Ending Perpetual War

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Rosen","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/person/image/27c729d88224548948ac63064cd5d129","url":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/0eaf6fc6ddc70f14d5fd7e0812e19dba?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/0eaf6fc6ddc70f14d5fd7e0812e19dba?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Brianna Rosen"},"description":"Dr. Brianna Rosen (@rosen_br) is a Senior Fellow at Just Security. She is also a Strategy and Policy Fellow at the University of Oxford and Research Affiliate of the Machine Intelligence and Normative Theory Lab at the Australian National University. Previously, Brianna was the Policy Engagement Manager and a Visiting Fellow of Practice at the Oxford Institute of Ethics, Law and Armed Conflict. Prior to coming to Oxford, she was a US civil servant with a decade of experience working on national security issues, including at the White House National Security Council and Office of the Vice President. She has also held positions at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, the Middle East Institute, and other leading research institutes in Washington, DC. Brianna received a doctorate in Public Policy from the University of Oxford, where she was a Clarendon Scholar. She holds a Master of Public Policy (with Distinction) from Oxford, where she studied as a Public Service Scholar, an MA in Political Science and Mathematics, and a BA in International Relations. She is also on LinkedIn. 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background-position:center center;"> <div class="overlay"></div> <div class="pagewidth pw1400"> <div class="title-wrap"> <h1>Ending Perpetual War </h1> </div> </div> </div><div class="columns-wrap pagewidth pw1400 clearfix"><div id="secondary-left" class="secondary"><p class="authors">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p><p class="date">October 25, 2022</p><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this:</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-twitter-83749" class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/83749/ending-perpetual-war/?share=twitter" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Twitter" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-facebook-83749" class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/83749/ending-perpetual-war/?share=facebook" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Facebook" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-linkedin"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-linkedin-83749" class="share-linkedin sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/83749/ending-perpetual-war/?share=linkedin" target="_blank" title="Click to share on LinkedIn" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-reddit"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-reddit sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/83749/ending-perpetual-war/?share=reddit" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Reddit" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-print"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-print sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/83749/ending-perpetual-war/#print" target="_blank" title="Click to print" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to print (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="post-tags"><h3>Filed under:</h3><p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/2001-aumf/" rel="tag">2001 AUMF</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/aumf/" rel="tag">Authorization for Use of Military Force (AUMF)</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/congress/" rel="tag">Congress</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/congressional-oversight/" rel="tag">Congressional Oversight</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/counterterrorism/" rel="tag">Counterterrorism</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/drones/" rel="tag">Drones</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/forever-war/" rel="tag">Forever War</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/perpetual-war/" rel="tag">Perpetual War</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/presidential-policy-guidance/" rel="tag">Presidential Policy Guidance (PPG)</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/presidential-policy-memorandum-ppm/" rel="tag">Presidential Policy Memorandum (PPM)</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/presidential-policy-memorandum-on-direct-action/" rel="tag">Presidential Policy Memorandum on Direct Action</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/psp-for-use-of-force/" rel="tag">PSP for Use of Force</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/secrecy/" rel="tag">Secrecy</a></p></div></div><main id="primary" tabindex="-1" class="content-body clearfix" role="main"><article class="client-ui clearfix"><div class="print-authors"><p class="authors">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p><p class="date">October 25, 2022</p></div><p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">(Editor’s Note: This is part of our <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/presidential-policy-memorandum-on-direct-action/">series</a> on the Biden administration’s Presidential Policy Memorandum on counterterrorism direct action.)</span></em></p> <p>Across different cultures and times, people have sought to draw a bright line between war and peace. The ancient Romans opened the Gates of Janus, the god of beginnings and endings, to signal the commencement of hostilities and closed it during times of peace – a <a href="https://www.historytoday.com/archive/foundations/augustus-closes-temple-janus">rarity</a> that is said to have occurred just three times in over 400 years. The Navajo of the American Southwest <a href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/03/13/theres-no-such-thing-as-peacetime-forever-war-terror-civil-liberties/">adopted</a> a “twisted” dialect when embarking on raids, resuming the common language only once they had physically turned away from the fighting toward home. These spatial, temporal, and linguistic boundaries served the crucial purpose of setting ordinary life apart from what Immanuel Kant <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/50922/50922-h/50922-h.htm">referred</a> to as the “barbaric” nature of war.