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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="nl" dir="ltr" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <script>var _paq = _paq || [];(function(){var u=(("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? "https://webstatistieken.kb.nl/" : "https://webstatistieken.kb.nl/");_paq.push(["setSiteId", "15"]);_paq.push(["setTrackerUrl", u+"matomo.php"]);_paq.push(["setDoNotTrack", 1]);if (!window.matomo_search_results_active) {_paq.push(["trackPageView"]);}_paq.push(["setIgnoreClasses", ["no-tracking","colorbox"]]);_paq.push(["enableLinkTracking"]);var d=document,g=d.createElement("script"),s=d.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];g.type="text/javascript";g.defer=true;g.async=true;g.src=u+"matomo.js";s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s);})();</script> <meta name="description" content="Niet altijd was Verlichting troef in de achttiende eeuw. Er was naast onmiskenbare vooruitgang ook veel armoe en ellende. Geluk, rijkdom en voorspoed lagen zeker niet binnen ieders handbereik. Grote steden hadden te maken met bedelaars en dieven." /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.literatuurgeschiedenis.org/18e-eeuw/overleven-aan-de-onderkant" /> <link rel="image_src" href="https://www.literatuurgeschiedenis.org/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2021-09/lg_293.jpg?itok=lY1afXYw" /> <meta name="rating" content="12 years" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Literatuurgeschiedenis" /> <meta property="og:type" content="literature" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.literatuurgeschiedenis.org/18e-eeuw/overleven-aan-de-onderkant" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Overleven aan de onderkant" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Niet altijd was Verlichting troef in de achttiende eeuw. Er was naast onmiskenbare vooruitgang ook veel armoe en ellende. Geluk, rijkdom en voorspoed lagen zeker niet binnen ieders handbereik. Grote steden hadden te maken met bedelaars en dieven." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.literatuurgeschiedenis.org/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2021-09/lg_293.jpg?itok=lY1afXYw" /> <meta property="og:image:url" content="https://www.literatuurgeschiedenis.org/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2021-09/lg_293.jpg?itok=lY1afXYw" /> <meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://www.literatuurgeschiedenis.org/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2021-09/lg_293.jpg?itok=lY1afXYw" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="480" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="753" /> <meta property="og:image:alt" content="‘Prins Eugenius van Savoye in het etablissement van Madame Traese op de Prinsengracht te Amsterdam. Tekening van Cornelis Troost (ca. 1720) Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum inv. nr. A 4220. In: Jacob Campo Weyerman, Opkomst en val van een koffiehuisnichtje, p. 23." /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@kb_nederland" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Overleven aan de onderkant" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Niet altijd was Verlichting troef in de achttiende eeuw. Er was naast onmiskenbare vooruitgang ook veel armoe en ellende. Geluk, rijkdom en voorspoed lagen zeker niet binnen ieders handbereik. Grote steden hadden te maken met bedelaars en dieven. En op het platteland, bijvoorbeeld in Nederlands en Belgisch Limburg, zaaien roversbenden als de ‘bokkenrijders’ angst.Ongure typesIn achttiende-eeuwse literatuur wemelt het van de ongure types: losbollen, klaplopers, hoeren, dieven en oplichters. Veelzeggend is de bloei van de criminele biografie, waarin de levens van beruchte boeven worden beschreven. De bekendste boef uit de achttiende eeuw was de Fransman Cartouche, aanvoerder van een roversbende. Maar ook Nederland had zijn eigen legendarische bendeleider: Jacob Fredrik Muller, alias Jaco. Ook zijn leven was stof voor een roman, net als dat van Hendrina Wouters. Zij beroofde een oude vrouw en haar dienstmeid en sneed hun vervolgens de keel door. De 28-jarige Hendrina werd voor straf geradbraakt, de keel afgesneden, het hoofd, beide benen, en de rechterhand afgehakt. Wat van het lichaam over was werd te kijk gezet.Naast diefstal was prostitutie voor veel vrouwen een middel om het hoofd boven water te houden. Tussen 1650 en 1800 werden alleen al in Amsterdam 4633 hoeren