકવાદ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="નાસ્તિકવાદ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BB-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%80n-lun" title="Vû-sṳ̀n-lun – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Vû-sṳ̀n-lun" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EC%8B%A0%EB%A1%A0" title="무신론 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무신론" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulhidanci" title="Mulhidanci – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Mulhidanci" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8D%CA%BBole_Akua" title="Hōʻole Akua – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Hōʻole Akua" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Աթեիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աթեիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="नास्तिकता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नास्तिकता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateizam" title="Ateizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ateizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateismo" title="Ateismo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ateismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateismo" title="Ateismo – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Ateismo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateisme" title="Ateisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ateisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheismo" title="Atheismo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Atheismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateisme" title="Ateisme – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Ateisme" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%BAleysi" title="Trúleysi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Trúleysi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateismo" title="Ateismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ateismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="אתאיזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אתאיזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C3%A9isme" title="Atéisme – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Atéisme" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateyiizim" title="Ateyiizim – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ateyiizim" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ათეიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ათეიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Атеизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Атеизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukanamungu" title="Ukanamungu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ukanamungu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkiskeva" title="Alkiskeva – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Alkiskeva" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateyis" title="Ateyis – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ateyis" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C3%A9yism" title="Atéyism – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Atéyism" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ate%C3%AEzm" title="Ateîzm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ateîzm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Атеизм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Атеизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A1" title="ອະເທວະນິຍົມ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອະເທວະນິຍົມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheismus" title="Atheismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Atheismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateisms" title="Ateisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ateisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheismus" title="Atheismus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Atheismus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Атеизм – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Атеизм" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateizmas" title="Ateizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ateizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athe%C3%AFsme" title="Atheïsme – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Atheïsme" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateisme" title="Ateisme – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Ateisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/caurceisi%27o" title="caurceisi'o – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="caurceisi'o" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateismu" title="Ateismu – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ateismu" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateizmus" title="Ateizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ateizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Атеизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Атеизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateisma" title="Ateisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ateisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%82" title="നിരീശ്വരവാദം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നിരീശ്വരവാദം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atei%C5%BCmu" title="Ateiżmu – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ateiżmu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="नास्तिकता – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नास्तिकता" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ათეიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ათეიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="الحاد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الحاد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%92%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9D%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB%E1%80%92" title="အဒေဝဝါဒ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="အဒေဝဝါဒ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="آتئیسم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آتئیسم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateisme" title="Ateisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ateisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateisme" title="Ateisme – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Ateisme" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ate%C3%ADsmo" title="Ateísmo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ateísmo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Атеизмась – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Атеизмась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Атеизм – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Атеизм" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%92%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9D%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB%E1%80%92" title="အဒေဝဝါဒ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အဒေဝဝါဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahte%C5%8Dmatiliztli" title="Ahteōmatiliztli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Ahteōmatiliztli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athe%C3%AFsme" title="Atheïsme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Atheïsme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateisme" title="Ateisme – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Ateisme" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="नास्तिकता – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नास्तिकता" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%83" title="द्यःख्यालः – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="द्यःख्यालः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" title="無神論 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="無神論" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Атеизм – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Атеизм" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheismus" title="Atheismus – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Atheismus" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateisme" title="Ateisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ateisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateisme" title="Ateisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ateisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ate%C3%AFsme" title="Ateïsme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ateïsme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BE" title="ନାସ୍ତିକତା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ନାସ୍ତିକତା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateizm" title="Ateizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ateizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE" title="ਨਾਸਤਿਕਤਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਾਸਤਿਕਤਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85" title="ایتھیازم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایتھیازم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ate%C3%ADsmo" title="Ateísmo – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Ateísmo" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85" title="اتيزم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اتيزم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ietiyizim" title="Ietiyizim – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ietiyizim" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C3%A9ime" title="Atéime – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Atéime" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateism" title="Ateism – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ateism" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheismus" title="Atheismus – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Atheismus" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateizm" title="Ateizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ateizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ate%C3%ADsmo" title="Ateísmo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ateísmo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateizm" title="Ateizm – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Ateizm" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateism" title="Ateism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ateism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athismu" title="Athismu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Athismu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Атеізм – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Атеізм" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Атеизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Атеизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Атеизм – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Атеизм" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateismu" title="Ateismu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ateismu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Atheism" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateizmi" title="Ateizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ateizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atiismu" title="Atiismu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Atiismu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="අදේවවාදය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අදේවවාදය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Atheism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="لامذهبيت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="لامذهبيت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateizmus" title="Ateizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ateizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateizem" title="Ateizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ateizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atejizm" title="Atejizm – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Atejizm" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8E%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="بێخوایی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بێخوایی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Атеизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Атеизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateizam" title="Ateizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ateizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateismi" title="Ateismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ateismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateism" title="Ateism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ateism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateismo" title="Ateismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ateismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="இறைமறுப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இறைமறுப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticcufert" title="Ticcufert – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ticcufert" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Атеизм – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Атеизм" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82" title="నాస్తికత్వం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నాస్తికత్వం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="อเทวนิยม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อเทวนิยม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Атеизм – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Атеизм" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateizm" title="Ateizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ateizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci_A%CC%B1gwaza" title="Ci A̱gwaza – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Ci A̱gwaza" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%97%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Атеїзм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Атеїзм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="دہریت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دہریت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%89%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%89%D9%82" title="دىنسىزلىق – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="دىنسىزلىق" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateizm" title="Ateizm – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Ateizm" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a_v%C3%B4_th%E1%BA%A7n" title="Chủ nghĩa vô thần – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chủ nghĩa vô thần" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateism" title="Ateism – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Ateism" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateyisse" title="Ateyisse – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Ateyisse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateismo" title="Ateismo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ateismo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="无神论 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="无神论" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="אטעיזם – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אטעיזם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" title="無神論 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="無神論" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateizm" title="Ateizm – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Ateizm" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ate%C4%97zmos" title="Ateėzmos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Ateėzmos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="无神论 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="无神论" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaga%27_betuhan" title="Kaga' betuhan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Kaga' betuhan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0.15em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atheism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Implicit_and_explicit_atheism" title="Implicit and explicit atheism">Implicit and explicit atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_atheism" title="Negative and positive atheism">Negative and positive atheism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_atheism" title="History of atheism">History of atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism_during_the_Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Atheism during the Age of Enlightenment">Atheism during the Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Atheism" title="New Atheism">New Atheism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">Atheist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_atheism" title="Demographics of atheism">Demographics of atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Discrimination against atheists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_ethics" title="Secular ethics">Secular ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Arguments</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.6em;;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God#Arguments_against_its/their_existence" title="Existence of God">Arguments for atheism</a> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheist%27s_wager" title="Atheist's wager">Atheist's wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_the_creator_of_God" title="Problem of the creator of God">Creator of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_God_challenge" title="Evil God challenge">Evil God challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fate_of_the_unlearned" title="Fate of the unlearned">Fate of the unlearned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_free_will" title="Argument from free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_of_the_gaps" title="God of the gaps">God of the gaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitchens%27s_razor" title="Hitchens's razor">Hitchens's razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incompatible-properties_argument" title="Incompatible-properties argument">Incompatible properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_inconsistent_revelations" class="mw-redirect" title="Argument from inconsistent revelations">Inconsistent revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_nonbelief" title="Argument from nonbelief">Nonbelief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor#Religion" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence_paradox" title="Omnipotence paradox">Omnipotence paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_religion" title="Parody religion">Parody religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_poor_design" title="Argument from poor design">Poor design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Hell" title="Problem of Hell">Problem of Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_teapot" title="Russell's teapot">Russell's teapot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Theological noncognitivism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.6em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_atheists" title="Lists of atheists">Lists of atheists</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Baggini" title="Julian Baggini">Julian Baggini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Bunge" title="Mario Bunge">Mario Bunge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Denis Diderot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Grayling" title="A. C. Grayling">A. C. Grayling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Harris" title="Sam Harris">Sam Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">Baron d'Holbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Krauss" title="Lawrence Krauss">Lawrence Krauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lou_Martin" title="Michael Lou Martin">Michael Lou Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Jean Meslier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Onfray" title="Michel Onfray">Michel Onfray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_J._Stenger" title="Victor J. Stenger">Victor J. Stenger</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Books</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheism:_The_Case_Against_God" title="Atheism: The Case Against God">Atheism: The Case Against God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breaking_the_Spell:_Religion_as_a_Natural_Phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon">Breaking the Spell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_rerum_natura" title="De rerum natura">De rerum natura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Faith" title="The End of Faith">The End of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_God_Delusion" title="The God Delusion">The God Delusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_Is_Not_Great" title="God Is Not Great">God Is Not Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_System_of_Nature" title="The System of Nature">The System of Nature</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related stances</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.6em;;padding-bottom:0;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Irreligion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">Freethought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Atheism_and_religion" title="Atheism and religion">Atheism and religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_atheism" title="Criticism of atheism">Criticism of atheism</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_atheism" title="Outline of atheism">Outline</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Atheism" title="Category:Atheism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Atheism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Atheism">WikiProject</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Atheism_sidebar" title="Template:Atheism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Atheism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Atheism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Atheism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Atheism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Atheism, in the broadest sense, is an absence of <a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">belief</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">existence</a> of <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deities</a>. Less broadly, atheism is a rejection of the belief that any deities exist. In an even narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there are no deities. Atheism is contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">theism</a>, which is the belief that at least one deity exists. Historically, evidence of atheistic viewpoints can be traced back to classical antiquity and early Indian philosophy. In the Western world, atheism declined after Christianity gained prominence. The 16th century and the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> marked the resurgence of atheistic thought in Europe. Atheism achieved a significant position worldwide in the 20th century. Estimates of those who have an absence of belief in a god range from 500 million to 1.1 billion people<a href="#cite_note-CambridgeZuckerman-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a>. Atheist organizations have defended the autonomy of <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">freedom of thought</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secular_ethics" title="Secular ethics">secular ethics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a>. Arguments for atheism range from philosophical to social approaches. Rationales for not believing in deities include the lack of <a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God#Empirical_arguments" title="Existence of God">evidence</a>,<a href="#cite_note-logical-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">problem of evil</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_inconsistent_revelations" class="mw-redirect" title="Argument from inconsistent revelations">argument from inconsistent revelations</a>, the rejection of concepts that cannot <a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">be falsified</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_nonbelief" title="Argument from nonbelief">argument from nonbelief</a>.<a href="#cite_note-logical-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Drange-1996-5">[5]</a> Nonbelievers contend that atheism is a more <a href="/wiki/Parsimonious" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsimonious">parsimonious</a> position than theism and that everyone is born without beliefs in deities;<a href="#cite_note-encyc-unbelief-def-issues-6">[6]</a> therefore, they argue that the <a href="/wiki/Philosophic_burden_of_proof" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophic burden of proof">burden of proof</a> lies not on the atheist to disprove the existence of gods but on the theist to provide a rationale for theism.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div> Writers disagree on how best to define and classify atheism,<a href="#cite_note-eb1911-atheism-8">[8]</a> contesting what supernatural entities are considered gods, whether atheism is a philosophical position or merely the absence of one, and whether it requires a conscious, explicit rejection; however, the norm is to define atheism in terms of an explicit stance against theism.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Atheism-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Atheism has been regarded as compatible with <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">agnosticism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-agnosticism-compatible-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-encyc-unbelief-compatible-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-martin-agnosticism-entails-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-barker-agnostic-atheism-15">[15]</a> but has also been contrasted with it.<a href="#cite_note-eb2011-atheism-critique-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-eb2011concise-atheism-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-eb1911-atheism-sceptical-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Implicit_vs._explicit">Implicit vs. explicit</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Implicit_and_explicit_atheism" title="Implicit and explicit atheism">Implicit and explicit atheism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AtheismImplicitExplicit3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/AtheismImplicitExplicit3.svg/220px-AtheismImplicitExplicit3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/AtheismImplicitExplicit3.svg/330px-AtheismImplicitExplicit3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/AtheismImplicitExplicit3.svg/440px-AtheismImplicitExplicit3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="977" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>A diagram showing the relationship between the definitions of <a href="/wiki/Weak_and_strong_atheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak and strong atheism">weak/strong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Implicit_and_explicit_atheism" title="Implicit and explicit atheism">implicit/explicit</a> atheism (sizes in the diagram are not meant to indicate relative sizes within a population). Explicit strong/positive atheists (in purple on the right) assert that "at least one deity exists" is a false statement. Explicit weak/negative atheists (in blue on the right) reject or eschew belief that any deities exist without asserting that "at least one deity exists" is a false statement. Implicit weak/negative atheists (in blue on the left) would include people (such as young children and some agnostics) who do not believe in a deity but have not explicitly rejected such belief.</figcaption></figure> Some of the ambiguity involved in defining atheism arises from the definitions of words like deity and god. The variety of wildly different <a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">conceptions of God</a> and deities lead to differing ideas regarding atheism's applicability. The ancient Romans accused Christians of being atheists for not worshiping the <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan</a> deities. Gradually, this view fell into disfavor as theism came to be understood as encompassing belief in any divinity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2006-19">[19]</a> With respect to the range of phenomena being rejected, atheism may counter anything from the existence of a deity, to the existence of any <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">transcendental</a> concepts.<a href="#cite_note-eb2011-Rejection-of-all-religious-beliefs-20">[20]</a> Definitions of atheism also vary in the degree of consideration a person must put to the idea of gods to be considered an atheist. Atheism has been defined as the absence of belief that any deities exist. This broad definition would include newborns and other people who have not been exposed to theistic ideas. As far back as 1772, <a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">Baron d'Holbach</a> said that "All children are born Atheists; they have no idea of God."<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/George_H._Smith" title="George H. Smith">George H. Smith</a> suggested that: "The man who is unacquainted with theism is an atheist because he does not believe in a god. This category would also include the child with the conceptual capacity to grasp the issues involved, but who is still unaware of those issues. The fact that this child does not believe in god qualifies him as an atheist."<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Implicit atheism is "the absence of theistic belief without a conscious rejection of it" and explicit atheism is the conscious rejection of belief. It is usual to define atheism in terms of an explicit stance against theism.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Atheism-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> For the purposes of his paper on "philosophical atheism", <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Nagel" title="Ernest Nagel">Ernest Nagel</a> contested including the mere absence of theistic belief as a type of atheism.<a href="#cite_note-Nagel1959-25">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Graham_Oppy" title="Graham Oppy">Graham Oppy</a> classifies as innocents those who never considered the question because they lack any understanding of what a god is, for example one-month-old babies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOppy20184-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Positive_vs._negative">Positive vs. negative</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_atheism" title="Negative and positive atheism">Negative and positive atheism</a></div> Philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Antony_Flew" title="Antony Flew">Antony Flew</a><a href="#cite_note-presumption-27">[27]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lou_Martin" title="Michael Lou Martin">Michael Martin</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2006-19">[19]</a> have contrasted positive (strong/hard) atheism with negative (weak/soft) atheism. Positive atheism is the explicit affirmation that gods do not exist. Negative atheism includes all other forms of non-theism. According to this categorization, anyone who is not a theist is either a negative or a positive atheist. Michael Martin, for example, asserts that agnosticism <a href="/wiki/Logical_consequence" title="Logical consequence">entails</a> negative atheism.<a href="#cite_note-martin-agnosticism-entails-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-agnosticism-compatible-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Agnostic_atheism" title="Agnostic atheism">Agnostic atheism</a> encompasses both atheism and agnosticism.<a href="#cite_note-barker-agnostic-atheism-15">[15]</a> However, many agnostics see their view as distinct from atheism.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kenny2006-29">[29]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Professor_Richard_Dawkins_-_March_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Professor_Richard_Dawkins_-_March_2005.jpg/180px-Professor_Richard_Dawkins_-_March_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Professor_Richard_Dawkins_-_March_2005.jpg/270px-Professor_Richard_Dawkins_-_March_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Professor_Richard_Dawkins_-_March_2005.jpg/360px-Professor_Richard_Dawkins_-_March_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="716" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a></figcaption></figure> According to atheists' arguments, unproven <a href="/wiki/Faith#Religious_faith" title="Faith">religious</a> propositions deserve as much disbelief as all other unproven propositions.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Atheist criticism of agnosticism says that the unprovability of a god's existence does not imply an equal probability of either possibility.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Australian philosopher <a href="/wiki/J.J.C._Smart" class="mw-redirect" title="J.J.C. Smart">J.J.C. Smart</a> argues that "sometimes a person who is really an atheist may describe herself, even passionately, as an agnostic because of unreasonable generalized <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">philosophical skepticism</a> which would preclude us from saying that we know anything whatever, except perhaps the truths of mathematics and formal logic."<a href="#cite_note-stanford-32">[32]</a> Consequently, some atheist authors, such as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a>, prefer distinguishing theist, agnostic, and atheist positions along a <a href="/wiki/Spectrum_of_theistic_probability" title="Spectrum of theistic probability">spectrum of theistic probability</a>—the likelihood that each assigns to the statement "God exists".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawkins200650-33">[33]</a> Before the 18th century, the existence of God was so accepted in the Western world that even the possibility of true atheism was questioned. This is called theistic <a href="/wiki/Innatism" title="Innatism">innatism</a>—the notion that all people believe in God from birth; within this view was the connotation that atheists are in denial.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Some atheists have challenged the need for the term "atheism". In his book <a href="/wiki/Letter_to_a_Christian_Nation" title="Letter to a Christian Nation">Letter to a Christian Nation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Harris_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Harris (author)">Sam Harris</a> wrote: <blockquote>In fact, "atheism" is a term that should not even exist. No one ever needs to identify himself as a "non-<a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrologer</a>" or a "non-<a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemist</a>". We do not have words for people who doubt that Elvis is still alive or that aliens have traversed the galaxy only to molest ranchers and their cattle. Atheism is nothing more than the noises reasonable people make in the presence of unjustified religious beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris200651-35">[35]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ephesians_2,12_-_Greek_atheos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ephesians_2%2C12_-_Greek_atheos.jpg/180px-Ephesians_2%2C12_-_Greek_atheos.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ephesians_2%2C12_-_Greek_atheos.jpg/270px-Ephesians_2%2C12_-_Greek_atheos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Ephesians_2%2C12_-_Greek_atheos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="135" /></a><figcaption>The Greek word "atheoi" αθεοι ("[those who are] without god") as it appears in the Epistle to the Ephesians 2:12, on the early 3rd-century Papyrus 46.</figcaption></figure> In early <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">ancient Greek</a>, the adjective átheos (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%84%CE%B8%CE%B5%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἄθεος">ἄθεος</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Privative_a" class="mw-redirect" title="Privative a">privative ἀ-</a> + <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%8C%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:θεός">θεός</a> "god") meant "godless". It was first used as a term of censure roughly meaning "ungodly" or "impious". In the 5th century BCE, the word began to indicate more deliberate and active godlessness in the sense of "severing relations with the gods" or "denying the gods". The term <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%80%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B2%CE%AE%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἀσεβής">ἀσεβής</a> (asebēs) then came to be applied against those who impiously denied or disrespected the local gods, even if they believed in other gods. Modern translations of classical texts sometimes render átheos as "atheistic". As an abstract noun, there was also <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%80%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἀθεότης">ἀθεότης</a> (atheotēs), "atheism". <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> transliterated the Greek word into the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/atheos#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:atheos">átheos</a>. The term found frequent use in the debate between <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Hellenists</a>, with each side attributing it, in the pejorative sense, to the other.<a href="#cite_note-drachmann-36">[36]</a> The term atheist (from the French <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ath%C3%A9e" class="extiw" title="wikt:athée">athée</a>), in the sense of "one who ... denies the existence of God or gods",<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> predates atheism in English, being first found as early as 1566,<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> and again in 1571.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Atheist as a label of practical godlessness was used at least as early as 1577.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The term atheism was derived from the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ath%C3%A9isme" class="extiw" title="wikt:athéisme">athéisme</a>,<a href="#cite_note-mw-online-41">[41]</a> and appears in English about 1587.<a href="#cite_note-Golding-42">[42]</a> Atheism was first used to describe a self-avowed belief in late 18th-century Europe, specifically denoting disbelief in the <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrahamic god">Abrahamic god</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[a]</a> In the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> contributed to the expansion of the term to refer to disbelief in all deities, though it remains common in Western society to describe atheism as "disbelief in God".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2006-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arguments">Arguments</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epistemological_arguments">Epistemological arguments</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">Skepticism</a>, based on the ideas of <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a>, asserts that certainty about anything is impossible, so one can never know for sure whether or not a god exists. Hume, however, held that such unobservable metaphysical concepts should be rejected as "sophistry and illusion".<a href="#cite_note-hume-metaphysics-44">[43]</a> Michael Martin argues that atheism is a justified and rational true belief, but offers no extended epistemological justification because current theories are in a state of controversy. Martin instead argues for "mid-level principles of justification that are in accord with our ordinary and scientific rational practice."<a href="#cite_note-Michael_Martin-45">[44]</a> Other arguments for atheism that can be classified as epistemological or <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontological</a>, assert the meaninglessness or unintelligibility of basic terms such as "God" and statements such as "God is all-powerful." <a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Theological noncognitivism</a> holds that the statement "God exists" does not express a proposition, but is nonsensical or cognitively meaningless. It has been argued both ways as to whether such individuals can be classified into some form of atheism or agnosticism. Philosophers <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Ayer">A. J. Ayer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theodore_M._Drange" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore M. Drange">Theodore M. Drange</a> reject both categories, stating that both camps accept "God exists" as a proposition; they instead place noncognitivism in its own category.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ontological_arguments">Ontological arguments</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heavens_Above_Her.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Heavens_Above_Her.jpg/220px-Heavens_Above_Her.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Heavens_Above_Her.jpg/330px-Heavens_Above_Her.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Heavens_Above_Her.jpg/440px-Heavens_Above_Her.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7748" data-file-height="7748" /></a><figcaption>According to <a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">naturalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a> is all-encompassing.</figcaption></figure> Most atheists lean toward ontological <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monism</a>: the belief that there is only one kind of fundamental substance. The philosophical <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialism</a> is a view that matter is the fundamental substance in nature. This omits the possibility of a non-material divine being.<a href="#cite_note-Graham_Oppy-48">[47]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">physicalism</a>, only physical entities exist.<a href="#cite_note-Graham_Oppy-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Daniel_Stoljar-49">[48]</a> Philosophies opposed to the materialism or physicalism include <a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">idealism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">dualism</a> and other forms of monism.