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Ook de dood was volop aanwezig." /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.literatuurgeschiedenis.org/18e-eeuw/aderlaten-klisteren-en-vaccineren" /> <link rel="image_src" href="https://www.literatuurgeschiedenis.org/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2020-11/Barbier-tijdens-een-aderlating.jpg?itok=etXT1EIK" /> <meta name="rating" content="12 years" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Literatuurgeschiedenis" /> <meta property="og:type" content="literature" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.literatuurgeschiedenis.org/18e-eeuw/aderlaten-klisteren-en-vaccineren" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Aderlaten, klisteren en vaccineren" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Nog meer dan uit de literatuur blijkt uit achttiende-eeuwse brieven hoe menigeen geplaagd werd door alledaagse kwaaltjes als kiespijn en hoofdpijn. Ook de dood was volop aanwezig." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.literatuurgeschiedenis.org/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2020-11/Barbier-tijdens-een-aderlating.jpg?itok=etXT1EIK" /> <meta property="og:image:url" content="https://www.literatuurgeschiedenis.org/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2020-11/Barbier-tijdens-een-aderlating.jpg?itok=etXT1EIK" /> <meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://www.literatuurgeschiedenis.org/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2020-11/Barbier-tijdens-een-aderlating.jpg?itok=etXT1EIK" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="480" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="648" /> <meta property="og:image:alt" content="Barbier tijdens een aderlating - Detail van een schilderij van Egbert van Heemskerck, 1669" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@kb_nederland" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Aderlaten, klisteren en vaccineren" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Nog meer dan uit de literatuur blijkt uit achttiende-eeuwse brieven hoe menigeen geplaagd werd door alledaagse kwaaltjes als kiespijn en hoofdpijn. Ook de dood was volop aanwezig.De dichter Jacobus Bellamy was een van die pechvogels die leed aan kwalen waarvoor artsen nog geen oplossingen hadden. In maart 1784, hij was 27 jaar, schreef hij: ‘ik geloof dat mijn hele leven uit een aaneenschakeling zal bestaan van natuurlijke en zedelijke kwalen – tot nu toe sluiten de schakels redelijk goed op elkaar aan.’ Bellamy leed aan podagra, een veel voorkomende kwaal in de achttiende eeuw, een soort reuma die voor veel pijn in de voeten zorgde. Het stadsleven ondermijnde zijn gezondheid volledig. Vanuit Utrecht schreef hij zijn vriendin in oktober 1782: ‘alles wat ik nooit gehad heb krijg ik hier. Nu hoest ik terwijl ik niet echt verkouden ben – in Vlissingen wist ik niet wat hoesten was. Ik ben voor dit land niet gemaakt. Men zegt dat de lucht hier zo bij uitstek gezond is, maar voor mij is de ruwe Zeeuwse lucht veel gezonder.’'Kreeg ik maar eens een echt zware doorgaande ziekte'In het koude en vochtige Nederland, waar ook nog eens veel ‘bedorven en onbedorven zuivel wordt geconsumeerd’, aldus een tijdschrift in 1701, moeten veel mensen hebben geleden aan chronische maag- en darmklachten en allergische en astmatische klachten. Zo iemand was de schrijver Willem Bilderdijk, die aan de meest diverse, verder onschuldige kwalen leed, zodat hij in 1794 klaagde: ‘Kreeg ik maar eens een echt zware doorgaande ziekte, ik zou of beter worden of bezwijken, maar zo is ’t niet uit te houden of ik moet mijn hele verstand kwijtraken.’ Betje Wolff kreeg wél een zware ziekte. De drie laatste jaren van haar leven leed ze aan ondraaglijke krampen, veroorzaakt door maag-darmkanker. Om bijbehorende depressies te bestrijden konden artsen niet veel meer doen dan de patiënt beweging en afleiding (lezen bijvoorbeeld) aanbevelen.De mens samengesteld uit vier vochtenDe achttiende-eeuwse geneeskunde was gebaseerd op de humeurenleer van de Griekse arts Hippocrates. Men ging ervan uit dat de mens was samengesteld uit vier vochten (humores): bloed, slijm, lymfe (of gele gal) en zwarte gal. Al naar gelang een van deze vochten overheerste, onderscheidde men vier constituties of temperamenten: sanguinische (te veel bloed), flegmatische (te veel slijm), cholerische (te veel lymfe of gele gal) en melancholische (te veel zwarte gal). Men kon de temperamenten beïnvloeden door het voorschrijven van bepaalde diëten. Maar volgens de Zweedse natuuronderzoeker Linnaeus, die in Nederland promoveerde, lag een zekere aanleg voor een van de temperamenten al besloten in het continent waar men was geboren. Amerikanen waren volgens hem cholerisch, Europeanen sanguinisch, Aziaten melancholisch en Afrikanen flegmatisch.Narcose of lokale verdoving bestond nietEen veel verrichte medische handeling was de aderlating. Door een ader in arm of been te openen, hoopte men met het bloed, de ziekte uit het lichaam te laten stromen. Dezelfde gedachte zat achter het gebruik van bloedzuigers. Artsen waren redelijk goed in het genezen van botbreuken, het verwijderen van nierstenen en kiezen trekken. Ook kankergezwellen wist men soms succesvol weg te halen. Zoiets als narcose of lokale verdoving bestond niet. Alcohol of een knock-out waren de enige opties om de pijn te verzachten. Kwakzalvers