veroordeeld. In de literatuur wemelt het van de verhalen over jonge meisjes die aan lager wal raken en hun diensten aanbieden in herbergen, kroegen en op straat. Actrices hebben op dat gebied een zeer slechte reputatie. In Venus en Cupido (1760) lezen we dat ze ‘genoodzaakt zijn ’s nachts te moeten werken om overdag tijd tot studeren te hebben’.Onverbiddelijke strafmaatregelenDe achttiende eeuw was onverbiddelijk in strafmaatregelen. Een serie-inbreker moest het vrijwel altijd met de dood bekopen, hetzij aan de galg, hetzij aan de wurgpaal. Dieven en dievegges werden in het openbaar gegeseld of gebrandmerkt. Boetes, verbanning of opsluiting waren strafmaatregelen waaraan ook schrijvers niet ontsnapten. Hendrik Wyermars kreeg vijftien jaar gevangenisstraf vanwege zijn boek Den ingebeelde chaos (1710), waarin iets te veel aan het bestaan van God werd getwijfeld. Jacob Campo Weyerman sleet de laatste negen jaar van zijn leven in de Haagse Gevangenpoort vanwege ongeoorloofde journalistieke praktijken als chantage.Openbare straffen waren doodgewoon in de achttiende eeuw. Het was een van de manieren om potentiële misdadigers angst in te boezemen. Op bewaard gebleven prenten ziet men op de gezichten van het massaal toegestroomde volk echter weinig angst, meer sensatielust. Een zeer mediamiek geval was Johannes van Goch. Zijn strafzaak nam jaren in beslag en kreeg veel publiciteit via allerlei pamfletten van broodschrijvers die er geld mee verdienden. Van Goch had op 29 juni 1775, in het bijzijn van omstanders, zijn ex-vriendin Anna Smitshuizen doodgestoken, omdat ze hem niet meer wilde. Later verklaarde hij dat hij zelfmoord had willen plegen, maar dat het slachtoffer hem had willen tegenhouden en daarbij per ongeluk in het mes was gevallen. Van Goch werd in 1778 op de Dam onthoofd.Openbaar bezitOok gevangenen waren openbaar bezit. Mannen werden opgesloten in zogenaamde rasphuizen, waar ze kleurhoudende boomstammen tot poeder moesten zagen en raspen, vrouwen in spinhuizen. Daar werd in de achttiende eeuw geen wol meer gesponnen, maar linnen genaaid. Dergelijke gevangenissen stonden open voor publiek. Een bezoekje aan de gevangenis was voor veel Nederlanders en toeristen een leuk uitstapje. Je kon er beroemde boeven in het echt zien. De beruchte schrijver Franciscus Lievens Kersteman, die jarenlang vastzat in Rotterdam wegens oplichting, kreeg in 1783 bezoek van een oude vijand die hem zijn excuses liet aanbieden.Hele oeuvres werden binnen de muren van de gevangenis geschreven. Jacob Eduard de Witte en Jean Henri des Villates, die eind achttiende eeuw als politiek gevangenen vastzaten in de Haagse Gevangenpoort, ontwikkelden zich daar tot schrijvers. Zelfs slaagden ze erin een paar schrijfsters te verleiden die zich dagelijks bij hen lieten opsluiten. De twee paartjes brachten de dagen schrijvend door. Maria van Zuylekom publiceerde Mengelingen in proza en poëzij (1788) en De Witte Schetzen van het menschelyk hart (1789). Cornelia van der Weyde schreef de briefroman Henry en Louize (1794) terwijl haar geliefde Des Villates werkte aan de briefroman Karel of de dankbaare voedsterling (1796)." /> <meta name="twitter:site:id" content="52443287" /> <meta name="twitter:creator:id" content="15890631" /> <meta name="twitter:creator" content="@mfgr" /> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Afbeelding" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.literatuurgeschiedenis.org/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2021-09/lg_293.jpg?itok=lY1afXYw" /> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 10 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <script type="text/javascript">let date = new Date(); date.setTime(date.getTime() + (60 * 60 * 1000)); document.cookie = "MoMpath=" + window.location.pathname + "; expires=" + date.toUTCString() + "; path=/";</script> <link 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data-drupal-link-system-path="node/760">Lesmateriaal</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </nav> </header> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a id="main-content"></a> <div role="main" class="main-container container-xl js-quickedit-main-content"> <div class="row"> <section class="col-sm-9"> <div class="highlighted"> <div class="region region-highlighted"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li > <a href="/">Home</a> </li> <li > <a href="/18e-eeuw">18e Eeuw</a> </li> <li class="active"> Overleven aan de onderkant </li> </ol> <section class="theme-icons block