</p> <p>Contemporary warfare is no longer bound by such distinctions. Successive U.S. administrations have failed to end the “Forever War,” the global armed conflict the United States has waged against terrorist groups continuously since 9/11. Though generally eschewing the phrase “war on terror,” the Obama administration maintained the war footing in the form of indefinite detention at Guantánamo Bay and status-based targeting under the 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force (AUMF), as did the Trump administration with even fewer safeguards in place.</p> <p>The Biden presidency has yet to turn the corner. Recent <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/83586/assessing-bidens-counterterrorism-rules/">reports</a> suggest Biden is following a similar playbook for direct action (airstrikes and special operations raids) as his predecessors. While the administration has slowed the pace of drone strikes in nearly every theater – with the exception of Somalia, where strikes are ratcheting up again – these trends may be easily reversed in secret at any time and by anyone who occupies the Oval Office.</p> <p>The war on terror has ebbed, not ended. It is in this context that we must now assess the new presidential policy framework for counterterrorism operations.</p> <h4>Back to the Future</h4> <p>Far from ending perpetual war, the latest counterterrorism guidance appears to further entrench the elaborate rules governing targeted killing constructed during the Obama administration.</p> <p>Indeed, as described to the<em> New York Times</em>, Biden’s playbook – the Presidential Policy Memorandum (PPM) – is not very dissimilar from its predecessor policy documents, the Principles, Standards, and Procedures (PSP) and Presidential Policy Guidance (PPG) under the Trump and Obama administrations, respectively. Like these documents, the PPM seeks to impose an additional set of policy constraints on direct action – beyond what the laws of war require – in areas “outside of active hostilities” which are neither clearly war nor peace.</p> <p>On the face of it, the PPM returns to stricter Obama-era standards, prompting some commentators to <a href="https://twitter.com/David_Philipps/status/1578559541288919040">observe</a> that the “Wild West” days of targeted killing under the Trump administration are “officially done.” The PPM <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/83586/assessing-bidens-counterterrorism-rules/">reinstates</a> the requirement to ensure that capture is infeasible before resorting to targeted killing (even though Trump’s PSP did also state that capture is “generally preferred”), requires that targets pose a “continuing, imminent threat” to U.S. persons, and brings back the “near certainty” standard that the approved target has been correctly identified and that civilians will not be harmed. It reportedly favors strikes against identified high value targets – rejecting “signature strikes” against individuals based on patterns of behavior associated with terrorist activity – while preserving the right to conduct such strikes if necessary.</p> <p>None of these provisions represent a sea change in the way the United States wages its counterterrorism wars. Importantly, the Biden administration will continue to conduct such strikes under the domestic legal authority of the outdated <a href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/107th-congress/senate-joint-resolution/23/text">2001 AUMF</a> – a relic of the days following 9/11 when Congress authorized the use of force against the perpetrators of those attacks. The administration <a href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_l6gn.pdf">maintains</a> that it is engaged in a global armed conflict with a classified and metastasizing list of terrorist groups, allowing it to target group members continuously and detain them indefinitely until these conflicts have ended (if they ever do, since the United States has never publicly articulated a legal theory for how such conflicts end).</p> <p>What is more, the policy guidance does not reject, and may implicitly embrace, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/14949/international-law-unwilling-unable-test-military-operations-syria/">contested</a> legal theories that have underpinned counterterrorism operations for decades. As a result, direct action operations may be conducted in accordance with the “unwilling or unable” test, where U.S. forces may forgo territorial or host state consent for operations on its territory and need not have U.N. Security Council authorization. Such operations may also rely on expanded notions of <a href="http://opiniojuris.org/2013/01/29/elongated-imminence-and-operational-realities/">imminence</a> that deviate from widely accepted interpretations of international law, allowing individuals to be killed even when they do not pose anything close to an immediate threat. Reinforcing these positions sets dangerous precedents for the rest of the world to follow – and U.S. adversaries are taking note, with Iran recently <a href="https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N22/622/22/PDF/N2262222.pdf?OpenElement">invoking</a> the unwilling or unable test to justify strikes in Iraq.</p> <p>In solidifying these positions, the PPM in many ways represents the culmination of years of counterterrorism policy. As Luke Hartig <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/83586/assessing-bidens-counterterrorism-rules/">argues</a>, the policy appears to deliver on the original promise of the PPG – the Obama administration’s vision of a “restrained” approach to counterterrorism that sought to balance the necessity of responding to threats with the imperative of respecting civilian life.