Putting the Second REAIM Summit into Context

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Vestner","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/person/image/4d960134e42ec7af94cad3829c4fe152","url":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b2603120c216a556e3b7a0d77cc25eb9?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b2603120c216a556e3b7a0d77cc25eb9?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Tobias Vestner"},"description":"Director of the Research and Policy Advice Department and the Head of the Security and Law Programme at the Geneva Centre for Security Policy (GCSP). He is a Visiting Scholar at the Center for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC) at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies (FSI) at Stanford University. He was an Honorary Senior Research Fellow at the University of Exeter; Fellow at Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE); Non-Resident Fellow at the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR); and a Reserve Military Legal Adviser at the Swiss Armed Forces Staff. 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Prior to that he worked in the Security Council Team and then the Peacebuilding Team at the UK Mission to the UN in New York (2012 – 2016). Prior to his diplomatic career, he was a corporate lawyer with global law firm Baker McKenzie. Simon obtained a bachelor’s degree in modern history at University College London and a master’s degree in Historical Research from Oxford University. He studied law at BPP Law School, London. 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style="background-image:url(https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Artificial-Intelligence-scaled-e1720446222189.jpg?fit=2133%2C1706&ssl=1); background-position:center center;"> <div class="overlay"></div> <div class="pagewidth pw1400"> <div class="title-wrap"> <h1>Putting the Second REAIM Summit into Context </h1> </div> </div> </div><div class="columns-wrap pagewidth pw1400 clearfix"><div id="secondary-left" class="secondary"><p class="authors">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/vestnertobias/" title="Profile and articles by Tobias Vestner" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tobias Vestner</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/cleoburysimon/" title="Profile and articles by Simon Cleobury" class="author url fn" rel="author">Simon Cleobury</a></p><p class="date">September 5, 2024</p><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share 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class="share-end"></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="post-tags"><h3>Filed under:</h3><p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/artificial-intelligence/" rel="tag">Artificial Intelligence (AI)</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/diplomacy/" rel="tag">Diplomacy</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/lethal-autonomous-weapons/" rel="tag">lethal autonomous weapons</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/lethal-autonomous-weapons-systems/" rel="tag">Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS)</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/military/" rel="tag">Military</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/technology/" rel="tag">Technology</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/un-group-of-government-experts-gge/" rel="tag">UN Group of Government Experts (GGE)</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/unga/" rel="tag">UNGA</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/united-nations/" rel="tag">United Nations</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/united-nations-general-assembly/" rel="tag">United Nations General Assembly</a></p></div></div><main id="primary" tabindex="-1" class="content-body clearfix" role="main"><article class="client-ui clearfix"><div class="print-authors"><p class="authors">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/vestnertobias/" title="Profile and articles by Tobias Vestner" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tobias Vestner</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/cleoburysimon/" title="Profile and articles by Simon Cleobury" class="author url fn" rel="author">Simon Cleobury</a></p><p class="date">September 5, 2024</p></div><p>The upcoming <a href="https://www.reaim2024.kr/reaimeng/index.do">second Summit on Responsible AI in the Military Domain (REAIM)</a> will be a platform for multistakeholder dialogue on the implications of integrating artificial intelligence (AI) into military systems. Hosted in Seoul by the Republic of Korea, Singapore, the Netherlands, Kenya, and the United Kingdom on September 9-10, the Summit intends to generate ideas and political momentum towards ensuring the responsible development, deployment, and use of AI in the military domain and the establishment of relevant norms. Over a thousand participants from government, international and non-governmental organizations, members of industry, and academia are expected to attend, promising timely and relevant discussions.</p> <p>The REAIM Summit is one among multiple diplomatic initiatives and normative processes, but it stands out as the one multistakeholder forum that unites a large spectrum of States and other significant actors. Uniquely, it provides a platform for a broad and inclusive discussion on AI in the defense and military sectors. As such, the REAIM Summit may serve as a possible uniting forum in the midst of conflicting State positions on how to move forward with <a href="https://warontherocks.com/2024/08/how-to-make-military-ai-governance-more-robust/">global regulation</a> of military AI. Thus, while the second REAIM Summit may have its own normative impact, it will also serve as a catalyst for other diplomatic and normative processes.