<a href="#cite_note-Leopold_Stubenberg-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zdybicka_2005_19-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-D._Gene_Witmer-52">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a> is also used to describe the view that everything that exists is fundamentally natural, and that there are no supernatural phenomena.<a href="#cite_note-Graham_Oppy-48">[47]</a> According to naturalist view, science can explain the world with physical laws and through natural phenomena.<a href="#cite_note-David_Papineau-53">[52]</a> Philosopher <a href="/wiki/Graham_Oppy" title="Graham Oppy">Graham Oppy</a> references a PhilPapers survey that says 56.5% of philosophers in academics lean toward physicalism; 49.8% lean toward naturalism.<a href="#cite_note-Bourget_and_Chalmers-54">[53]</a> According to Graham Oppy, direct arguments for atheism aim at showing theism fails on its own terms, while indirect arguments are those inferred from direct arguments in favor of something else that is inconsistent with theism. For example, Oppy says arguing for naturalism is an argument for atheism since naturalism and theism "cannot both be true".<a href="#cite_note-Ruse_and_Bullivant-55">[54]</a>: 53  Fiona Ellis describes the "expansive naturalism" of <a href="/wiki/John_McDowell" title="John McDowell">John McDowell</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Griffin_(philosopher)" title="James Griffin (philosopher)">James Griffin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Wiggins" title="David Wiggins">David Wiggins</a> while also asserting there are things in human experience which cannot be explained in such terms, such as the concept of value, leaving room for theism.<a href="#cite_note-Fiona_Ellis-56">[55]</a> Christopher C. Knight asserts a <a href="/wiki/Theistic_naturalism" title="Theistic naturalism">theistic naturalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Christopher_C._Knight-57">[56]</a> Nevertheless, Oppy argues that a strong naturalism favors atheism, though he finds the best direct arguments against theism to be the evidential problem of evil, and arguments concerning the contradictory nature of God were one to exist.<a href="#cite_note-Ruse_and_Bullivant-55">[54]</a>: 55–60  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logical_arguments">Logical arguments</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God#Arguments_against_the_existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Arguments against the existence of God</a>, <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_nonbelief" title="Argument from nonbelief">Divine hiddenness</a></div> Some atheists hold the view that the various conceptions of gods, such as the <a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">personal god</a> of Christianity, are ascribed logically inconsistent qualities. Such atheists present <a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God#Logical_arguments" title="Existence of God">deductive arguments</a> against the existence of God, which assert the incompatibility between certain traits, such as perfection, creator-status, <a href="/wiki/Immutability_(theology)" title="Immutability (theology)">immutability</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">omniscience</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omnipresence" title="Omnipresence">omnipresence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">omnipotence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omnibenevolence" title="Omnibenevolence">omnibenevolence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(philosophy)" title="Transcendence (philosophy)">transcendence</a>, personhood (a personal being), non-physicality, <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mercy" title="Mercy">mercy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-logical-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicean</a> atheists believe that the world as they experience it cannot be reconciled with the qualities commonly ascribed to God and gods by theologians. They argue that an <a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">omniscient</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">omnipotent</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Omnibenevolence" title="Omnibenevolence">omnibenevolent</a> God is not compatible with a world where there is <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">evil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">suffering</a>, and where divine love is <a href="/wiki/Divine_hiddenness" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine hiddenness">hidden</a> from many people.<a href="#cite_note-Drange-1996-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a> is credited with first expounding the problem of evil. <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Dialogues_concerning_Natural_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialogues concerning Natural Religion">Dialogues concerning Natural Religion</a> (1779) cited Epicurus in stating the argument as a series of questions:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1779-58">[57]</a> "Is God willing to prevent evil, but not able? Then he is impotent. Is he able, but not willing? Then he is malevolent. Is he both able and willing? Then whence cometh evil? Is he neither able nor willing? Then why call him God?" Similar arguments have been made in <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist philosophy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a> (4th/5th century) outlined <a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">numerous Buddhist arguments against God</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reductionary_accounts_of_religion">Reductionary accounts of religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary origin of religions">Evolutionary origin of religions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Evolutionary psychology of religion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology of religion</a></div> Philosopher <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Andreas_Feuerbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> and psychoanalyst <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> have argued that God and other religious beliefs are human inventions, created to fulfill various psychological and emotional wants or needs.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>, influenced by the work of Feuerbach, argued that belief in God and religion are social functions, used by those in power to oppress the working class. According to <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a>, "the idea of God implies the abdication of human reason and justice; it is the most decisive negation of human liberty, and necessarily ends in the enslavement of mankind, in theory, and practice." He reversed <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>'s aphorism that if God did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him, writing instead that "if God really existed, it would be necessary to abolish him."<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atheism_and_ethics">Atheism and ethics</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secular_ethics">Secular ethics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Secular_ethics" title="Secular ethics">Secular ethics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secular_morality" title="Secular morality">Secular morality</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Campolo_Lecture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Campolo_Lecture.jpg/220px-Campolo_Lecture.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Campolo_Lecture.jpg/330px-Campolo_Lecture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Campolo_Lecture.jpg/440px-Campolo_Lecture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3064" /></a><figcaption>Lecture to the Atheist Community of San Jose in 2017.</figcaption></figure> Sociologist <a href="/wiki/Phil_Zuckerman" title="Phil Zuckerman">Phil Zuckerman</a> analyzed previous social science research on secularity and non-belief and concluded that societal well-being is positively correlated with irreligion. He found that there are much lower concentrations of atheism and secularity in poorer, less developed nations (particularly in Africa and South America) than in the richer industrialized democracies.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> His findings relating specifically to atheism in the US were that compared to religious people in the US, "atheists and secular people" are less <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">prejudiced</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogmatic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">ethnocentric</a>, closed-minded, and authoritarian, and in US states with the highest percentages of atheists, the murder rate is lower than average. In the most religious states, the murder rate is higher than average.<a href="#cite_note-Zuckerman-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-67">[66]</a> Joseph Baker and Buster Smith assert that one of the common themes of atheism is that most atheists "typically construe atheism as more moral than religion".<a href="#cite_note-Baker_and_Smith_2015-68">[67]</a> One of the most common <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_atheism" title="Criticism of atheism">criticisms of atheism</a> has been to the contrary: that denying the existence of a god either leads to <a href="/wiki/Moral_relativism" title="Moral relativism">moral relativism</a> and leaves one with no moral or ethical foundation,<a href="#cite_note-misconceptions-69">[68]</a> or renders life <a href="/wiki/Meaning_of_life_(religious)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meaning of life (religious)">meaningless</a> and miserable.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a> argued this view in his <a href="/wiki/Pens%C3%A9es" title="Pensées">Pensées</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> There is also a position claiming that atheists are quick to believe in God in times of crisis, that atheists make <a href="/wiki/Deathbed_conversion" title="Deathbed conversion">deathbed conversions</a>, or that "<a href="/wiki/There_are_no_atheists_in_foxholes" title="There are no atheists in foxholes">there are no atheists in foxholes</a>".<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> There have, however, been examples to the contrary, among them examples of literal "atheists in foxholes".<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> There exist <a href="/wiki/Normative_ethics" title="Normative ethics">normative ethical systems</a> that do not require principles and rules to be given by a deity. According to Plato's <a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a>, the role of the gods in determining right from wrong is either unnecessary or arbitrary. <a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">The argument that morality must be derived from God</a>, and cannot exist without a wise creator, has been a persistent feature of political if not so much philosophical debate.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kant_CPR_A811-76">[75]</a> Moral precepts such as "murder is wrong" are seen as <a href="/wiki/Divine_law" title="Divine law">divine laws</a>, requiring a divine lawmaker and judge. However, many atheists argue that treating morality legalistically involves a <a href="/wiki/False_analogy" class="mw-redirect" title="False analogy">false analogy</a>, and that morality does not depend on a lawmaker in the same way that laws do.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> Philosophers <a href="/wiki/Susan_Neiman" title="Susan Neiman">Susan Neiman</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julian_Baggini" title="Julian Baggini">Julian Baggini</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> among others assert that behaving ethically only because of a divine mandate is not true ethical behavior but merely blind obedience. Baggini argues that atheism is a superior basis for ethics, claiming that a moral basis external to religious imperatives is necessary to evaluate the morality of the imperatives themselves—to be able to discern, for example, that "thou shalt steal" is immoral even if one's religion instructs it—and that atheists, therefore, have the advantage of being more inclined to make such evaluations.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_of_religion">Criticism of religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JSJoseSaramago.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/JSJoseSaramago.jpg/180px-JSJoseSaramago.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/JSJoseSaramago.jpg/270px-JSJoseSaramago.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/JSJoseSaramago.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="249" /></a><figcaption>Author <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Saramago" title="José Saramago">José Saramago</a> criticizes religion.</figcaption></figure> Some prominent atheists—most recently <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Harris_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Harris (author)">Sam Harris</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a>, and following such thinkers as <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_G._Ingersoll" title="Robert G. Ingersoll">Robert G. Ingersoll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>, and novelist <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Saramago" title="José Saramago">José Saramago</a>—have criticized religions, citing harmful aspects of religious practices and doctrines.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> The 19th-century German political theorist and sociologist <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> called religion "the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, and the soul of soulless conditions. It is the <a href="/wiki/Opium_of_the_people" title="Opium of the people">opium of the people</a>". He goes on to say, "The abolition of religion as the illusory happiness of the people is the demand for their real happiness. To call on them to give up their illusions about their condition is to call on them to give up a condition that requires illusions. The criticism of religion is, therefore, in embryo, the criticism of that vale of tears of which religion is the halo."<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> Sam Harris criticizes Western religion's reliance on divine authority as lending itself to <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogmatism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006a-83">[82]</a> Multiple studies have discovered there to be a correlation between <a href="/wiki/Religious_fundamentalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious fundamentalism">religious fundamentalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extrinsic_religious_orientation" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrinsic religious orientation">extrinsic religion</a> (when religion is held because it serves ulterior interests)<a href="#cite_note-Moreira-almeida2006-84">[83]</a> and authoritarianism, dogmatism, and prejudice.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> These arguments—combined with historical events that are argued to demonstrate the dangers of religion, such as the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">inquisitions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Witch-hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch-hunt">witch trials</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">terrorist attacks</a>—have been used in response to claims of beneficial effects of belief in religion.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> Believers counter-argue that some <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">regimes that espouse atheism</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, have also been guilty of mass murder.<a href="#cite_note-John_S._Feinberg,_Paul_D._Feinberg-87">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Totalitarianism_and_Atheism-88">[87]</a> In response to those claims, atheists such as Sam Harris and Richard Dawkins have stated that Stalin's atrocities were influenced not by atheism but by dogmatic ideology, and that while Stalin and Mao happened to be atheists, they did not do their deeds in the name of atheism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawkins2006291-89">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atheism,_religions,_and_spirituality">Atheism, religions, and spirituality</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Atheism_and_religion" title="Atheism and religion">Atheism and religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nontheistic_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Nontheistic religions">Nontheistic religions</a></div> People who self-identify as atheists are often assumed to be <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligious</a>, but some sects within major religions reject the existence of a personal, <a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">creator deity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-winston2-92">[91]</a> It has been said that atheism is not mutually exclusive with respect to some religious and spiritual belief systems, including modern <a href="/wiki/Paganism_(contemporary_religions)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paganism (contemporary religions)">Neopagan</a> movements.<a href="#cite_note-Neopaganism-93">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wicca-94">[93]</a> In recent years, certain religious denominations have accumulated a number of openly atheistic followers, such as <a href="/wiki/Atheist_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist Jew">atheistic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">humanistic Judaism</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_atheism" title="Christian atheism">Christian atheists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> Atheism is accepted as a valid philosophical position within some varieties of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_atheism" title="History of atheism">History of atheism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Indian_religions">Early Indian religions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Atheism_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheism in Hinduism">Atheism in Hinduism</a></div> Ideas that would be recognized today as atheistic are documented from the <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a><a href="#cite_note-Pandian_1996_64-101">[100]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GraftonMostSettis-102">[101]</a> Atheistic schools are found in early Indian thought and have existed from the times of the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">historical Vedic religion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pandian_1996_64-101">[100]</a> Among the six <a href="/wiki/Astika_and_Nastika" class="mw-redirect" title="Astika and Nastika">orthodox</a> schools of Hindu philosophy, <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a>, the oldest philosophical school of thought, does not accept God, and the early <a href="/wiki/Mimamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimamsa">Mimamsa</a> also rejected the notion of God.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> The thoroughly materialistic and anti-theistic philosophical <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Chārvāka</a> (or Lokāyata) school that originated in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> around the 6th century BCE is probably the most explicitly atheistic school of philosophy in India, similar to the Greek <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaic_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrenaic school">Cyrenaic school</a>. This branch of Indian philosophy is classified as <a href="/wiki/Nastika" class="mw-redirect" title="Nastika">heterodox</a> due to its rejection of the authority of <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> and hence is not considered part of the six orthodox schools of <a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a>. It is noteworthy as evidence of a materialistic movement in ancient India.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> Satischandra Chatterjee and Dhirendramohan Datta explain in An Introduction to Indian Philosophy that our understanding of Chārvāka philosophy is fragmentary, based largely on criticism of the ideas by other schools:<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> "Though <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialism</a> in some form or other has always been present in India, and occasional references are found in the Vedas, the Buddhistic literature, the Epics, as well as in the later philosophical works we do not find any systematic work on materialism, nor any organized school of followers as the other philosophical schools possess. But almost every work of the other schools states, for refutation, the materialistic views. Our knowledge of Indian materialism is chiefly based on these." Other Indian philosophies generally regarded as atheistic include <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Classical Samkhya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mimamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimamsa">Purva Mimamsa</a>. The rejection of a personal creator "God" is also seen in <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> in India.<a href="#cite_note-Joshi-107">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_antiquity">Classical antiquity</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucretius_pointing_to_the_casus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Lucretius_pointing_to_the_casus.jpg/180px-Lucretius_pointing_to_the_casus.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Lucretius_pointing_to_the_casus.jpg/270px-Lucretius_pointing_to_the_casus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Lucretius_pointing_to_the_casus.jpg/360px-Lucretius_pointing_to_the_casus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1965" data-file-height="3204" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a> pointing to the casus, the downward movement of the <a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">atoms</a>. In his work <a href="/wiki/De_rerum_natura" title="De rerum natura">De rerum natura</a>, Lucretius stated that everything consists of material substance moving in infinity.</figcaption></figure> Western atheism has its roots in <a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">pre-Socratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Greek_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek philosophy">Greek philosophy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-GraftonMostSettis-102">[101]</a> but atheism in the modern sense was extremely rare in ancient Greece.<a href="#cite_note-Winiarczyk-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-GraftonMostSettis-102">[101]</a> Pre-Socratic <a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a> attempted to explain the world in a purely <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialistic</a> way and interpreted religion as a human reaction to natural phenomena,<a href="#cite_note-Burkert1985-110">[109]</a> but did not explicitly deny the gods' existence.<a href="#cite_note-Burkert1985-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vassa-111">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a>, whom <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a> calls "the atheist",<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> was accused of impiety and condemned for stating that "the sun is a type of incandescent stone", an affirmation with which he tried to deny the divinity of the celestial bodies.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> In the late fifth century BCE, the Greek lyric poet <a href="/wiki/Diagoras_of_Melos" title="Diagoras of Melos">Diagoras of Melos</a> was sentenced to death in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> under the charge of being a "godless person" (ἄθεος) after he made fun of the <a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries" title="Eleusinian Mysteries">Eleusinian Mysteries</a>, but he fled the city to escape punishment.<a href="#cite_note-Winiarczyk-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burkert1985-110">[109]</a> In post-classical antiquity, philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Empiricus" title="Sextus Empiricus">Sextus Empiricus</a> described Diagoras as an "atheist" who categorically denied the existence of the gods,<a href="#cite_note-CIC-114">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-SextEmp-115">[114]</a> but in modern scholarship Marek Winiarczyk has defended the view that Diagoras was not an atheist in the modern sense, in a view that has proved influential.<a href="#cite_note-Winiarczyk-109">[108]</a> On the other hand, the verdict has been challenged by <a href="/wiki/Tim_Whitmarsh" title="Tim Whitmarsh">Tim Whitmarsh</a>, who argues that Diagoras rejected the gods on the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">problem of evil</a>, and this argument was in turn alluded to in Euripides' fragmentary play <a href="/wiki/Bellerophon_(play)" title="Bellerophon (play)">Bellerophon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Whit-116">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sisyphus_fragment" title="Sisyphus fragment">A fragment</a> from a lost Attic drama that featured <a href="/wiki/Sisyphus" title="Sisyphus">Sisyphus</a>, which has been attributed to both <a href="/wiki/Critias" title="Critias">Critias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, claims that a clever man invented "the fear of the gods" in order to frighten people into behaving morally.<a href="#cite_note-Davi-117">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-Winiarczyk-109">[108]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1023981488">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .rquote{width:auto!important;float:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: right; width: 33%;">Does then anyone say there are gods in heaven? There are not, there are not, if a man is willing not to give foolish credence to the ancient story. Consider for yourselves, don't form an opinion on the basis of my words!<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Bellerophon" title="Bellerophon">Bellerophon</a> denying the existence of the gods, from <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>' <a href="/wiki/Bellerophon_(play)" title="Bellerophon (play)">Bellerophon</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 5th century BCE, fr. 286 TrGF 1-5<a href="#cite_note-Coll-119">[118]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a> has sometimes been taken to be an atheist, but rather espoused agnostic views, commenting that "Concerning the gods I am unable to discover whether they exist or not, or what they are like in form; for there are many hindrances to knowledge, the obscurity of the subject and the brevity of human life."<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-Garland2008-121">[120]</a> The Athenian public associated Socrates (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 470–399 BCE) with the trends in pre-Socratic philosophy towards naturalistic inquiry and the rejection of divine explanations for phenomena.<a href="#cite_note-Burkert1985-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bremmer-122">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>' comic play <a href="/wiki/The_Clouds" title="The Clouds">The Clouds</a> (performed 423 BCE) portrays Socrates as teaching his students that the traditional Greek deities do not exist.<a href="#cite_note-Burkert1985-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bremmer-122">[121]</a> Socrates was later tried and executed under the charge of not believing in the gods of the state and instead worshipping foreign gods.<a href="#cite_note-Burkert1985-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bremmer-122">[121]</a> Socrates himself vehemently denied the charges of atheism at his trial.<a href="#cite_note-Burkert1985-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bremmer-122">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> From a survey of these 5th-century BCE philosophers, <a href="/wiki/David_Sedley" title="David Sedley">David Sedley</a> has concluded that none of them openly defended radical atheism, but since Classical sources clearly attest to radical atheist ideas Athens probably had an "atheist underground".<a href="#cite_note-Sedl-124">[123]</a> Religious skepticism continued into the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>, and from this period the most important Greek thinker in the development of atheism was the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 300 BCE).<a href="#cite_note-GraftonMostSettis-102">[101]</a> Drawing on the ideas of Democritus and the Atomists, he espoused a materialistic philosophy according to which the universe was governed by the laws of chance without the need for divine intervention (see <a href="/wiki/Scientific_determinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific determinism">scientific determinism</a>).<a href="#cite_note-EpicStanEncycl-125">[124]</a> Although Epicurus still maintained that the gods existed,<a href="#cite_note-Hickson2014-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-GraftonMostSettis-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-EpicStanEncycl-125">[124]</a> he believed that they were uninterested in human affairs.<a href="#cite_note-EpicStanEncycl-125">[124]</a> The aim of the Epicureans was to attain <a href="/wiki/Ataraxia" title="Ataraxia">ataraxia</a> ("peace of mind") and one important way of doing this was by exposing fear of divine wrath as irrational. The Epicureans also denied the existence of an afterlife and the need to fear divine punishment after death.<a href="#cite_note-EpicStanEncycl-125">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/Euhemerus" title="Euhemerus">Euhemerus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 300 BCE) published his view that the gods were only the deified rulers and founders of the past.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> Although not strictly an atheist, Euhemerus was later criticized by <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> for having "spread atheism over the whole inhabited earth by obliterating the gods".<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> In the 3rd century BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> philosophers <a href="/wiki/Theodorus_the_Atheist" title="Theodorus the Atheist">Theodorus Cyrenaicus</a><a href="#cite_note-CIC-114">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strato_of_Lampsacus" title="Strato of Lampsacus">Strato of Lampsacus</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> were also reputed to deny the existence of the gods. The <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonist</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Empiricus" title="Sextus Empiricus">Sextus Empiricus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 200 CE)<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> compiled a large number of ancient arguments against the existence of gods, recommending that one should <a href="/wiki/Epoche" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoche">suspend judgment</a> regarding the matter.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> His relatively large volume of surviving works had a lasting influence on later philosophers.<a href="#cite_note-gordonstein-133">[132]</a> The meaning of "atheist" changed over the course of classical antiquity.<a href="#cite_note-Winiarczyk-109">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christians</a> were widely reviled as "atheists" because they did not believe in the existence of the Graeco-Roman deities.<a href="#cite_note-CE1913-134">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-Winiarczyk-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ferguson1993-135">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sherwin-136">[135]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, Christians were executed for their rejection of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">Roman gods</a> in general and the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_of_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult of ancient Rome">Imperial cult of ancient Rome</a> in particular.<a href="#cite_note-Sherwin-136">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maycock-137">[136]</a> There was, however, a heavy struggle between Christians and pagans, in which each group accused the other of atheism, for not practicing the religion which they considered correct.<a href="#cite_note-Duran-138">[137]</a> When Christianity became the state religion of Rome under <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> in 381, <a href="/wiki/Christian_heresy" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian heresy">heresy</a> became a punishable offense.<a href="#cite_note-Maycock-137">[136]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Middle_Ages_to_the_Renaissance">Early Middle Ages to the Renaissance</h3></div> During the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a> experienced a <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Golden Age</a>. Along with advances in science and philosophy, Arab and Persian lands produced rationalists who were skeptical about revealed religion, such as <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al_Warraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad al Warraq">Muhammad al Warraq</a> (fl. 9th century), <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Rawandi" title="Ibn al-Rawandi">Ibn al-Rawandi</a> (827–911), and <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Abu Bakr al-Razi</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 865–925),<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> as well as outspoken atheists such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%CA%BFarri" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Maʿarri">al-Maʿarri</a> (973–1058). Al-Ma'arri wrote and taught that religion itself was a "fable invented by the ancients"<a href="#cite_note-Nicholson318-140">[139]</a> and that humans were "of two sorts: those with brains, but no religion, and those with religion, but no brains".<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> Despite the fact that these authors were relatively prolific writers, little of their work survives, mainly being preserved through quotations and excerpts in later works by Muslim <a href="/wiki/Apologetics" title="Apologetics">apologists</a> attempting to refute them.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Titi_Lucretii_Cari_De_rerum_natura.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Titi_Lucretii_Cari_De_rerum_natura.jpg/170px-Titi_Lucretii_Cari_De_rerum_natura.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Titi_Lucretii_Cari_De_rerum_natura.jpg/255px-Titi_Lucretii_Cari_De_rerum_natura.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Titi_Lucretii_Cari_De_rerum_natura.jpg/340px-Titi_Lucretii_Cari_De_rerum_natura.jpg 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="812" /></a><figcaption>De rerum natura by Lucretius, between 1475 and 1494.</figcaption></figure> In Europe, the espousal of atheistic views was rare during the Early Middle Ages and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Inquisition" title="Medieval Inquisition">Medieval Inquisition</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Zdybicka_2005_4-143">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> There were, however, movements within this period that furthered heterodox conceptions of the Christian god, including differing views of the nature, transcendence, and knowability of God. <a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a> inspired anti-metaphysical tendencies with his <a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">nominalist</a> limitation of human knowledge to singular objects, and asserted that the divine <a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">essence</a> could not be intuitively or rationally apprehended by human intellect. Sects deemed heretical such as the <a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a> were also accused of being atheistic.<a href="#cite_note-Schultz_2016_p._39-145">[144]</a> The resulting division between <a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">faith and reason</a> influenced later radical and reformist theologians.<a href="#cite_note-Zdybicka_2005_4-143">[142]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> did much to expand the scope of free thought and skeptical inquiry. Individuals such as <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> sought experimentation as a means of explanation, and opposed <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Appeal to authority">arguments from religious authority</a>. Other critics of religion and the Church during this time included <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonaventure_des_P%C3%A9riers" title="Bonaventure des Périers">Bonaventure des Périers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Michel de Montaigne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais">François Rabelais</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gordonstein-133">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_period">Early modern period</h3></div> Historian <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Blainey" title="Geoffrey Blainey">Geoffrey Blainey</a> wrote that the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a> had paved the way for atheists by attacking the authority of the Catholic Church, which in turn "quietly inspired other thinkers to attack the authority of the new Protestant churches".<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a> gained influence in France, Prussia, and England. In 1546, French scholar <a href="/wiki/Etienne_Dolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Etienne Dolet">Etienne Dolet</a> was executed upon accusation of being an atheist.<a href="#cite_note-Bryson_2016_p._40-147">[146]</a> The philosopher <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a> was "probably the first well known 'semi-atheist' to announce himself in a Christian land in the modern era", according to Blainey. Spinoza believed that natural laws explained the workings of the universe. In 1661, he published his Short Treatise on God.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism of Christianity</a> became increasingly frequent in the 17th and 18th centuries, especially in France and England. Some Protestant thinkers, such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a>, espoused a materialist philosophy and skepticism toward supernatural occurrences. By the late 17th century, deism came to be openly espoused by intellectuals.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> The first known explicit atheist was the German critic of religion <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Knutzen" title="Matthias Knutzen">Matthias Knutzen</a> in his three writings of 1674.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> He was followed by two other explicit atheist writers, the Polish ex-Jesuit philosopher <a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_%C5%81yszczy%C5%84ski" title="Kazimierz Łyszczyński">Kazimierz Łyszczyński</a> (who most likely authored the world's first treatise on the non-existence of God<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a>) and in the 1720s by the French priest <a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Jean Meslier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Denis_Diderot_by_Louis-Michel_van_Loo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Denis_Diderot_by_Louis-Michel_van_Loo.jpg/180px-Denis_Diderot_by_Louis-Michel_van_Loo.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Denis_Diderot_by_Louis-Michel_van_Loo.jpg/270px-Denis_Diderot_by_Louis-Michel_van_Loo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Denis_Diderot_by_Louis-Michel_van_Loo.jpg/360px-Denis_Diderot_by_Louis-Michel_van_Loo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1248" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Denis Diderot</a>, atheist and editor of <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die" title="Encyclopédie">Encyclopédie</a>.</figcaption></figure> In the course of the 18th century, other openly atheistic thinkers followed, such as <a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">Baron d'Holbach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Andr%C3%A9_Naigeon" title="Jacques-André Naigeon">Jacques-André Naigeon</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/French_materialism" title="French materialism">French materialists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Holbach-SoN-153">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">Baron d'Holbach</a> was a prominent figure in the <a href="/wiki/French_Enlightenment" class="mw-redirect" title="French Enlightenment">French Enlightenment</a> who is best known for his atheism and for his voluminous writings against religion, the most famous of them being <a href="/wiki/The_System_of_Nature" title="The System of Nature">The System of Nature</a> (1770) but also <a href="/wiki/Christianity_Unveiled" title="Christianity Unveiled">Christianity Unveiled</a>. "The source of man's unhappiness is his ignorance of Nature. The pertinacity with which he clings to blind opinions imbibed in his infancy, which interweave themselves with his existence, the consequent prejudice that warps his mind, that prevents its expansion, that renders him the slave of fiction, appears to doom him to continual error."<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> In Great Britain, William Hammon and physician Mathew Turner authored a pamphlet in response to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Letters_to_a_Philosophical_Unbeliever" title="Letters to a Philosophical Unbeliever">Letters to a Philosophical Unbeliever</a>. Theirs was the first work in English to openly defend atheism, and implied that established sentiment of Christianity made speaking up in defense of atheism an act with a reasonable expectation of public punishment.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> is widely considered to have strongly contributed to atheistic thinking during the Revolution, he also considered fear of God to have discouraged further disorder, having said "If God did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him."