</p> <p>But President Obama never got this balance right, and it remains to be seen whether Biden will succeed. Despite recognizing the dangers of remaining on a perpetual war footing, the Obama administration could not deliver on promises to close Guantánamo Bay nor to repeal and replace the 2001 AUMF. Now that terrorism rarely makes the headlines – at least for now – it is doubtful the Biden administration will have either the will or political capital to take on such thorny reforms.</p> <p>The upshot of all this is that the “Forever War” continues, albeit with less fanfare and at a slower pace. And this is the most dangerous phase of perpetual war, when public attention has shifted, and elected officials no longer speak of a “tipping point” where the United States can declare victory and move to an approach that relies on law enforcement, intelligence, diplomatic, and other instruments of national power to address the residual threat of terrorism. Since the risk of terrorism can never be reduced to zero or near zero, accepting that any terrorist threat necessarily requires a militarized response means there will always be a reason to keep fighting.</p> <p>The Wild West days are not over – not until individuals are no longer killed in secret outside of recognizable war zones.</p> <h4>Missed Opportunities and Remaining Options</h4> <p>There are steps the Biden administration could have taken to foster public debate, close key loopholes, and ensure the next administration remains bound by higher standards for direct action. It’s still not too late to take those steps.</p> <p>The first missed opportunity concerns the transparency agenda. While transparency is not a panacea for resolving the problem of perpetual war, it is a crucial step toward doing so. The Biden administration should immediately release a declassified version of the PPM, which will come out eventually through litigation or other means (it was the Biden administration, after all, that released a redacted version of Trump’s PSP, and the prior Obama PPG was also eventually released through FOIA litigation).</p> <p>Increasing transparency, however, requires more than releasing a redacted version of the policy guidance. Importantly, the American people should be able to weigh the costs of remaining on a permanent war footing. To that end, the White House should release elements of its broader counterterrorism strategy, including key objectives, how the use of force advances these objectives, and plans for “over-the-horizon” operations in the wake of the U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan. The administration should also articulate a legal theory for how the global armed conflict against terrorist groups ends. Sharing this information publicly would allow the administration to shape the narrative that it is committed to transparency, the rule of law, and the values-based approach it has touted as a key aspect of its foreign policy.</p> <p>To further bolster this narrative, the administration should reinstate a new version of <a href="https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/eo/eo-13732.htm">Executive Order 13732</a>, which, among other things, required all U.S. government agencies during the Obama administration to publicly disclose the number of civilians killed in drone strikes. The new executive order should require the Director of National Intelligence to report the total number of civilians killed in areas outside of active hostilities by intelligence agencies (the military is already subject to this requirement under the National Defense Authorization Act). Doing so would provide the American people with a fuller picture of counterterrorism operations outside of active battlefields, which are more likely to be covert. Indeed, the Biden administration may rely increasingly on intelligence agencies to conduct and support direct action, as indicated by Biden’s public <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2022/02/03/remarks-by-president-biden-on-a-successful-counterterrorism-operation/">statements</a> praising the U.S. intelligence community for its role in the <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/80088/the-al-qurayshi-operation-and-minimization-of-civilian-casualties/">raid</a> against <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/02/03/world/us-raid-syria-isis">ISIS leader</a> Abu Ibrahim al-Hashemi al-Qurayshi.</p> <p>Another missed opportunity concerns key loopholes that persist in the application of the policy guidance. Like its predecessor documents, the PPM applies only outside of “areas of active hostilities,” which for the purposes of this administration means that it currently applies outside of Iraq and Syria. The decision to exempt Iraq, in particular, is noteworthy given that U.S. forces <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/09/world/middleeast/us-iraq-combat-mission.html">transitioned</a> to a “non-combat role” in the country at the end of 2021, as Brian Finucane has also <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/83501/assessing-bidens-new-policy-framework-for-counterterrorism-direct-action/">observed</a>. These exemptions signify that a significant proportion of U.S. strikes – namely, against ISIS – will not be subject to stricter targeting standards, increasing the risk of civilian casualties in those areas and requiring less centralized control by the president. The selective scope of the policy guidance implies that the United States will continue to consider itself bound only by the more permissive laws of war in many circumstances outside of Iraq and Syria, including in places that do not appear to be war zones in the traditional sense.</p> <p>In theaters where the PPM does apply, even constrained counterterrorism operations are unlikely to have the intended effect. As Oona Hathaway and Luke Hartig have explained in these pages, counterterrorism solutions in places such as <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/80806/still-at-war-the-united-states-in-yemen/">Yemen</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/80921/still-at-war-the-united-states-in-somalia/">Somalia</a> ultimately are “less about getting military operations right and more about building stability and good governance.”