</p> <h2><strong>The Previous Summit</strong></h2> <p>The second REAIM Summit follows its inaugural edition, which was organized in the Hague in February 2023 by the Netherlands and the Republic of Korea. The <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/85440/globalizing-responsible-ai-in-the-military-domain-by-the-reaim-summit/">first REAIM Summit</a> was attended by 57 States and around 2000 representatives from across government, industry, academia, and civil society. Over its two days, there was a series of interactive panels open to all attendees and a closed Ministerial level meeting for government discussions at the political level. The Summit was thus the first global multistakeholder conference to address the topic of <a href="https://unidir.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/UNIDIR_AI_Beyond_Weapons_Application_Impact_AI_in_the_Military_Domain.pdf">military AI</a> in a broader thematic context than what until then was rather limited to lethal autonomous weapon systems (<a href="https://docs-library.unoda.org/Convention_on_Certain_Conventional_Weapons_-Group_of_Governmental_Experts_on_Lethal_Autonomous_Weapons_Systems_(2023)/CCW_GGE1_2023_CRP.1_0.pdf">LAWS</a>). Specifically, this broader focus enabled discussion of AI-enabled decision support applications, AI applications related to nuclear weapons, and States’ and NATO’s organizational adaptations for integrating AI, for instance.</p> <p>The first REAIM Summit produced a normative output in the form of a <a href="https://www.government.nl/documents/publications/2023/02/16/reaim-2023-call-to-action">Call to Action</a> that recognized the importance of “<a href="https://www.routledge.com/Responsible-Use-of-AI-in-Military-Systems/Schraagen/p/book/9781032524306?srsltid=AfmBOootRhCXjyzQYdnv7HQ-Wrf9u6tASeeiXE4RYU3P32P4pF9SFL21">responsible AI</a>” (RAI). It called for continued efforts to engage in global dialogue on RAI in the military domain and encouraged knowledge-building and sharing of good practices yet remained relatively vague in terms of substance. The Call to Action was supported by most States attending, including China, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States. However, it was not endorsed by Brazil, India, and South Africa, which were cautious regarding building norms outside the UN, although they were supportive of the Summit. (Notably, Russia had not been invited to the Summit at all, due to its full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022).</p> <p>The first Summit and its Call to Action led to an international process. The Netherlands and the Republic of Korea organized regional workshops, aimed at getting States to focus on legal and governance challenges in military AI, as well as considering how the new technology would affect each region. In-person workshops took place in <a href="https://www.rsis.edu.sg/rsis-event-article/rsis/reaim-regional-consultations-workshop/">Singapore</a>, <a href="https://www.publicnow.com/view/90E83A0AAF7CEFD46BC860D68C3B636C45CA7DF0">Santiago</a>, Istanbul, and <a href="https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/realtime/2024-06-12-nairobi-hosts-first-workshop-on-responsible-use-of-ai-in-military/">Nairobi</a>, and there was an online workshop for Europe and North America. These workshops followed a two-track approach of sessions with experts from government, academia, and civil society, followed by closed meetings for governments to discuss regional approaches. The process went global by going regional.</p> <p>In addition, the Netherlands established the Global Commission on Responsible Artificial Intelligence in the Military Domain (<a href="https://hcss.nl/gcreaim/">GC REAIM</a>) to help promote mutual awareness and understanding on the issue. The Global Commission will have a two-year mandate, during which it will produce a strategic guidance report intended to help governments better understand RAI. The goal of the Global Commission is to foster expert knowledge and input for the broader multistakeholder process.</p> <h2><strong>The Summit’s Prospects</strong></h2> <p>The second REAIM Summit has three main themes: (1) understanding the implications of AI on international peace and security; (2) implementing responsible application of AI in the military domain; and (3) envisioning the future governance of AI in the military domain. Like the first Summit, there will be mix of public and closed meetings. The first day will feature plenary sessions and side events focusing on the key themes. On the second day there will again be a Ministerial Roundtable. Throughout the Summit there will be exhibitions and live demonstrations by participants from industry, talk shows and interviews, and side events for youth.</p> <p>Based on discussions with diplomats and organizers of the Summit, there should be around 40 Ministers and Vice Ministers attending the Summit. Interestingly, more Defense Ministers are likely to attend than Foreign Ministers, indicating that Ministries of Defense are becoming alert to the need to engage in these discussions. There should be a good geographical spread of countries represented at Ministerial level, with several African and Latin American Minister-level attendees. The Summit will again be attended by four of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council. Like last year, Russia has not been invited, making the Summit not entirely inclusive and universal.