<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> The philosopher <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a> developed a skeptical epistemology grounded in <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">empiricism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>'s philosophy has strongly questioned the very possibility of metaphysical knowledge. Both philosophers undermined the metaphysical basis of natural theology and criticized classical <a href="/wiki/Arguments_for_the_existence_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Arguments for the existence of God">arguments for the existence of God</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hume-metaphysics-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> One goal of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> was a restructuring and subordination of the clergy with respect to the state through the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Constitution_of_the_Clergy" title="Civil Constitution of the Clergy">Civil Constitution of the Clergy</a>. Attempts to enforce it led to <a href="/wiki/Anticlericalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticlericalism">anti-clerical</a> violence and the expulsion of many clerics from France, lasting until the <a href="/wiki/Thermidorian_Reaction" title="Thermidorian Reaction">Thermidorian Reaction</a>. The radical <a href="/wiki/Jacobin_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobin Club">Jacobins</a> seized power in 1793. The Jacobins were deists and introduced the <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_the_Supreme_Being" title="Cult of the Supreme Being">Cult of the Supreme Being</a> as a new French state religion. In the latter half of the 19th century, atheism rose to prominence under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">freethinking</a> philosophers. German philosopher <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a> considered God to be a human invention and religious activities to be wish-fulfillment. He influenced philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>, who denied the existence of deities and were critical of religion.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> In 1842, <a href="/wiki/George_Holyoake" title="George Holyoake">George Holyoake</a> was the last person imprisoned in Great Britain due to atheist beliefs. <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Law" title="Stephen Law">Stephen Law</a> notes that he may have also been the first imprisoned on such a charge. Law states that Holyoake "first coined the term '<a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a>'".<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bertrand_Russell_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Bertrand_Russell_photo.jpg/180px-Bertrand_Russell_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Bertrand_Russell_photo.jpg/270px-Bertrand_Russell_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Bertrand_Russell_photo.jpg/360px-Bertrand_Russell_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></figcaption></figure> Atheism advanced in many societies in the 20th century. Atheistic thought found recognition in a wide variety of other, broader philosophies, such as <a href="/wiki/Marxism_and_religion" title="Marxism and religion">Marxism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">logical positivism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atheist_existentialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist existentialism">existentialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">humanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">feminism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-feminism-161">[160]</a> and the general scientific movement.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> Proponents of <a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">naturalism</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a> emphatically rejected belief in God. <a href="/wiki/Analytical_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Analytical philosophy">Analytical philosophers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/John_Niemeyer_Findlay" class="mw-redirect" title="John Niemeyer Findlay">J.N. Findlay</a> and <a href="/wiki/J.J.C._Smart" class="mw-redirect" title="J.J.C. Smart">J.J.C. Smart</a> argued against the existence of God.<a href="#cite_note-stanford-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> State atheism emerged in Eastern Europe and Asia, particularly in the Soviet Union under <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> and in <a href="/wiki/China#Chinese_Communist_Party" title="China">Communist China</a> under <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>. Atheist and anti-religious policies in the Soviet Union included <a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-religious_legislation" title="Soviet anti-religious legislation">numerous legislative acts</a>, the outlawing of religious instruction in the schools, and the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Militant_Atheists" title="League of Militant Atheists">League of Militant Atheists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-Viking_p.494-166">[165]</a> Stalin softened his opposition to the Orthodox church in order to improve public acceptance of his regime during the second world war.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> In 1966, <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine asked "Is God Dead?"<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> in response to the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_God_theological_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of God theological movement">Death of God theological movement</a>, citing the estimation that nearly half of all people in the world lived under an anti-religious power, and millions more in Africa, Asia, and South America seemed to lack knowledge of the Christian view of theology.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> Leaders like <a href="/wiki/Periyar_E.V._Ramasamy" class="mw-redirect" title="Periyar E.V. Ramasamy">Periyar E.V. Ramasamy</a>, a prominent atheist leader of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, fought against <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmins">Brahmins</a> for discriminating and dividing people in the name of <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a> and religion.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> In the United States, atheist <a href="/wiki/Vashti_McCollum" title="Vashti McCollum">Vashti McCollum</a> was the plaintiff in a 1948 <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> case that struck down religious education in US public schools.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> <a href="/wiki/Madalyn_Murray_O%27Hair" title="Madalyn Murray O'Hair">Madalyn Murray O'Hair</a> was one of the most influential American atheists; she brought forth the 1963 Supreme Court case <a href="/wiki/Murray_v._Curlett" class="mw-redirect" title="Murray v. Curlett">Murray v. Curlett</a> which banned compulsory prayer in public schools.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Freedom_From_Religion_Foundation" title="Freedom From Religion Foundation">Freedom From Religion Foundation</a> was co-founded by Anne Nicol Gaylor and her daughter, <a href="/wiki/Annie_Laurie_Gaylor" title="Annie Laurie Gaylor">Annie Laurie Gaylor</a>, in 1976 in the United States. It promotes the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of church and state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-aboutCalling-174">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Atheism" title="New Atheism">New Atheism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27Het_Denkgelag%27_January_26th_2015_with_Richard_Dawkins,_Lawrence_Krauss_and_Julia_Galef_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/%27Het_Denkgelag%27_January_26th_2015_with_Richard_Dawkins%2C_Lawrence_Krauss_and_Julia_Galef_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-%27Het_Denkgelag%27_January_26th_2015_with_Richard_Dawkins%2C_Lawrence_Krauss_and_Julia_Galef_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/%27Het_Denkgelag%27_January_26th_2015_with_Richard_Dawkins%2C_Lawrence_Krauss_and_Julia_Galef_%28cropped%29.jpg/450px-%27Het_Denkgelag%27_January_26th_2015_with_Richard_Dawkins%2C_Lawrence_Krauss_and_Julia_Galef_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/%27Het_Denkgelag%27_January_26th_2015_with_Richard_Dawkins%2C_Lawrence_Krauss_and_Julia_Galef_%28cropped%29.jpg/600px-%27Het_Denkgelag%27_January_26th_2015_with_Richard_Dawkins%2C_Lawrence_Krauss_and_Julia_Galef_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2740" data-file-height="1456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Krauss" title="Lawrence Krauss">Lawrence Krauss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julia_Galef" title="Julia Galef">Julia Galef</a> in 2015.</figcaption></figure> "New Atheism" is a movement among some early-21st-century atheist writers who have advocated the view that "religion should not be tolerated but should be countered, criticized, and exposed by rational argument wherever its influence arises."<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> The movement is commonly associated with <a href="/wiki/Sam_Harris_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Harris (author)">Sam Harris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a>, Richard Dawkins, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Victor_J._Stenger" title="Victor J. Stenger">Victor J. Stenger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenger2009-178">[177]</a> The religiously-motivated terrorist <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">events of 9/11</a> and the partially successful attempts to change the American science curriculum to include <a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">creationist</a> ideas, together with support for those ideas from the <a href="/wiki/Religious_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious conservatism">religious right</a>, have been cited by "new" atheists as evidence of a need to move toward a more secular society.<a href="#cite_note-sharedvalues-179">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_atheism" title="Demographics of atheism">Demographics of atheism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Countries_by_percentage_of_Unaffiliated%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2010.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Countries_by_percentage_of_Unaffiliated%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2010.svg/550px-Countries_by_percentage_of_Unaffiliated%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2010.svg.png" decoding="async" width="550" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Countries_by_percentage_of_Unaffiliated%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2010.svg/825px-Countries_by_percentage_of_Unaffiliated%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2010.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Countries_by_percentage_of_Unaffiliated%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2010.svg/1100px-Countries_by_percentage_of_Unaffiliated%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2010.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="263" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Irreligion by country">Nonreligious population by country</a>, 2010<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a></figcaption></figure> It is difficult to quantify the number of atheists in the world. Respondents to religious-belief polls may define "atheism" differently or draw different distinctions between atheism, non-religious beliefs, and non-theistic religious and spiritual beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> A 2010 survey published in <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> found that the non-religious made up about 9.6% of the world's population, and atheists about 2.0%. This figure did not include those who follow atheistic religions, such as some Buddhists.<a href="#cite_note-eb-2010-182">[181]</a> The average annual change for atheism from 2000 to 2010 was −0.17%.<a href="#cite_note-eb-2010-182">[181]</a> Scholars have indicated that <a href="/wiki/Desecularization" title="Desecularization">global atheism may be in decline</a> as a percentage of the global population due to irreligious countries having the lowest birth rates in the world and religious countries generally having higher birth rates.<a href="#cite_note-:1-183">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-CambridgeZuckerman-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-184">[183]</a> According to global <a href="/wiki/WIN/GIA" title="WIN/GIA">Win-Gallup International</a> studies, 13% of respondents were "convinced atheists" in 2012,<a href="#cite_note-Gallup2012-185">[184]</a> 11% were "convinced atheists" in 2015,<a href="#cite_note-wingia2-186">[185]</a> and in 2017, 9% were "convinced atheists".<a href="#cite_note-WINGIA_2017-187">[186]</a> As of 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atheism&action=edit">[update]</a>, the top 10 surveyed countries with people who viewed themselves as "convinced atheists" were <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (47%), <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> (31%), the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> (30%), <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (29%), <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> (15%), <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> (15%), <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> (14%), <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> (10%), <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> (10%), <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (10%), and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> (10%).<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> A 2012 study by the NORC found that East Germany had the highest percentage of atheists while Czech Republic had the second highest amount.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> The number of atheists per country is strongly correlated with the level of security for both the individual and society, with some exceptions.<a href="#cite_note-Martin2007-190">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_No_Belief_enhanced_2010.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Europe_No_Belief_enhanced_2010.png/220px-Europe_No_Belief_enhanced_2010.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Europe_No_Belief_enhanced_2010.png/330px-Europe_No_Belief_enhanced_2010.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Europe_No_Belief_enhanced_2010.png/440px-Europe_No_Belief_enhanced_2010.png 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="1245" /></a><figcaption>Percentage of people in various European countries who said: "I don't believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force." (2010)<a href="#cite_note-EB2010-191">[190]</a></figcaption></figure> According to the 2010 Eurobarometer Poll, the percentage of those polled who agreed with the statement "you don't believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force" varied from a high percentage in France (40%), Czech Republic (37%), Sweden (34%), Netherlands (30%), and Estonia (29%); medium-high percentage in Germany (27%), Belgium (27%), UK (25%); to very low in Poland (5%), Greece (4%), Cyprus (3%), Malta (2%), and Romania (1%), with the European Union as a whole at 20%.<a href="#cite_note-EU-192">[191]</a> In a 2012 Eurobarometer poll on discrimination in the European Union, 16% of those polled considered themselves non-believers/agnostics, and 7% considered themselves atheists.<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> According to a <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> survey in 2012, about 18% of Europeans are <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">religiously unaffiliated</a>, including agnostics and atheists.<a href="#cite_note-Religiously_Unaffiliated-194">[193]</a> According to the same survey, the religiously unaffiliated are the majority of the population only in two European countries: Czech Republic (75%) and Estonia (60%).<a href="#cite_note-Religiously_Unaffiliated-194">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3></div> There are three countries and <a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">one special administrative region of China</a> or regions where the religiously unaffiliated make up a majority of the population: <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_North_Korea" title="Irreligion in North Korea">North Korea</a> (71%), <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan#Opposition_to_organised_religion" title="Religion in Japan">Japan</a> (57%), Hong Kong (56%), and China (52%).<a href="#cite_note-Religiously_Unaffiliated-194">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australasia">Australasia</h3></div> According to the <a href="/wiki/2021_Australian_census" title="2021 Australian census">2021 Australian Census</a>, 38% of Australians have "no religion", a category that includes atheists.<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> In a 2018 census, 48.2% of <a href="/wiki/New_Zealanders" title="New Zealanders">New Zealanders</a> reported having no religion, up from 30% in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atheismsymbol_endorsed_by_AAI.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Atheismsymbol_endorsed_by_AAI.svg/130px-Atheismsymbol_endorsed_by_AAI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Atheismsymbol_endorsed_by_AAI.svg/195px-Atheismsymbol_endorsed_by_AAI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Atheismsymbol_endorsed_by_AAI.svg/260px-Atheismsymbol_endorsed_by_AAI.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>Symbol of atheism endorsed by the <a href="/wiki/Atheist_Alliance_International" title="Atheist Alliance International">Atheist Alliance International</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a></figcaption></figure> According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Values_Survey" title="World Values Survey">World Values Survey</a>, 4.4% of Americans self-identified as atheists in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-WVS-199">[198]</a> However, the same survey showed that 11.1% of all respondents stated "no" when asked if they believed in God.<a href="#cite_note-WVS-199">[198]</a> According to a 2014 report by the Pew Research Center, 3.1% of the US adult population identify as atheist, up from 1.6% in 2007; and within the religiously unaffiliated (or "no religion") demographic, atheists made up 13.6%.<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> According to the 2015 General Sociological Survey the number of atheists and agnostics in the US has remained relatively flat in the past 23 years since in 1991 only 2% identified as atheist and 4% identified as agnostic and in 2014 only 3% identified as atheists and 5% identified as agnostics.<a href="#cite_note-GSS_2014-201">[200]</a> According to the American Family Survey, 34% were found to be religiously unaffiliated in 2017 (23% 'nothing in particular', 6% agnostic, 5% atheist).<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> According to the Pew Research Center, in 2014, 22.8% of the American population does not identify with a religion, including atheists (3.1%) and agnostics (4%).<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> According to a PRRI survey, 24% of the population is unaffiliated. Atheists and agnostics combined make up about a quarter of this unaffiliated demographic.<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a> According to a 2023 <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> study, 28% of Americans are religiously unaffiliated.<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arab_world">Arab world</h3></div> In recent years, the profile of atheism has risen substantially in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-207">[206]</a> In major cities across the region, such as <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, atheists have been organizing in cafés and social media, despite regular crackdowns from authoritarian governments.<a href="#cite_note-auto-207">[206]</a> A 2012 poll by Gallup International revealed that 5% of Saudis considered themselves to be "convinced atheists".<a href="#cite_note-auto-207">[206]</a> However, very few young people in the Arab world have atheists in their circle of friends or acquaintances. According to one study, less than 1% did in Morocco, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, or Jordan; only 3% to 7% in the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Kuwait, and Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-Tabah2016-208">[207]</a> When asked whether they have "seen or heard traces of atheism in [their] locality, community, and society" only about 3% to 8% responded yes in all the countries surveyed. The only exception was the UAE, with a percentage of 51%.<a href="#cite_note-Tabah2016-208">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attitudes_toward_atheism">Attitudes toward atheism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Discrimination against atheists</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_szerelem_val%C3%B3s%C3%A1g,_isten_csak_mese.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/A_szerelem_val%C3%B3s%C3%A1g%2C_isten_csak_mese.jpg/220px-A_szerelem_val%C3%B3s%C3%A1g%2C_isten_csak_mese.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/A_szerelem_val%C3%B3s%C3%A1g%2C_isten_csak_mese.jpg/330px-A_szerelem_val%C3%B3s%C3%A1g%2C_isten_csak_mese.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/A_szerelem_val%C3%B3s%C3%A1g%2C_isten_csak_mese.jpg/440px-A_szerelem_val%C3%B3s%C3%A1g%2C_isten_csak_mese.jpg 2x" data-file-width="895" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption>Hungarian Atheist Society at Budapest Pride 2016.</figcaption></figure> Statistically, atheists are held in poor regard across the globe. Non-atheists seem to implicitly view atheists as prone to exhibit immoral behaviors.<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> In addition, according to a 2016 <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> publication, 15% of French people, 45% of Americans, and 99% of Indonesians explicitly believe that a person must believe in God to be moral. Pew furthermore noted that, in a U.S. poll, atheists and Muslims tied for the lowest rating among the major religious demographics on a "<a href="/wiki/Feeling_thermometer" title="Feeling thermometer">feeling thermometer</a>".<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> Also, a study of religious college students found that they were more likely to perceive and interact with atheists negatively after considering their mortality, suggesting that these attitudes may be the result of <a href="/wiki/Death_anxiety#Religiosity" title="Death anxiety">death anxiety</a>.<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wealth,_education,_and_reasoning_style">Wealth, education, and reasoning style</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Religiosity_and_education" title="Religiosity and education">Religiosity and education</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2012-02-14_UAAR_Darwin_Day_Pievani_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/2012-02-14_UAAR_Darwin_Day_Pievani_01.jpg/220px-2012-02-14_UAAR_Darwin_Day_Pievani_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/2012-02-14_UAAR_Darwin_Day_Pievani_01.jpg/330px-2012-02-14_UAAR_Darwin_Day_Pievani_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/2012-02-14_UAAR_Darwin_Day_Pievani_01.jpg/440px-2012-02-14_UAAR_Darwin_Day_Pievani_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2134" /></a><figcaption>Darwin Day 2012 in Rome organized by Italian atheists and agnostics.</figcaption></figure> Various studies have reported positive correlations between levels of education, wealth, and <a href="/wiki/IQ" class="mw-redirect" title="IQ">IQ</a> with atheism.<a href="#cite_note-VyseSI-212">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-GeggelLiveScience-213">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-intmag-214">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zuckerman-66">[65]</a> According to 2024 data from <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>, atheists in the United States are more likely to be white compared to the general U.S. population (77% vs 62%).<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> In a 2008 study, researchers found intelligence to be negatively related to religious belief in Europe and the United States. In a sample of 137 countries, the correlation between national IQ and disbelief in God was found to be 0.60.<a href="#cite_note-intmag-214">[213]</a> According to evolutionary psychologist <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Barber" title="Nigel Barber">Nigel Barber</a>, atheism blossoms in places where most people feel economically secure, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Social_democracies" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democracies">social democracies</a> of Europe, as there is less uncertainty about the future with extensive social safety nets and better health care resulting in a greater quality of life and higher life expectancy. By contrast, in underdeveloped countries, there are far fewer atheists.<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> The relationship between atheism and IQ, while statistically significant, is not a large one, and the reason for the relationship is not well understood.<a href="#cite_note-VyseSI-212">[211]</a> One hypothesis is that the negative relationship between IQ and religiosity is mediated by individual differences in nonconformity; in many countries, religious belief is a conformist choice, and there is evidence that more intelligent people are less likely to conform.<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a> Another theory is that people of higher IQ are more likely to engage in analytical reasoning, and that disbelief in religion results from the application of higher-level analytical reasoning to the assessment of religious claims.<a href="#cite_note-VyseSI-212">[211]</a> In a 2017 study, it was shown that compared to religious individuals, atheists have higher reasoning capacities and this difference seemed to be unrelated to sociodemographic factors such as age, education and country of origin.<a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> In a 2015 study, researchers found that atheists score higher on cognitive reflection tests than theists, the authors wrote that "The fact that atheists score higher agrees with the literature showing that belief is an automatic manifestation of the mind and its default mode. Disbelieving seems to require deliberative cognitive ability."<a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> A 2016 study, in which 4 new studies were reported and a meta-analysis of all previous research on the topic was performed, found that self-identified atheists scored 18.7% higher than theists on the cognitive reflection test and there is a negative correlation between religiosity and analytical thinking. The authors note that recently "it has been argued that analytic thinkers are not actually less religious; rather, the putative association may be a result of religiosity typically being measured after analytic thinking (an order effect)," however, they state "Our results indicate that the association between analytical thinking and religious disbelief is not caused by a simple order effect. There is good evidence that atheists and agnostics are more reflective than religious believers."<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> This "analytic atheist" effect has also been found among academic philosophers, even when controlling for about a dozen potential confounds such as education.<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> Some studies do not detect this correlation between atheism and analytic thinking in all of the countries that they study,<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> suggesting that the relationship between analytic thinking and atheism may depend on culture.<a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a> There is also evidence that gender may be involved in what has been termed the analytic atheist effect; because men have been found more likely to endorse atheism,<a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a> and men often perform slightly better on tests of analytic thinking,<a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a> when not controlling for variables such as math anxiety,<a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a> the correlation between atheism and analytic reasoning may be partly explained by whatever explains observed gender differences in analytic thinking. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/27px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/36px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apatheism" title="Apatheism">Apatheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brights_movement" title="Brights movement">Brights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_atheists" title="Lists of atheists">Lists of atheists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Secular_Society" title="National Secular Society">National Secular Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_atheism" title="Outline of atheism">Outline of atheism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> In part because of its wide use in monotheistic Western society, atheism is usually described as "disbelief in God", rather than more generally as "disbelief in deities". A clear distinction is rarely drawn in modern writings between these two definitions, but some archaic uses of atheism encompassed only disbelief in the singular God, not in <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheistic</a> deities. It is on this basis that the obsolete term <a href="/wiki/Adevism" title="Adevism">adevism</a> was coined in the late 19th century to describe an absence of belief in plural deities. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CambridgeZuckerman-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CambridgeZuckerman_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CambridgeZuckerman_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZuckerman2006" class="citation book cs1">Zuckerman, Phil (2006). "Atheism: Contemporary Numbers and Patterns". The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. pp. 47–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCCOL0521842700.004">10.1017/CCOL0521842700.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84270-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84270-9"><bdi>978-0-521-84270-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Atheism%3A+Contemporary+Numbers+and+Patterns&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Atheism&rft.pages=47-66&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCCOL0521842700.004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84270-9&rft.aulast=Zuckerman&rft.aufirst=Phil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoasWiegandt2010" class="citation book cs1">Joas, Hans; Wiegandt, Klaus, eds. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rQTdki1xyK0C&pg=PA122">Secularization and the World Religions</a>. Liverpool University Press. p. 122 (footnote 1). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-187-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-187-1"><bdi>978-1-84631-187-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL25285702M">25285702M</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151030194457/https://books.google.com/books?id=rQTdki1xyK0C&pg=PA122">Archived</a> from the original on October 30, 2015. Retrieved April 18, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secularization+and+the+World+Religions&rft.pages=122+%28footnote+1%29&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL25285702M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-84631-187-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrQTdki1xyK0C%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-logical-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-logical_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-logical_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-logical_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infidels.org/library/modern/nontheism/atheism/logical.html">"Logical Arguments for Atheism"</a>. The Secular Web Library. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Infidels" title="Internet Infidels">Internet Infidels</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121117012714/http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/nontheism/atheism/logical.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2012. Retrieved October 2, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Secular+Web+Library&rft.atitle=Logical+Arguments+for+Atheism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infidels.org%2Flibrary%2Fmodern%2Fnontheism%2Fatheism%2Flogical.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShook" class="citation web cs1">Shook, John R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shook.pragmatism.org/skepticismaboutthesupernatural.pdf">"Skepticism about the Supernatural"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121018210402/http://shook.pragmatism.org/skepticismaboutthesupernatural.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved October 2, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Skepticism+about+the+Supernatural&rft.aulast=Shook&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshook.pragmatism.org%2Fskepticismaboutthesupernatural.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drange-1996-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Drange-1996_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drange-1996_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrange1996" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Drange" title="Theodore Drange">Drange, Theodore M.</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infidels.org/library/modern/theodore_drange/aeanb.html">"The Arguments From Evil and Nonbelief"</a>. Secular Web Library. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Infidels" title="Internet Infidels">Internet Infidels</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070110135633/http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/theodore_drange/aeanb.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 10, 2007. Retrieved October 2, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Secular+Web+Library&rft.atitle=The+Arguments+From+Evil+and+Nonbelief&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Drange&rft.aufirst=Theodore+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infidels.org%2Flibrary%2Fmodern%2Ftheodore_drange%2Faeanb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyc-unbelief-def-issues-6"><a href="#cite_ref-encyc-unbelief-def-issues_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, Van A. Agnosticism and Atheism,</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agnosticism+and+Atheism&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Van+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> in <a href="#CITEREFFlynn2007">Flynn 2007</a>, p. 35: "The terms ATHEISM and AGNOSTICISM lend themselves to two different definitions. The first takes the privative a both before the Greek theos (divinity) and gnosis (to know) to mean that atheism is the absence of belief in the gods and agnosticism is the lack of knowledge of some specified subject matter. The second definition takes atheism to mean the explicit denial of the existence of gods and agnosticism as the position of someone who, because the existence of gods is unknowable, suspends judgment regarding them ... The first is the more inclusive and recognizes only two alternatives: Either one believes in the gods or one does not. Consequently, there is no third alternative, as those who call themselves agnostics sometimes claim. Insofar as they lack belief, they are really atheists. Moreover, since the absence of belief is the cognitive position in which everyone is born, the burden of proof falls on those who advocate religious belief. The proponents of the second definition, by contrast, regard the first definition as too broad because it includes uninformed children along with aggressive and explicit atheists. Consequently, it is unlikely that the public will adopt it." </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStenger2007">Stenger 2007</a>, pp. 17–18, citing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsons1989" class="citation book cs1">Parsons, Keith M. (1989). God and the Burden of Proof: Plantinga, Swinburne, and the Analytical Defense of Theism. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87975-551-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87975-551-5"><bdi>978-0-87975-551-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+and+the+Burden+of+Proof%3A+Plantinga%2C+Swinburne%2C+and+the+Analytical+Defense+of+Theism&rft.place=Amherst%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-87975-551-5&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=Keith+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eb1911-atheism-8"><a href="#cite_ref-eb1911-atheism_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Atheism">"Atheism" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. <q>The term as generally used, however, is highly ambiguous. Its meaning varies (a) according to the various definitions of deity, and especially (b) according as it is (i.) deliberately adopted by a thinker as a description of his own theological standpoint, or (ii.) applied by one set of thinkers to their opponents. As to (a), it is obvious that atheism from the standpoint of the Christian is a very different conception as compared with atheism as understood by a Deist, a Positivist, a follower of Euhemerus or Herbert Spencer, or a Buddhist.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Atheism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Draper" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Draper_(philosopher)" title="Paul Draper (philosopher)">Paul Draper</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/atheism-agnosticism">"Atheism and Agnosticism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211025062002/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/atheism-agnosticism/">Archived</a> from the original on October 25, 2021. Retrieved October 24, 2021. <q>Departing even more radically from the norm in philosophy, a few philosophers and quite a few non-philosophers claim that "atheism" shouldn't be defined as a proposition at all, even if theism is a proposition. Instead, "atheism" should be defined as a psychological state: the state of not believing in the existence of God</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Atheism+and+Agnosticism&rft.pub=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.au=Paul+Draper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fatheism-agnosticism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atheism-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Atheism_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atheism_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCormick" class="citation web cs1">McCormick, Matt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/atheism/#H1">"Atheism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100221061729/https://iep.utm.edu/atheism/#H1">Archived</a> from the original on February 21, 2010. Retrieved October 24, 2021. <q>It has come to be widely accepted that to be an atheist is to affirm the non-existence of God</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Atheism&rft.pub=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=McCormick&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Fatheism%2F%23H1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Anthony" class="citation web cs1">Michael Anthony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philosophynow.org/issues/78/Wheres_The_Evidence">"Where's The Evidence"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_Now" title="Philosophy Now">Philosophy Now</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190926013024/https://philosophynow.org/issues/78/Wheres_The_Evidence">Archived</a> from the original on September 26, 2019. Retrieved October 24, 2021. <q>While the word 'atheism' has been used in something like this sense (see for example Antony Flew's article 'The Presumption of Atheism'), it is a highly non-standard use.