</p> <p>Somalia, in particular, represents an area where the PPM is likely to have <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/83642/white-house-use-of-force-policy-and-somalia/">little effect</a> on current U.S. operations. The vast majority of operations in that theater are taken in collective self-defense of local forces fighting terrorists on the ground, meaning, as Sarah Harrison <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/83642/white-house-use-of-force-policy-and-somalia/">notes</a>, that strikes often <a href="https://twitter.com/sntvnews1/status/1571952783586213888?s=20&t=bABmWvEpi2Ae8TY9_e6o2w">resemble</a> close air support to U.S. partners. Notably, the PPM does not apply to strikes taken in unit or collective self-defense, which tend to produce the most civilian harm. The Biden administration should prioritize closing these loopholes.</p> <p>Significantly, the policy guidance does not appear to require partner forces to abide by the stricter standards, such as the near certainty requirement that civilians will not be harmed. This oversight is concerning because, as the United States relies more on partner forces to carry out its counterterrorism strategy, there is an increased risk that direct action will be conducted with fewer safeguards in place. To address this problem, the Biden administration should ensure its policy guidance on direct action is incorporated into Department of Defense efforts to train, advise, assist, and equip foreign forces, as well as in the creation of any joint rules of engagement. Although the United States will always face some limits in attempting to constrain partner operations, it ought to at least ensure that any operations that rely directly on U.S. advisory support or the provision of intelligence meet the PPM standards.</p> <p>Finally, the administration should set legal limits on direct action. As in the past, the PPM is a policy, rather than legal, document. This means that the president – and all future presidents – can disregard the guidance at any time and with no warning. Additionally, the PPM, like its predecessor documents, reportedly includes an internal exemption that allows the president to approve strikes without the PPM’s constraints in extraordinary circumstances, and yet still publicly call it a PPM strike.</p> <p>While the executive branch is undoubtedly keen to preserve freedom of action, tying its own hands is necessary to prevent future abuses of power that could spark national security crises abroad and lead to further democratic backsliding at home. Working with Congress to repeal the 2001 AUMF, as well as to codify stricter standards for direct action, would help prevent such abuses. But even if these steps prove too difficult, the administration could simply stop invoking the 2001 AUMF as a legal justification for strikes taken overseas (relying instead, for example, on Article II authorities wherever possible). This step would set an important policy precedent, albeit one that could still be reversed.</p> <h4>Beginning of the End?</h4> <p>Some glimmers of hope may be found in the administration’s broader counterterrorism strategy. While that document has not been released, there are <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/briefing-room/2021/06/23/remarks-by-homeland-security-advisor-liz-sherwood-randall-at-the-university-of-virginia-on-national-strategy-for-countering-domestic-terrorism/">indications</a> that it focuses on reducing the risk posed by transnational terrorism, addressing socio-economic root causes, and relying more heavily on local law enforcement. All of these efforts are welcome moves that, if pursued in tandem with the proposals above, could signal the true beginning of the end of perpetual war.</p> <p>Focusing on risk reduction is the right approach. But reducing risks cannot be the sole objective. Instead, the administration must consider the issue of risk transfer, or the extent to which it is morally acceptable to put foreign civilians at increased risk in order to decrease the risks to American lives. The answer to this question cannot be that the United States will remain permanently at war – with all of the costs that war entails despite attempts to constrain it – to protect against increasingly remote risks to Americans. Such measures undermine our collective security in the long term, and the Biden administration would be wise to start shifting now toward an approach under which targeted strikes are conducted only in extraordinary circumstances, rather than as the cornerstone of counterterrorism policy. It can do this without Congress. It can do this today.</p> <p>The United States is at a crossroads. Its conventional wars in the Middle East have ended, the threat from terrorism has receded, and it is time to set aside the war paradigm. The Biden administration should recognize the gravity of this historical moment, navigate the legal, moral, and policy challenges that it presents, and ultimately seek to illuminate a path back to peace. Failing to do so raises the Orwellian <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1949/06/18/orwell-on-the-future">prospect</a> of further descent into perpetual war, where “by becoming continuous, war has ceased to exist” and therefore can never fully end.</p> <p>This war, like all wars, must end. If only we have the courage to close the Gates of Janus.