</p> <p>Following last year’s Call for Action, the second Summit will again have an outcome document, this time called a Blueprint for Action according to a document circulated among diplomats, which is in turn intended to pave the way for a Plan for Action in 2025. The Blueprint has been negotiated and agreed ahead of the Summit by a group of 35 countries, including China. It contains affirmations and commitments across the three themes of the Summit that are useful for getting first commitments by States to start taking action domestically and internationally. It does not specially call for negotiations on regulation, nor recommend a particular way forward on RAI governance. Rather, it stresses the need for continued dialogue and better understanding of the issues. The organizers hope that some of those that did not endorse the Call for Action, such as Brazil, India, and South Africa, will come on board this time.</p> <p>After the Summit, the REAIM co-hosts are planning to bring a new resolution on the military use of AI to the UN General Assembly (UNGA) this October, putting the issue on the UNGA agenda for the first time. They have also established a core group of countries as co-sponsors of the resolution. It will likely call for UN Member States to submit their views on how to ensure the responsible use of AI in the military domain and request the UN Secretary-General (UNSG) to compile them in a report. A new UNGA process would not be intended to replace future REAIM Summits, at least to start, but would begin UN consideration of the topic with a consultative approach.</p> <h2><strong>The Summit’s Nexus to the GGE, UNGA, and Other Processes on Military AI</strong></h2> <p>The second REAIM Summit is part of and interacts with other diplomatic initiatives and normative processes related to military AI, which may be indirectly influenced by the Summit.</p> <p>First and perhaps most closely related, at the first REAIM Summit, the United States presented a draft <a href="https://lieber.westpoint.edu/political-declaration-responsible-military-use-artificial-intelligence-autonomy/">Political Declaration on Responsible Military Use of Artificial Intelligence and Autonomy</a>, which was finalized in November 2023. The Declaration aims to build international consensus around responsible behavior and thereby guide States’ development, deployment, and use of military AI. The United States organized an inaugural <a href="https://www.state.gov/political-declaration-on-responsible-military-use-of-artificial-intelligence-and-autonomy/#:~:text=The%20Department%20of%20State%2C%20in,and%20implement%20this%20groundbreaking%20initiative.">plenary meeting</a> of States endorsing the Declaration in March 2024. To date, <a href="https://www.state.gov/political-declaration-on-responsible-military-use-of-artificial-intelligence-and-autonomy/#:~:text=The%20Department%20of%20State%2C%20in,and%20implement%20this%20groundbreaking%20initiative.">54 States</a> have signed.</p> <p>The relationship between the U.S. Political Declaration and the REAIM process is complementary. The U.S. Declaration is more concrete than the REAIM’s Call to Action and has a more operational focus. In addition, the U.S. led process allows information-sharing among governmental representatives in a closed forum where they can be more open than at the United Nations or in public settings. In this context, the REAIM Summit can serve as a platform for increasing awareness of the U.S. Declaration and fostering international agreement on RAI at the political level.</p> <p>Second, since the inaugural REAIM Summit, the only formal, intergovernmental process related to the military use of AI has been the <a href="https://dig.watch/processes/gge-laws">Group of Governmental Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems (GGE on LAWS)</a>. Though convening yearly since 2016, it has made incremental progress. The Group is now <a href="https://meetings.unoda.org/ccw-/convention-on-certain-conventional-weapons-group-of-governmental-experts-on-lethal-autonomous-weapons-systems-2024">mandated</a> “to further consider and formulate, by consensus, a set of elements of an instrument.” There has been some movement in positions—for example, France and Germany have come out in favor of the so-called <a href="https://www.icrc.org/en/document/icrc-position-autonomous-weapon-systems">two-tier approach</a>, which would seek a prohibition on autonomous weapon systems that cannot be used in compliance with international humanitarian law and regulation for those that can be. However, other major military States such as Japan, India, the Republic of Korea, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States remain opposed to any new legally binding instrument.</p> <p>While the second REAIM Summit will not resolve these controversies, the Summit can allow for further discussions on and related to them. Expert panels may also present new ideas, notably regarding potential regulations of LAWS under the two-tier approach. In addition, the REAIM Summit places the discussions on LAWS within the broader scope of the military use of AI, including on how to regulate civilian technologies that may have crucial military applications. As such, the REAIM Summit provides a platform for further debate on the future ethical and legal permissibility of LAWS.</p> <p>A third related process is also underway at the United Nations. Austria brought a new <a href="https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n23/431/11/pdf/n2343111.pdf">Resolution on LAWS</a> to the UNGA in October 2023, following its Conference entitled <a href="https://article36.org/updates/vienna-conference-humanity-at-the-crossroads-autonomous-weapons-systems-and-the-challenge-of-regulation/">Humanity at the Crossroads: Autonomous Weapons Systems and the Challenge of Regulation</a> held in April 2023 in Vienna, which produced an outcome document endorsed by 36 States. It called for clear prohibitions and regulations to preserve the human element in the use of force, arguing that the international community was at an “Oppenheimer moment,” in which “geopolitical tensions threaten to lead a major scientific breakthrough down a very dangerous path for the future of humanity.”