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Where%27s+The+Evidence&rft.pub=Philosophy+Now&rft.au=Michael+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilosophynow.org%2Fissues%2F78%2FWheres_The_Evidence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-agnosticism-compatible-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-agnosticism-compatible_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-agnosticism-compatible_12-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartin1990">Martin 1990</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atheismphilosoph00mart_0/page/466">467–468</a>: "In the popular sense an agnostic neither believes nor disbelieves that God exists, while an atheist disbelieves that God exists. However, this common contrast of agnosticism with atheism will hold only if one assumes that atheism means positive atheism. In the popular sense, agnosticism is compatible with negative atheism. Since negative atheism by definition simply means not holding any concept of God, it is compatible with neither believing nor disbelieving in God." </li> <li id="cite_note-encyc-unbelief-compatible-13"><a href="#cite_ref-encyc-unbelief-compatible_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland1882" class="citation book cs1">Holland, Aaron (April 1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-25667906">Agnosticism</a>. The Journal of Speculative Philosophy,</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agnosticism&rft.pub=The+Journal+of+Speculative+Philosophy&rft.date=1882-04&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjstor-25667906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> in <a href="#CITEREFFlynn2007">Flynn 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YR4RAQAAIAAJ&q=%22It+is+important+to+note+that+this+interpretation+of+agnosticism%22">34</a>: "It is important to note that this interpretation of agnosticism is compatible with theism or atheism, since it is only asserted that knowledge of God's existence is unattainable." </li> <li id="cite_note-martin-agnosticism-entails-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-martin-agnosticism-entails_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-martin-agnosticism-entails_14-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartin2006">Martin 2006</a>, p. 2: "But agnosticism is compatible with negative atheism in that agnosticism entails negative atheism. Since agnostics do not believe in God, they are by definition negative atheists. This is not to say that negative atheism entails agnosticism. A negative atheist might disbelieve in God but need not." </li> <li id="cite_note-barker-agnostic-atheism-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-barker-agnostic-atheism_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-barker-agnostic-atheism_15-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarker2008">Barker 2008</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fAjPWYgIfCoC&pg=PA96">96</a>: "People are invariably surprised to hear me say I am both an atheist and an agnostic, as if this somehow weakens my certainty. I usually reply with a question like, "Well, are you a Republican or an American?" The two words serve different concepts and are not mutually exclusive. Agnosticism addresses knowledge; atheism addresses belief. The agnostic says, "I don't have a knowledge that God exists." The atheist says, "I don't have a belief that God exists." You can say both things at the same time. Some agnostics are atheistic and some are theistic." </li> <li id="cite_note-eb2011-atheism-critique-16"><a href="#cite_ref-eb2011-atheism-critique_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNielsen2013">Nielsen 2013</a>: "atheism, in general, the critique and denial of metaphysical beliefs in God or spiritual beings. As such, it is usually distinguished from theism, which affirms the reality of the divine and often seeks to demonstrate its existence. Atheism is also distinguished from agnosticism, which leaves open the question whether there is a god or not, professing to find the questions unanswered or unanswerable." </li> <li id="cite_note-eb2011concise-atheism-17"><a href="#cite_ref-eb2011concise-atheism_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/concise/atheism?show=0&t=1323944845">"Atheism"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica Concise. Merriam Webster. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120121050128/http://www.merriam-webster.com/concise/atheism?show=0&t=1323944845">Archived</a> from the original on January 21, 2012. Retrieved December 15, 2011. <q>Critique and denial of metaphysical beliefs in God or divine beings. Unlike agnosticism, which leaves open the question of whether there is a God, atheism is a positive denial. It is rooted in an array of philosophical systems.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Atheism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Concise&rft.pub=Merriam+Webster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fconcise%2Fatheism%3Fshow%3D0%26t%3D1323944845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eb1911-atheism-sceptical-18"><a href="#cite_ref-eb1911-atheism-sceptical_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Atheism">"Atheism" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. <q>But dogmatic atheism is rare compared with the sceptical type, which is identical with agnosticism in so far as it denies the capacity of the mind of man to form any conception of God, but is different from it in so far as the agnostic merely holds his judgment in suspense, though, in practice, agnosticism is apt to result in an attitude towards religion which is hardly distinguishable from a passive and unaggressive atheism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Atheism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2006-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2006_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2006_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2006_19-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartin2006">Martin 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-eb2011-Rejection-of-all-religious-beliefs-20"><a href="#cite_ref-eb2011-Rejection-of-all-religious-beliefs_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/40634/atheism">"Atheism as rejection of religious beliefs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 1 (15th ed.). 2011. p. 666. 0852294735. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110512015453/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/40634/atheism">Archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2011. Retrieved April 9, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Atheism+as+rejection+of+religious+beliefs&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=666&rft.edition=15th&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F40634%2Fatheism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFd'Holbach1772" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">d'Holbach, P.H.T.</a> (1772). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/7319">Good Sense</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110623131908/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/7319">Archived</a> from the original on June 23, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Good+Sense&rft.date=1772&rft.aulast=d%27Holbach&rft.aufirst=P.H.T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F7319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith1979">Smith 1979</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Draper" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Draper_(philosopher)" title="Paul Draper (philosopher)">Paul Draper</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/atheism-agnosticism">"Atheism and Agnosticism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211025062002/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/atheism-agnosticism/">Archived</a> from the original on October 25, 2021. Retrieved October 24, 2021. <q>Departing even more radically from the norm in philosophy, a few philosophers and quite a few non-philosophers claim that "atheism" shouldn't be defined as a proposition at all, even if theism is a proposition. Instead, "atheism" should be defined as a psychological state: the state of not believing in the existence of God</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Atheism+and+Agnosticism&rft.pub=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.au=Paul+Draper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fatheism-agnosticism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Anthony" class="citation web cs1">Michael Anthony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philosophynow.org/issues/78/Wheres_The_Evidence">"Where's The Evidence"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_Now" title="Philosophy Now">Philosophy Now</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190926013024/https://philosophynow.org/issues/78/Wheres_The_Evidence">Archived</a> from the original on September 26, 2019. Retrieved October 24, 2021. <q>While the word 'atheism' has been used in something like this sense (see for example Antony Flew's article 'The Presumption of Atheism'), it is a highly non-standard use.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Where%27s+The+Evidence&rft.pub=Philosophy+Now&rft.au=Michael+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilosophynow.org%2Fissues%2F78%2FWheres_The_Evidence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nagel1959-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Nagel1959_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagel1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Nagel" title="Ernest Nagel">Nagel, Ernest</a> (1959). "Philosophical Concepts of Atheism". Basic Beliefs: The Religious Philosophies of Mankind. Sheridan House. <q>I must begin by stating what sense I am attaching to the word 'atheism,' and how I am construing the theme of this paper. I shall understand by 'atheism' a critique and a denial of the major claims of all varieties of theism. ... atheism is not to be identified with sheer unbelief, or with disbelief in some particular creed of a religious group. Thus, a child who has received no religious instruction and has never heard about God is not an atheist – for he is not denying any theistic claims. Similarly in the case of an adult who, if he has withdrawn from the faith of his father without reflection or because of frank indifference to any theological issue, is also not an atheist – for such an adult is not challenging theism and not professing any views on the subject. ... I propose to examine some philosophic concepts of atheism</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philosophical+Concepts+of+Atheism&rft.btitle=Basic+Beliefs%3A+The+Religious+Philosophies+of+Mankind&rft.pub=Sheridan+House&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Nagel&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> reprinted in Critiques of God, edited by Peter A. Angeles, Prometheus Books, 1997. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOppy20184-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOppy20184_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOppy2018">Oppy 2018</a>, p. 4: Agnostics are distinguished from innocents, who also neither believe that there are gods nor believe that there are no gods, by the fact that they have given consideration to the question of whether there are gods. Innocents are those who have never considered the question of whether there are gods. Typically, innocents have never considered the question of whether there are gods because they are not able to consider that question. How could that be? Well, in order to consider the question of whether there are gods, one must understand what it would mean for something to be a god. That is, one needs to have the concept of a god. Those who lack the concept of a god are not able to entertain the thought that there are gods. Consider, for example, one-month-old babies. It is very plausible that one-month-old babies lack the concept of a god. So it is very plausible that one-month-old babies are innocents. Other plausible cases of innocents include chimpanzees, human beings who have suffered severe traumatic brain injuries, and human beings with advanced dementia </li> <li id="cite_note-presumption-27"><a href="#cite_ref-presumption_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlew1976">Flew 1976</a>, pp. 14ff: "In this interpretation, an atheist becomes: not someone who positively asserts the non-existence of God; but someone who is simply not a theist. Let us, for future-ready reference, introduce the labels 'positive atheist' for the former and 'negative atheist' for the latter." </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/omar-baddar/why-im-not-an-atheist-the-case-for-agnosticism_b_3345544.html">"Why I'm Not an Atheist: The Case for Agnosticism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Huffington Post">Huffington Post</a>. May 28, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131209105433/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/omar-baddar/why-im-not-an-atheist-the-case-for-agnosticism_b_3345544.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 9, 2013. Retrieved November 26, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Why+I%27m+Not+an+Atheist%3A+The+Case+for+Agnosticism&rft.date=2013-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fomar-baddar%2Fwhy-im-not-an-atheist-the-case-for-agnosticism_b_3345544.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kenny2006-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Kenny2006_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenny2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kenny" title="Anthony Kenny">Kenny, Anthony</a> (2006). "Why I Am Not an Atheist". What I believe. Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-8971-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-8971-5"><bdi>978-0-8264-8971-5</bdi></a>. <q>The true default position is neither theism nor atheism, but agnosticism ... a claim to knowledge needs to be substantiated; ignorance need only be confessed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Why+I+Am+Not+an+Atheist&rft.btitle=What+I+believe&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-8971-5&rft.aulast=Kenny&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaggini2003">Baggini 2003</a>, pp. 30–34. "Who seriously claims we should say 'I neither believe nor disbelieve that the Pope is a robot', or 'As to whether or not eating this piece of chocolate will turn me into an elephant I am completely agnostic'. In the absence of any good reasons to believe these outlandish claims, we rightly disbelieve them, we don't just suspend judgement." </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaggini2003">Baggini 2003</a>, p. 22. "A lack of proof is no grounds for the suspension of belief. This is because when we have a lack of absolute proof we can still have overwhelming evidence or one explanation which is far superior to the alternatives." </li> <li id="cite_note-stanford-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stanford_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stanford_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmart2004" class="citation web cs1">Smart, J.C.C. (March 9, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/atheism-agnosticism/">"Atheism and Agnosticism"</a>. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120205181908/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/atheism-agnosticism/">Archived</a> from the original on February 5, 2012. Retrieved April 9, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Atheism+and+Agnosticism&rft.pub=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2004-03-09&rft.aulast=Smart&rft.aufirst=J.C.C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fatheism-agnosticism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawkins200650-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawkins200650_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDawkins2006">Dawkins 2006</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCudworth1678" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Cudworth" title="Ralph Cudworth">Cudworth, Ralph</a> (1678). The True Intellectual System of the Universe: the first part, wherein all the reason and philosophy of atheism is confuted and its impossibility demonstrated.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+True+Intellectual+System+of+the+Universe%3A+the+first+part%2C+wherein+all+the+reason+and+philosophy+of+atheism+is+confuted+and+its+impossibility+demonstrated&rft.date=1678&rft.aulast=Cudworth&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris200651-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris200651_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris2006">Harris 2006</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-drachmann-36"><a href="#cite_ref-drachmann_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrachmann1977" class="citation book cs1">Drachmann, A.B. (1977) [1922]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cguq-yNii_QC&q=Atheism+in+Pagan+Antiquity">Atheism in Pagan Antiquity</a>. Chicago: Ares Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89005-201-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89005-201-3"><bdi>978-0-89005-201-3</bdi></a>. <q>Atheism and atheist are words formed from Greek roots and with Greek derivative endings. Nevertheless, they are not Greek; their formation is not consonant with Greek usage. In Greek they said átheos and atheotēs; to these the English words ungodly and ungodliness correspond rather closely. In exactly the same way as ungodly, átheos was used as an expression of severe censure and moral condemnation; this use is an old one, and the oldest that can be traced. Not till later do we find it employed to denote a certain philosophical creed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atheism+in+Pagan+Antiquity&rft.pub=Chicago%3A+Ares+Publishers&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-89005-201-3&rft.aulast=Drachmann&rft.aufirst=A.B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcguq-yNii_QC%26q%3DAtheism%2Bin%2BPagan%2BAntiquity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/atheist">"atheist"</a>. American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131127232035/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/atheist">Archived</a> from the original on November 27, 2013. Retrieved November 21, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=atheist&rft.pub=American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2Fatheist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartiall1566" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_(priest)" title="John Marshall (priest)">Martiall, John</a> (1566). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=20snAQAAIAAJ">A Replie to Mr Calfhills Blasphemous Answer Made Against the Treatise of the Cross</a>. English recusant literature, 1558–1640. Vol. 203. Louvain. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=20snAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA49">49</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170423154826/https://books.google.com/books?id=20snAQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on April 23, 2017. Retrieved April 23, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Replie+to+Mr+Calfhills+Blasphemous+Answer+Made+Against+the+Treatise+of+the+Cross&rft.place=Louvain&rft.series=English+recusant+literature%2C+1558%E2%80%931640&rft.pages=49&rft.date=1566&rft.aulast=Martiall&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D20snAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Rendered as Atheistes: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolding1571" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Golding" title="Arthur Golding">Golding, Arthur</a> (1571). <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">The Psalmes of David and others, with J. Calvin's commentaries</a>. pp. Ep. Ded. 3. <q>The Atheistes which say ... there is no God.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Psalmes+of+David+and+others%2C+with+J.+Calvin%27s+commentaries&rft.pages=Ep.+Ded.+3&rft.date=1571&rft.aulast=Golding&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> Translated from Latin. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanmer1577" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Meredith_Hanmer" title="Meredith Hanmer">Hanmer, Meredith</a> (1577). The auncient ecclesiasticall histories of the first six hundred years after Christ, written by Eusebius, Socrates, and Evagrius. London. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/55193813">55193813</a>. <q>The opinion which they conceaue of you, to be Atheists, or godlesse men.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+auncient+ecclesiasticall+histories+of+the+first+six+hundred+years+after+Christ%2C+written+by+Eusebius%2C+Socrates%2C+and+Evagrius&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=London&rft.date=1577&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F55193813&rft.aulast=Hanmer&rft.aufirst=Meredith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mw-online-41"><a href="#cite_ref-mw-online_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/atheism">Merriam-Webster Online:Atheism</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131121224609/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/atheism">archived</a> from the original on November 21, 2013, retrieved November 21, 2013, <q>First Known Use: 1546</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster+Online%3AAtheism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fatheism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Golding-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Golding_42-0">^</a> Rendered as Athisme: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Mornay1581" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Mornay" title="Philippe de Mornay">de Mornay, Philippe</a> (1581). A Woorke Concerning the Trewnesse of the Christian Religion: Against Atheists, Epicures, Paynims, Iewes, Mahumetists, and other infidels [De la vérite de la religion chréstienne (1581, Paris)]. Translated from French to English by Arthur Golding & Philip Sidney and published in London, 1587. <q>Athisme, that is to say, vtter godlesnes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Woorke+Concerning+the+Trewnesse+of+the+Christian+Religion%3A+Against+Atheists%2C+Epicures%2C+Paynims%2C+Iewes%2C+Mahumetists%2C+and+other+infidels&rft.date=1581&rft.aulast=de+Mornay&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hume-metaphysics-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hume-metaphysics_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume-metaphysics_44-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHume1748">Hume 1748</a>, Part III: "If we take in our hand any volume; of divinity or school metaphysics, for instance; let us ask, Does it contain any abstract reasoning concerning quantity or number? No. Does it contain any experimental reasoning concerning matter of fact and existence? No. Commit it then to the flames: for it can contain nothing but sophistry and illusion." </li> <li id="cite_note-Michael_Martin-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Michael_Martin_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1992" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Michael (1992). Atheism: A Philosophical Justification. Temple University Press. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780877229438" title="Special:BookSources/9780877229438"><bdi>9780877229438</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atheism%3A+A+Philosophical+Justification&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780877229438&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Drange" title="Theodore Drange">Drange, Theodore M.</a> (1998). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infidels.org/library/modern/theodore_drange/definition.html">Atheism, Agnosticism, Noncognitivism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130723234754/http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/theodore_drange/definition.html">Archived</a> July 23, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <a href="/wiki/Internet_Infidels" title="Internet Infidels">Internet Infidels</a>, Secular Web Library. Retrieved 2007-APR-07. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Ayer">Ayer, A. J.</a> (1946). Language, Truth and Logic. Dover. pp. 115–116. In a footnote, Ayer attributes this view to "Professor H.H. Price". </li> <li id="cite_note-Graham_Oppy-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Graham_Oppy_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Graham_Oppy_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Graham_Oppy_48-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOppy2019" class="citation book cs1">Oppy, Graham (2019). Atheism: The Basics (First ed.). Routledge. pp. 14, 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138506916" title="Special:BookSources/978-1138506916"><bdi>978-1138506916</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atheism%3A+The+Basics&rft.pages=14%2C+15&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1138506916&rft.aulast=Oppy&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daniel_Stoljar-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Daniel_Stoljar_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoljar" class="citation web cs1">Stoljar, Daniel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/physicalism/">"Physicalism"</a>. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191103205051/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/physicalism/">Archived</a> from the original on November 3, 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Physicalism&rft.aulast=Stoljar&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fphysicalism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leopold_Stubenberg-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Leopold_Stubenberg_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStubenberg" class="citation web cs1">Stubenberg, Stubenberg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/neutral-monism/">"Neutral Monism"</a>. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171211135615/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/neutral-monism/">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2017. Retrieved April 14, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Neutral+Monism&rft.aulast=Stubenberg&rft.aufirst=Stubenberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fneutral-monism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zdybicka_2005_19-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Zdybicka_2005_19_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZdybicka2005">Zdybicka 2005</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-D._Gene_Witmer-52"><a href="#cite_ref-D._Gene_Witmer_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitmer" class="citation web cs1">Witmer, D. Gene. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195396577/obo-9780195396577-0258.xml">"Physicalism and Metaphysical Naturalism"</a>. Oxford Bibliographies. Oxford University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413141153/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195396577/obo-9780195396577-0258.xml">Archived</a> from the original on April 13, 2021. Retrieved April 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Bibliographies&rft.atitle=Physicalism+and+Metaphysical+Naturalism&rft.aulast=Witmer&rft.aufirst=D.+Gene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fview%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780195396577%2Fobo-9780195396577-0258.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-David_Papineau-53"><a href="#cite_ref-David_Papineau_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapineau" class="citation web cs1">Papineau, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/naturalism/">"Naturalism"</a>. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180426123419/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/naturalism/">Archived</a> from the original on April 26, 2018. Retrieved April 14, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Naturalism&rft.aulast=Papineau&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fnaturalism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bourget_and_Chalmers-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Bourget_and_Chalmers_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourgetChalmers" class="citation web cs1">Bourget, David; Chalmers, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/surveys/index.html">"The PhilPapers Surveys"</a>. PhilPapers. The PhilPapers Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190723035239/https://philpapers.org/surveys/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 23, 2019. Retrieved April 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PhilPapers&rft.atitle=The+PhilPapers+Surveys&rft.aulast=Bourget&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Chalmers%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Fsurveys%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruse_and_Bullivant-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ruse_and_Bullivant_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruse_and_Bullivant_55-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOppy2013" class="citation book cs1">Oppy, Graham (2013). "chapter 4". In Bullivant, Stephen; Ruse, Michael (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Atheism (illustrated ed.). OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199644650" title="Special:BookSources/9780199644650"><bdi>9780199644650</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=chapter+4&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Atheism&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780199644650&rft.aulast=Oppy&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fiona_Ellis-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Fiona_Ellis_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2016" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Ellis, Fiona (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pdcnet.org/tpm/content/tpm_2016_0072_0045_0046">"Theistic naturalism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Philosophers%27_Magazine" title="The Philosophers' Magazine">The Philosophers' Magazine</a>. 1st Quarter (72): 45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Ftpm20167224">10.5840/tpm20167224</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1354-814X">1354-814X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210430232953/https://www.pdcnet.org/tpm/content/tpm_2016_0072_0045_0046">Archived</a> from the original on April 30, 2021. Retrieved May 1, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philosophers%27+Magazine&rft.atitle=Theistic+naturalism&rft.volume=1st+Quarter&rft.issue=72&rft.pages=45&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Ftpm20167224&rft.issn=1354-814X&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pdcnet.org%2Ftpm%2Fcontent%2Ftpm_2016_0072_0045_0046&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christopher_C._Knight-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Christopher_C._Knight_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight2009" class="citation journal cs1">Knight, Christopher C. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9744.2009.01014.x">"Theistic Naturalism and "Special" Divine Providence"</a>. Journal of Religion and Science. 44 (3). Wylie online library: abstract. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9744.2009.01014.x">10.1111/j.1467-9744.2009.01014.x</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210430090059/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9744.2009.01014.x">Archived</a> from the original on April 30, 2021. Retrieved May 1, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Religion+and+Science&rft.atitle=Theistic+Naturalism+and+%22Special%22+Divine+Providence&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=abstract&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9744.2009.01014.x&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Christopher+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9744.2009.01014.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1779-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1779_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHume1779">Hume 1779</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> V.A. Gunasekara, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080102053643/http://www.buddhistinformation.com/buddhist_attitude_to_god.htm">"The Buddhist Attitude to God"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhistinformation.com/buddhist_attitude_to_god.htm">the original</a> on January 2, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Buddhist+Attitude+to+God&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhistinformation.com%2Fbuddhist_attitude_to_god.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> In the Bhuridatta Jataka, "The Buddha argues that the three most commonly given attributes of God, viz. omnipotence, omniscience and benevolence towards humanity cannot all be mutually compatible with the existential fact of dukkha." </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Vasubandhu wrote in his Sheath of <a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abhidharmako%C5%9Bak%C4%81rik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhidharmakośakārikā">Abhidharmakosha</a>): "Besides, do you say that God finds joy in seeing the creatures which he has created in the prey of all the distress of existence, including the tortures of the hells? Homage to this kind of God! The profane stanza expresses it well: "One calls him Rudra because he burns, because he is sharp, fierce, redoubtable, an eater of flesh, blood and marrow." de La Vallee Poussin, Louis (fr. trans.); Sangpo, Gelong Lodro (eng. trans.) (2012) Abhidharmakośa-Bhāṣya of Vasubandhu Volume I, p. 677. Motilal Banarsidass Pubs. ISBN 978-81-208-3608-2 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Feuerbach, Ludwig (1841) <a href="/wiki/The_Essence_of_Christianity" title="The Essence of Christianity">The Essence of Christianity</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Walpola Rahula, What the Buddha Taught. Grove Press, 1974. pp. 51–52. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakunin1916" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bakunin" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Bakunin">Bakunin, Michael</a> (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/bakunin/godandstate/godandstate_ch1.html">"God and the State"</a>. New York: Mother Earth Publishing Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110521195435/http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bakunin/godandstate/godandstate_ch1.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 21, 2011. Retrieved April 9, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=God+and+the+State&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Mother+Earth+Publishing+Association&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Bakunin&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdwardmac.pitzer.edu%2Fanarchist_archives%2Fbakunin%2Fgodandstate%2Fgodandstate_ch1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorrisInglehart2004" class="citation book cs1">Norris, Pippa; Inglehart, Ronald (2004). Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+and+Secular%3A+Religion+and+Politics+Worldwide&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=Pippa&rft.au=Inglehart%2C+Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce2003" class="citation book cs1">Bruce, Steve (2003). Religion and Politics. Cambridge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Politics&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Zuckerman-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zuckerman_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zuckerman_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuckerman2009" class="citation journal cs1">Zuckerman, Phil (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150608173754/http://pitweb.pitzer.edu/academics/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2014/12/FAC-Zuckerman-Sociology-Compass.pdf">"Atheism, Secularity, and Well-Being: How the Findings of Social Science Counter Negative Stereotypes and Assumptions"</a> (PDF). Sociology Compass. 3 (6): 949–971. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1751-9020.2009.00247.x">10.1111/j.1751-9020.2009.00247.x</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pitweb.pitzer.edu/academics/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2014/12/FAC-Zuckerman-Sociology-Compass.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on June 8, 2015. Retrieved June 8, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociology+Compass&rft.atitle=Atheism%2C+Secularity%2C+and+Well-Being%3A+How+the+Findings+of+Social+Science+Counter+Negative+Stereotypes+and+Assumptions&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=949-971&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1751-9020.2009.00247.x&rft.aulast=Zuckerman&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpitweb.pitzer.edu%2Facademics%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F38%2F2014%2F12%2FFAC-Zuckerman-Sociology-Compass.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2010/sep/12/pope-benedict-atheism-secularism">"Societies without God are more benevolent"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. September 2, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170225221202/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2010/sep/12/pope-benedict-atheism-secularism">Archived</a> from the original on February 25, 2017. Retrieved November 21, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Societies+without+God+are+more+benevolent&rft.date=2010-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2Fbelief%2F2010%2Fsep%2F12%2Fpope-benedict-atheism-secularism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baker_and_Smith_2015-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Baker_and_Smith_2015_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakerSmith2015" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Joseph O.; Smith, Buster G. (2015). American Secularism: Cultural Contours of Nonreligious Belief Systems. NYU Press. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781479896875" title="Special:BookSources/9781479896875"><bdi>9781479896875</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Secularism%3A+Cultural+Contours+of+Nonreligious+Belief+Systems&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781479896875&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Joseph+O.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Buster+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-misconceptions-69"><a href="#cite_ref-misconceptions_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGleeson2006" class="citation web cs1">Gleeson, David (August 10, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.exchristian.net/2006/12/common-misconceptions-about-atheists.html">"Common Misconceptions About Atheists and Atheism"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131231001241/http://articles.exchristian.net/2006/12/common-misconceptions-about-atheists.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 31, 2013. Retrieved November 21, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Common+Misconceptions+About+Atheists+and+Atheism&rft.date=2006-08-10&rft.aulast=Gleeson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.exchristian.net%2F2006%2F12%2Fcommon-misconceptions-about-atheists.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith1979">Smith 1979</a>, p. 275. "Perhaps the most common criticism of atheism is the claim that it leads inevitably to <a href="/wiki/Moral_bankruptcy" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral bankruptcy">moral bankruptcy</a>." </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal, Blaise</a> (1669). <a href="/wiki/Pens%C3%A9es" title="Pensées">Pensées</a>, II: "The Misery of Man Without God". </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> See, for example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPressley1996" class="citation news cs1">Pressley, Sue Anne (September 8, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/features/ohair090896.htm">"Atheist Group Moves Ahead Without O'Hair"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171008044601/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/features/ohair090896.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 8, 2017. Retrieved October 22, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Atheist+Group+Moves+Ahead+Without+O%27Hair&rft.date=1996-09-08&rft.aulast=Pressley&rft.aufirst=Sue+Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Fstyle%2Ffeatures%2Fohair090896.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowder1997" class="citation web cs1">Lowder, Jeffery Jay (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infidels.org/library/modern/jeff_lowder/society.html">"Atheism and Society"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110522025011/http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/jeff_lowder/society.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 22, 2011. Retrieved April 9, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Atheism+and+Society&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Lowder&rft.aufirst=Jeffery+Jay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infidels.org%2Flibrary%2Fmodern%2Fjeff_lowder%2Fsociety.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith1979">Smith 1979</a>, p. 275. "Among the many myths associated with religion, none is more widespread [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] – or more disastrous in its effects — than the myth that moral values cannot be divorced from the belief in a god." </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> In <a href="/wiki/Dostoevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Brothers_Karamazov" title="The Brothers Karamazov">The Brothers Karamazov</a> (Book Eleven: Brother Ivan Fyodorovich, Chapter 4) there is the famous argument that "If there is no God, all things are permitted.": "'But what will become of men then?' I asked him, 'without God and immortal life? All things are lawful then, they can do what they like?'" </li> <li id="cite_note-Kant_CPR_A811-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Kant_CPR_A811_76-0">^</a> For <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a>, the presupposition of God, soul, and freedom was a practical concern, for "Morality, by itself, constitutes a system, but happiness does not, unless it is distributed in exact proportion to morality. This, however, is possible in an intelligible world only under a wise author and ruler. Reason compels us to admit such a ruler, together with life in such a world, which we must consider as future life, or else all moral laws are to be considered as idle dreams" (Critique of Pure Reason, A811). </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaggini2003">Baggini 2003</a>, p. 38 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Neiman" title="Susan Neiman">Susan Neiman</a> (November 6, 2006). Beyond Belief Session 6 (Conference). <a href="/wiki/Salk_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Salk Institute">Salk Institute</a>, La Jolla, California: The Science Network.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beyond+Belief+Session+6&rft.place=Salk+Institute%2C+La+Jolla%2C+California&rft.pub=The+Science+Network&rft.date=2006-11-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaggini2003">Baggini 2003</a>, p. 40 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaggini2003">Baggini 2003</a>, p. 43 </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris2005">Harris 2005</a>, <a href="#CITEREFHarris2006">Harris 2006</a>, <a href="#CITEREFDawkins2006">Dawkins 2006</a>, <a href="#CITEREFHitchens2007">Hitchens 2007</a>, <a href="#CITEREFRussell1957">Russell 1957</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Marx, K. 1976. Introduction to A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right. Collected Works, v. 3. New York. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006a-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2006a_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris2006a">Harris 2006a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Moreira-almeida2006-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Moreira-almeida2006_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoreira-almeidaNetoKoenig2006" class="citation journal cs1">Moreira-almeida, A.; Neto, F.; Koenig, H.G. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS1516-44462006005000006">"Religiousness and mental health: a review"</a>. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria. 28 (3): 242–250. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS1516-44462006005000006">10.1590/S1516-44462006005000006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16924349">16924349</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Brasileira+de+Psiquiatria&rft.atitle=Religiousness+and+mental+health%3A+a+review&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=242-250&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1590%2FS1516-44462006005000006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16924349&rft.aulast=Moreira-almeida&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Neto%2C+F.&rft.au=Koenig%2C+H.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1590%252FS1516-44462006005000006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> See for example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahoe1977" class="citation journal cs1">Kahoe, R.D. (June 1977). "Intrinsic Religion and Authoritarianism: A Differentiated Relationship". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 16 (2): 179–182. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1385749">10.2307/1385749</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1385749">1385749</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Scientific+Study+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Intrinsic+Religion+and+Authoritarianism%3A+A+Differentiated+Relationship&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=179-182&rft.date=1977-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1385749&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1385749%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kahoe&rft.aufirst=R.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> Also see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltemeyerHunsberger1992" class="citation journal cs1">Altemeyer, Bob; Hunsberger, Bruce (1992). "Authoritarianism, Religious Fundamentalism, Quest, and Prejudice". <a href="/wiki/International_Journal_for_the_Psychology_of_Religion" title="International Journal for the Psychology of Religion">International Journal for the Psychology of Religion</a>. 2 (2): 113–133. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1207%2Fs15327582ijpr0202_5">10.1207/s15327582ijpr0202_5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+for+the+Psychology+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Authoritarianism%2C+Religious+Fundamentalism%2C+Quest%2C+and+Prejudice&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=113-133&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1207%2Fs15327582ijpr0202_5&rft.aulast=Altemeyer&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft.au=Hunsberger%2C+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Harris_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Harris (author)">Harris, Sam</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110516191405/http://www.truthdig.com/dig/print/200512_an_atheist_manifesto">"An Atheist Manifesto"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Truthdig" title="Truthdig">Truthdig</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.truthdig.com/dig/print/200512_an_atheist_manifesto">the original</a> on May 16, 2011. Retrieved April 9, 2011. <q>In a world riven by ignorance, only the atheist refuses to deny the obvious: Religious faith promotes human violence to an astonishing degree.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Atheist+Manifesto&rft.pub=Truthdig&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.truthdig.com%2Fdig%2Fprint%2F200512_an_atheist_manifesto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-John_S._Feinberg,_Paul_D._Feinberg-87"><a href="#cite_ref-John_S._Feinberg,_Paul_D._Feinberg_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeinbergFeinberg2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_S._Feinberg" class="mw-redirect" title="John S. Feinberg">Feinberg, John S.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Paul_D._Feinberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul D. Feinberg">Feinberg, Paul D.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nl-f5SKq9mgC&pg=PA697">Ethics for a Brave New World</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greg_Koukl" title="Greg Koukl">Stand To Reason</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58134-712-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58134-712-8"><bdi>978-1-58134-712-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved October 18, 2007. <q>Over a half century ago, while I was still a child, I recall hearing a number of old people offer the following explanation for the great disasters that had befallen Russia: 'Men have forgotten God; that's why all this has happened.' Since then I have spent well-nigh 50 years working on the history of our revolution; in the process I have read hundreds of books, collected hundreds of personal testimonies, and have already contributed eight volumes of my own toward the effort of clearing away the rubble left by that upheaval. But if I were asked today to formulate as concisely as possible the main cause of the ruinous revolution that swallowed up some 60 million of our people, I could not put it more accurately than to repeat: 'Men have forgotten God; that's why all this has happened.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethics+for+a+Brave+New+World&rft.pub=Stand+To+Reason&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-58134-712-8&rft.aulast=Feinberg&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft.au=Feinberg%2C+Paul+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNl-f5SKq9mgC%26pg%3DPA697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Totalitarianism_and_Atheism-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Totalitarianism_and_Atheism_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'Souza" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza" title="Dinesh D'Souza">D'Souza, Dinesh</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholiceducation.org/en/controversy/answering-atheists/answering-atheists-arguments.html">"Answering Atheist's Arguments"</a>. Catholic Education Resource Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161028215055/http://www.catholiceducation.org/en/controversy/answering-atheists/answering-atheists-arguments.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 28, 2016. Retrieved April 9, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Answering+Atheist%27s+Arguments&rft.pub=Catholic+Education+Resource+Center&rft.aulast=D%27Souza&rft.aufirst=Dinesh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholiceducation.org%2Fen%2Fcontroversy%2Fanswering-atheists%2Fanswering-atheists-arguments.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawkins2006291-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawkins2006291_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDawkins2006">Dawkins 2006</a>, p. 291. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/harris06/harris06_index.html">10 myths and 10 truths about Atheism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130525005256/http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/harris06/harris06_index.html">Archived</a> May 25, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Sam Harris </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> "That does not, however, show that the atrocities committed by these totalitarian dictatorships were the result of atheist beliefs, carried out in the name of atheism, or caused primarily by the atheistic aspects of the relevant forms of communism." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackfordSchüklenk2013" class="citation book cs1">Blackford, R.; Schüklenk, U. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fR1rAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA85">"Myth 27 Many Atrocities Have Been Committed in the Name of Atheism"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fR1rAAAAQBAJ">50 great myths about atheism</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-67404-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-67404-8"><bdi>978-0-470-67404-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151030203821/https://books.google.com/books?id=fR1rAAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on October 30, 2015. Retrieved August 13, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Myth+27+Many+Atrocities+Have+Been+Committed+in+the+Name+of+Atheism&rft.btitle=50+great+myths+about+atheism&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-470-67404-8&rft.aulast=Blackford&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Sch%C3%BCklenk%2C+U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfR1rAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-winston2-92"><a href="#cite_ref-winston2_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinston2004" class="citation book cs1">Winston, Robert, ed. (2004). Human. New York: DK Publishing, Inc. p. 299. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-1901-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-1901-5"><bdi>978-0-7566-1901-5</bdi></a>. <q>Nonbelief has existed for centuries. For example, Buddhism and Jainism have been called atheistic religions because they do not advocate belief in gods.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human&rft.pages=299&rft.pub=New+York%3A+DK+Publishing%2C+Inc&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7566-1901-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neopaganism-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Neopaganism_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonCliffordLewisMadsen2005" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Philip; et al. (2005). Claydon, David; et al. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RfGhUW8RdUIC&q=neopaganism+atheism&pg=PA194">Religious and Non-Religious Spirituality in the Western World ("New Age") A New Vision, A New Heart, A Renewed Call</a>. Vol. 2. William Carey Library. p. 194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87808-364-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87808-364-0"><bdi>978-0-87808-364-0</bdi></a>. <q>Although Neo-Pagans share common commitments to nature and spirit there is a diversity of beliefs and practices ... Some are atheists, others are polytheists (several gods exist), some are pantheists (all is God) and others are panentheists (all is in God).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+and+Non-Religious+Spirituality+in+the+Western+World+%28%22New+Age%22%29+A+New+Vision%2C+A+New+Heart%2C+A+Renewed+Call&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=William+Carey+Library&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-87808-364-0&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Clifford%2C+Ross&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Mark&rft.au=Madsen%2C+Ole+Skjerbaek&rft.au=Morehead%2C+John+W.&rft.au=Mulholland%2C+Ken&rft.au=Payne%2C+Simeon&rft.au=Riecke%2C+Christina&rft.au=Smulo%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRfGhUW8RdUIC%26q%3Dneopaganism%2Batheism%26pg%3DPA194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wicca-94"><a href="#cite_ref-Wicca_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews2009" class="citation book cs1">Matthews, Carol S. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newreligions0000matt">New Religions</a>. Chelsea House Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newreligions0000matt/page/115">115</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-8096-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-8096-2"><bdi>978-0-7910-8096-2</bdi></a>. <q>There is no universal worldview that all Neo-Pagans/Wiccans hold. One online information source indicates that depending on how the term God is defined, Neo-Pagans might be classified as monotheists, duotheists (two gods), polytheists, pantheists, or atheists.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Religions&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Chelsea+House+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7910-8096-2&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Carol+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewreligions0000matt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/subdivisions/humanistic.shtml">"Humanistic Judaism"</a>. BBC. July 20, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110416143510/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/subdivisions/humanistic.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on April 16, 2011. Retrieved April 9, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Humanistic+Judaism&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2006-07-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fjudaism%2Fsubdivisions%2Fhumanistic.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevin1995" class="citation journal cs1">Levin, S. (May 1995). <a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">"Jewish Atheism"</a>. New Humanist. 110 (2): 13–15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Humanist&rft.atitle=Jewish+Atheism&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=13-15&rft.date=1995-05&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/types/christianatheism.shtml">"Christian Atheism"</a>. BBC. May 17, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070302051910/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/types/christianatheism.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on March 2, 2007. Retrieved April 9, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christian+Atheism&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2006-05-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fatheism%2Ftypes%2Fchristianatheism.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltizer1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._J._Altizer" title="Thomas J. J. Altizer">Altizer, Thomas J.J.</a> (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060929171840/http://www.religion-online.org/showbook.asp?title=523">The Gospel of Christian Atheism</a>. London: Collins. pp. 102–103. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religion-online.org/showbook.asp?title=523">the original</a> on September 29, 2006. Retrieved April 9, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+of+Christian+Atheism&rft.pages=102-103&rft.pub=London%3A+Collins&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Altizer&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religion-online.org%2Fshowbook.asp%3Ftitle%3D523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyas1970" class="citation journal cs1">Lyas, Colin (January 1970). "On the Coherence of Christian Atheism". Philosophy. 45 (171): 1–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0031819100009578">10.1017/S0031819100009578</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170899306">170899306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy&rft.atitle=On+the+Coherence+of+Christian+Atheism&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=171&rft.pages=1-19&rft.date=1970-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0031819100009578&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170899306%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lyas&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakravarti1991" class="citation book cs1">Chakravarti, Sitansu (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J_-rASTgw8wC&pg=PA71">Hinduism, a way of life</a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0899-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0899-7"><bdi>978-81-208-0899-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231010005133/https://books.google.com/books?id=J_-rASTgw8wC&pg=PA71#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on October 10, 2023. Retrieved April 9, 2011. <q>According to Hinduism, the path of the atheist is very difficult to follow in matters of spirituality, though it is a valid one.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%2C+a+way+of+life&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0899-7&rft.aulast=Chakravarti&rft.aufirst=Sitansu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ_-rASTgw8wC%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pandian_1996_64-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pandian_1996_64_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pandian_1996_64_101-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandian1996" class="citation book cs1">Pandian (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B90uj14NHjMC&pg=PA64">India, that is, sidd</a>. Allied Publishers. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7023-561-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7023-561-3"><bdi>978-81-7023-561-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231007055548/https://books.google.com/books?id=B90uj14NHjMC&pg=PA64#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on October 7, 2023. Retrieved April 9, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%2C+that+is%2C+sidd&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Allied+Publishers&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-7023-561-3&rft.au=Pandian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB90uj14NHjMC%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GraftonMostSettis-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GraftonMostSettis_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GraftonMostSettis_102-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GraftonMostSettis_102-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GraftonMostSettis_102-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GraftonMostSettis_102-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulsow2010" class="citation book cs1">Mulsow, Martin (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LbqF8z2bq3sC&q=devil+poseidon+pan&pg=PA264">"Atheism"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Grafton" title="Anthony Grafton">Grafton, Anthony</a>; <a href="/wiki/Glenn_W._Most" title="Glenn W. Most">Most, Glenn W.</a>; Settis, Salvatore (eds.). The Classical Tradition. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 96–97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03572-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03572-0"><bdi>978-0-674-03572-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171206135820/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LbqF8z2bq3sC&pg=PA264&dq=devil+poseidon+pan#v=onepage&q=devil%20poseidon%20pan&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on December 6, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Atheism&rft.btitle=The+Classical+Tradition&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts+and+London&rft.pages=96-97&rft.pub=The+Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03572-0&rft.aulast=Mulsow&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLbqF8z2bq3sC%26q%3Ddevil%2Bposeidon%2Bpan%26pg%3DPA264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDasgupta1992" class="citation book cs1">Dasgupta, Surendranath (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PoaMFmS1_lEC&pg=PA258">A history of Indian philosophy, Volume 1</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0412-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0412-8"><bdi>978-81-208-0412-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Indian+philosophy%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=258&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0412-8&rft.aulast=Dasgupta&rft.aufirst=Surendranath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPoaMFmS1_lEC%26pg%3DPA258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qz.com/india/1585631/the-ancient-connections-between-atheism-buddhism-and-hinduism/">"The ancient connections between atheism, buddhism and Hinduism"</a>. Quartz.com. April 3, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403094858/https://qz.com/india/1585631/the-ancient-connections-between-atheism-buddhism-and-hinduism/">Archived</a> from the original on April 3, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quartz.com&rft.atitle=The+ancient+connections+between+atheism%2C+buddhism+and+Hinduism&rft.date=2019-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2Findia%2F1585631%2Fthe-ancient-connections-between-atheism-buddhism-and-hinduism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan and Charles A. Moore. A Sourcebook in Indian Philosophy. (Princeton University Press: 1957, Twelfth Princeton Paperback printing 1989) pp. 227–249. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-01958-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-01958-4">0-691-01958-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Satischandra Chatterjee and Dhirendramohan Datta. An Introduction to Indian Philosophy. Eighth Reprint Edition. (University of Calcutta: 1984). p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-Joshi-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Joshi_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshi1966" class="citation journal cs1">Joshi, L.R. (1966). "A New Interpretation of Indian Atheism". Philosophy East and West. 16 (3/4): 189–206. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1397540">10.2307/1397540</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1397540">1397540</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+and+West&rft.atitle=A+New+Interpretation+of+Indian+Atheism&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=189-206&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1397540&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1397540%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Joshi&rft.aufirst=L.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaggini2003">Baggini 2003</a>, pp. 73–74. "Atheism had its origins in Ancient Greece but did not emerge as an overt and avowed belief system until late in the Enlightenment." </li> <li id="cite_note-Winiarczyk-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Winiarczyk_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winiarczyk_109-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winiarczyk_109-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winiarczyk_109-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winiarczyk_109-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winiarczyk_109-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiniarczyk2016" class="citation book cs1">Winiarczyk, Marek (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NryvDAAAQBAJ&q=Diagoras+of+Melos">Diagoras of Melos: A Contribution to the History of Ancient Atheism</a>. Translated by Zbirohowski-Kościa, Witold. Berlin: Walther de Gruyter. pp. 61–68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-044765-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-044765-1"><bdi>978-3-11-044765-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diagoras+of+Melos%3A+A+Contribution+to+the+History+of+Ancient+Atheism&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=61-68&rft.pub=Walther+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-11-044765-1&rft.aulast=Winiarczyk&rft.aufirst=Marek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNryvDAAAQBAJ%26q%3DDiagoras%2Bof%2BMelos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burkert1985-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burkert1985_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkert1985_110-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkert1985_110-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkert1985_110-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkert1985_110-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkert1985_110-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkert1985_110-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkert1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Burkert" title="Walter Burkert">Burkert, Walter</a> (1985). Greek Religion. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 311–317. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-36281-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-36281-9"><bdi>978-0-674-36281-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Religion&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=311-317&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-674-36281-9&rft.aulast=Burkert&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vassa-111"><a href="#cite_ref-Vassa_111-0">^</a> Vassallo, C. (2018). Atomism and the Worship of Gods: On Democritus' 'Rational' Attitude towards Theology. Philosophie antique, 18 105-125. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Against_Heresies" class="mw-redirect" title="Against Heresies">Against Heresies</a> II 14, 2 (D. 171) = 59 B 113 DK. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Josephus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Josephus">Flavius Josephus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Against_Apion" title="Against Apion">Against Apion</a> II, 265 = 59 A 19 DK; <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>. On superstition 10 p. 169 F – 170 A; <a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a>, II 12-14; <a href="/wiki/Olympiodorus_the_Younger" title="Olympiodorus the Younger">Olympiodorus the Younger</a>. Commentary on Aristotle's Meteorology p. 17, 19 Stüve = 59 B 19 DK. </li> <li id="cite_note-CIC-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIC_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIC_114-1">b</a> ... nullos esse omnino Diagoras et Theodorus Cyrenaicus ... Cicero, Marcus Tullius: De natura deorum. Comments and English text by Richard D. McKirahan. Thomas Library, Bryn Mawr College, 1997, p. 3. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-929524-89-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-929524-89-6">0-929524-89-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-SextEmp-115"><a href="#cite_ref-SextEmp_115-0">^</a> Sext. Emp. Pyr. hyp. 3.218 cf. Math. 10.50–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-Whit-116"><a href="#cite_ref-Whit_116-0">^</a> Whitmarsh, T. (2016). Diagoras, Bellerophon and the Siege of Olympus. The Journal of Hellenic Studies, 136 182-186. </li> <li id="cite_note-Davi-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Davi_117-0">^</a> Davies, M. (1989). Sisyphus and the Invention of Religion (Critias TrGF 1 (43) F 19 = B 25 DK). BICS 32, 16-32. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahn1997" class="citation journal cs1">Kahn, Charles (1997). "Greek Religion and Philosophy in the Sisyphus Fragment". Phronesis. 42 (3): 247–262. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15685289760518153">10.1163/15685289760518153</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4182561">4182561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phronesis&rft.atitle=Greek+Religion+and+Philosophy+in+the+Sisyphus+Fragment&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=247-262&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15685289760518153&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4182561%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kahn&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coll-119"><a href="#cite_ref-Coll_119-0">^</a> Collard, C., and Cropp, M.J. (2008). Euripides, Fragments: Volume VII, Aegeus-Meleager. Cambridge, MA, 298-301. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBremmer" class="citation book cs1">Bremmer, Jan. Atheism in Antiquity,</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atheism+in+Antiquity&rft.aulast=Bremmer&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> in <a href="#CITEREFMartin2006">Martin 2006</a>, pp. 12–13 </li> <li id="cite_note-Garland2008-121"><a href="#cite_ref-Garland2008_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarland2008" class="citation book cs1">Garland, Robert (2008). Ancient Greece: Everyday Life in the Birthplace of Western Civilization. New York City: Sterling. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4549-0908-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4549-0908-8"><bdi>978-1-4549-0908-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greece%3A+Everyday+Life+in+the+Birthplace+of+Western+Civilization&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Sterling&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4549-0908-8&rft.aulast=Garland&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bremmer-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bremmer_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bremmer_122-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bremmer_122-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bremmer_122-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBremmer" class="citation book cs1">Bremmer, Jan. Atheism in Antiquity,</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atheism+in+Antiquity&rft.aulast=Bremmer&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> in <a href="#CITEREFMartin2006">Martin 2006</a>, pp. 14–19 </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrickhouseSmith2004" class="citation book cs1">Brickhouse, Thomas C.; Smith, Nicholas D. (2004). Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Plato and the Trial of Socrates. Routledge. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15681-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15681-3"><bdi>978-0-415-15681-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Philosophy+Guidebook+to+Plato+and+the+Trial+of+Socrates&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-15681-3&rft.aulast=Brickhouse&rft.aufirst=Thomas+C.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Nicholas+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sedl-124"><a href="#cite_ref-Sedl_124-0">^</a> Sedley, D. (2013). The atheist underground. In Harte and M. Lane (edd.), Politeia in Greek and Roman Philosophy. Cambridge, 329-48. </li> <li id="cite_note-EpicStanEncycl-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EpicStanEncycl_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EpicStanEncycl_125-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EpicStanEncycl_125-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EpicStanEncycl_125-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonstan2005" class="citation web cs1">Konstan, David (January 10, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epicurus/">"Epicurus"</a>. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20180802185445/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epicurus/">Archived</a> from the original on August 2, 2018. Retrieved November 10, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Epicurus&rft.date=2005-01-10&rft.aulast=Konstan&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fepicurus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hickson2014-126"><a href="#cite_ref-Hickson2014_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickson2014" class="citation book cs1">Hickson, Michael W. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J0ScAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT26">"A Brief History of Problems of Evil"</a>. In McBrayer, Justin P.; Howard-Snyder, Daniel (eds.). The Blackwell Companion to The Problem of Evil. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 26–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-60797-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-60797-8"><bdi>978-1-118-60797-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161120231324/https://books.google.com/books?id=J0ScAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT26">Archived</a> from the original on November 20, 2016. Retrieved September 15, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Problems+of+Evil&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+The+Problem+of+Evil&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=26-27&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-118-60797-8&rft.aulast=Hickson&rft.aufirst=Michael+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ0ScAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Fragments of Euhemerus' work in Ennius' Latin translation have been preserved in <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Patristic</a> writings (e.g. by <a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius of Caesarea</a>), which all rely on earlier fragments in <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus</a> 5,41–46 & 6.1. Testimonies, especially in the context of polemical criticism, are found e.g. in <a href="/wiki/Callimachus" title="Callimachus">Callimachus</a>, Hymn to Zeus 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, Moralia—Isis and Osiris <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/Isis_and_Osiris*/B.html#23">23</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230902080058/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/e/roman/texts/plutarch/moralia/isis_and_osiris%2A/b.html#23">Archived</a> September 2, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Diogenes Laërtius, The Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers, ii </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Cicero, Lucullus, 121. in Reale, G., A History of Ancient Philosophy. SUNY Press. (1985). </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlauck2012" class="citation book cs1">Klauck, Hans-Joseph (2012). "Moving in and Moving Out". In van der Watt, Jan G. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gos_in_the_Neoogle.com/books/edition/Identity_Ethics_and_Ethw_Tes/Xnmt2z8PonYC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA417&printsec=frontcover">Identity, Ethics, and Ethos in the New Testament</a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 417. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018973-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018973-5"><bdi>978-3-11-018973-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved October 9, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Moving+in+and+Moving+Out&rft.btitle=Identity%2C+Ethics%2C+and+Ethos+in+the+New+Testament&rft.pages=417&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-11-018973-5&rft.aulast=Klauck&rft.aufirst=Hans-Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gos_in_the_Neoogle.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FIdentity_Ethics_and_Ethw_Tes%2FXnmt2z8PonYC%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D1%26pg%3DPA417%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Empiricus" title="Sextus Empiricus">Sextus Empiricus</a>, Outlines of Pyrrhonism Book III, Chapter 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-gordonstein-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gordonstein_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gordonstein_133-1">b</a> Stein, Gordon (Ed.) (1980). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.positiveatheism.org/india/s1990c25.htm">The History of Freethought and Atheism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930024429/http://www.positiveatheism.org/india/s1990c25.htm">Archived</a> September 30, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". An Anthology of Atheism and Rationalism. New York: Prometheus. Retrieved April 3, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-CE1913-134"><a href="#cite_ref-CE1913_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Atheism">"Atheism" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Atheism&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferguson1993-135"><a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson1993_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson1993" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, Everett (1993). Backgrounds of Early Christianity (second ed.). Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. 556–561. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0669-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0669-7"><bdi>978-0-8028-0669-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Backgrounds+of+Early+Christianity&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=556-561&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-0669-7&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Everett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sherwin-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sherwin_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sherwin_136-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherwin-White1964" class="citation journal cs1">Sherwin-White, A.N. (April 1964). "Why Were the Early Christians Persecuted? – An Amendment". Past and Present (27): 23–27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpast%2F27.1.23">10.1093/past/27.1.23</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/649759">649759</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+and+Present&rft.atitle=Why+Were+the+Early+Christians+Persecuted%3F+%E2%80%93+An+Amendment&rft.issue=27&rft.pages=23-27&rft.date=1964-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpast%2F27.1.23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F649759%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sherwin-White&rft.aufirst=A.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maycock-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maycock_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maycock_137-1">b</a> Maycock, A.L. and Ronald Knox (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DmL8CljbqDwC">Inquisition from Its Establishment to the Great Schism: An Introductory Study</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151030191702/https://books.google.com/books?id=DmL8CljbqDwC">Archived</a> October 30, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7661-7290-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7661-7290-2">0-7661-7290-2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Duran-138"><a href="#cite_ref-Duran_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuran2019" class="citation book cs1">Duran, Martin (2019). Wondering About God: Impiety, Agnosticism, and Atheism in Ancient Greece. Barcelona: Independently Published. pp. 171–178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-08-061240-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-08-061240-6"><bdi>978-1-08-061240-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wondering+About+God%3A+Impiety%2C+Agnosticism%2C+and+Atheism+in+Ancient+Greece&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pages=171-178&rft.pub=Independently+Published&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-08-061240-6&rft.aulast=Duran&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> While strongly critical of revealed religion, Abu Bakr al-Razi did accept the existence of God, who was one of his five 'eternal principles' (next to soul, matter, time, and place); see <a href="#CITEREFAdamson2021">Adamson 2021</a>. Whether Muhammad al Warraq and Ibn al-Rawandi were merely skeptical freethinkers or full-blown atheists is not clear; see <a href="#CITEREFStroumsa1999">Stroumsa 1999</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicholson318-140"><a href="#cite_ref-Nicholson318_140-0">^</a> Reynold Alleyne Nicholson, 1962, A Literary History of the Arabs, p. 318. Routledge </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sdsmt.edu/student-orgs/tfs/reading/freethought/islam.html">Freethought Traditions in the Islamic World</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120214102422/http://www.sdsmt.edu/student-orgs/tfs/reading/freethought/islam.html">Archived</a> February 14, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Fred Whitehead; also quoted in Cyril Glasse, (2001), The New Encyclopedia of Islam, p. 278. Rowman Altamira. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Al-Zandaqa Wal Zanadiqa, by Mohammad Abd-El Hamid Al-Hamad, first edition 1999, Dar Al-Taliaa Al-Jadida, Syria (Arabic) </li> <li id="cite_note-Zdybicka_2005_4-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zdybicka_2005_4_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zdybicka_2005_4_143-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFZdybicka2005">Zdybicka 2005</a>, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinStein2007" class="citation book cs1">Stein, Rebecca L.; Stein, Phillip L. (2007). The Anthropology of Religion, Witchcraft, and Magic (2nd ed.). Allyn & Bacon. p. 219. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B004VX3Z6S">B004VX3Z6S</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anthropology+of+Religion%2C+Witchcraft%2C+and+Magic&rft.pages=219&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Allyn+%26+Bacon&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB004VX3Z6S%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Rebecca+L.&rft.au=Stein%2C+Phillip+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schultz_2016_p._39-145"><a href="#cite_ref-Schultz_2016_p._39_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchultz2016" class="citation book cs1">Schultz, T. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zr1pDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA39">Assault on the Remnant: The Advent Movement The Spirit of Prophecy and Rome's Trojan Horse</a> (Expanded ed.). Dog Ear Publishing. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4575-4765-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4575-4765-2"><bdi>978-1-4575-4765-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406110524/https://books.google.com/books?id=zr1pDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA39">Archived</a> from the original on April 6, 2023. Retrieved March 3, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assault+on+the+Remnant%3A+The+Advent+Movement+The+Spirit+of+Prophecy+and+Rome%27s+Trojan+Horse&rft.pages=39&rft.edition=Expanded&rft.pub=Dog+Ear+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4575-4765-2&rft.aulast=Schultz&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzr1pDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Geoffrey Blainey; A Short History of Christianity; Viking; 2011; p. 388 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bryson_2016_p._40-147"><a href="#cite_ref-Bryson_2016_p._40_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryson2016" class="citation book cs1">Bryson, M.E. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6MnOCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT40">The Atheist Milton</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-04095-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-04095-8"><bdi>978-1-317-04095-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221019010744/https://books.google.com/books?id=6MnOCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT40">Archived</a> from the original on October 19, 2022. Retrieved October 19, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atheist+Milton&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-04095-8&rft.aulast=Bryson&rft.aufirst=M.