</p> <h6><em>Image: Military unmanned aerial vehicle at sunset (via Getty Images). </em></h6> <div class="icon-end-post"></div><div class="mobile-post-tags"><div class="post-tags"><h3>Filed under:</h3><p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/2001-aumf/" rel="tag">2001 AUMF</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/aumf/" rel="tag">Authorization for Use of Military Force (AUMF)</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/congress/" rel="tag">Congress</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/congressional-oversight/" rel="tag">Congressional Oversight</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/counterterrorism/" rel="tag">Counterterrorism</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/drones/" rel="tag">Drones</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/forever-war/" rel="tag">Forever War</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/perpetual-war/" rel="tag">Perpetual War</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/presidential-policy-guidance/" rel="tag">Presidential Policy Guidance (PPG)</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/presidential-policy-memorandum-ppm/" rel="tag">Presidential Policy Memorandum (PPM)</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/presidential-policy-memorandum-on-direct-action/" rel="tag">Presidential Policy Memorandum on Direct Action</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/psp-for-use-of-force/" rel="tag">PSP for Use of Force</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/secrecy/" rel="tag">Secrecy</a></p></div></div></article></main><div id="secondary-right" class="secondary" role="complementary"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/early-edition-signup/" class="button has-icon icon-pm">Signups for A.M. & P.M. 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Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104130/rule-of-law-index-2024/">Rule of Law Index Shows Some Rays of Hope Amidst Continuing Global Recession</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/andersenelizabeth/" title="Profile and articles by Elizabeth Andersen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Elizabeth Andersen</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/evangelidesalicia/" title="Profile and articles by Alicia Evangelides" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alicia Evangelides</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104036/heat-map-january-6th-defendants-2/">Heat Map of January 6th Defendants Across the United States</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103956/proud-boys-threat-assessment/">Proud Boys Threat Assessment: From the Planning of January 6th to Future Scenarios</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/joscelyntom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Joscelyn" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Joscelyn</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103773/top-10-election-litigation/">Top 10 Election Litigation Cases in 2024 Implicating the Rule of Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. 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Scott Adams</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 3rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103406/iran-israel-escalation/">Threats and Response Options in the Escalating Israel-Iran Conflict</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103380/un-future-pact-reform/">The UN’s New Pact for the Future: A Milestone That Can Set a Path for Change</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ponziorichard/" title="Profile and articles by Richard Ponzio" class="author url fn" rel="author">Richard Ponzio</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103339/artificial-intelligence-at-2024-united-nations/">AI at UNGA79: Recapping Key Themes</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 1st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/88039/trumps-legal-and-political-calendar-all-the-dates-you-need-to-know/">Master Calendar of Trump Court Dates: Criminal and Civil Cases</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. 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Michael Kirby" class="author url fn" rel="author">The Hon. Michael Kirby</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98855/good-moral-character-trump-immigrants/">‘Good Moral Character?’ Holding Trump to the Same Standards as the Immigrants He Vilifies</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/chenedgar/" title="Profile and articles by Edgar Chen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Edgar Chen</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rossdan/" title="Profile and articles by Dan Ross" class="author url fn" rel="author">Dan Ross</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 28th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/99069/artificial-intelligence-democracy-effects/">Don’t Downplay Risks of AI for Democracy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nosselsuzanne/" title="Profile and articles by Suzanne Nossel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Suzanne Nossel</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 28th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98844/dont-sanction-icc/">Don’t Sanction the ICC for Doing its Job</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mayamichael/" title="Profile and articles by Michael Maya" class="author url fn" rel="author">Michael Maya</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 27th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/81789/russias-eliminationist-rhetoric-against-ukraine-a-collection/">Russia’s Eliminationist Rhetoric Against Ukraine: A Collection</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98895/presidential-immunity-congressional-contempt/">Presidential Immunity Decision May Have Implications for Congressional-Executive Divide on Criminal Contempt</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wrightandy/" title="Profile and articles by Andy Wright" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andy Wright</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98847/kursk-incursion-international-law/">Ukraine’s Incursion into Kursk Oblast: A Lawful Case of Defensive Invasion?