</p> <p>The Austrian resolution created an agenda item on LAWS for the first time and invited all stakeholders interested in the issue to submit their views to the UN Secretary-General. Based on these submissions, the UNSG issued a <a href="https://docs-library.unoda.org/General_Assembly_First_Committee_-Seventy-Ninth_session_(2024)/A-79-88-LAWS.pdf">report</a> on the way forward in July 2024. He reiterated his <a href="https://www.icrc.org/en/document/joint-call-un-and-icrc-establish-prohibitions-and-restrictions-autonomous-weapons-systems">joint call</a> made with the President of the International Committee of the Red Cross in October 2023 for States to negotiate a legally binding instrument by 2026. The ground is therefore prepared for the UNGA to take over, should the GGE on LAWS fail to agree on starting negotiations.</p> <p>The REAIM Summit shares similar features to the UNGA process, which is an inclusive and near universal yet purely State-driven forum. Unlike the REAIM Summit, however, the UNGA has the authority to formally adopt legally binding instruments and political commitments. Thus, REAIM may set the grounds for further deliberations and potential negotiations at the UNGA, not just on LAWS, but on other aspects of RAI. Insights, ideas, and joint understandings from the REAIM Summit are likely to feed into the UNGA’s work. Should a process on RAI be introduced at the UNGA in addition to the Austrian-led process on LAWS, there may be overlap or synergies between the two processes.</p> <h2><strong>Outlook</strong></h2> <p>The second REAIM Summit will increase global awareness and understanding of RAI in the military domain, ensuring it remains a priority for policymakers. But there are certain limitations to this process, notably that it is still perceived as a mainly western initiative that does not include all the major military powers, such as Russia. Nevertheless, its transparent and multi-stakeholder approach should enable it to shape norms and the implementation of norms for the development and use of military-related AI technologies.</p> <p>In the next few years, the UNGA may play a greater role in this space, with potential new processes on LAWS and RAI. As AI technology develops, there are also likely to be increasingly more issues under the umbrella of “AI in the military domain,” meaning that more diplomatic and normative initiatives may be brought to the UNGA. To manage related processes, the <a href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/first/">UNGA First Committee</a> could introduce a thematic debate on the topic or create a new Cluster on the military use of AI.</p> <p>As parallel yet potentially competing initiatives continue in this area, no comprehensive process will be able to address all the complex issues of the development, deployment, and use of AI. The REAIM process will therefore continue to be an important forum for all stakeholders – notably including industry and academia – to come together to exchange information and best practices on the challenges of ensuring responsible AI in the military domain as well as to lay the ground for common vision and understanding.</p> <h6><em>Image: Abstract representation of AI (via GettyImages). </em></h6> <div class="icon-end-post"></div><div class="mobile-post-tags"><div class="post-tags"><h3>Filed under:</h3><p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/artificial-intelligence/" rel="tag">Artificial Intelligence (AI)</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/diplomacy/" rel="tag">Diplomacy</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/lethal-autonomous-weapons/" rel="tag">lethal autonomous weapons</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/lethal-autonomous-weapons-systems/" rel="tag">Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS)</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/military/" rel="tag">Military</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/technology/" rel="tag">Technology</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/un-group-of-government-experts-gge/" rel="tag">UN Group of Government Experts (GGE)</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/unga/" rel="tag">UNGA</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/united-nations/" rel="tag">United Nations</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/united-nations-general-assembly/" rel="tag">United Nations General Assembly</a></p></div></div></article></main><div id="secondary-right" class="secondary" role="complementary"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/early-edition-signup/" class="button has-icon icon-pm">Signups for A.M. & P.M. 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Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104130/rule-of-law-index-2024/">Rule of Law Index Shows Some Rays of Hope Amidst Continuing Global Recession</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/andersenelizabeth/" title="Profile and articles by Elizabeth Andersen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Elizabeth Andersen</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/evangelidesalicia/" title="Profile and articles by Alicia Evangelides" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alicia Evangelides</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104036/heat-map-january-6th-defendants-2/">Heat Map of January 6th Defendants Across the United States</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103956/proud-boys-threat-assessment/">Proud Boys Threat Assessment: From the Planning of January 6th to Future Scenarios</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/joscelyntom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Joscelyn" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Joscelyn</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103773/top-10-election-litigation/">Top 10 Election Litigation Cases in 2024 Implicating the Rule of Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. 