block-finalist-tweaks block-theme-icons clearfix" id="block-literatuurgeschiedenis-themeiconsblock"> <div class="icon-list"><div class="icons"><a href="/selecties/moraal-en-ethiek"> <div class="image" data-image-name="moraal_ethiek.svg"> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field--label sr-only">Image</div> <div class="field--item"> <img src="/sites/default/files/2024-09/moraal_ethiek.svg" alt="" title="Moraal en ethiek" loading="lazy" class="img-fluid" /> </div> </div> <p> Moraal en ethiek </p> </div> </a></div></div> </section> <section class="views-element-container block block-views block-views-blockperiodeicoon-periodevignet clearfix" id="block-views-block-periodeicoon-periodevignet"> <div data-block="highlighted" class="form-group"><div class="view view-periodeicoon view-id-periodeicoon view-display-id-periodevignet js-view-dom-id-52d073b67e0541da45f557febfc16dc6e47b8dddb8690a7ce13c62cf138ac5a1"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-field-overview-page periodeicon _8e Eeuw"><a href="/18e-eeuw" hreflang="nl">18e Eeuw</a></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="views-element-container block block-views block-views-blockpdf-export-link-block-1 clearfix" id="block-views-block-pdf-export-link-block-1"> <div data-block="highlighted" class="form-group"><div class="view view-pdf-export-link view-id-pdf_export_link view-display-id-block_1 js-view-dom-id-76c128ac4f39bc4b1fd82995877a64310deb4f9c0643a22c7caeaecb83a885ae"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-nid"><span class="field-content"><a href="/entityprint/pdf/node/343" aria-labelledby="Download deze pagina" class="download-icon">Download deze pagina</a></span></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="region-content"> </div> <div class="region region-content"> <article data-history-node-id="343" class="thema full clearfix"> <h1 class="page-header"><span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Overleven aan de onderkant</span> </h1> <div class="content"> <div class="field field--name-field-ondertitel field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item">Gevangenisverhalen</div> <div class="field field--name-field-paginainhoud field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field--items"> <div class="field--item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--tekst paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-tekst field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><p><strong>Niet altijd was </strong><a href="/stromingen/de-verlichting-1660-1800" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="a22dc77f-500f-4933-9444-1dbe6c7554db" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="Verlichting (1660-1800)"><strong>Verlichting</strong></a><strong> troef in de achttiende eeuw. Er was naast onmiskenbare vooruitgang ook veel armoe en ellende. Geluk, rijkdom en voorspoed lagen zeker niet binnen ieders handbereik. Grote steden hadden te maken met bedelaars en dieven. En op het platteland, bijvoorbeeld in Nederlands en Belgisch Limburg, zaaien roversbenden als de ‘bokkenrijders’ angst.</strong></p><h2>Ongure types</h2><p>In achttiende-eeuwse literatuur wemelt het van de ongure types: losbollen, klaplopers, hoeren, dieven en oplichters. Veelzeggend is de bloei van de criminele biografie, waarin de levens van beruchte boeven worden beschreven. De bekendste boef uit de achttiende eeuw was de Fransman Cartouche, aanvoerder van een roversbende. Maar ook Nederland had zijn eigen legendarische bendeleider: Jacob Fredrik Muller, alias Jaco. Ook zijn leven was stof voor een roman, net als dat van Hendrina Wouters. Zij beroofde een oude vrouw en haar dienstmeid en sneed hun vervolgens de keel door. De 28-jarige Hendrina werd voor straf geradbraakt, de keel afgesneden, het hoofd, beide benen, en de rechterhand afgehakt. Wat van het lichaam over was werd te kijk gezet.</p><p>Naast diefstal was prostitutie voor veel vrouwen een middel om het hoofd boven water te houden. Tussen 1650 en 1800 werden alleen al in Amsterdam 4633 hoeren veroordeeld. In de literatuur wemelt het van de verhalen over jonge meisjes die aan lager wal raken en hun diensten aanbieden in herbergen, kroegen en op straat. Actrices hebben op dat gebied een zeer slechte reputatie. In <cite class="paragraph__cite">Venus en Cupido</cite> (1760) lezen we dat ze ‘genoodzaakt zijn ’s nachts te moeten werken om overdag tijd tot studeren te hebben’.