profiteerden van de medische onkunde. De bekendste in de Republiek was Johan Christoph Ludeman, een Duitser die zich in 1713 in Amsterdam vestigde. Van heinde en verre kwamen mensen naar hem toe om hun horoscopen te laten trekken en hun urine te laten onderzoeken. Bij zijn dood liet Ludeman een fortuin na. Zijn leven werd in geuren en kleuren opgetekend door broodschrijver Franciscus Lievens Kersteman in de roman Gedenk-waardige Levens-beschryving van […] Johan Christoforus Ludeman (1784).Experimenteren met inentenVooral kinderen stierven bij de vleet aan besmettelijke ziektes als mazelen, waterpokken en roodvonk. Otto van Eck noteerde op dinsdag 25 november 1794 in zijn dagboek dat er die dag ‘een merkwaardige gebeurtenis’ had plaatsgevonden, ‘dat er namelijk een broertje van mij jarig is. Want behalve mijzelf zijn zij allen gestorven voordat ze een jaar oud waren’. Al rond 1720 werd er geëxperimenteerd met inenten tegen de pokken, waarbij gezonde mensen werden geïnfecteerd met het wondvocht van een zieke, om zo het immuunsysteem te stimuleren. Deze procedure wekte veel weerstand op, zowel uit medisch als theologisch oogpunt. De moeder van Belle van Zuylen bijvoorbeeld, stierf in 1768 nadat ze was ingeënt. Een gemeente als Leiden verbood de inenting in 1771 vanwege de risico’s. Pas toen men aan het eind van de eeuw in Engeland begon in te enten met koepokken kwam er een doorbraak, hoewel de weerstand in Nederland nog lang groot bleef. Schrijvers als Onno Zwier van Haren en de Bataviase koopman Willem van Hogendorp pleitten vóór inenting. De laatste deed dat in 1779 in een prachtig verhaal, Sophronisba, of de gelukkige moeder door de inëntinge van haare dochters.Fragment uit: Sophronisba, of de gelukkige moeder door de inëntinge van haare dochters (1779)In dit verhaal is Lysander, echtgenoot van Sophronisba, voorstander van inenting van hun beide dochters. Zijn vrouw is tegen, niet omdat ze principieel tegen inenting is, maar omdat de huisarts haar bang heeft gemaakt met verhalen over ingeënte patiënten die zijn overleden aan de inenting. Lysander besluit zijn dochters stiekem in te enten en haalt twee lancetten met inentingsstof bij een arts.(pp. 22-24)De jongste dochter, die de lancetten op tafel zag liggen, vroeg wat het waren. Lysander vertelde haar dat het lancetten waren waarmee men aderlatingen doet en stelde haar spelenderwijs voor of ze eens wilde zien hoe men gelaten werd, waarbij hij haar ook beloofde dat hij niet echt zou snijden, maar slechts zou aanwijzen hoe en op welke plaats dat gebeurde. Zij hadden beiden altijd een groot vertrouwen in hun vader gehad, wat nu goed uitkwam. De oudste wilde geen voorrang aan haar zuster geven en ontblootte snel een arm die zij haar vader toestak. Lysander bracht de punt van één van de lancetten tegen de buitenkant, net boven de boord van de mouw, tussen de huid en de opperhuid en drukte er zachtjes met zijn vinger op, terwijl hij er voor zorgde dat er geen bloed tevoorschijn kwam. Dit herhaalde hij op drie plaatsen vlakbij elkaar en het begon de andere zuster al te vervelen dat haar beurt nog niet gekomen was.Hij wilde, zo hij zei, zijn jongste dochter niet minder volgens de kunst behandelen en daarom zou hij voor haar het andere lancet gebruiken; hij pakte het en herhaalde bij haar de operatie die hij daarnet bij haar oudste zuster had verricht.Wat waren deze kinderen blij! Nu wisten ze hoe men adergelaten werd: zij wilden alles aan hun moeder gaan vertellen: zij sprongen op van vreugde.Lysander was aangedaan, maar hij verborg zijn emoties zoveel hij kon. Gelukkig viel hem een manier in om zijn dochters ervan te weerhouden alles aan hun moeder te vertellen, wat hij het liefst zelf wilde doen." /> <meta name="twitter:site:id" content="52443287" /> <meta name="twitter:creator:id" content="15890631" /> <meta name="twitter:creator" content="@mfgr" /> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Afbeelding" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.literatuurgeschiedenis.org/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2020-11/Barbier-tijdens-een-aderlating.jpg?itok=etXT1EIK" /> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 10 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <script type="text/javascript">let date = new Date(); date.setTime(date.getTime() + (60 * 60 * 1000)); document.cookie = "MoMpath=" + window.location.pathname + "; expires=" + date.toUTCString() + "; path=/";</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{ "@context": "https://schema.org", "@graph": [ { "@type": "Library", "@id": "https://www.literatuurgeschiedenis.org/", "url": "https://www.literatuurgeschiedenis.org/", "name": "Literatuurgeschiedenis", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "representativeOfPage": "True", "url": "https://www.literatuurgeschiedenis.org/themes/custom/literatuurgeschiedenis/logo.svg" } }, { "@type": "WebPage", "@id": "https://www.literatuurgeschiedenis.org/18e-eeuw/aderlaten-klisteren-en-vaccineren", "breadcrumb": { "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 1, "name": "Home", "item": "https://www.literatuurgeschiedenis.org/" }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 2, "name": "18e Eeuw", "item": "https://www.literatuurgeschiedenis.org/18e-eeuw" } ] }, "description": "Nog meer dan uit de literatuur blijkt uit achttiende-eeuwse brieven hoe menigeen geplaagd werd door alledaagse kwaaltjes als kiespijn en hoofdpijn. Ook de dood was volop aanwezig.De dichter Jacobus Bellamy was een van die pechvogels die leed aan kwalen waarvoor artsen nog geen oplossingen hadden. In maart 1784, hij was 27 jaar, schreef hij: ‘ik geloof dat mijn hele leven uit een aaneenschakeling zal bestaan van natuurlijke en zedelijke kwalen – tot nu toe sluiten de schakels redelijk goed op elkaar aan.’ Bellamy leed aan podagra, een veel voorkomende kwaal in de achttiende eeuw, een soort reuma die voor veel pijn in de voeten zorgde. Het stadsleven ondermijnde zijn gezondheid volledig. Vanuit Utrecht schreef hij zijn vriendin in oktober 1782: ‘alles wat ik nooit gehad heb krijg ik hier. Nu hoest ik terwijl ik niet echt verkouden ben – in Vlissingen wist ik niet wat hoesten was. Ik ben voor dit land niet gemaakt. Men zegt dat de lucht hier zo bij uitstek gezond is, maar voor mij is de ruwe Zeeuwse lucht veel gezonder.’\u0027Kreeg ik maar eens een echt zware doorgaande ziekte\u0027In het koude en vochtige Nederland, waar ook nog eens veel ‘bedorven en onbedorven zuivel wordt geconsumeerd’, aldus een tijdschrift in 1701, moeten veel mensen hebben geleden aan chronische maag- en darmklachten en allergische en astmatische klachten. Zo iemand was de schrijver Willem Bilderdijk, die aan de meest diverse, verder onschuldige kwalen leed, zodat hij in 1794 klaagde: ‘Kreeg ik maar eens een echt zware doorgaande ziekte, ik zou of beter worden of bezwijken, maar zo is ’t niet uit te houden of ik moet mijn hele verstand kwijtraken.’ Betje Wolff kreeg wél een zware ziekte. De drie laatste jaren van haar leven leed ze aan ondraaglijke krampen, veroorzaakt door maag-darmkanker. Om bijbehorende depressies te bestrijden konden artsen niet veel meer doen dan de patiënt beweging en afleiding (lezen bijvoorbeeld) aanbevelen.De mens samengesteld uit vier vochtenDe achttiende-eeuwse geneeskunde was gebaseerd op de humeurenleer van de Griekse arts Hippocrates. Men ging ervan uit dat de mens was samengesteld uit vier vochten (humores): bloed, slijm, lymfe (of gele gal) en zwarte gal. Al naar gelang een van deze vochten overheerste, onderscheidde men vier constituties of temperamenten: sanguinische (te veel bloed), flegmatische (te veel slijm), cholerische (te veel lymfe of gele gal) en melancholische (te veel zwarte gal). Men kon de temperamenten beïnvloeden door het voorschrijven van bepaalde diëten. Maar volgens de Zweedse natuuronderzoeker Linnaeus, die in Nederland promoveerde, lag een zekere aanleg voor een van de temperamenten al besloten in het continent waar men was geboren. Amerikanen waren volgens hem cholerisch, Europeanen sanguinisch, Aziaten melancholisch en Afrikanen flegmatisch.Narcose of lokale verdoving bestond nietEen veel verrichte medische handeling was de aderlating. Door een ader in arm of been te openen, hoopte men met het bloed, de ziekte uit het lichaam te laten stromen. Dezelfde gedachte zat achter het gebruik van bloedzuigers. Artsen waren redelijk goed in het genezen van botbreuken, het verwijderen van nierstenen en kiezen trekken. Ook kankergezwellen wist men soms succesvol weg te halen. Zoiets als narcose of lokale verdoving bestond niet. Alcohol of een knock-out waren de enige opties om de pijn te verzachten. Kwakzalvers profiteerden van de medische onkunde. De bekendste in de Republiek was Johan Christoph Ludeman, een Duitser die zich in 1713 in Amsterdam vestigde. Van heinde en verre kwamen mensen naar hem toe om hun horoscopen te laten trekken en hun urine te laten onderzoeken. Bij zijn dood liet Ludeman een fortuin na. Zijn leven werd in geuren en kleuren opgetekend door broodschrijver Franciscus Lievens Kersteman in de roman Gedenk-waardige Levens-beschryving van […] Johan Christoforus Ludeman (1784).Experimenteren met inentenVooral kinderen stierven bij de vleet aan besmettelijke ziektes als mazelen, waterpokken en roodvonk. Otto van Eck noteerde op dinsdag 25 november 1794 in zijn dagboek dat er die dag ‘een merkwaardige gebeurtenis’ had plaatsgevonden, ‘dat er namelijk een broertje van mij jarig is. Want behalve mijzelf zijn zij allen gestorven voordat ze een jaar oud waren’. Al rond 1720 werd er geëxperimenteerd met inenten tegen de pokken, waarbij gezonde mensen werden geïnfecteerd met het wondvocht van een zieke, om zo het immuunsysteem te stimuleren. Deze procedure wekte veel weerstand op, zowel uit medisch als theologisch oogpunt. De moeder van Belle van Zuylen bijvoorbeeld, stierf in 1768 nadat ze was ingeënt. Een gemeente als Leiden verbood de inenting in 1771 vanwege de risico’s. Pas toen men aan het eind van de eeuw in Engeland begon in te enten met koepokken kwam er een doorbraak, hoewel de weerstand in Nederland nog lang groot bleef. Schrijvers als Onno Zwier van Haren en de Bataviase koopman Willem van Hogendorp pleitten vóór inenting. De laatste deed dat in 1779 in een prachtig verhaal, Sophronisba, of de gelukkige moeder door de inëntinge van haare dochters.Fragment uit: Sophronisba, of de gelukkige moeder door de inëntinge van haare dochters (1779)In dit verhaal is Lysander, echtgenoot van Sophronisba, voorstander van inenting van hun beide dochters. Zijn vrouw is tegen, niet omdat ze principieel tegen inenting is, maar omdat de huisarts haar bang heeft gemaakt met verhalen over ingeënte patiënten die zijn overleden aan de inenting. Lysander besluit zijn dochters stiekem in te enten en haalt twee lancetten met inentingsstof bij een arts.