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Scott Adams</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 3rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103406/iran-israel-escalation/">Threats and Response Options in the Escalating Israel-Iran Conflict</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103380/un-future-pact-reform/">The UN’s New Pact for the Future: A Milestone That Can Set a Path for Change</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ponziorichard/" title="Profile and articles by Richard Ponzio" class="author url fn" rel="author">Richard Ponzio</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103339/artificial-intelligence-at-2024-united-nations/">AI at UNGA79: Recapping Key Themes</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 1st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/88039/trumps-legal-and-political-calendar-all-the-dates-you-need-to-know/">Master Calendar of Trump Court Dates: Criminal and Civil Cases</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. 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Michael Kirby" class="author url fn" rel="author">The Hon. Michael Kirby</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98855/good-moral-character-trump-immigrants/">‘Good Moral Character?’ Holding Trump to the Same Standards as the Immigrants He Vilifies</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/chenedgar/" title="Profile and articles by Edgar Chen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Edgar Chen</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rossdan/" title="Profile and articles by Dan Ross" class="author url fn" rel="author">Dan Ross</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 28th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/99069/artificial-intelligence-democracy-effects/">Don’t Downplay Risks of AI for Democracy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nosselsuzanne/" title="Profile and articles by Suzanne Nossel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Suzanne Nossel</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 28th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98844/dont-sanction-icc/">Don’t Sanction the ICC for Doing its Job</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mayamichael/" title="Profile and articles by Michael Maya" class="author url fn" rel="author">Michael Maya</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 27th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/81789/russias-eliminationist-rhetoric-against-ukraine-a-collection/">Russia’s Eliminationist Rhetoric Against Ukraine: A Collection</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98895/presidential-immunity-congressional-contempt/">Presidential Immunity Decision May Have Implications for Congressional-Executive Divide on Criminal Contempt</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wrightandy/" title="Profile and articles by Andy Wright" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andy Wright</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98847/kursk-incursion-international-law/">Ukraine’s Incursion into Kursk Oblast: A Lawful Case of Defensive Invasion?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/omearachris/" title="Profile and articles by Chris O'Meara" class="author url fn" rel="author">Chris O'Meara</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98812/icc-amicus-brief-israel-palestine/">Expert Explainer: The US for the first time submits a formal brief to the International Criminal Court on the ‘Situation in Palestine’</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/buchwaldtodd/" title="Profile and articles by Todd Buchwald" class="author url fn" rel="author">Todd Buchwald</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98787/icc-disability-slave-trade/">Time for the International Criminal Court to Recognize Persons with Disabilities and the Slave Trade</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/lordjanet/" title="Profile and articles by Janet Lord" class="author url fn" rel="author">Janet Lord</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/schwarzpace/" title="Profile and articles by Pace Schwarz" class="author url fn" rel="author">Pace Schwarz</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/smithmatthew/" title="Profile and articles by Matthew "Hezzy" Smith" class="author url fn" rel="author">Matthew "Hezzy" Smith</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/steinmichael/" title="Profile and articles by Michael Ashley Stein" class="author url fn" rel="author">Michael Ashley Stein</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/greenalex/" title="Profile and articles by Alex Green" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alex Green</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kayessrosemary/" title="Profile and articles by Rosemary Kayess" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rosemary Kayess</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 21st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98801/podcast-international-law-israel-palestine/">The Just Security Podcast: Assessing the Recent Response of International Law and Institutions in Palestine and Israel</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/imseisardi/" title="Profile and articles by Ardi Imseis" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ardi Imseis</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hammourishahd/" title="Profile and articles by Shahd Hammouri" class="author url fn" rel="author">Shahd Hammouri</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kattanvictor/" title="Profile and articles by Victor Kattan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Victor Kattan</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/sirleafmatiangai/" title="Profile