</p><h2>Onverbiddelijke strafmaatregelen</h2><p>De achttiende eeuw was onverbiddelijk in strafmaatregelen. Een serie-inbreker moest het vrijwel altijd met de dood bekopen, hetzij aan de galg, hetzij aan de wurgpaal. Dieven en dievegges werden in het openbaar gegeseld of gebrandmerkt. Boetes, verbanning of opsluiting waren strafmaatregelen waaraan ook schrijvers niet ontsnapten. Hendrik Wyermars kreeg vijftien jaar gevangenisstraf vanwege zijn boek <cite class="paragraph__cite">Den ingebeelde chaos</cite> (1710), waarin iets te veel aan het bestaan van God werd getwijfeld. <a href="https://www.literatuurgeschiedenis.org/schrijvers/jacob-campo-weyerman">Jacob Campo Weyerman</a> sleet de laatste negen jaar van zijn leven in de Haagse Gevangenpoort vanwege ongeoorloofde journalistieke praktijken als chantage.</p><p>Openbare straffen waren doodgewoon in de achttiende eeuw. Het was een van de manieren om potentiële misdadigers angst in te boezemen. Op bewaard gebleven prenten ziet men op de gezichten van het massaal toegestroomde volk echter weinig angst, meer sensatielust. Een zeer mediamiek geval was Johannes van Goch. Zijn strafzaak nam jaren in beslag en kreeg veel publiciteit via allerlei pamfletten van broodschrijvers die er geld mee verdienden. Van Goch had op 29 juni 1775, in het bijzijn van omstanders, zijn ex-vriendin Anna Smitshuizen doodgestoken, omdat ze hem niet meer wilde. Later verklaarde hij dat hij zelfmoord had willen plegen, maar dat het slachtoffer hem had willen tegenhouden en daarbij per ongeluk in het mes was gevallen. Van Goch werd in 1778 op de Dam onthoofd.</p><h2>Openbaar bezit</h2><p>Ook gevangenen waren openbaar bezit. Mannen werden opgesloten in zogenaamde rasphuizen, waar ze kleurhoudende boomstammen tot poeder moesten zagen en raspen, vrouwen in spinhuizen. Daar werd in de achttiende eeuw geen wol meer gesponnen, maar linnen genaaid. Dergelijke gevangenissen stonden open voor publiek. Een bezoekje aan de gevangenis was voor veel Nederlanders en toeristen een leuk uitstapje. Je kon er beroemde boeven in het echt zien. De beruchte schrijver <a href="https://www.literatuurgeschiedenis.org/schrijvers/franciscus-lievens-kersteman">Franciscus Lievens Kersteman</a>, die jarenlang vastzat in Rotterdam wegens oplichting, kreeg in 1783 bezoek van een oude vijand die hem zijn excuses liet aanbieden.</p><p>Hele oeuvres werden binnen de muren van de gevangenis geschreven. Jacob Eduard de Witte en Jean Henri des Villates, die eind achttiende eeuw als politiek gevangenen vastzaten in de Haagse Gevangenpoort, ontwikkelden zich daar tot schrijvers. Zelfs slaagden ze erin een paar schrijfsters te verleiden die zich dagelijks bij hen lieten opsluiten. De twee paartjes brachten de dagen schrijvend door. Maria van Zuylekom publiceerde <cite class="paragraph__cite">Mengelingen in proza en poëzij</cite> (1788) en <cite class="paragraph__cite">De Witte Schetzen van het menschelyk hart</cite> (1789). Cornelia van der Weyde schreef de <a href="https://www.literatuurgeschiedenis.org/18e-eeuw/de-briefroman">briefroman</a> <cite class="paragraph__cite">Henry en Louize</cite> (1794) terwijl haar geliefde Des Villates werkte aan de briefroman <cite class="paragraph__cite">Karel of de dankbaare voedsterling</cite> (1796).</p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </section> <aside class="col-sm-3" role="complementary"> <div class="region region-sidebar-second sidebar-afbeeldingen"> <div> <figure> <div class="image" data-image-name="lg_288.jpg"> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field--item"><a href="https://www.literatuurgeschiedenis.org/sites/default/files/2021-09/lg_288.jpg" class="photoswipe" data-size="1400x1249" data-overlay-title="Executie van Johannes van Goch, in: Achter slot en grendel, p. 40."> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/sidebar_image/public/2021-09/lg_288.webp?itok=RREWhflz 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/sidebar_image_2x/public/2021-09/lg_288.webp?itok=D09t7xvl 2x" media="all and (min-width: 1290px)" type="image/webp" width="338" height="302"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/sidebar_image/public/2021-09/lg_288.jpg?itok=RREWhflz 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/sidebar_image_2x/public/2021-09/lg_288.jpg?itok=D09t7xvl 2x" media="all and (min-width: 1290px)" type="image/jpeg" width="338" height="302"/> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/sidebar_image/public/2021-09/lg_288.jpg?itok=RREWhflz" width="338" height="302" alt="Executie van Johannes van Goch, in: Achter slot en grendel, p. 40." loading="lazy" class="img-fluid" /> </picture> </a> </div> </div> <figcaption> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-onderschrift-html field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><p>Executie van Johannes van Goch, in: <cite class="paragraph__cite">Achter slot en grendel</cite>, p. 40.