(pp. 22-24)De jongste dochter, die de lancetten op tafel zag liggen, vroeg wat het waren. Lysander vertelde haar dat het lancetten waren waarmee men aderlatingen doet en stelde haar spelenderwijs voor of ze eens wilde zien hoe men gelaten werd, waarbij hij haar ook beloofde dat hij niet echt zou snijden, maar slechts zou aanwijzen hoe en op welke plaats dat gebeurde. Zij hadden beiden altijd een groot vertrouwen in hun vader gehad, wat nu goed uitkwam. De oudste wilde geen voorrang aan haar zuster geven en ontblootte snel een arm die zij haar vader toestak. Lysander bracht de punt van één van de lancetten tegen de buitenkant, net boven de boord van de mouw, tussen de huid en de opperhuid en drukte er zachtjes met zijn vinger op, terwijl hij er voor zorgde dat er geen bloed tevoorschijn kwam. Dit herhaalde hij op drie plaatsen vlakbij elkaar en het begon de andere zuster al te vervelen dat haar beurt nog niet gekomen was.Hij wilde, zo hij zei, zijn jongste dochter niet minder volgens de kunst behandelen en daarom zou hij voor haar het andere lancet gebruiken; hij pakte het en herhaalde bij haar de operatie die hij daarnet bij haar oudste zuster had verricht.Wat waren deze kinderen blij! Nu wisten ze hoe men adergelaten werd: zij wilden alles aan hun moeder gaan vertellen: zij sprongen op van vreugde.Lysander was aangedaan, maar hij verborg zijn emoties zoveel hij kon. Gelukkig viel hem een manier in om zijn dochters ervan te weerhouden alles aan hun moeder te vertellen, wat hij het liefst zelf wilde doen." } ] }</script> <link rel="icon" href="/themes/custom/literatuurgeschiedenis/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <title>Aderlaten, klisteren en vaccineren | Literatuurgeschiedenis</title> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_vUD_HhTNWkio6oZzlG3WuoszFUoQpLNwAdb3_o3zYy0.css?delta=0&language=nl&theme=literatuurgeschiedenis&include=eJx1kMESgyAMRH-Iwqnf4wTIIG0gDIGq_fo6VUd76CWT3ZfsYS1zk1ah3I0FQWVPHYgt0E3aQjGHK0koAgFFOa5ofO0FSMMD5h_DRyAOm5W5JqD4RoVzW-Oex9EuVYEKYQ0f5SCno3su3VKUEb0qIzeWKRY056qJHdCFDX7JkKIbHJQWOZv_aP-VRRqmrYRXxEnMd-rEvhN-AHmQc_I" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" 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<a href="/">Home</a> </li> <li > <a href="/18e-eeuw">18e Eeuw</a> </li> <li class="active"> Aderlaten, klisteren en vaccineren </li> </ol> <section class="theme-icons block block-finalist-tweaks block-theme-icons clearfix" id="block-literatuurgeschiedenis-themeiconsblock"> <div class="icon-list"><div class="icons"><a href="/selecties/ziekte-en-dood"> <div class="image" data-image-name="ziekte_dood.svg"> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field--label sr-only">Image</div> <div class="field--item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/2024-09/ziekte_dood.svg" alt="" title="Ziekte en dood" class="img-fluid" /> </div> </div> <p> Ziekte en dood </p> </div> </a></div></div> </section> <section class="views-element-container block block-views block-views-blockperiodeicoon-periodevignet clearfix" id="block-views-block-periodeicoon-periodevignet"> <div data-block="highlighted" class="form-group"><div class="view 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pagina</a></span></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="region-content"> </div> <div class="region region-content"> <article data-history-node-id="354" class="thema full clearfix"> <h1 class="page-header"><span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Aderlaten, klisteren en vaccineren</span> </h1> <div class="content"> <div class="field field--name-field-ondertitel field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item">Overleven in de achttiende eeuw</div> <div class="field field--name-field-paginainhoud field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field--items"> <div class="field--item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--tekst paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-tekst field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><p><strong>Nog meer dan uit de literatuur blijkt uit achttiende-eeuwse brieven hoe menigeen geplaagd werd door alledaagse kwaaltjes als kiespijn en hoofdpijn. Ook de dood was volop aanwezig.</strong></p><p>De dichter <a href="https://www.literatuurgeschiedenis.org/schrijvers/jacobus-bellamy">Jacobus Bellamy</a> was een van die pechvogels die leed aan kwalen waarvoor artsen nog geen oplossingen hadden. In maart 1784, hij was 27 jaar, schreef hij: ‘ik geloof dat mijn hele leven uit een aaneenschakeling zal bestaan van natuurlijke en zedelijke kwalen – tot nu toe sluiten de schakels redelijk goed op elkaar aan.’ Bellamy leed aan podagra, een veel voorkomende kwaal in de achttiende eeuw, een soort reuma die voor veel pijn in de voeten zorgde. Het stadsleven ondermijnde zijn gezondheid volledig. Vanuit Utrecht schreef hij zijn vriendin in oktober 1782: ‘alles wat ik nooit gehad heb krijg ik hier. Nu hoest ik terwijl ik niet echt verkouden ben – in Vlissingen wist ik niet wat hoesten was. Ik ben voor dit land niet gemaakt. Men zegt dat de lucht hier zo bij uitstek gezond is, maar voor mij is de ruwe Zeeuwse lucht veel gezonder.’