and articles by Matiangai Sirleaf" class="author url fn" rel="author">Matiangai Sirleaf</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 21st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98754/biden-end-iraq-war/">A Presidential Proclamation to End the Iraq War: Unilateral Executive Action to Defang a Zombie AUMF</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/finucanebrian/" title="Profile and articles by Brian Finucane" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brian Finucane</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98733/ukraine-icc-ratification/">Unforced Error: Article 124 and the Regrettable Caveat to Ukraine’s Proposed Ratification of the ICC Statute</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/dannenbaumtom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Dannenbaum" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Dannenbaum</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98674/911-plea-deals-revoked/">Revoking the 9/11 Plea Deals: Human Rights Consequences</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/niaolainfionnuala/" title="Profile and articles by Fionnuala Ní Aoláin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Fionnuala Ní Aoláin</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 16th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98652/afghanistan-taliban-third-anniversary/">Collecting Just Security’s Afghanistan Coverage on Third Anniversary of Taliban Takeover</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nirmaya/" title="Profile and articles by Maya Nir" class="author url fn" rel="author">Maya Nir</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 15th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98592/sudan-talks-deadlock/">Breaking the Deadlock: New Talks Needed to Help End Sudan’s Violence and Offer a Glimmer of Hope</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/abdulshafiquscondy/" title="Profile and articles by Quscondy Abdulshafi" class="author url fn" rel="author">Quscondy Abdulshafi</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 13th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98543/fara-sue-mi-terry/">The Perils of Expertise: How the DOJ Indictment of Sue Mi Terry Can Chill the Think Tank World</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/craiggregory/" title="Profile and articles by Gregory B. Craig" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gregory B. Craig</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 12th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98501/israel-trans-border-torture/">Justice for Trans-border Torture Requires Rethinking the International Criminal Court’s Jurisdiction in the Israel-Palestine Conflict</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ben-natansmadar/" title="Profile and articles by Smadar Ben-Natan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Smadar Ben-Natan</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mannitamar/" title="Profile and articles by Itamar Mann" class="author url fn" rel="author">Itamar Mann</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 7th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98445/our-lives-depend-on-cloud/">Our Lives Depend on the Cloud. Now What?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/pendletonjohn/" title="Profile and articles by John Pendleton" class="author url fn" rel="author">John Pendleton</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/leviteariel/" title="Profile and articles by Ariel Levite" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ariel Levite</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 6th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98429/security-council-report-isis-qaeda/">Wake Up Call: UN Security Council’s Report on ISIS and al-Qaeda</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/joscelyntom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Joscelyn" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Joscelyn</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 5th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98378/podcast-assessing-laws-of-war/">The Just Security Podcast: Assessing the Laws of War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/droegecordula/" title="Profile and articles by Cordula Droege" class="author url fn" rel="author">Cordula Droege</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blankharrison/" title="Profile and articles by Harrison Blank" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harrison Blank</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98313/podcast-hostage-policy/">The Just Security Podcast: The Evolution of U.S. Hostage Policy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/foleydiane/" title="Profile and articles by Diane Foley" class="author url fn" rel="author">Diane Foley</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hartigluke/" title="Profile and articles by Luke Hartig" class="author url fn" rel="author">Luke Hartig</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/violagienger/" title="Profile and articles by Viola Gienger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Viola Gienger</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blankharrison/" title="Profile and articles by Harrison Blank" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harrison Blank</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 1st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98273/the-aftermath-of-the-haniyeh-killing-how-to-avoid-a-new-middle-east-war/">The Aftermath of the Haniyeh Killing: How to Avoid a New Middle East War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 31st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98261/disability-think-differently-trump/">Donald Trump’s Dangerous Views on Disability and the Power to Think