</p> </div> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div> <figure> <div class="image" data-image-name="lg_293.jpg"> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field--item"><a href="https://www.literatuurgeschiedenis.org/sites/default/files/2021-09/lg_293.jpg" class="photoswipe" data-size="1200x753" data-overlay-title="‘Prins Eugenius van Savoye in het etablissement van Madame Traese op de Prinsengracht te Amsterdam. Tekening van Cornelis Troost (ca. 1720) Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum inv. nr. A 4220. In: Jacob Campo Weyerman, Opkomst en val van een koffiehuisnichtje, p. 23."> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/sidebar_image/public/2021-09/lg_293.webp?itok=5O-7v8uA 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/sidebar_image_2x/public/2021-09/lg_293.webp?itok=81svGDMb 2x" media="all and (min-width: 1290px)" type="image/webp" width="338" height="212"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/sidebar_image/public/2021-09/lg_293.jpg?itok=5O-7v8uA 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/sidebar_image_2x/public/2021-09/lg_293.jpg?itok=81svGDMb 2x" media="all and (min-width: 1290px)" type="image/jpeg" width="338" height="212"/> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/sidebar_image/public/2021-09/lg_293.jpg?itok=5O-7v8uA" width="338" height="212" alt="‘Prins Eugenius van Savoye in het etablissement van Madame Traese op de Prinsengracht te Amsterdam. Tekening van Cornelis Troost (ca. 1720) Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum inv. nr. A 4220. In: Jacob Campo Weyerman, Opkomst en val van een koffiehuisnichtje, p. 23." loading="lazy" class="img-fluid" /> </picture> </a> </div> </div> <figcaption> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-onderschrift-html field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><p>‘Prins Eugenius van Savoye in het etablissement van Madame Traese op de Prinsengracht te Amsterdam. Tekening van Cornelis Troost (ca. 1720) Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum inv. nr. A 4220. In: Jacob Campo Weyerman, <cite class="paragraph__cite">Opkomst en val van een koffiehuisnichtje</cite>, p. 23.</p> </div> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </aside> </div> </div> <div class="subcontent container-xl"> <div class="region region-subcontent subcontent-verderlezen"> <h2 class="block-title">Verder lezen</h2> <ul><li class="link-naar-literatuur">P.J. Buijnsters, <cite class="paragraph__cite">Levens van beruchte personen: over de criminele biografie in Nederland gedurende de 18</cite><cite class="paragraph__cite"></cite><cite class="paragraph__cite"> eeuw</cite>. Utrecht 1980.</li><li class="link-naar-literatuur">Diverse bijdragen in: Anna de Haas (red.), <cite class="paragraph__cite">Achter slot en grendel. Schrijvers in Nederlandse gevangenschap 1700-1800</cite>. Zutphen 2002.</li><li class="link-naar-literatuur">Lotte van de Pol, <cite class="paragraph__cite">De burger en de hoer. Prostitutie in Amsterdam</cite>. Amsterdam 2003.</li></ul> </div> </div> <div class="subcontent_third container-xl"> <div class="region region-subcontent subcontent-verwijzingen"> <h2 class="block-title">Meer hierover</h2> <div class="subcontent-verwijzingen-grid"> <div class="subcontent image-card"> <div class="field field--name-field-indexplaatje field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field--item"><div> <figure> <div class="image" data-image-name="ludeman.jpg"> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field--item"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/indexplaatje_crop/public/2020-11/ludeman.webp?h=3b2766b6&itok=ZeIWCz_G 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/indexplaatje_2x/public/2020-11/ludeman.webp?h=3b2766b6&itok=MUT3sQsX 2x" media="all and (min-width: 1290px)" type="image/webp" width="345" height="300"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/indexplaatje_crop/public/2020-11/ludeman.jpg?h=3b2766b6&itok=ZeIWCz_G 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/indexplaatje_2x/public/2020-11/ludeman.jpg?h=3b2766b6&itok=MUT3sQsX 2x" media="all and (min-width: 