</p><h2>'Kreeg ik maar eens een echt zware doorgaande ziekte'</h2><p>In het koude en vochtige Nederland, waar ook nog eens veel ‘bedorven en onbedorven zuivel wordt geconsumeerd’, aldus een tijdschrift in 1701, moeten veel mensen hebben geleden aan chronische maag- en darmklachten en allergische en astmatische klachten. Zo iemand was de schrijver <a href="https://www.literatuurgeschiedenis.org/schrijvers/willem-bilderdijk">Willem Bilderdijk</a>, die aan de meest diverse, verder onschuldige kwalen leed, zodat hij in 1794 klaagde: ‘Kreeg ik maar eens een echt zware doorgaande ziekte, ik zou of beter worden of bezwijken, maar zo is ’t niet uit te houden of ik moet mijn hele verstand kwijtraken.’ <a href="https://www.literatuurgeschiedenis.org/schrijvers/wolff-en-deken">Betje Wolff</a> kreeg wél een zware ziekte. De drie laatste jaren van haar leven leed ze aan ondraaglijke krampen, veroorzaakt door maag-darmkanker. Om bijbehorende depressies te bestrijden konden artsen niet veel meer doen dan de patiënt beweging en afleiding (lezen bijvoorbeeld) aanbevelen.</p><h2>De mens samengesteld uit vier vochten</h2><p>De achttiende-eeuwse geneeskunde was gebaseerd op de humeurenleer van de Griekse arts Hippocrates. Men ging ervan uit dat de mens was samengesteld uit vier vochten (humores): bloed, slijm, lymfe (of gele gal) en zwarte gal. Al naar gelang een van deze vochten overheerste, onderscheidde men vier constituties of temperamenten: sanguinische (te veel bloed), flegmatische (te veel slijm), cholerische (te veel lymfe of gele gal) en melancholische (te veel zwarte gal). Men kon de temperamenten beïnvloeden door het voorschrijven van bepaalde diëten. Maar volgens de Zweedse natuuronderzoeker Linnaeus, die in Nederland promoveerde, lag een zekere aanleg voor een van de temperamenten al besloten in het continent waar men was geboren. Amerikanen waren volgens hem cholerisch, Europeanen sanguinisch, Aziaten melancholisch en Afrikanen flegmatisch.</p><h2>Narcose of lokale verdoving bestond niet</h2><p>Een veel verrichte medische handeling was de aderlating. Door een ader in arm of been te openen, hoopte men met het bloed, de ziekte uit het lichaam te laten stromen. Dezelfde gedachte zat achter het gebruik van bloedzuigers. Artsen waren redelijk goed in het genezen van botbreuken, het verwijderen van nierstenen en kiezen trekken. Ook kankergezwellen wist men soms succesvol weg te halen. Zoiets als narcose of lokale verdoving bestond niet. Alcohol of een knock-out waren de enige opties om de pijn te verzachten. Kwakzalvers profiteerden van de medische onkunde. De bekendste in de Republiek was Johan Christoph Ludeman, een Duitser die zich in 1713 in Amsterdam vestigde. Van heinde en verre kwamen mensen naar hem toe om hun horoscopen te laten trekken en hun urine te laten onderzoeken. Bij zijn dood liet Ludeman een fortuin na. Zijn leven werd in geuren en kleuren opgetekend door broodschrijver <a href="https://www.literatuurgeschiedenis.org/schrijvers/franciscus-lievens-kersteman">Franciscus Lievens Kersteman</a> in de roman <cite class="paragraph__cite">Gedenk-waardige Levens-beschryving van […] Johan Christoforus Ludeman </cite>(1784).</p><h2>Experimenteren met inenten</h2><p>Vooral kinderen stierven bij de vleet aan besmettelijke ziektes als mazelen, waterpokken en roodvonk. Otto van Eck noteerde op dinsdag 25 november 1794 in zijn <a href="https://www.literatuurgeschiedenis.org/18e-eeuw/egodocumenten">dagboek</a> dat er die dag ‘een merkwaardige gebeurtenis’ had plaatsgevonden, ‘dat er namelijk een broertje van mij jarig is. Want behalve mijzelf zijn zij allen gestorven voordat ze een jaar oud waren’. Al rond 1720 werd er geëxperimenteerd met inenten tegen de pokken, waarbij gezonde mensen werden geïnfecteerd met het wondvocht van een zieke, om zo het immuunsysteem te stimuleren. Deze procedure wekte veel weerstand op, zowel uit medisch als theologisch oogpunt. De moeder van <a href="https://www.literatuurgeschiedenis.org/schrijvers/belle-van-zuylen">Belle van Zuylen</a> bijvoorbeeld, stierf in 1768 nadat ze was ingeënt. Een gemeente als Leiden verbood de inenting in 1771 vanwege de risico’s. Pas toen men aan het eind van de eeuw in Engeland begon in te enten met koepokken kwam er een doorbraak, hoewel de weerstand in Nederland nog lang groot bleef. Schrijvers als Onno Zwier van Haren en de Bataviase koopman Willem van Hogendorp pleitten vóór inenting. De laatste deed dat in 1779 in een prachtig verhaal, <cite class="paragraph__cite">Sophronisba, of de gelukkige moeder door de inëntinge van haare dochters</cite><em>.</em></p><h2><br>Fragment uit:<cite class="paragraph__cite"> Sophronisba, of de gelukkige moeder door de inëntinge van haare dochters </cite>(1779)</h2><p>In dit verhaal is Lysander, echtgenoot van Sophronisba, voorstander van inenting van hun beide dochters. Zijn vrouw is tegen, niet omdat ze principieel tegen inenting is, maar omdat de huisarts haar bang heeft gemaakt met verhalen over ingeënte patiënten die zijn overleden aan de inenting. Lysander besluit zijn dochters stiekem in te enten en haalt twee lancetten met inentingsstof bij een arts.