Differently</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 31st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97738/just-security-analysis-supreme-court/">Collecting Just Security’s Analysis of the Supreme Court’s Term</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blankharrison/" title="Profile and articles by Harrison Blank" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harrison Blank</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98205/prudential-trump-v-united-states/">A Prudential Way Forward in <i>Trump v. United States</i></a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bobbittphilip/" title="Profile and articles by Philip Bobbitt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Philip Bobbitt</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98091/negotiations-with-iran-now/">Space May be Opening for Negotiations with Iran</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/brewgregory/" title="Profile and articles by Gregory Brew" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gregory Brew</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98128/united-nations-pact-for-future/">What the Draft UN “Pact for the Future” Tells Us About International Insecurity</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/gowanrichard/" title="Profile and articles by Richard Gowan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Richard Gowan</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98082/international-court-of-justices-call-on-all-states-to-end-israels-occupation-and-find-a-path-to-peace/">International Court of Justice’s Call on All States to End Israel’s Occupation and Find a Path to Peace</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nowrojeebinaifer/" title="Profile and articles by Binaifer Nowrojee" class="author url fn" rel="author">Binaifer Nowrojee</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 25th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98037/doj-special-counsel/"><i> United States v. Nixon </i> at Fifty: Why Judge Cannon Is Wrong About the Attorney General’s Authority to Select a Special Counsel</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ledermanmarty/" title="Profile and articles by Marty Lederman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Marty Lederman</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 24th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97937/azerbaijan-arbitrary-detentions-host-cop29/">Azerbaijan’s Aliyev Extends Arbitrary Detentions Even as He Prepares to Host Global Climate Conference COP29</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bayramovazhala/" title="Profile and articles by Zhala Bayramova" class="author url fn" rel="author">Zhala Bayramova</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bayramovibad/" title="Profile and articles by Ibad Bayramov" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ibad Bayramov</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bayramliemin/" title="Profile and articles by Emin Bayramli" class="author url fn" rel="author">Emin Bayramli</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/92714/american-autocracy-threat-tracker/">American Autocracy Threat Tracker</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ben-ghiatruth/" title="Profile and articles by Ruth Ben-Ghiat" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ruth Ben-Ghiat</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wattsiven/" title="Profile and articles by Siven Watt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Siven Watt</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kolbjoshua/" title="Profile and articles by Joshua Kolb" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joshua Kolb</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/warrenandrew/" title="Profile and articles by Andrew Warren" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrew Warren</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kovacs-goodmanjacob/" title="Profile and articles by Jacob Kovacs-Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jacob Kovacs-Goodman</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/barrilleauxfrancois/" title="Profile and articles by Francois Barrilleaux" class="author url fn" rel="author">Francois Barrilleaux</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97922/non-state-civilian-political-institutions/">Assessing the Civilian and Political Institutions of Armed Non-State Actors under International Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/fortinkatharine/" title="Profile and articles by Katharine Fortin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Katharine Fortin</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97826/state-departments-civilian-harm-incident-response/">The State Department’s Civilian Harm Incident Response Guidance: How to Make a Good Thing Better</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blahacharles/" title="Profile and articles by Charles O. (Cob) Blaha" class="author url fn" rel="author">Charles O. (Cob) Blaha</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 18th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97781/three-flaws-supreme-court-immunity/">Three Flaws in the Supreme Court’s Decision on Presidential Criminal Immunity</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/weissmannandrew/" title="Profile and articles by Andrew Weissmann" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrew Weissmann</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97760/economic-security-presidential-power/">How ‘Economic Security’ is Re-shaping Presidential Power</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/claussenkathleen/" title="Profile and articles by Kathleen Claussen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Kathleen Claussen</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/meyertimothy/" title="Profile