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/omearachris/" title="Profile and articles by Chris O'Meara" class="author url fn" rel="author">Chris O'Meara</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98812/icc-amicus-brief-israel-palestine/">Expert Explainer: The US for the first time submits a formal brief to the International Criminal Court on the ‘Situation in Palestine’</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/buchwaldtodd/" title="Profile and articles by Todd Buchwald" class="author url fn" rel="author">Todd Buchwald</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98787/icc-disability-slave-trade/">Time for the International Criminal Court to Recognize Persons with Disabilities and the Slave Trade</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/lordjanet/" title="Profile and articles by Janet Lord" class="author url fn" rel="author">Janet Lord</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/schwarzpace/" title="Profile and articles by Pace Schwarz" class="author url fn" rel="author">Pace Schwarz</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/smithmatthew/" title="Profile and articles by Matthew "Hezzy" Smith" class="author url fn" rel="author">Matthew "Hezzy" Smith</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/steinmichael/" title="Profile and articles by Michael Ashley Stein" class="author url fn" rel="author">Michael Ashley Stein</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/greenalex/" title="Profile and articles by Alex Green" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alex Green</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kayessrosemary/" title="Profile and articles by Rosemary Kayess" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rosemary Kayess</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 21st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98801/podcast-international-law-israel-palestine/">The Just Security Podcast: Assessing the Recent Response of International Law and Institutions in Palestine and Israel</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/imseisardi/" title="Profile and articles by Ardi Imseis" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ardi Imseis</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hammourishahd/" title="Profile and articles by Shahd Hammouri" class="author url fn" rel="author">Shahd Hammouri</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kattanvictor/" title="Profile and articles by Victor Kattan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Victor Kattan</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/sirleafmatiangai/" title="Profile and articles by Matiangai Sirleaf" class="author url fn" rel="author">Matiangai Sirleaf</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 21st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98754/biden-end-iraq-war/">A Presidential Proclamation to End the Iraq War: Unilateral Executive Action to Defang a Zombie AUMF</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/finucanebrian/" title="Profile and articles by Brian Finucane" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brian Finucane</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98733/ukraine-icc-ratification/">Unforced Error: Article 124 and the Regrettable Caveat to Ukraine’s Proposed Ratification of the ICC Statute</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/dannenbaumtom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Dannenbaum" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Dannenbaum</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98674/911-plea-deals-revoked/">Revoking the 9/11 Plea Deals: Human Rights Consequences</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/niaolainfionnuala/" title="Profile and articles by Fionnuala Ní Aoláin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Fionnuala Ní Aoláin</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 16th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98652/afghanistan-taliban-third-anniversary/">Collecting Just Security’s Afghanistan Coverage on Third Anniversary of Taliban Takeover</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nirmaya/" title="Profile and articles by Maya Nir" class="author url fn" rel="author">Maya Nir</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 15th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98592/sudan-talks-deadlock/">Breaking the Deadlock: New Talks Needed to Help End Sudan’s Violence and Offer a Glimmer of Hope</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/abdulshafiquscondy/" title="Profile and articles by Quscondy Abdulshafi" class="author url fn" rel="author">Quscondy Abdulshafi</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 13th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98543/fara-sue-mi-terry/">The Perils of Expertise: How the DOJ Indictment of Sue Mi Terry Can Chill the Think Tank World</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/craiggregory/" title="Profile and articles by Gregory B. Craig" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gregory B. Craig</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 12th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98501/israel-trans-border-torture/">Justice for Trans-border Torture Requires Rethinking the International Criminal Court’s Jurisdiction in the Israel-Palestine Conflict</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ben-natansmadar/" title="Profile and articles by Smadar Ben-Natan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Smadar Ben-Natan</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mannitamar/" title="Profile and articles by Itamar Mann" class="author url fn" rel="author">Itamar Mann</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 7th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98445/our-lives-depend-on-cloud/">Our Lives Depend on the Cloud. Now What?