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6MnOCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Geoffrey Blainey; A Short History of Christianity; Viking; 2011; p. 343 </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=pantheism">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202223113/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=pantheism">Archived</a> from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved November 26, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dpantheism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Winfried Schröder, in: Matthias Knutzen: Schriften und Materialien (2010), p. 8. See also Rececca Moore, The Heritage of Western Humanism, Scepticism and Freethought (2011), calling Knutzen "the first open advocate of a modern atheist perspective" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reason.sdsu.edu/germany.html">online here</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120330182416/http://reason.sdsu.edu/germany.html">Archived</a> March 30, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Gazeta" class="citation web cs1">Pacholczyk, Natalia (March 28, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/7,114883,30836931,traktatow-o-istnieniu-boga-napisano-setki-o-nieistnieniu-tylko.html#s=BoxMMtCzol3">""Traktatów o istnieniu Boga napisano setki. O nieistnieniu tylko jeden i to w Polsce". Jego autor spłonął na stosie"</a>. Gazeta,pl. Retrieved March 28, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Traktat%C3%B3w+o+istnieniu+Boga+napisano+setki.+O+nieistnieniu+tylko+jeden+i+to+w+Polsce%22.+Jego+autor+sp%C5%82on%C4%85%C5%82+na+stosie&rft.pub=Gazeta%2Cpl&rft.date=2024-03-28&rft.aulast=Pacholczyk&rft.aufirst=Natalia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiadomosci.gazeta.pl%2Fwiadomosci%2F7%2C114883%2C30836931%2Ctraktatow-o-istnieniu-boga-napisano-setki-o-nieistnieniu-tylko.html%23s%3DBoxMMtCzol3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112154508/http://nova.wpunj.edu/newpolitics/issue40/Onfray40.htm">"Michel Onfray on Jean Meslier"</a>. William Paterson University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nova.wpunj.edu/newpolitics/issue40/Onfray40.htm">the original</a> on January 12, 2012. Retrieved November 4, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michel+Onfray+on+Jean+Meslier&rft.pub=William+Paterson+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnova.wpunj.edu%2Fnewpolitics%2Fissue40%2FOnfray40.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holbach-SoN-153"><a href="#cite_ref-Holbach-SoN_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFd'Holbach1770" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">d'Holbach, P.H.T.</a> (1770). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fulltextarchive.com/page/The-System-of-Nature-Vol-21/">The System of Nature</a>. Vol. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190617162007/https://www.fulltextarchive.com/page/The-System-of-Nature-Vol-21/">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2019. Retrieved April 7, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+System+of+Nature&rft.date=1770&rft.aulast=d%27Holbach&rft.aufirst=P.H.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fulltextarchive.com%2Fpage%2FThe-System-of-Nature-Vol-21%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Paul Henri Thiry, Baron d'Holbach, System of Nature; or, the Laws of the Moral and Physical World (London, 1797), Vol. 1, p. 25 </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammonTurner2004" class="citation web cs1">Hammon, William; Turner, Matthew (November 22, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/14120/pg14120-images.html">"Answer to Dr. Priestley's Letters to a Philosophical Unbeliever"</a>. Gutenberg.org. Retrieved August 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Answer+to+Dr.+Priestley%27s+Letters+to+a+Philosophical+Unbeliever&rft.pub=Gutenberg.org&rft.date=2004-11-22&rft.aulast=Hammon&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Turner%2C+Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Fcache%2Fepub%2F14120%2Fpg14120-images.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> Geoffrey Blainey; A Short History of Christianity; Viking; 2011; pp. 390–391 </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/theo-nat/">"Natural Theology"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210508152553/https://iep.utm.edu/theo-nat/">Archived</a> from the original on May 8, 2021. Retrieved April 23, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Natural+Theology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Ftheo-nat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay2003" class="citation book cs1">Ray, Matthew Alun (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BKz2FcDrFy0C&pg=PA1">Subjectivity and Irreligion: Atheism and Agnosticism in Kant, Schopenhauer, and Nietzsche</a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3456-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3456-0"><bdi>978-0-7546-3456-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240611023337/https://books.google.com/books?id=BKz2FcDrFy0C&pg=PA1">Archived</a> from the original on June 11, 2024. Retrieved April 9, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Subjectivity+and+Irreligion%3A+Atheism+and+Agnosticism+in+Kant%2C+Schopenhauer%2C+and+Nietzsche&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-3456-0&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Matthew+Alun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBKz2FcDrFy0C%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaw2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Law" title="Stephen Law">Law, Stephen</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xa7KOJvM2MMC">Humanism. A Very Short Introduction</a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VlQFTbHRqZsC&dq=%22In+1842,+G.+J.+Holyoake+(1817-1906)+(who+first+coined+the+term+'secularism')+was+the+last+(and+perhaps+also+the+first)+person+in+Britain+to+be+imprisoned+on+a+charge+of+atheism%22&pg=PA23">23</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955364-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955364-8"><bdi>978-0-19-955364-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240611023323/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xa7KOJvM2MMC">Archived</a> from the original on June 11, 2024. Retrieved June 28, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Humanism.+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-955364-8&rft.aulast=Law&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXa7KOJvM2MMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolyoake1896" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Holyoake" title="George Holyoake">Holyoake, G.J.</a> (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WnxPAAAAYAAJ">The Origin and Nature of Secularism. Showing that where Freethought Commonly Ends Secularism Begins</a>. London: Watts. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WnxPAAAAYAAJ&q=secularism">41ff.</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+and+Nature+of+Secularism.+Showing+that+where+Freethought+Commonly+Ends+Secularism+Begins&rft.place=London&rft.pages=41ff.&rft.pub=Watts&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Holyoake&rft.aufirst=G.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWnxPAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-feminism-161"><a href="#cite_ref-feminism_161-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOverall2006" class="citation book cs1">Overall, Christine (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tAeFipOVx4MC&q=%22Feminism+and+Atheism%22&pg=PA233">"Feminism and Atheism"</a>. The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-82739-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-82739-3"><bdi>978-1-139-82739-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240611023322/https://books.google.com/books?id=tAeFipOVx4MC&q=%22Feminism+and+Atheism%22&pg=PA233#v=snippet&q=%22Feminism%20and%20Atheism%22&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on June 11, 2024. Retrieved April 9, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Feminism+and+Atheism&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Atheism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-139-82739-3&rft.aulast=Overall&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtAeFipOVx4MC%26q%3D%2522Feminism%2Band%2BAtheism%2522%26pg%3DPA233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> in <a href="#CITEREFMartin2006">Martin 2006</a>, pp. 233–246 </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOverall2006" class="citation book cs1">Overall, Christine (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tAeFipOVx4MC&q=%22Feminism+and+Atheism%22&pg=PA233">"Feminism and Atheism"</a>. The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-82739-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-82739-3"><bdi>978-1-139-82739-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240611023322/https://books.google.com/books?id=tAeFipOVx4MC&q=%22Feminism+and+Atheism%22&pg=PA233#v=snippet&q=%22Feminism%20and%20Atheism%22&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on June 11, 2024. Retrieved April 9, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Feminism+and+Atheism&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Atheism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-139-82739-3&rft.aulast=Overall&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtAeFipOVx4MC%26q%3D%2522Feminism%2Band%2BAtheism%2522%26pg%3DPA233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> in <a href="#CITEREFMartin2006">Martin 2006</a>, p. 112 </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZdybicka2005">Zdybicka 2005</a>, p. 16 </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Victoria Smolkin, A Sacred Space is Never Empty: A History of Soviet Atheism (Princeton UP, 2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdiplo.org/to/RT21-56">online reviews</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220424221605/https://issforum.org/roundtables/PDF/Roundtable-XXI-56.pdf">Archived</a> April 24, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes">Richard Pipes</a>; Russia under the Bolshevik Regime; The Harvill Press; 1994; pp. 339–340 </li> <li id="cite_note-Viking_p.494-166"><a href="#cite_ref-Viking_p.494_166-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Blainey" title="Geoffrey Blainey">Geoffrey Blainey</a>; <a href="/wiki/A_Short_History_of_Christianity" title="A Short History of Christianity">A Short History of Christianity</a>; Viking; 2011; p. 494 </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadsen2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Madsen_(sociologist)" title="Richard Madsen (sociologist)">Madsen, Richard</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZMd7AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA586">"Religion Under Communism"</a>. In Smith, S.A. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZMd7AgAAQBAJ">The Oxford Handbook of the History of Communism</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 588. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960205-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960205-6"><bdi>978-0-19-960205-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151028090400/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZMd7AgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on October 28, 2015. 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Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foreignpolicyact0000gins_t2j6/page/31">31–33</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55587-697-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55587-697-5"><bdi>978-1-55587-697-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dalit+Visions+of+a+Just+Society&rft.btitle=Untouchable%3A+Dalits+in+Modern+India&rft.pages=31-33&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-55587-697-5&rft.aulast=Michael&rft.aufirst=S.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforeignpolicyact0000gins_t2j6%2Fpage%2F31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> "He who created god was a fool, he who spreads his name is a scoundrel, and he who worships him is a barbarian." Hiorth, Finngeir (1996). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iheu.org/content/atheism-south-india-2">Atheism in South India</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131211052228/http://iheu.org/content/atheism-south-india-2">Archived</a> December 11, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <a href="/wiki/International_Humanist_and_Ethical_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Humanist and Ethical Union">International Humanist and Ethical Union</a>, International Humanist News. 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It's a milestone for the often-vilified but financially strong group, which has seen its membership grow to an all-time high"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Journal" title="Wisconsin State Journal">Wisconsin State Journal</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170625205513/http://host.madison.com/news/the-atheists-calling-the-madison-based-freedom-from-religion-foundation/article_85a849c9-f26a-50e8-8a04-cf8bc889d8a0.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 25, 2017. 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Retrieved April 6, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Thinking+%26+Reasoning&rft.atitle=Are+there+gender+differences+in+cognitive+reflection%3F+Invariance+and+differences+related+to+mathematics&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=258-279&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13546783.2017.1387606&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55892851%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Primi&rft.aufirst=Caterina&rft.au=Donati%2C+Maria+Anna&rft.au=Chiesi%2C+Francesca&rft.au=Morsanyi%2C+Kinga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F13546783.2017.1387606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamson2021" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Adamson_(philosopher)" title="Peter Adamson (philosopher)">Adamson, Peter</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2021/entries/abu-bakr-al-razi">"Abu Bakr al-Razi"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240611024333/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2021/entries/abu-bakr-al-razi/">Archived</a> from the original on June 11, 2024. Retrieved September 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abu+Bakr+al-Razi&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Adamson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fsum2021%2Fentries%2Fabu-bakr-al-razi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karen_Armstrong" title="Karen Armstrong">Armstrong, Karen</a> (1999). A History of God. London: Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-927367-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-927367-7"><bdi>978-0-09-927367-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+God&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-09-927367-7&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Karen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaggini2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julian_Baggini" title="Julian Baggini">Baggini, Julian</a> (2003). Atheism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280424-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280424-2"><bdi>978-0-19-280424-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atheism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280424-2&rft.aulast=Baggini&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dan_Barker" title="Dan Barker">Barker, Dan</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godlesshowevange0000bark">Godless: How an Evangelical Preacher Became One of America's Leading Atheists</a>. New York: Ulysses Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56975-677-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56975-677-5"><bdi>978-1-56975-677-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL24313839M">24313839M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Godless%3A+How+an+Evangelical+Preacher+Became+One+of+America%27s+Leading+Atheists&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ulysses+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL24313839M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-56975-677-5&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgodlesshowevange0000bark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradlaughBesantBradlaughMoss1884" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bradlaugh" title="Charles Bradlaugh">Bradlaugh, Charles</a>; Besant, Annie; Bradlaugh, Alice; Moss, A. B.; Cattell, C.C.; Standring, G.; Aveling, E. (1884). The Atheistic Platform. London: Freethought Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atheistic+Platform&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Freethought+Publishing&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Bradlaugh&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Besant%2C+Annie&rft.au=Bradlaugh%2C+Alice&rft.au=Moss%2C+A.+B.&rft.au=Cattell%2C+C.C.&rft.au=Standring%2C+G.&rft.au=Aveling%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawkins2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Dawkins, Richard</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yq1xDpicghkC&q=The%20God%20Delusion&pg=PP1">The God Delusion</a>. Bantam Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-593-05548-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-593-05548-9"><bdi>978-0-593-05548-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240611024344/https://books.google.com/books?id=yq1xDpicghkC&q=The%20God%20Delusion&pg=PP1#v=snippet&q=The%20God%20Delusion&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on June 11, 2024. Retrieved October 30, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+God+Delusion&rft.pub=Bantam+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-593-05548-9&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyq1xDpicghkC%26q%3DThe%2520God%2520Delusion%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Edwards_(philosopher)" title="Paul Edwards (philosopher)">Edwards, Paul</a> (2005) [1967]. "Atheism". In Donald M. Borchert (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of Philosophy">The Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). MacMillan Reference US (Gale). p. 359. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865780-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865780-6"><bdi>978-0-02-865780-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Atheism&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pages=359&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=MacMillan+Reference+US+%28Gale%29&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865780-6&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlew1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antony_Flew" title="Antony Flew">Flew, Antony</a> (1976). The Presumption of Atheism, and other Philosophical Essays on God, Freedom, and Immortality. 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William Blackwood and Sons. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7193167M">7193167M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agnosticism%3A+The+Croall+Lecture+for+1887%E2%80%9388&rft.pub=William+Blackwood+and+Sons&rft.date=1903&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7193167M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Flint&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlynn2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Flynn_(author)" title="Tom Flynn (author)">Flynn, Tom</a>, ed. (October 25, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YR4RAQAAIAAJ">The New Encyclopedia of Unbelief</a>. Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59102-391-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59102-391-3"><bdi>978-1-59102-391-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL8851140M">8851140M</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240611024335/https://books.google.com/books?id=YR4RAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on June 11, 2024. 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Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393327656" title="Special:BookSources/9780393327656"><bdi>9780393327656</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+Faith%3A+Religion%2C+Terror%2C+and+the+Future+of+Reason&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780393327656&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fendoffaithreligi00harr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Harris_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Harris (author)">Harris, Sam</a> (September 19, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RlZATs3xD0gC&pg=PP1">Letter to a Christian Nation</a>. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-27877-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-27877-7"><bdi>978-0-307-27877-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL25353925M">25353925M</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240611024840/https://books.google.com/books?id=RlZATs3xD0gC&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on June 11, 2024. Retrieved October 30, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letter+to+a+Christian+Nation&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2006-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL25353925M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-307-27877-7&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRlZATs3xD0gC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2006a" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Harris_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Harris (author)">Harris, Sam</a> (April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php/articles/2863">"The Myth of Secular Moral Chaos"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Free_Inquiry" title="Free Inquiry">Free Inquiry</a>. 26 (3). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0272-0701">0272-0701</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180820113335/https://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php/articles/2863">Archived</a> from the original on August 20, 2018. Retrieved November 21, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Free+Inquiry&rft.atitle=The+Myth+of+Secular+Moral+Chaos&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2006-04&rft.issn=0272-0701&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.secularhumanism.org%2Findex.php%2Farticles%2F2863&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.samharris.org/site/full_text/the-myth-of-secular-moral-chaos">alternate URL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150224084447/http://www.samharris.org/site/full_text/the-myth-of-secular-moral-chaos/">Archived</a> February 24, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitchens2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Hitchens, Christopher</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sGgoYfGyqSMC&pg=PP1">God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything</a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-4143-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-4143-3"><bdi>978-0-7710-4143-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240611024837/https://books.google.com/books?id=sGgoYfGyqSMC&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on June 11, 2024. 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London. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7145748M">7145748M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dialogues+Concerning+Natural+Religion&rft.place=London&rft.date=1779&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7145748M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Hume&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHume1748" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume, David</a> (1748). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/An_Enquiry_Concerning_Human_Understanding">An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding </a>. 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London: Routledge. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-21367-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-21367-7"><bdi>978-0-415-21367-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Existentialism+and+Humanism&rft.btitle=Jean-Paul+Sartre%3A+Basic+Writings&rft.place=London&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-21367-7&rft.aulast=Sartre&rft.aufirst=Jean-Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSartre2004" class="citation book cs1">Sartre, Jean-Paul (2004) [1946]. "An existentialist ethics". In Gensler, Harry J.; Spurgin, Earl W.; Swindal, James C. (eds.). Ethics: Contemporary Readings. London: Routledge. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25680-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25680-3"><bdi>978-0-415-25680-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+existentialist+ethics&rft.btitle=Ethics%3A+Contemporary+Readings&rft.place=London&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-25680-3&rft.aulast=Sartre&rft.aufirst=Jean-Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaffnerCragun2020" class="citation book cs1">Schaffner, Caleb; Cragun, Ryan T. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004331471/BP000022.xml?body=pdf-43180">"Chapter 20: Non-Religion and Atheism"</a>. In Enstedt, Daniel; Larsson, Göran; Mantsinen, Teemu T. (eds.). Handbook of Leaving Religion. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 18. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 242–252. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004331471_021">10.1163/9789004331471_021</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-33092-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-33092-4"><bdi>978-90-04-33092-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1874-6691">1874-6691</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214237/https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004331471/BP000022.xml?body=pdf-43180">Archived</a> from the original on June 2, 2021. 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Smith">Smith, George H.</a> (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atheismcaseagain00smit_0">Atheism: The Case Against God</a>. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87975-124-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87975-124-1"><bdi>978-0-87975-124-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/79002726">79002726</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL4401616M">4401616M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atheism%3A+The+Case+Against+God&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL4401616M%23id-name%3DOL&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F79002726&rft.isbn=978-0-87975-124-1&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=George+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatheismcaseagain00smit_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStenger2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victor_J._Stenger" title="Victor J. Stenger">Stenger, Victor J.</a> (2007). God: The Failed Hypothesis—How Science Shows That God Does Not Exist. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59102-652-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59102-652-5"><bdi>978-1-59102-652-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%3A+The+Failed+Hypothesis%E2%80%94How+Science+Shows+That+God+Does+Not+Exist&rft.place=Amherst%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59102-652-5&rft.aulast=Stenger&rft.aufirst=Victor+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStenger2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victor_J._Stenger" title="Victor J. Stenger">Stenger, Victor J.</a> (September 22, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121011014538/http://www.colorado.edu/philosophy/vstenger/battle.html">The New Atheism: Taking a Stand for Science and Reason</a>. Prometheus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59102-751-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59102-751-5"><bdi>978-1-59102-751-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colorado.edu/philosophy/vstenger/battle.html">the original</a> on October 11, 2012. Retrieved July 23, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Atheism%3A+Taking+a+Stand+for+Science+and+Reason&rft.pub=Prometheus&rft.date=2009-09-22&rft.isbn=978-1-59102-751-5&rft.aulast=Stenger&rft.aufirst=Victor+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.colorado.edu%2Fphilosophy%2Fvstenger%2Fbattle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStroumsa1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Stroumsa" title="Sarah Stroumsa">Stroumsa, Sarah</a> (1999). Freethinkers of Medieval Islam: Ibn al-Rāwandī, Abū Bakr al-Rāzī, and Their Impact on Islamic Thought. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11374-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11374-9"><bdi>978-90-04-11374-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freethinkers+of+Medieval+Islam%3A+Ibn+al-R%C4%81wand%C4%AB%2C+Ab%C5%AB+Bakr+al-R%C4%81z%C4%AB%2C+and+Their+Impact+on+Islamic+Thought&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11374-9&rft.aulast=Stroumsa&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZdybicka2005" class="citation book cs1">Zdybicka, Zofia J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ptta.pl/pef/haslaen/a/atheism.pdf">"Atheism"</a> (PDF). In Maryniarczyk, Andrzej (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ptta.pl/pef">Universal Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>. Vol. 1. Polish Thomas Aquinas Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210312032653/http://ptta.pl/pef/">Archived</a> from the original on March 12, 2021. Retrieved April 9, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Atheism&rft.btitle=Universal+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Polish+Thomas+Aquinas+Association&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Zdybicka&rft.aufirst=Zofia+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fptta.pl%2Fpef%2Fhaslaen%2Fa%2Fatheism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerman1990" class="citation book cs1">Berman, David (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Li4OAAAAQAAJ&q=A%20History%20of%20Atheism%20in%20Britain%3A%20From%20Hobbes%20to%20Russell&pg=PP1">A History of Atheism in Britain: From Hobbes to Russell</a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-04727-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-04727-2"><bdi>978-0-415-04727-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240611024841/https://books.google.com/books?id=Li4OAAAAQAAJ&q=A%20History%20of%20Atheism%20in%20Britain%3A%20From%20Hobbes%20to%20Russell&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on June 11, 2024. Retrieved October 30, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Atheism+in+Britain%3A+From+Hobbes+to+Russell&rft.pub=London%3A+Routledge&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-415-04727-2&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLi4OAAAAQAAJ%26q%3DA%2520History%2520of%2520Atheism%2520in%2520Britain%253A%2520From%2520Hobbes%2520to%2520Russell%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bradlaugh" title="Charles Bradlaugh">Bradlaugh, Charles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a> and others. (1884) The Atheistic Platform: 12 Lectures. London: Freethought Publishing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jh8HAAAAQAAJ">The atheistic platform, 12 lectures by C. Bradlaugh [and others].</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240611024842/https://books.google.com/books?id=jh8HAAAAQAAJ">Archived</a> June 11, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley1990" class="citation book cs1">Buckley, M.J. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atoriginsofmoder00buck">At the Origins of Modern Atheism</a>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04897-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04897-1"><bdi>978-0-300-04897-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=At+the+Origins+of+Modern+Atheism&rft.pub=New+Haven%2C+CT%3A+Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-300-04897-1&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=M.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatoriginsofmoder00buck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullivantRuse2013" class="citation book cs1">Bullivant, Stephen; Ruse, Michael, eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jbIVAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA267">The Oxford Handbook of Atheism</a>. Oxford UP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-964465-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-964465-0"><bdi>978-0-19-964465-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Atheism&rft.pub=Oxford+UP&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-964465-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjbIVAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuran2019" class="citation book cs1">Duran, Martin (2019). Wondering About God: Impiety, Agnosticism, and Atheism in Ancient Greece. Barcelona: Independently Published. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-08-061240-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-08-061240-6"><bdi>978-1-08-061240-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wondering+About+God%3A+Impiety%2C+Agnosticism%2C+and+Atheism+in+Ancient+Greece&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pub=Independently+Published&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-08-061240-6&rft.aulast=Duran&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlew2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antony_Flew" title="Antony Flew">Flew, Antony</a> (2005). God and Philosophy. Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59102-330-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59102-330-2"><bdi>978-1-59102-330-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+and+Philosophy&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59102-330-2&rft.aulast=Flew&rft.aufirst=Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTom_Flynn2007" class="citation book cs1">Tom Flynn, ed. (2007). The New Encyclopedia of Unbelief. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59102-391-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59102-391-3"><bdi>978-1-59102-391-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclopedia+of+Unbelief&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59102-391-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaskin,_J._C._A.1989" class="citation book cs1">Gaskin, J. C. A., ed. (1989). Varieties of Unbelief: From Epicurus to Sartre. New York: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-340681-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-340681-2"><bdi>978-0-02-340681-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Varieties+of+Unbelief%3A+From+Epicurus+to+Sartre&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Macmillan&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-02-340681-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGermani2008" class="citation journal cs1">Germani, Alan (September 15, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110428193621/http://www.theobjectivestandard.com/issues/2008-fall/mystical-ethics-new-atheists.asp">"The Mystical Ethics of the New Atheists"</a>. The Objective Standard. 3 (3). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theobjectivestandard.com/issues/2008-fall/mystical-ethics-new-atheists.asp">the original</a> on April 28, 2011. Retrieved April 9, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Objective+Standard&rft.atitle=The+Mystical+Ethics+of+the+New+Atheists&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2008-09-15&rft.aulast=Germani&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theobjectivestandard.com%2Fissues%2F2008-fall%2Fmystical-ethics-new-atheists.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray2018" class="citation book cs1">Gray, John (2018). Seven Types of Atheism. Harmondsworth: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-19941-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-19941-1"><bdi>978-0-241-19941-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seven+Types+of+Atheism&rft.place=Harmondsworth&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-241-19941-1&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarbour2003" class="citation book cs1">Harbour, Daniel (2003). <a href="/wiki/An_Intelligent_Person%27s_Guide_to_Atheism" title="An Intelligent Person's Guide to Atheism">An Intelligent Person's Guide to Atheism</a>. London: Duckworth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7156-3229-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7156-3229-1"><bdi>978-0-7156-3229-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Intelligent+Person%27s+Guide+to+Atheism&rft.pub=London%3A+Duckworth&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7156-3229-1&rft.aulast=Harbour&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2007" class="citation news cs1">Harris, Sam (October 2, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110524071308/http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/panelists/sam_harris/2007/10/the_problem_with_atheism.html">"The Problem with Atheism"</a>. The Washington Post. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/panelists/sam_harris/2007/10/the_problem_with_atheism.html">the original</a> on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 9, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+Problem+with+Atheism&rft.date=2007-10-02&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsweek.washingtonpost.com%2Fonfaith%2Fpanelists%2Fsam_harris%2F2007%2F10%2Fthe_problem_with_atheism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Howson, Colin (2011). Objecting to God. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-18665-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-18665-0">978-0-521-18665-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_F._Inglehart" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald F. Inglehart">Inglehart, Ronald F.</a>, "Giving Up on God: The Global Decline of Religion", <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a>, vol. 99, no. 5 (September / October 2020), pp. 110–118.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacoby2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Jacoby" title="Susan Jacoby">Jacoby, Susan</a> (2004). Freethinkers: A History of American Secularism. Metropolitan Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7442-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7442-0"><bdi>978-0-8050-7442-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freethinkers%3A+A+History+of+American+Secularism&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-7442-0&rft.aulast=Jacoby&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrueger1998" class="citation book cs1">Krueger, D.E. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whatisatheismsho0000krue">What is Atheism?: A Short Introduction</a>. New York: Prometheus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57392-214-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57392-214-2"><bdi>978-1-57392-214-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+Atheism%3F%3A+A+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Prometheus&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-57392-214-2&rft.aulast=Krueger&rft.aufirst=D.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhatisatheismsho0000krue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLedrew2012" class="citation journal cs1">Ledrew, S. (2012). "The evolution of atheism: Scientific and humanistic approaches". History of the Human Sciences. 25 (3): 70–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0952695112441301">10.1177/0952695112441301</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145640287">145640287</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+the+Human+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+atheism%3A+Scientific+and+humanistic+approaches&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=70-87&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0952695112441301&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145640287%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ledrew&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Poidevin1996" class="citation book cs1">Le Poidevin, R. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M4YlYZi_cMUC">Arguing for Atheism: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion</a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-09338-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-09338-5"><bdi>978-0-415-09338-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240611024904/https://books.google.com/books?id=M4YlYZi_cMUC">Archived</a> from the original on June 11, 2024. Retrieved August 13, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arguing+for+Atheism%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Philosophy+of+Religion&rft.pub=London%3A+Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-415-09338-5&rft.aulast=Le+Poidevin&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM4YlYZi_cMUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackie1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._L._Mackie" title="J. L. Mackie">Mackie, J.L.</a> (1982). The Miracle of Theism: Arguments For and Against the Existence of God. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-824682-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-824682-4"><bdi>978-0-19-824682-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Miracle+of+Theism%3A+Arguments+For+and+Against+the+Existence+of+God&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-19-824682-4&rft.aulast=Mackie&rft.aufirst=J.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaritain1952" class="citation book cs1">Maritain, Jacques (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130407012751/http://www3.nd.edu/Departments/Maritain/etext/range.htm">The Range of Reason</a>. London: Geoffrey Bles. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nd.edu/Departments/Maritain/etext/range.htm">the original</a> on April 7, 2013. Retrieved April 15, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Range+of+Reason&rft.pub=London%3A+Geoffrey+Bles&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Maritain&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nd.edu%2FDepartments%2FMaritain%2Fetext%2Frange.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Martin_&_Ricki_Monnier2003" class="citation book cs1">Michael Martin & Ricki Monnier, ed. (2003). The Impossibility of God. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59102-120-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59102-120-9"><bdi>978-1-59102-120-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Impossibility+of+God&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-59102-120-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Martin_&_Ricki_Monnier2006" class="citation book cs1">Michael Martin & Ricki Monnier, ed. (2006). The Improbability of God. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59102-381-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59102-381-4"><bdi>978-1-59102-381-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Improbability+of+God&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59102-381-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_McGinn" title="Colin McGinn">McGinn, Colin</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.colinmcginn.net/why-i-am-an-atheist/#.Wje3bzdryUm">"Why I am an Atheist"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230830111033/https://www.colinmcginn.net/why-i-am-an-atheist/#.Wje3bzdryUm">Archived</a> August 30, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcTaggartMcTaggart1930" class="citation book cs1">McTaggart, John; McTaggart, Ellis (1930) [1906]. Some Dogmas of Religion (New ed.). London: Edward Arnold & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-548-14955-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-548-14955-3"><bdi>978-0-548-14955-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Some+Dogmas+of+Religion&rft.place=London&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Edward+Arnold+%26+Co.&rft.date=1930&rft.isbn=978-0-548-14955-3&rft.aulast=McTaggart&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=McTaggart%2C+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNielsen1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kai_Nielsen_(philosopher)" title="Kai Nielsen (philosopher)">Nielsen, Kai</a> (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philosophyatheis0000niel">Philosophy and Atheism</a>. New York: Prometheus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87975-289-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87975-289-7"><bdi>978-0-87975-289-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+and+Atheism&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Prometheus&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-87975-289-7&rft.aulast=Nielsen&rft.aufirst=Kai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphilosophyatheis0000niel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNielsen2001" class="citation book cs1">Nielsen, Kai (2001). Naturalism and Religion. New York: Prometheus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57392-853-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57392-853-3"><bdi>978-1-57392-853-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naturalism+and+Religion&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Prometheus&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-57392-853-3&rft.aulast=Nielsen&rft.aufirst=Kai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObbink1989" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Obbink" title="Dirk Obbink">Obbink, Dirk</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://grbs.library.duke.edu/issue/view/971">"The Atheism of Epicurus"</a>. Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies. 30 (2): 187–223. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201135222/https://grbs.library.duke.edu/issue/view/971">Archived</a> from the original on February 1, 2023. Retrieved February 1, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Greek%2C+Roman%2C+and+Byzantine+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Atheism+of+Epicurus&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=187-223&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Obbink&rft.aufirst=Dirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgrbs.library.duke.edu%2Fissue%2Fview%2F971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnfray2007" class="citation book cs1">Onfray, Michel (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QpEAYMo7pFkC&q=Atheist%20Manifesto&pg=PP1">Atheist Manifesto</a>. New York: Arcade Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55970-820-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55970-820-3"><bdi>978-1-55970-820-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151030191621/https://books.google.com/books?id=QpEAYMo7pFkC&lpg=PP1&dq=Atheist%20Manifesto&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on October 30, 2015. Retrieved April 9, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atheist+Manifesto&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Arcade+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-55970-820-3&rft.aulast=Onfray&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQpEAYMo7pFkC%26q%3DAtheist%2520Manifesto%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOppy2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Graham_Oppy" title="Graham Oppy">Oppy, Graham</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DlVtfUxPD14C">Arguing about Gods</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86386-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86386-5"><bdi>978-0-521-86386-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240611025345/https://books.google.com/books?id=DlVtfUxPD14C">Archived</a> from the original on June 11, 2024. Retrieved August 13, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arguing+about+Gods&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86386-5&rft.aulast=Oppy&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDlVtfUxPD14C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRafford1987" class="citation journal cs1">Rafford, R.L. (1987). "Atheophobia—an introduction". Religious Humanism. 21 (1): 32–37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religious+Humanism&rft.atitle=Atheophobia%E2%80%94an+introduction&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=32-37&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Rafford&rft.aufirst=R.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1964" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Richard (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110425091126/http://www.positiveatheism.org/hist/athval0.htm">An Atheist's Values</a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-824191-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-824191-1"><bdi>978-0-19-824191-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.positiveatheism.org/hist/athval0.htm">the original</a> on April 25, 2011. Retrieved April 9, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Atheist%27s+Values&rft.pub=Oxford%3A+Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=978-0-19-824191-1&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.positiveatheism.org%2Fhist%2Fathval0.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Rosenberg, Alex (2011). The Atheist's Guide to Reality: Enjoying Life Without Illusions. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-08023-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-08023-0">978-0-393-08023-0</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Russell, Paul (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hume-religion/">"Hume on Religion"</a>. In Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180915103209/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hume-religion/">Archived</a> from the original on September 15, 2018. Retrieved November 24, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hume+on+Religion&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fhume-religion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharpe1997" class="citation book cs1">Sharpe, R.A. (1997). The Moral Case Against Religious Belief. London: SCM Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-334-02680-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-334-02680-8"><bdi>978-0-334-02680-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Moral+Case+Against+Religious+Belief&rft.pub=London%3A+SCM+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-334-02680-8&rft.aulast=Sharpe&rft.aufirst=R.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShermer1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Shermer" title="Michael Shermer">Shermer, Michael</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780716741619">How We Believe: Science, Skepticism, and the Search for God</a>. New York: William H Freeman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-3561-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-3561-8"><bdi>978-0-7167-3561-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+We+Believe%3A+Science%2C+Skepticism%2C+and+the+Search+for+God&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=William+H+Freeman&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-3561-8&rft.aulast=Shermer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780716741619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Smolkin, Victoria. A Sacred Space is Never Empty: A History of Soviet Atheism (Princeton UP, 2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdiplo.org/to/RT21-56">online reviews</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220424221605/https://issforum.org/roundtables/PDF/Roundtable-XXI-56.pdf">Archived</a> April 24, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThrower1971" class="citation book cs1">Thrower, James (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ashorthistoryofw0000unse">A Short History of Western Atheism</a>. London: Pemberton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-301-71101-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-301-71101-0"><bdi>978-0-301-71101-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Western+Atheism&rft.pub=London%3A+Pemberton&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-301-71101-0&rft.aulast=Thrower&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fashorthistoryofw0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Walters, Kerry (2010). Atheism: A Guide for the Perplexed. New York: Continuum. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-2493-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-2493-8">978-0-8264-2493-8</a></li> <li>Whitmarsh, Tim. (2015), Battling the Gods: Atheism in the Ancient World</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuckerman2010" class="citation book cs1">Zuckerman, Phil, ed. (2010). Atheism and secularity. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35183-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35183-9"><bdi>978-0-313-35183-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atheism+and+secularity&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-313-35183-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuckerman2010" class="citation book cs1">Zuckerman, Phil (2010). Society without God: What the Least Religious Nations Can Tell Us About Contentment. NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9723-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9723-5"><bdi>978-0-8147-9723-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Society+without+God%3A+What+the+Least+Religious+Nations+Can+Tell+Us+About+Contentment&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-9723-5&rft.aulast=Zuckerman&rft.aufirst=Phil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Atheism <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Atheism">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Atheism&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/browse/atheism">Atheism</a> at <a href="/wiki/PhilPapers" title="PhilPapers">PhilPapers</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZalta" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/atheism-agnosticism//">"Atheism and Agnosticism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Atheism+and+Agnosticism&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fatheism-agnosticism%2F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/atheism">"Atheism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Atheism&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fatheism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtheism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/n-atheis/">The New Atheists</a>. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Includes links to organizations and websites.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/">Religion & Ethics—Atheism</a> at bbc.co.uk</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://infidels.org/library/">Secular Web library</a>. Library of both historical and modern writings, a comprehensive online resource for freely available material on atheism.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_McGinn" title="Colin McGinn">McGinn, Colin</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.colinmcginn.net/why-i-am-an-atheist/#.Wje3bzdryUm">"Why I am an Atheist"</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Irreligion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Irreligion" title="Template:Irreligion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Irreligion" title="Template talk:Irreligion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Irreligion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Irreligion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Irreligion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Irreligion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Irreligion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">Freethought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_secularism" title="Organized secularism">Organized secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_religion" title="Parody religion">Parody religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_liberalism" title="Secular liberalism">Secular liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">Secularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atheism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_atheism" title="Demographics of atheism">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism_and_religion" title="Atheism and religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_atheism" title="History of atheism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Atheism" title="New Atheism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_atheism" title="Criticism of atheism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Discrimination/Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implicit_and_explicit_atheism" title="Implicit and explicit atheism">Implicit and explicit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_atheism" title="Negative and positive atheism">Negative and positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antitheism" title="Antitheism">Antitheism</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strong_agnosticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Strong agnosticism">Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weak_agnosticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak agnosticism">Weak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnostic_atheism" title="Agnostic atheism">Agnostic atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apatheism" title="Apatheism">Apatheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_atheists" title="Lists of atheists">Atheists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agnostics" title="List of agnostics">Agnostics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_secular_humanists" title="List of secular humanists">Humanists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_about_atheism" title="Category:Books about atheism">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Reason" title="The Age of Reason">The Age of Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breaking_the_Spell:_Religion_as_a_Natural_Phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon">Breaking the Spell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Demon-Haunted_World" title="The Demon-Haunted World">The Demon-Haunted World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Faith" title="The End of Faith">The End of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_God_Delusion" title="The God Delusion">The God Delusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_Is_Not_Great" title="God Is Not Great">God Is Not Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_to_a_Christian_Nation" title="Letter to a Christian Nation">Letter to a Christian Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_System_of_Nature" title="The System of Nature">The System of Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_I_Am_Not_a_Christian" title="Why I Am Not a Christian">Why I Am Not a Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_I_Am_Not_a_Muslim" title="Why I Am Not a Muslim">Why I Am Not a Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_I_Am_an_Atheist" title="Why I Am an Atheist">Why I Am an Atheist</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_secularist_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of secularist organizations">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Atheists" title="American Atheists">American Atheists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Humanist_Association" title="American Humanist Association">American Humanist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_Alliance_International" title="Atheist Alliance International">Atheist Alliance International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry" title="Center for Inquiry">Center for Inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_From_Religion_Foundation" title="Freedom From Religion Foundation">Freedom From Religion Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanists_International" title="Humanists International">Humanists International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanists_UK" title="Humanists UK">Humanists UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_Response_Squad" title="Rational Response Squad">Rational Response Squad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recovering_from_Religion" title="Recovering from Religion">Recovering from Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Association_of_Atheists_and_Agnostics" title="Brazilian Association of Atheists and Agnostics">Brazilian Association of Atheists and Agnostics</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_irreligion" title="List of countries by irreligion">Countries by irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disestablishmentarianism" title="Disestablishmentarianism">Disestablishmentarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_ethics" title="Secular ethics">Secular ethics</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="God" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Theism" title="Template:Theism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Theism" title="Template talk:Theism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Theism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Theism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="God" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">Divinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deities" title="Lists of deities">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Conceptions of God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_of_God" title="Gender of God">Gender of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnostic_theism" title="Agnostic theism">Agnostic theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antitheism" title="Antitheism">Antitheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apatheism" title="Apatheism">Apatheism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atheism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnostic_atheism" title="Agnostic atheism">Agnostic atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_atheism" title="Christian atheism">Christian atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implicit_and_explicit_atheism" title="Implicit and explicit atheism">Implicit and explicit atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Jewish atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_atheism" title="Negative and positive atheism">Negative and positive atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Atheism" title="New Atheism">New Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Theological noncognitivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binitarianism" title="Binitarianism">Binitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_theism" title="Classical theism">Classical theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_deism" title="Ceremonial deism">Ceremonial deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_deism" title="Christian deism">Christian deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism#Polydeism" title="Polytheism">Polydeism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipolar_theism" title="Dipolar theism">Dipolar theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystheism" title="Dystheism">Dystheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egotheism" title="Egotheism">Egotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misotheism" title="Misotheism">Misotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ietsism" title="Ietsism">Ietsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathenotheism" title="Kathenotheism">Kathenotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_theism" title="Liberal theism">Liberal theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_monotheism" title="Ethical monotheism">Ethical monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-monotheism" title="Post-monotheism">Post-monotheism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-theism" title="Post-theism">Post-theism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_theism" title="Open theism">Open theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_pantheism" title="Classical pantheism">Classical pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hylotheism" title="Hylotheism">Hylotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalistic_pantheism" title="Naturalistic pantheism">Naturalistic pantheism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_theism" title="Philosophical theism">Philosophical theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physitheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Physitheism">Physitheism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euhemerism" title="Euhemerism">Euhemerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeptical_theism" title="Skeptical theism">Skeptical theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a 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<li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanence" title="Immanence">Immanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_naturalism" title="Religious naturalism">Religious naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Shramanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">Taoic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">Transcendence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophy_of_religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Template:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Template talk:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philosophy_of_religion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Concepts in religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a> <ul><li>or <a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">religious belief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_veto" title="Theological veto">Theological veto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Conceptions of God</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_egoism" title="Ethical egoism">Egoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misotheism" title="Misotheism">Misotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">God in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_views_of_divinity" title="Wiccan views of divinity">Wicca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence of God</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">For</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_beauty" title="Argument from beauty">Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christological_argument" title="Christological argument">Christological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_consciousness" title="Argument from consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument" title="Cosmological argument">Cosmological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalam_cosmological_argument" title="Kalam cosmological argument">Kalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument#Argument_from_contingency" title="Cosmological argument">Contingency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_degree" title="Argument from degree">Degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_desire" title="Argument from desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_religious_experience" title="Argument from religious experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-tuned_universe" title="Fine-tuned universe">Fine-tuning of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_love" title="Argument from love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_miracles" title="Argument from miracles">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_morality" title="Argument from morality">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_the_Truthful" title="Proof of the Truthful">Necessary existent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_wager" title="Pascal's wager">Pascal's wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Proper basis and Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_reason" title="Argument from reason">Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleological_argument" title="Teleological argument">Teleological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural-law_argument" title="Natural-law argument">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker_analogy" title="Watchmaker analogy">Watchmaker analogy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_argument_for_the_existence_of_God" title="Transcendental argument for the existence of God">Transcendental</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Against</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Boeing_747_gambit" title="Ultimate Boeing 747 gambit">747 gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheist%27s_Wager" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist's Wager">Atheist's Wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_free_will" title="Argument from free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Hell" title="Problem of Hell">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_inconsistent_revelations" class="mw-redirect" title="Argument from inconsistent revelations">Inconsistent revelations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_nonbelief" title="Argument from nonbelief">Nonbelief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Noncognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence_paradox" title="Omnipotence paradox">Omnipotence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_poor_design" title="Argument from poor design">Poor design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_teapot" title="Russell's teapot">Russell's teapot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acosmism" title="Acosmism">Acosmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">Creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheistic_existentialism" title="Atheistic existentialism">Atheistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_humanism" title="Religious humanism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusivism" title="Inclusivism">Inclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Theories about religions">Theories about religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">Metaphysical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_naturalism" title="Religious naturalism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_naturalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanistic naturalism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondualism" title="Nondualism">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possibilianism" title="Possibilianism">Possibilianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_skepticism" title="Religious skepticism">Religious skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">Taoic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eschatological_verification" title="Eschatological verification">Eschatological verification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_game_(philosophy)" title="Language game (philosophy)">Language game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verificationism" title="Verificationism">Verificationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_theodicy" title="Augustinian theodicy">Augustinian theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best_of_all_possible_worlds" title="Best of all possible worlds">Best of all possible worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inconsistent_triad" title="Inconsistent triad">Inconsistent triad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaean_theodicy" title="Irenaean theodicy">Irenaean theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_evil" title="Natural evil">Natural evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_religion" title="Category:Philosophers of religion">Philosophers of religion</a></div> (by date active)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaunilo_of_Marmoutiers" title="Gaunilo of Marmoutiers">Gaunilo of Marmoutiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico della Mirandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">King James VI and I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_philosophy" title="Early modern philosophy">Early modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Calmet" title="Antoine Augustin Calmet">Augustin Calmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Desiderius Erasmus">Desiderius Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried W Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wollaston" title="William Wollaston">William Wollaston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chubb" title="Thomas Chubb">Thomas Chubb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">Baron d'Holbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann G Herder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1800 1850</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Christian_Friedrich_Krause" title="Karl Christian Friedrich Krause">Karl C F Krause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg W F Hegel</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Ritschl" title="Albrecht Ritschl">Albrecht Ritschl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikan_Spir" title="Afrikan Spir">Afrikan Spir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1880 1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kingdon_Clifford" title="William Kingdon Clifford">W K Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_H%C3%B8ffding" title="Harald Høffding">Harald Høffding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Troeltsch" title="Ernst Troeltsch">Ernst Troeltsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Otto" title="Rudolf Otto">Rudolf Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Shestov" title="Lev Shestov">Lev Shestov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bulgakov" title="Sergei Bulgakov">Sergei Bulgakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Florensky" title="Pavel Florensky">Pavel Florensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Ernst Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1920 postwar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">George Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Brunner" title="Emil Brunner">Emil Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Rudolf Bultmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hartshorne" title="Charles Hartshorne">Charles Hartshorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithjof_Schuon" title="Frithjof Schuon">Frithjof Schuon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Mackie" title="J. L. Mackie">J L Mackie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)">Walter Kaufmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lings" title="Martin Lings">Martin Lings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Peter Geach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I._Mavrodes" title="George I. Mavrodes">George I Mavrodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alston" title="William Alston">William Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Flew" title="Antony Flew">Antony Flew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1970 1990 2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Rowe" title="William L. Rowe">William L Rowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewi_Zephaniah_Phillips" title="Dewi Zephaniah Phillips">Dewi Z Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kenny" title="Anthony Kenny">Anthony Kenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Swinburne" title="Richard Swinburne">Richard Swinburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Merrihew_Adams" title="Robert Merrihew Adams">Robert Merrihew Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Zacharias" title="Ravi Zacharias">Ravi Zacharias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Inwagen" title="Peter van Inwagen">Peter van Inwagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyal_Rue" title="Loyal Rue">Loyal Rue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig">William Lane Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Rashad" title="Ali Akbar Rashad">Ali Akbar Rashad</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pruss" title="Alexander Pruss">Alexander Pruss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desacralization_of_knowledge" title="Desacralization of knowledge">Desacralization of knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Ethics in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">Exegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_philosophy" title="Religious philosophy">Religious philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Relationship between religion and science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_religion_articles" title="Index of philosophy of religion articles">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" 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colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a>/<a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwenkfelder_Church" title="Schwenkfelder Church">Schwenkfelder Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_Protestantism" title="Continental Reformed Protestantism">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement#Associated_Bible_Students" title="Bible Student movement">Associated Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Bible_Students" title="Free Bible Students">Free Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Man" title="Friends of Man">Friends of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Kitawala" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Kitawala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laymen%27s_Home_Missionary_Movement" title="Laymen's Home Missionary Movement">Laymen's Home Missionary Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">Swedenborgianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Modernist Salafism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Illahism" title="Ali-Illahism">Ali-Illahism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishikism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Alevism" title="Kurdish Alevism">Kurdish Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdawi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdawi movement">Mahdavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milah_Abraham" title="Milah Abraham">Milah Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azali" title="Azali">Azalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm-e-Khshnoom" title="Ilm-e-Khshnoom">Ilm-e-Khshnoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdaznan" title="Mazdaznan">Mazdaznan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kurdish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabakism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabakism">Shabakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Assianism/Uatsdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roshani_movement" title="Roshani movement">Roshani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_teaching" title="Luo teaching">Luoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuo_folk_religion" title="Nuo folk religion">Nuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Salvationist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiantiandao" title="Xiantiandao">Xiantiandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiguandao" title="Yiguandao">Yiguandao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_mastery_traditions" title="Chinese ritual mastery traditions">Folk Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_folk_religion" title="Yao folk religion">Yao Taoism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinto_sects_and_schools" title="Shinto sects and schools">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeung_San_Do" title="Jeung San Do">Jeungsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_M%E1%BA%ABu" title="Đạo Mẫu">Đạo Mẫu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hoahaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_B%E1%BB%ADu_S%C6%A1n_K%E1%BB%B3_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương">Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapatya" title="Ganapatya">Ganapatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaumaram" title="Kaumaram">Kaumaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saura_(Hinduism)" title="Saura (Hinduism)">Sauraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Neo-Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Thiền</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Amidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Neo-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_people#Religion" title="Kalash people">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kirat Mundhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda#Religion" title="Vedda">Vedda religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turko</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_creation_myth" title="Tungusic creation myth">Tungusic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenks#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarna_(place)" title="Sarna (place)">Sarnaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Batak Parmalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people#Religion_and_festivals" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Sabahan_religions" title="Traditional Sabahan religions">Traditional Sabahan religions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_Kepercayaan" title="Aliran Kepercayaan">Aliran Kepercayaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapitayan" title="Kapitayan">Kapitayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemena" title="Pemena">Karo Pemena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Philippine Dayawism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Sumbese Marapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sundanese Wiwitan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_mythology" title="Abenaki mythology">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_traditional_beliefs" title="Anishinaabe traditional beliefs">Anishinaabe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe#Spiritual_beliefs" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Midewiwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabunowin" title="Wabunowin">Wabunowin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache#Religion" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_mythology" title="Blackfoot mythology">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_narratives_of_Indigenous_Californians" title="Traditional narratives of Indigenous Californians">Californian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuksu_(religion)" title="Kuksu (religion)">Kuksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_mythology" title="Miwok mythology">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_mythology" title="Ohlone mythology">Ohlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_religion" title="Pomo religion">Pomo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_mythology" title="Chilote mythology">Chilote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_mythology" title="Choctaw mythology">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_religion" title="Crow religion">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_mythology" title="Guarani mythology">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_mythology" title="Haida mythology">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_mythology" title="Ho-Chunk mythology">Ho-Chunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_mythology" title="Iroquois mythology">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_spiritual_beliefs" title="Cherokee spiritual beliefs">Cherokee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mothers_Society" title="Four Mothers Society">Four Mothers Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keetoowah_Nighthawk_Society" title="Keetoowah Nighthawk Society">Keetoowah Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse_Religion" title="Longhouse Religion">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people#Religion" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_mythology" title="Creek mythology">Muscogee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_mythology" title="Seneca mythology">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyandot religion">Wyandot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivaroan_peoples#Religion" title="Jivaroan peoples">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw_mythology" title="Kwakwakaʼwakw mythology">Kwakwakaʼwakw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_mythology" title="Lenape mythology">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" title="Mesoamerican religion">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_religion" title="Purépecha religion">Purépecha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo#Spiritual_and_religious_beliefs" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_mythology" title="Nuu-chah-nulth mythology">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_mythology" title="Pawnee mythology">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_religion" title="Pueblo