</p><blockquote><p>(pp. 22-24)<br>De jongste dochter, die de <em>lancetten</em> op tafel zag liggen, vroeg wat het waren. Lysander vertelde haar dat het <em>lancetten</em> waren waarmee men aderlatingen doet en stelde haar spelenderwijs voor of ze eens wilde zien hoe men gelaten werd, waarbij hij haar ook beloofde dat hij niet echt zou snijden, maar slechts zou aanwijzen hoe en op welke plaats dat gebeurde. Zij hadden beiden altijd een groot vertrouwen in hun vader gehad, wat nu goed uitkwam. De oudste wilde geen voorrang aan haar zuster geven en ontblootte snel een arm die zij haar vader toestak. Lysander bracht de punt van één van de <em>lancetten</em> tegen de buitenkant, net boven de boord van de mouw, tussen de huid en de opperhuid en drukte er zachtjes met zijn vinger op, terwijl hij er voor zorgde dat er geen bloed tevoorschijn kwam. Dit herhaalde hij op drie plaatsen vlakbij elkaar en het begon de andere zuster al te vervelen dat haar beurt nog niet gekomen was.<br>Hij wilde, zo hij zei, zijn jongste dochter niet minder volgens de kunst behandelen en daarom zou hij voor haar het andere <em>lancet</em> gebruiken; hij pakte het en herhaalde bij haar de <em>operatie</em> die hij daarnet bij haar oudste zuster had verricht.<br>Wat waren deze kinderen blij! Nu wisten ze hoe men adergelaten werd: zij wilden alles aan hun moeder gaan vertellen: zij sprongen op van vreugde.<br>Lysander was aangedaan, maar hij verborg zijn emoties zoveel hij kon. Gelukkig viel hem een manier in om zijn dochters ervan te weerhouden alles aan hun moeder te vertellen, wat hij het liefst zelf wilde doen.</p></blockquote></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </section> <aside class="col-sm-3" role="complementary"> <div class="region region-sidebar-second sidebar-afbeeldingen"> <div> <figure> <div class="image" data-image-name="Barbier-tijdens-een-aderlating.jpg"> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field--item"> <a href="https://www.literatuurgeschiedenis.org/sites/default/files/2020-11/Barbier-tijdens-een-aderlating.jpg" class="photoswipe" data-pswp-width="1000" data-pswp-height="648" data-overlay-title="Barbier tijdens een aderlating - Detail van een schilderij van Egbert van Heemskerck, 1669"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/sidebar_image/public/2020-11/Barbier-tijdens-een-aderlating.webp?itok=D4wmM_ps 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/sidebar_image_2x/public/2020-11/Barbier-tijdens-een-aderlating.webp?itok=dBSPeLzq 2x" media="all and (min-width: 1290px)" type="image/webp" width="338" height="219"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/sidebar_image/public/2020-11/Barbier-tijdens-een-aderlating.jpg?itok=D4wmM_ps 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/sidebar_image_2x/public/2020-11/Barbier-tijdens-een-aderlating.jpg?itok=dBSPeLzq 2x" media="all and (min-width: 1290px)" type="image/jpeg" width="338" height="219"/> <img width="338" height="219" src="/sites/default/files/styles/sidebar_image/public/2020-11/Barbier-tijdens-een-aderlating.jpg?itok=D4wmM_ps" alt="Barbier tijdens een aderlating - Detail van een schilderij van Egbert van Heemskerck, 1669" loading="lazy" class="img-fluid" /> </picture> </a> </div> </div> <figcaption> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-onderschrift-html field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><p>Barbier tijdens een aderlating - Detail van een schilderij van Egbert van Heemskerck, 1669</p> </div> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div> <figure> <div class="image" data-image-name="lg_284.jpg"> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field--item"> <a href="https://www.literatuurgeschiedenis.org/sites/default/files/2021-02/lg_284.jpg" class="photoswipe" data-pswp-width="409" data-pswp-height="320" data-overlay-title="Aderlaten, in: Paasman, Het boek der Verlichting, p. 76."> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/sidebar_image/public/2021-02/lg_284.webp?itok=xnJ0PeAX 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/sidebar_image_2x/public/2021-02/lg_284.webp?itok=DffromSn 2x" media="all and (min-width: 1290px)" type="image/webp" width="338" height="264"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/sidebar_image/public/2021-02/lg_284.jpg?itok=xnJ0PeAX 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/sidebar_image_2x/public/2021-02/lg_284.jpg?itok=DffromSn 2x" media="all and (min-width: 1290px)" type="image/jpeg" width="338" height="264"/> <img width="338" height="264" src="/sites/default/files/styles/sidebar_image/public/2021-02/lg_284.jpg?itok=xnJ0PeAX" alt="Aderlaten, in: Paasman, Het boek der Verlichting, p. 76." loading="lazy" class="img-fluid" /> </picture> </a> </div> </div> <figcaption> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-onderschrift-html field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><p>Aderlaten, in: Paasman, <cite class="paragraph__cite">Het boek der Verlichting</cite>, p. 76.</p> </div> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div> <figure> <div class="image" data-image-name="lg_289.jpg"> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field--item"> <a href="https://www.literatuurgeschiedenis.org/sites/default/files/2021-02/lg_289.jpg" class="photoswipe" data-pswp-width="360" data-pswp-height="467" data-overlay-title="De bekendste wonderdokter van het land: Ludeman houdt spreekuur, in: Achter slot en grendel, p. 120."> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/sidebar_image/public/2021-02/lg_289.webp?itok=j14GrBBu 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/sidebar_image_2x/public/2021-02/lg_289.webp?itok=Cx5Fkvgl 2x" media="all and (min-width: 1290px)" type="image/webp" width="338" height="438"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/sidebar_image/public/2021-02/lg_289.jpg?itok=j14GrBBu 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/sidebar_image_2x/public/2021-02/lg_289.jpg?itok=Cx5Fkvgl 2x" media="all and (min-width: 1290px)" type="image/jpeg" width="338" height="438"/> <img width="338" height="438" src="/sites/default/files/styles/sidebar_image/public/2021-02/lg_289.jpg?itok=j14GrBBu" alt="De bekendste wonderdokter van het land: Ludeman houdt spreekuur, in: Achter slot en grendel, p. 120." loading="lazy" class="img-fluid" /> </picture> </a> </div> </div> <figcaption> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-onderschrift-html field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><p>De bekendste wonderdokter van het land: Ludeman houdt spreekuur, in: <cite class="paragraph__cite">Achter slot en grendel</cite>, p. 120.