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/pendletonjohn/" title="Profile and articles by John Pendleton" class="author url fn" rel="author">John Pendleton</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/leviteariel/" title="Profile and articles by Ariel Levite" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ariel Levite</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 6th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98429/security-council-report-isis-qaeda/">Wake Up Call: UN Security Council’s Report on ISIS and al-Qaeda</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/joscelyntom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Joscelyn" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Joscelyn</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 5th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98378/podcast-assessing-laws-of-war/">The Just Security Podcast: Assessing the Laws of War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/droegecordula/" title="Profile and articles by Cordula Droege" class="author url fn" rel="author">Cordula Droege</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blankharrison/" title="Profile and articles by Harrison Blank" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harrison Blank</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98313/podcast-hostage-policy/">The Just Security Podcast: The Evolution of U.S. Hostage Policy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/foleydiane/" title="Profile and articles by Diane Foley" class="author url fn" rel="author">Diane Foley</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hartigluke/" title="Profile and articles by Luke Hartig" class="author url fn" rel="author">Luke Hartig</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/violagienger/" title="Profile and articles by Viola Gienger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Viola Gienger</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blankharrison/" title="Profile and articles by Harrison Blank" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harrison Blank</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 1st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98273/the-aftermath-of-the-haniyeh-killing-how-to-avoid-a-new-middle-east-war/">The Aftermath of the Haniyeh Killing: How to Avoid a New Middle East War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 31st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98261/disability-think-differently-trump/">Donald Trump’s Dangerous Views on Disability and the Power to Think Differently</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 31st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97738/just-security-analysis-supreme-court/">Collecting Just Security’s Analysis of the Supreme Court’s Term</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blankharrison/" title="Profile and articles by Harrison Blank" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harrison Blank</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98205/prudential-trump-v-united-states/">A Prudential Way Forward in <i>Trump v. United States</i></a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bobbittphilip/" title="Profile and articles by Philip Bobbitt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Philip Bobbitt</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98091/negotiations-with-iran-now/">Space May be Opening for Negotiations with Iran</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/brewgregory/" title="Profile and articles by Gregory Brew" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gregory Brew</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98128/united-nations-pact-for-future/">What the Draft UN “Pact for the Future” Tells Us About International Insecurity</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/gowanrichard/" title="Profile and articles by Richard Gowan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Richard Gowan</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98082/international-court-of-justices-call-on-all-states-to-end-israels-occupation-and-find-a-path-to-peace/">International Court of Justice’s Call on All States to End Israel’s Occupation and Find a Path to Peace</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nowrojeebinaifer/" title="Profile and articles by Binaifer Nowrojee" class="author url fn" rel="author">Binaifer Nowrojee</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 25th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98037/doj-special-counsel/"><i> United States v. Nixon </i> at Fifty: Why Judge Cannon Is Wrong About the Attorney General’s Authority to Select a Special Counsel</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ledermanmarty/" title="Profile and articles by Marty Lederman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Marty Lederman</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 24th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97937/azerbaijan-arbitrary-detentions-host-cop29/">Azerbaijan’s Aliyev Extends Arbitrary Detentions Even as He Prepares to Host Global Climate Conference COP29</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bayramovazhala/" title="Profile and articles by Zhala Bayramova" class="author url fn" rel="author">Zhala Bayramova</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bayramovibad/" title="Profile and articles by Ibad Bayramov" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ibad Bayramov</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bayramliemin/" title="Profile and articles by Emin Bayramli" class="author url fn" rel="author">Emin Bayramli</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/92714/american-autocracy-threat-tracker/">American Autocracy Threat Tracker</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ben-ghiatruth/" title="Profile and articles by Ruth Ben-Ghiat" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ruth Ben-Ghiat</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wattsiven/" title="Profile and articles by Siven Watt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Siven Watt</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kolbjoshua/" title="Profile and articles by Joshua Kolb" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joshua Kolb</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/warrenandrew/" title="Profile and articles by Andrew Warren" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrew Warren</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kovacs-goodmanjacob/" title="Profile and articles by Jacob Kovacs-Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jacob Kovacs-Goodman</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/barrilleauxfrancois/" title="Profile and articles by Francois Barrilleaux" class="author url fn" rel="author">Francois Barrilleaux</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97922/non-state-civilian-political-institutions/">Assessing