and articles by Timothy Meyer" class="author url fn" rel="author">Timothy Meyer</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 16th, 2024</p> </li></ul></div></aside><div class="capitol-breaker"><h3 class="widget-title">Resources</h3></div><aside id="js-scrolling-content-4" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><h3 class="flexible-content-title">Trackers</h3><div class="flexible-content posts clearfix" style="height:auto;"><ul class="posts-list-min"><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105064/mapping-state-reactions-icc/">Mapping State Reactions to the ICC Arrest Warrants for Netanyahu and Gallant</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ingberrebecca/" title="Profile and articles by Rebecca Ingber" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rebecca Ingber</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/81789/russias-eliminationist-rhetoric-against-ukraine-a-collection/">Russia’s Eliminationist Rhetoric Against Ukraine: A Collection</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/100235/unga-79-expert-analysis-resources/">UNGA 79: Expert Analysis & Resources</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nirmaya/" title="Profile and articles by Maya Nir" class="author url fn" rel="author">Maya Nir</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/violagienger/" title="Profile and articles by Viola Gienger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Viola Gienger</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 19th, 2024</p> </li></ul></div></aside><aside id="js-scrolling-content-6" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><h3 class="flexible-content-title">Series</h3><div class="flexible-content posts custom-scroll clearfix" style="height:350px;"><ul class="posts-list-min"><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/95879/symposium-international-criminal-court-gaza/">A Symposium on the International Criminal Court and the Israel-Hamas War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/96975/icc-prosecutor-policy-complementarity-cooperation/">Symposium: ICC Prosecutor Launches Policy on Complementarity and Cooperation</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/uruenarene/" title="Profile and articles by René Urueña" class="author url fn" rel="author">René Urueña</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/96881/symposium-on-ai-and-human-rights/">Introducing the Symposium on AI and Human Rights</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/peakejessica/" title="Profile and articles by Jessica Peake" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jessica Peake</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/94368/symposium-view-from-lviv/">Symposium: International Law in Ukraine – The View from Lviv</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Apr 5th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/90411/2024-and-beyond-just-securitys-us-election-protection-coverage/">2024 and Beyond: Just Security’s US Election Protection Coverage</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a 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He is a Visiting Scholar at the Center for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC) at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies (FSI) at Stanford University.</p> </div><div class="post-author-bio"><h4 title="Read bio and view posts by this author"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/cleoburysimon/">Simon <span>Cleobury</span></a></h4><p>Simon Cleobury (<a href="https://twitter.com/simoncleobury">@simoncleobury</a>) is Head of Arms Control and Disarmament at the Geneva Centre for Security Policy.</p> </div><p class="clearfix"> <a href="mailto:lte@justsecurity.org" class="button has-icon icon-fa"> <i class="fa fa-envelope-o" aria-hidden="true"></i> Send A Letter To The Editor </a> </p></div></div><div class="post-bottom-row related-posts clearfix"><div class="secondary-left"><h3>Read these related stories next:</h3></div><div class="primary archive-wrap"><div class="result-entry type-post"> <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105181/drones-graves-mexicos-disappeared/" class="thumb" style="background-image:url(https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Mexico-disappeared-graves-Jalisco-scaled-e1732587876513.jpg?fit=768%2C302&ssl=1);"></a> <h3><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105181/drones-graves-mexicos-disappeared/">Camera-Fitted Drones May Help Locate Graves of Mexico’s Disappeared</a></h3> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/moctezumamiguel/" title="Profile and articles by Miguel Moctezuma" class="author url fn" rel="author">Miguel Moctezuma</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/garciareyeskarina/" title="Profile and articles by Karina García-Reyes" class="author url fn" rel="author">Karina García-Reyes</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 26th, 2024</p> </div><div class="result-entry type-post"> <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105169/un-conscientious-objection-abortion-care/" class="thumb" style="background-image:url(https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/GettyImages-460410456-scaled.jpg?fit=768%2C486&ssl=1);"></a> <h3><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105169/un-conscientious-objection-abortion-care/">New UN Guidance Calling for Restraints on Conscientious Objection to Abortion Care</a></h3> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/soohoocynthia/" title="Profile and articles by Cynthia Soohoo" class="author url fn" rel="author">Cynthia Soohoo</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ghermjaime/" title="Profile and articles by Jaime M. 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Putting the Second REAIM Summit into Context