</p> </div> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div> <figure> <div class="image" data-image-name="lg_283.jpg"> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field--item"> <a href="https://www.literatuurgeschiedenis.org/sites/default/files/2021-02/lg_283.jpg" class="photoswipe" data-pswp-width="575" data-pswp-height="382" data-overlay-title="Koepokinenting."> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/sidebar_image/public/2021-02/lg_283.webp?itok=DwYizH6_ 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/sidebar_image_2x/public/2021-02/lg_283.webp?itok=1xbldAES 2x" media="all and (min-width: 1290px)" type="image/webp" width="338" height="225"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/sidebar_image/public/2021-02/lg_283.jpg?itok=DwYizH6_ 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/sidebar_image_2x/public/2021-02/lg_283.jpg?itok=1xbldAES 2x" media="all and (min-width: 1290px)" type="image/jpeg" width="338" height="225"/> <img width="338" height="225" src="/sites/default/files/styles/sidebar_image/public/2021-02/lg_283.jpg?itok=DwYizH6_" alt="Koepokinenting." loading="lazy" class="img-fluid" /> </picture> </a> </div> </div> <figcaption> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-onderschrift-html field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><p>Koepokinenting.</p> </div> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </aside> </div> </div> <div class="subcontent container-xl"> <div class="region region-subcontent subcontent-verderlezen"> <h2 class="block-title">Verder lezen</h2> <ul><li class="link-naar-literatuur">Joost Kloek en Wijnand Mijnhardt, <cite class="paragraph__cite">1800. Blauwdrukken voor een samenleving</cite>. Den Haag 2001, <a href="https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/kloe003blau01_01/kloe003blau01_01_0017.php#p305">305-311</a>.</li><li class="link-naar-literatuur">Bert Paasman, <cite class="paragraph__cite">Het boek der Verlichting. De 18</cite><cite class="paragraph__cite"></cite><cite class="paragraph__cite"> eeuw van A tot Z</cite>. Amsterdam 1986, 19-21, 75-77.</li><li class="link-naar-literatuur">Ruben Verwaal, "<a href="https://rubenverwaal.com/blog/pokkenzooi-anti-vaxxers-in-de-18e-eeuw/#:~:text=De%20introductie%20van%20het%20inenten,niet%20gelijk%20in%20de%20rij.">Pokkenzooi: Anti-vaxxers in de achttiende eeuw</a>", <cite class="paragraph__cite">Wonderkamer</cite> 3 (2021): 23–26.</li></ul> </div> </div> <div class="subcontent_third container-xl"> <div class="region region-subcontent subcontent-verwijzingen"> <h2 class="block-title">Meer hierover</h2> <div class="subcontent-verwijzingen-grid"> <div class="subcontent image-card"> <div class="field field--name-field-indexplaatje field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field--item"><div> <figure> <div class="image" data-image-name="lg_231.jpg"> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field--item"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/indexplaatje_crop/public/2020-10/lg_231.webp?h=6284e444&itok=N5ueNO7V 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/indexplaatje_2x/public/2020-10/lg_231.webp?h=6284e444&itok=bKX_s6_g 2x" media="all and (min-width: 1290px)" type="image/webp" width="345" height="300"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/indexplaatje_crop/public/2020-10/lg_231.jpg?h=6284e444&itok=N5ueNO7V 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/indexplaatje_2x/public/2020-10/lg_231.jpg?h=6284e444&itok=bKX_s6_g 2x" media="all and (min-width: 1290px)" type="image/jpeg" width="345" height="300"/> <img loading="eager" width="345" height="300" src="/sites/default/files/styles/indexplaatje_crop/public/2020-10/lg_231.jpg?h=6284e444&itok=N5ueNO7V" alt="Bellamy begon al op veertien- of vijftienjarige leeftijd te dichten." class="img-fluid" /> </picture> </div> </div> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="image-overlay"> <a href="/schrijvers/jacobus-bellamy" rel="bookmark"><span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Jacobus Bellamy</span> </a> <div class="field field--name-field-ondertitel field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item">Van bakkersknecht tot populair dichter</div> </div> </div> <div class="subcontent image-card"> <div class="field field--name-field-indexplaatje field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field--item"><div> <figure> <div class="image" data-image-name="ludeman.jpg"> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field--item"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/indexplaatje_crop/public/2020-11/ludeman.webp?h=3b2766b6&itok=ZeIWCz_G 