1290px)" type="image/jpeg" width="345" height="300"/> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/indexplaatje_crop/public/2020-11/ludeman.jpg?h=3b2766b6&itok=ZeIWCz_G" width="345" height="300" alt="Franciscus Lievens Kersteman, Gedenk-waardige Levens-beschryving van […] Johan Christoforus Ludeman" loading="lazy" class="img-fluid" /> </picture> </div> </div> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="image-overlay"> <a href="/schrijvers/franciscus-lievens-kersteman" rel="bookmark"><span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Franciscus Lievens Kersteman </span> </a> <div class="field field--name-field-ondertitel field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item">Schrijven in de gevangenis</div> </div> </div> <div class="subcontent image-card"> <div class="field field--name-field-indexplaatje field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field--item"><div> <figure> <div class="image" data-image-name="Weyerman.jpg"> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field--item"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/indexplaatje_crop/public/2021-05/Weyerman_0.webp?h=824dd84f&itok=L4s6oeGc 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/indexplaatje_2x/public/2021-05/Weyerman_0.webp?h=824dd84f&itok=ezJK8Np7 2x" media="all and (min-width: 1290px)" type="image/webp" width="345" height="300"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/indexplaatje_crop/public/2021-05/Weyerman_0.jpg?h=824dd84f&itok=L4s6oeGc 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/indexplaatje_2x/public/2021-05/Weyerman_0.jpg?h=824dd84f&itok=ezJK8Np7 2x" media="all and (min-width: 1290px)" type="image/jpeg" width="345" height="300"/> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/indexplaatje_crop/public/2021-05/Weyerman_0.jpg?h=824dd84f&itok=L4s6oeGc" width="345" height="300" alt="Schrijver en schilder Jacob Campo Weyerman." loading="lazy" class="img-fluid" /> </picture> </div> </div> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="image-overlay"> <a href="/schrijvers/jacob-campo-weyerman" rel="bookmark"><span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Jacob Campo Weyerman</span> </a> <div class="field field--name-field-ondertitel field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item">Al tijdens zijn leven een legende</div> </div> </div> <div class="subcontent image-card"> <div class="field field--name-field-indexplaatje field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field--item"><div> <figure> <div class="image" data-image-name="proeve.jpg"> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field--item"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/indexplaatje_crop/public/2020-11/proeve.webp?h=87f26ed2&itok=BpCyqy7M 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/indexplaatje_2x/public/2020-11/proeve.webp?h=87f26ed2&itok=paeHR05b 2x" media="all and (min-width: 1290px)" type="image/webp" width="345" height="300"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/indexplaatje_crop/public/2020-11/proeve.jpg?h=87f26ed2&itok=BpCyqy7M 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/indexplaatje_2x/public/2020-11/proeve.jpg?h=87f26ed2&itok=paeHR05b 2x" media="all and (min-width: 1290px)" type="image/jpeg" width="345" height="300"/> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/indexplaatje_crop/public/2020-11/proeve.jpg?h=87f26ed2&itok=BpCyqy7M" width="345" height="300" alt="Betje Wolff, Proeve over de opvoeding" loading="lazy" class="img-fluid" /> </picture> </div> </div> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="image-overlay"> <a href="/18e-eeuw/ook-voor-vrouwen" rel="bookmark"><span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Ook voor vrouwen?</span> </a> <div class="field field--name-field-ondertitel field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item">Emancipatie en verlicht seksisme</div> </div> </div> <div class="subcontent image-card"> <div class="field field--name-field-indexplaatje field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field--item"><div> <figure> <div class="image" data-image-name="Barbier-tijdens-een-aderlating.jpg"> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field--item"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/indexplaatje_crop/public/2020-11/Barbier-tijdens-een-aderlating.webp?h=8673d842&itok=GrVeE-Bq 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/indexplaatje_2x/public/2020-11/Barbier-tijdens-een-aderlating.webp?h=8673d842&itok=eWYZ0NR3 2x" media="all and (min-width: 