the Civilian and Political Institutions of Armed Non-State Actors under International Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/fortinkatharine/" title="Profile and articles by Katharine Fortin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Katharine Fortin</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97826/state-departments-civilian-harm-incident-response/">The State Department’s Civilian Harm Incident Response Guidance: How to Make a Good Thing Better</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blahacharles/" title="Profile and articles by Charles O. (Cob) Blaha" class="author url fn" rel="author">Charles O. (Cob) Blaha</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 18th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97781/three-flaws-supreme-court-immunity/">Three Flaws in the Supreme Court’s Decision on Presidential Criminal Immunity</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/weissmannandrew/" title="Profile and articles by Andrew Weissmann" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrew Weissmann</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97760/economic-security-presidential-power/">How ‘Economic Security’ is Re-shaping Presidential Power</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/claussenkathleen/" title="Profile and articles by Kathleen Claussen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Kathleen Claussen</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/meyertimothy/" title="Profile and articles by Timothy Meyer" class="author url fn" rel="author">Timothy Meyer</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 16th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97747/trump-docs-case-dismissed/">Judge Cannon Finds Special Counsel Unconstitutional in Trump Classified Documents Case: What’s Next for Jack Smith?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/klasfeldadam/" title="Profile and articles by Adam Klasfeld" class="author url fn" rel="author">Adam Klasfeld</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 15th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97718/nato-summit-ukraine-russia-china/">After the NATO Summit, Allies Need to Step Up Their Game on Ukraine, Russia, and China</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kramerdavidj/" title="Profile and articles by David J. Kramer" class="author url fn" rel="author">David J. Kramer</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kellyian/" title="Profile and articles by Ambassador (ret) Ian Kelly" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ambassador (ret) Ian Kelly</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 15th, 2024</p> </li></ul></div></aside><div class="capitol-breaker"><h3 class="widget-title">Resources</h3></div><aside id="js-scrolling-content-4" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><h3 class="flexible-content-title">Trackers</h3><div class="flexible-content posts clearfix" style="height:auto;"><ul class="posts-list-min"><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/81789/russias-eliminationist-rhetoric-against-ukraine-a-collection/">Russia’s Eliminationist Rhetoric Against Ukraine: A Collection</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/100235/unga-79-expert-analysis-resources/">UNGA 79: Expert Analysis & Resources</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nirmaya/" title="Profile and articles by Maya Nir" class="author url fn" rel="author">Maya Nir</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/violagienger/" title="Profile and articles by Viola Gienger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Viola Gienger</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 19th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/77022/january-6-clearinghouse/">January 6 Clearinghouse</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hendrixjustin/" title="Profile and articles by Justin Hendrix" class="author url fn" rel="author">Justin Hendrix</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a></p> <p class="date">Mar 14th, 2024</p> </li></ul></div></aside><aside id="js-scrolling-content-6" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><h3 class="flexible-content-title">Series</h3><div class="flexible-content posts custom-scroll clearfix" style="height:350px;"><ul class="posts-list-min"><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/96975/icc-prosecutor-policy-complementarity-cooperation/">Symposium: ICC Prosecutor Launches Policy on Complementarity and Cooperation</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/uruenarene/" title="Profile and articles by René Urueña" class="author url fn" rel="author">René Urueña</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/96881/symposium-on-ai-and-human-rights/">Introducing the Symposium on AI and Human Rights</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/peakejessica/" title="Profile and articles by Jessica Peake" 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She previously served for a decade in the U.S. government, including at the White House National Security Council and Office of the Vice President.</p> </div><p class="clearfix"> <a href="mailto:lte@justsecurity.org" class="button has-icon icon-fa"> <i class="fa fa-envelope-o" aria-hidden="true"></i> Send A Letter To The Editor </a> </p></div></div><div class="post-bottom-row related-posts clearfix"><div class="secondary-left"><h3>Read these related stories next:</h3></div><div class="primary archive-wrap"><div class="result-entry type-post"> <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104857/supreme-court-servicemembers-1259/" class="thumb" style="background-image:url(https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/GettyImages-1496255607-scaled-e1686230109943.jpg?fit=768%2C410&ssl=1);"></a> <h3><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104857/supreme-court-servicemembers-1259/">Equal Access to the Supreme Court for Servicemembers: The Missing Pieces</a></h3> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/fidelleugene/" title="Profile and articles by Eugene R. 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