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/indexplaatje_2x/public/2020-11/ludeman.webp?h=3b2766b6&itok=MUT3sQsX 2x" media="all and (min-width: 1290px)" type="image/webp" width="345" height="300"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/indexplaatje_crop/public/2020-11/ludeman.jpg?h=3b2766b6&itok=ZeIWCz_G 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/indexplaatje_2x/public/2020-11/ludeman.jpg?h=3b2766b6&itok=MUT3sQsX 2x" media="all and (min-width: 1290px)" type="image/jpeg" width="345" height="300"/> <img loading="eager" width="345" height="300" src="/sites/default/files/styles/indexplaatje_crop/public/2020-11/ludeman.jpg?h=3b2766b6&itok=ZeIWCz_G" alt="Franciscus Lievens Kersteman, Gedenk-waardige Levens-beschryving van […] Johan Christoforus Ludeman" class="img-fluid" /> </picture> </div> </div> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="image-overlay"> <a href="/schrijvers/franciscus-lievens-kersteman" rel="bookmark"><span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Franciscus Lievens Kersteman </span> </a> <div class="field field--name-field-ondertitel field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item">Schrijven in de gevangenis</div> </div> </div> <div class="subcontent image-card"> <div class="field field--name-field-indexplaatje field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field--item"><div> <figure> <div class="image" data-image-name="lg_233.jpg"> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field--item"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/indexplaatje_crop/public/2021-09/lg_233.webp?h=843f851e&itok=or4kwEUs 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/indexplaatje_2x/public/2021-09/lg_233.webp?h=843f851e&itok=hmmsLGms 2x" media="all and (min-width: 1290px)" type="image/webp" width="345" height="300"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/indexplaatje_crop/public/2021-09/lg_233.jpg?h=843f851e&itok=or4kwEUs 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/indexplaatje_2x/public/2021-09/lg_233.jpg?h=843f851e&itok=hmmsLGms 2x" media="all and (min-width: 1290px)" type="image/jpeg" width="345" height="300"/> <img loading="eager" width="345" height="300" src="/sites/default/files/styles/indexplaatje_crop/public/2021-09/lg_233.jpg?h=843f851e&itok=or4kwEUs" alt="Haar tijd ver vooruit (schilderij van Belle van Zuylen door G. de Spinny (1759)." class="img-fluid" /> </picture> </div> </div> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="image-overlay"> <a href="/schrijvers/belle-van-zuylen" rel="bookmark"><span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Belle van Zuylen</span> </a> <div class="field field--name-field-ondertitel field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item">Intelligente rebel</div> </div> </div> <div class="subcontent image-card"> <div class="field field--name-field-indexplaatje field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field--item"><div> <figure> <div class="image" data-image-name="lg_305.jpg"> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field--item"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/indexplaatje_crop/public/2020-10/lg_305.webp?h=194d01ab&itok=RiXN1vIF 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/indexplaatje_2x/public/2020-10/lg_305.webp?h=194d01ab&itok=nZrOwaA8 2x" media="all and (min-width: 1290px)" type="image/webp" width="345" height="300"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/indexplaatje_crop/public/2020-10/lg_305.jpg?h=194d01ab&itok=RiXN1vIF 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/indexplaatje_2x/public/2020-10/lg_305.jpg?h=194d01ab&itok=nZrOwaA8 2x" media="all and (min-width: 1290px)" type="image/jpeg" width="345" height="300"/> <img loading="eager" width="345" height="300" src="/sites/default/files/styles/indexplaatje_crop/public/2020-10/lg_305.jpg?h=194d01ab&itok=RiXN1vIF" alt="De ‘paus’ van het Frans-classicisme, Nicolas Boileau." class="img-fluid" /> </picture> </div> </div> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="image-overlay"> <a href="/18e-eeuw/dodendialogen" rel="bookmark"><span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Dodendialogen</span> </a> <div class="field field--name-field-ondertitel field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item">Beroemde doden aan de discussietafel</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="subcontent_fourth_wrapper"> <div class="subcontent_fourth container-xl"> <div class="region region-subcontent-fourth"> <section id="block-centuries-footer" class="block block-block-content block-block-contenta11251bb-94c5-4b21-80b5-2c7982ec9849 clearfix tijdvakken-footer"> <h2 class="block-title">Ontdek de literatuur van een ander tijdperk</h2> <div class="tijdvakken mobile"> <a alt="Middeleeuwen(500-1500)" href="/middeleeuwen" class="svg"> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <svg class="mobile" width="180px" height="180px" viewBox="0 0 180 180" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">  <title aria-hidden="true">Middeleeuwen</title> <g id="icon" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <line x1="95.5" y1="138" x2="180.5" y2="138" id="Line" stroke="#467DBF" stroke-width="5" stroke-linecap="square"></line> <g id="Middeleeuwen-icoon" transform="translate(9.000000, 0.000000)"> <text id="title" 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