1290px)" type="image/webp" width="345" height="300"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/indexplaatje_crop/public/2020-11/Barbier-tijdens-een-aderlating.jpg?h=8673d842&itok=GrVeE-Bq 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/indexplaatje_2x/public/2020-11/Barbier-tijdens-een-aderlating.jpg?h=8673d842&itok=eWYZ0NR3 2x" media="all and (min-width: 1290px)" type="image/jpeg" width="345" height="300"/> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/indexplaatje_crop/public/2020-11/Barbier-tijdens-een-aderlating.jpg?h=8673d842&itok=GrVeE-Bq" width="345" height="300" alt="Barbier tijdens een aderlating - Detail van een schilderij van Egbert van Heemskerck, 1669" loading="lazy" class="img-fluid" /> </picture> </div> </div> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="image-overlay"> <a href="/18e-eeuw/aderlaten-klisteren-en-vaccineren" rel="bookmark"><span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Aderlaten, klisteren en vaccineren</span> </a> <div class="field field--name-field-ondertitel field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item">Overleven in de achttiende eeuw</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="subcontent_fourth_wrapper"> <div class="subcontent_fourth container-xl"> <div class="region region-subcontent-fourth"> <section id="block-centuries-footer" class="block block-block-content block-block-contenta11251bb-94c5-4b21-80b5-2c7982ec9849 clearfix tijdvakken-footer"> <h2 class="block-title">Ontdek de literatuur van een ander tijdperk</h2> <div class="tijdvakken mobile"> <a alt="Middeleeuwen(500-1500)" href="/middeleeuwen" class="svg"> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <svg class="mobile" width="180px" height="180px" viewBox="0 0 180 180" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">  <title aria-hidden="true">Middeleeuwen</title> <g id="icon" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <line x1="95.5" y1="138" x2="180.5" y2="138" id="Line" stroke="#467DBF" stroke-width="5" stroke-linecap="square"></line> <g id="Middeleeuwen-icoon" transform="translate(9.000000, 0.000000)"> <text id="title" font-family="DINRoundPro, DIN Round Pro" font-size="20" font-weight="normal" fill="#000000"> <tspan x="16.7" y="90">Middeleeuwen</tspan> </text> <g id="outlines" stroke-width="1" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="translate(52.000000, 0.000000)" fill="#000206"> <path 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y="114">(500-1500)</tspan> </text> </g> </g> </svg> </a> <a alt="16e eeuw (1501-1600)" href="/16e-eeuw" class="svg"> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <svg class="mobile" width="180px" height="180px" viewBox="0 0 180 180" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">  <title aria-hidden="true">16e eeuw</title> <g id="icon" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <g id="16e-eeuw" transform="translate(9.000000, 0.000000)"> <text id="title" font-family="DINRoundPro, DIN Round Pro" font-size="20" font-weight="normal" fill="#000000"> <tspan x="39.86" y="90">16e eeuw</tspan> </text> <g id="outlines" stroke-width="1" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="translate(58.000000, 0.000000)" fill="#000206"> <path d="M39.3127955,47 C39.036903,47 38.7589668,46.9341532 38.5055544,46.798469 C38.4074593,46.7465897 28.7430458,41.6364816 20.725813,40.9800093 C19.7979966,40.9021904 19.1092871,40.1060431 19.1869457,39.2001513 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<title aria-hidden="true">17e eeuw</title> <g id="icon" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <line x1="9" y1="2" x2="177.25" y2="2.5" id="Line-Copy-3" stroke="#467DBF" stroke-width="5" stroke-linecap="square"></line> <line x1="9" y1="6.5" x2="9.5" y2="158.5" id="Line-Copy-3" stroke="#467DBF" stroke-width="5" stroke-linecap="square"></line> <g id="17e-eeuw" transform="translate(9.000000, 22.000000)"> <text id="title" font-family="DINRoundPro, DIN Round Pro" font-size="20" font-weight="normal" fill="#000000"> <tspan x="39.86" y="90">17e eeuw</tspan> </text> <circle id="Oval-Copy" stroke="#467DBF" stroke-width="5" fill="#FFFFFF" fill-rule="evenodd" cx="81.5" cy="137.5" r="12.5"></circle> <text id="timeline" font-family="DINRoundPro, DIN Round Pro" font-size="16" font-weight="normal" fill="#000000"> <tspan x="39.424" y="114">(1601-1700)</tspan> </text> <g id="outlines" stroke-width="1" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="translate(47.000000, 3.000000)" fill="#020303"> 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