religion">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo#Religion" title="Acoma Pueblo">Acoma Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_mythology" title="Hopi mythology">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_mythology" title="Zuni mythology">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux#Religion" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_religion" title="Lakota religion">Lakota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wocekiye" title="Wocekiye">Wocekiye</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian_mythology" title="Tsimshian mythology">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_mythology" title="Ute mythology">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions#Washat_Dreamers_Religion" title="Native American religions">Washat Dreamers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui#Yaqui_cosmology_and_religion" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Hmongism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Satsana Phi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_(religion)" title="Mun (religion)">Bongthingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba" title="Dongba">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraka">Heraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kiratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Guanche church</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Sub-Saharan African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Akamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluba mythology">Baluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion" title="Zulu traditional religion">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon religion">Dogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Fon and Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_people" title="Ik people">Ik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotuko_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotuko mythology">Lotuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Odinala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_mythology" title="Tumbuka mythology">Tumbuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_people" title="Urhobo people">Urhobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waaqeffanna" title="Waaqeffanna">Waaqeffanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">Diasporic</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Bantu" title="Candomblé Bantu">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Jej%C3%A9" title="Candomblé Jejé">Jejé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu" title="Candomblé Ketu">Ketu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfa" title="Comfa">Comfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convince" title="Convince">Convince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espiritismo" title="Espiritismo">Espiritismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah">Obeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambor_de_Mina" title="Tambor de Mina">Tambor de Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Orisha" title="Trinidad Orisha">Trinidad Orisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Aboriginal Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_religion" title="Inuit religion">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Siberian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New religious movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syncretic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_Religion" title="Coconut Religion">Coconut Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meivazhi" title="Meivazhi">Meivazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modekngei" title="Modekngei">Modekngei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Acropolis" title="New Acropolis">New Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh_movement" title="Rajneesh movement">Rajneesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roerichism" title="Roerichism">Roerichism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Sant Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subud" title="Subud">Subud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensegrity_(Castaneda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensegrity (Castaneda)">Tensegrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Theosophy" title="Neo-Theosophy">Neo-Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Yoga" title="Agni Yoga">Agni Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">Transcendental Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_White_Brotherhood" title="Universal White Brotherhood">White Brotherhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern paganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetanism" title="Hetanism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Xabze" title="Adyghe Xabze">Circassian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenism (modern religion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Roman_religion" title="Reconstructionist Roman religion">Italo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Authentism" title="Russian Authentism">Authentism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Finnish_paganism" title="Modern Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_religion" title="Mari religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzyan_native_religion" title="Erzyan native religion">Erzya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism" title="Sámi shamanism">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Zalmoxianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">De novo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eckankar" title="Eckankar">Eckankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jediism" title="Jediism">Jediism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical_religions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">Historical religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people#Religion" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Old Prussian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_mythology" title="Cook Islands mythology">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuegians#Spiritual_culture" title="Fuegians">Fuegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_mythology" title="Selk'nam mythology">Selk'nam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_paganism" title="Frankish paganism">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches#System_of_beliefs" title="Guanches">Guanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Religion" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Harappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Confederacy#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Confederacy">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroon_religion" title="Jamaican Maroon religion">Jamaican Maroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdakism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_Indigenous_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauruan Indigenous religion">Nauruan Indigenous religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_religion" title="Olmec religion">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian mythology">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_III_Era#Culture_and_religion" title="Basketmaker III Era">Ancestral Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_II_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo II Period">Pueblo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_III_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo III Period">Pueblo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_IV_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo IV Period">Pueblo IV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cult of Magna Mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_religion" title="Tongan religion">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu#Religion" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization#Religion_and_Myth" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Religious_disaffiliation" title="Religious disaffiliation">Disaffiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_behaviour" title="Religious behaviour">Behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">Beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_to_prayer" title="Call to prayer">Call to prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laicism" title="Laicism">Laicism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">Laity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(religion)" title="Covenant (religion)">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">Denomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novice" title="Novice">Novice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">Religious experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">Purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_space" title="Sacred space">Sacred space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Bodies of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains" title="Sacred mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tree" title="Sacred tree">Trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_symbol" title="Religious symbol">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_truth" title="Religious views on truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_and_religion" title="Water and religion">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worship_of_heavenly_bodies" title="Worship of heavenly bodies">Astral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">Place</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science_of_religion" title="Cognitive science of religion">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_religion" title="Neuroscience of religion">Neurotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">Soteriology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories about religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_society" title="Category:Religion and society">Religion and society</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_agriculture" title="Religion and agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_business" title="Religion and business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_assimilation" title="Religious assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">Proselytism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_fanaticism" title="Religious fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_religion" title="Growth of religion">Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_religion" title="Minority religion">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">National church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" title="Importance of religion by country">National religiosity levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_populations" title="List of religious populations">Populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religiocentrism" title="Religiocentrism">Religiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_video_games" title="Religion and video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_and_religion" title="Wealth and religion">Wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_deconstruction" title="Positive deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_theology" title="Secular theology">Secular theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Unaffiliated</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Overviews and <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion-related_lists" title="Category:Religion-related lists">lists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_prophets_of_Abrahamic_religions" title="Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_been_considered_deities" title="List of people who have been considered deities">Deification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deities" title="Lists of deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_founders_of_religious_traditions" title="List of founders of religious traditions">Founders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_religion-related_articles" title="Index of religion-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_peaceful_gatherings" title="List of largest peaceful gatherings">Mass gatherings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">New religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_organizations" title="List of religious organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_religion" title="Outline of religion">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions and spiritual traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_religion" title="Timeline of religion">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Angola" title="Religion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Benin" title="Religion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Botswana" title="Religion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Religion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burundi" title="Religion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Religion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Religion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Comoros" title="Religion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Religion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eritrea" title="Religion in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eswatini" title="Religion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gabon" title="Religion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Gambia" title="Religion in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea" title="Religion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Religion in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Religion in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lesotho" title="Religion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liberia" title="Religion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Libya" title="Religion in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Madagascar" title="Religion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malawi" title="Religion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritania" title="Religion in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritius" title="Religion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Morocco" title="Religion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mozambique" title="Religion in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Namibia" title="Religion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niger" title="Religion in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Rwanda" title="Religion in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Religion in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Senegal" title="Religion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Seychelles" title="Religion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Religion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Sudan" title="Religion in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan" title="Religion in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tanzania" title="Religion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Togo" title="Religion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tunisia" title="Religion in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uganda" title="Religion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zambia" title="Religion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Religion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Asia" title="Religion in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bahrain" title="Religion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan" title="Religion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brunei" title="Religion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia" title="Religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_East_Timor" title="Religion in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jordan" title="Religion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kuwait" title="Religion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Religion in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Laos" title="Religion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macau" title="Religion in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malaysia" title="Religion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Maldives" title="Religion in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Religion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oman" title="Religion in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Qatar" title="Religion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Religion in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tajikistan" title="Religion in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Religion in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Religion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Religion in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Andorra" title="Religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Austria" title="Religion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Croatia" title="Religion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Denmark" title="Religion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland" title="Religion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Religion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Religion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lithuania" title="Religion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Luxembourg" title="Religion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malta" title="Religion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Moldova" title="Religion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Montenegro" title="Religion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_San_Marino" title="Religion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia" title="Religion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovakia" title="Religion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovenia" title="Religion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden" title="Religion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_America" title="Religion in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Religion in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Bahamas" title="Religion in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Barbados" title="Religion in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belize" title="Religion in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Costa_Rica" title="Religion in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cuba" title="Religion in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Dominica" title="Religion in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Religion in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_El_Salvador" title="Religion in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guatemala" title="Religion in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Haiti" title="Religion in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Honduras" title="Religion in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jamaica" title="Religion in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nicaragua" title="Religion in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Panama" title="Religion in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Religion in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oceania" title="Religion in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Fiji" title="Religion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kiribati" title="Religion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Religion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Palau" title="Religion in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Religion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Religion in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tonga" title="Religion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tuvalu" title="Religion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_America" title="Religion in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Argentina" title="Religion in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bolivia" title="Religion in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chile" title="Religion in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Colombia" title="Religion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ecuador" title="Religion in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guyana" title="Religion in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Paraguay" title="Religion in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Peru" title="Religion in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Suriname" title="Religion in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uruguay" title="Religion in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Venezuela" title="Religion in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion" title="Category:Religion">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_world_and_culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_world" title="Template:Western world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Western_world" title="Template talk:Western world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Western_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Western world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Western_world_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">Cradle of civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Roman legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture" title="Gallo-Roman culture">Gallo-Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">European Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">high</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">late</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Revolution" title="Age of Revolution">Age of Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Post–Cold War era">Post–Cold War era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">Periods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_pattern_diet" title="Western pattern diet">Diet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_tradition" title="Classical tradition">Classical tradition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Studies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_dress_codes" title="Western dress codes">Clothing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion" title="History of Western fashion">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_dance_(Europe_and_North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western dance (Europe and North America)">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_education" title="Western education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_astrology" title="Western astrology">Astrology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_folklore" title="European folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_Western_world" title="Immigration to the Western world">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_law" title="Western law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurolinguistics" title="Eurolinguistics">Eurolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Average_European" title="Standard Average European">Standard Average European</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_canon" title="Western canon">Canon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_media" title="Western media">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_folk_music_traditions" title="List of European folk music traditions">Folk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="European mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">Painting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20th-century_Western_painting" title="20th-century Western painting">contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_(Western_philosophy)" title="Values (Western philosophy)">Values</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_physical_culture" title="Western physical culture">Physical culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_sports" title="Western sports">Sport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Christianity_in_the_Western_world" title="Decline of Christianity in the Western world">Decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient Greek philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_philosophy" title="Ancient Roman philosophy">Ancient Roman philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Tolerance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_tolerance" title="Paradox of tolerance">Paradox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peritrope" title="Peritrope">Peritrope</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanticism" title="Atlanticism">Atlanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereigntism" title="Sovereigntism">Sovereigntism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_values" title="Western values">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_values" title="European values">European</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish mythology">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Old Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_religion" title="Hellenistic religion">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_law" title="Western law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Equality before the law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary integration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABCANZ_Armies" title="ABCANZ Armies">ABCANZ Armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_European_Regions" title="Assembly of European Regions">AER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Portuguese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Portuguese Alliance">Anglo-Portuguese Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUK" title="ANZUK">ANZUK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AUKUS" title="AUKUS">AUKUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AUSCANNZUKUS" title="AUSCANNZUKUS">AUSCANNZUKUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Assembly" title="Baltic Assembly">Baltic Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">BSEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucharest_Nine" title="Bucharest Nine">Bucharest Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CANZUK" title="CANZUK">CANZUK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Baltic_Sea_States" title="Council of the Baltic Sea States">CBSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Central European Free Trade Agreement">CEFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craiova_Group" title="Craiova Group">Craiova Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Group" title="Eastern European Group">Eastern European Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">EEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">EFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">EPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">EU Customs Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement" title="EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement">EU–UK TCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Eyes" title="Five Eyes">Five Eyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Treaties" title="Lancaster House Treaties">Lancaster House Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Triangle" title="Lublin Triangle">Lublin Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">OAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Balkan" title="Open Balkan">Open Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">OSCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_for_the_Progress_and_Integration_of_South_America" title="Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America">PROSUR/PROSUL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Relationship" title="Special Relationship">Special Relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Seas_Initiative" title="Three Seas Initiative">Three Seas Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UKUSA_Agreement" title="UKUSA Agreement">UKUSA Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">USMCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Nordic_Council" title="West Nordic Council">West Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_European_and_Others_Group" title="Western European and Others Group">Western European and Others Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Atheism at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Atheism" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Atheism">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Atheism" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Atheism">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Atheism" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Atheism">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Atheism" class="extiw" title="q:Atheism">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Atheism" class="extiw" title="s:Category:Atheism">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Atheism" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Atheism">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Beyond_Theism" class="extiw" title="v:Beyond Theism">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7066" class="extiw" title="d:Q7066">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" 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href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11937191k">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11937191k">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00567940">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph118651&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX524722">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007294941705171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/017465">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ateizm">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atheism&oldid=1258740517">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atheism&oldid=1258740517</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Atheism" title="Category:Atheism">Atheism</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" 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147.883 1 Template:Subject_bar"," 4.12% 117.923 1 Template:Atheism_sidebar"," 4.00% 114.671 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 3.76% 107.546 4 Template:Transliteration"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.799","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":25740886,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdamson2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlper2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAltemeyerHunsberger1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAltizer1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArmstrong1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaggini2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBakerSmith2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBakunin1916\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarker2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerman1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlackfordSchüklenk2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBourgetChalmers\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBradlaughBesantBradlaughMoss1884\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBremmer\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBrickhouseSmith2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBruce2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBryson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuckley1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBullivantRuse2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurkert1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByrd2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChakravarti1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCookCohenSolomon2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCudworth1678\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD\u0026#039;Souza\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDa_SilvaMatsushitaSeifertDe_Carvalho\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDasgupta1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDawkins2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDawsHampshire2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrachmann1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrange1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuran2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFEdwards2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllis2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErickson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErickson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeinbergFeinberg2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerguson1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlew1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlew2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlint1903\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlynn2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarfield\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarland2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaskin,_J._C._A.1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeggel2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGermani2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGervaisNajleCaluori2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGervaisXygalatasMcKayvan_Elk2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGervaisvan_ElkXygalatasMcKay2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGleeson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolding1571\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGray2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGribbin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammonTurner2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanmer1577\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarbour2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris2006a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarvey\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerbermann1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHickson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHitchens2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolland1882\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolyoake1896\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHooper\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoutSmith2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHume1748\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHume1779\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacoby2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoasWiegandt2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnsonCliffordLewisMadsen2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoshi1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJurinski2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKahn1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKahoe1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenny2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlauck2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnight2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKonstan2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrueger1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLandsberg2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaw2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLe_Poidevin1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLedrew2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevin1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowder1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyas1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLynnHarveyNyborg2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMackie1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadsen2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaloneyRetanal2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaritain1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartiall1566\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthews2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCormick\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcTaggartMcTaggart1930\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_Anthony\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_Martin_\u0026amp;_Ricki_Monnier2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_Martin_\u0026amp;_Ricki_Monnier2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoreira-almeidaNetoKoenig2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMulsow2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNagel1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNielsen1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNielsen2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNielsen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorrisInglehart2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFObbink1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOnfray2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOppy2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOppy2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOppy2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOppy2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOverall2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPandian1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPapineau\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParsons1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_Draper\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPennycookRossKoehlerFugelsang2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPressley1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrimiDonatiChiesiMorsanyi2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRafford1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRay2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRhodesWood1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowe1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussell1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussell2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSartre2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSartre2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaffnerCragun2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchnellde_BoerAlma2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchultz2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharpe1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShermer1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherwin-White1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShook\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmart2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStarr2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinStein2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStenger2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStenger2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStoljar\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStroumsa1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStubenberg\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThrower1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTom_Flynn2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVyse2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiniarczyk2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinston2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitmer\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZdybicka2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZuckerman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZuckerman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZuckerman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZuckerman2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFd\u0026#039;Holbach1770\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFd\u0026#039;Holbach1772\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Mornay1581\"] = 1,\n [\"Gazeta\"] = 1,\n [\"REDC\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"\\\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"'\\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Atheism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Belief systems\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 6,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite CE1913\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite SEP\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 106,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 32,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite video\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 57,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Em\"] = 1,\n [\"Font color\"] = 3,\n [\"Further\"] = 4,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 32,\n [\"IEP\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 6,\n [\"Irreligion\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 7,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 6,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"PhilPapers\"] = 1,\n [\"Philosophy of religion\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Religion topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 2,\n [\"Rquote\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 10,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sic\"] = 1,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Subscription required\"] = 1,\n [\"Theism\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 4,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 18,\n [\"Western culture\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","360","19.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","280","15.4"],["(for generator) 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