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mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correspondance_diplomatique" title="Correspondance diplomatique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Correspondance diplomatique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Дипломат захидал бичиг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дипломат захидал бичиг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E6%96%87%E6%9B%B8" title="外交文書 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="外交文書" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatik_yozishma" title="Diplomatik yozishma – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Diplomatik yozishma" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Дипломатическая переписка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дипломатическая переписка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Letter_of_protest&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Letter of protest">Letter of protest</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Correspondence between a state, nation or sovereign with another</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GreatGoodFriend.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/GreatGoodFriend.jpg/220px-GreatGoodFriend.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/GreatGoodFriend.jpg/330px-GreatGoodFriend.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/GreatGoodFriend.jpg/440px-GreatGoodFriend.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>An 1862 letter of condolence from <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> to <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> on the occasion of the death of <a href="/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert, Prince Consort">Prince Albert</a> shows the republican salutation "Great and Good Friend".</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Diplomatic correspondence</b> is correspondence between one state and another and is usually of a formal character. It follows several widely observed customs and style in composition, substance, presentation, and delivery and can generally be categorized into letters and notes. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Letters">Letters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_correspondence&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Letters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Letters are correspondence between <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">heads of state</a>, typically used for the appointment and recall of ambassadors; for the announcement of the <a href="/wiki/Demise_of_the_Crown" title="Demise of the Crown">death of a sovereign</a> or an accession to the throne; or for expressions of congratulations or condolence.<sup id="cite_ref-satow_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-satow-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Letters between two monarchs of equal rank will typically begin with the salutation "Sir My Brother" (or "Madame My Sister", in the case of a female monarch) and close with the valediction "Your Good Brother" (or Sister, in the case of a female monarch). In the case where one monarch is of inferior rank to the other (for instance, if the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Grand Duke of Luxembourg</a> were to correspond with the <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the United Kingdom">King of the United Kingdom</a>), the inferior monarch will use the salutation "Sire" (or "Madame"), while the superior monarch may refer to the other as "Cousin" instead of "Brother".<sup id="cite_ref-satow_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-satow-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If either the sender or the recipient is the head-of-state of a <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>, letters may begin with the salutation "My Great and Good Friend" and close with the valediction "Your Good Friend"; beneath the signature line will be inscribed "To Our Great and Good Friend [Name and Title of Recipient]".<sup id="cite_ref-satow_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-satow-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Letters_of_credence">Letters of credence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_correspondence&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Letters of credence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_credence" title="Letter of credence">Letter of credence</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Estonian_Ambassador_H.E._Mr_Andres_Unga_presents_his_credentials_to_the_Governor-General_of_Australia_H.E._Ms_Quentin_Alice_Louise_Bryce._28.03.2013_(8597769358).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Estonian_Ambassador_H.E._Mr_Andres_Unga_presents_his_credentials_to_the_Governor-General_of_Australia_H.E._Ms_Quentin_Alice_Louise_Bryce._28.03.2013_%288597769358%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Estonian_Ambassador_H.E._Mr_Andres_Unga_presents_his_credentials_to_the_Governor-General_of_Australia_H.E._Ms_Quentin_Alice_Louise_Bryce._28.03.2013_%288597769358%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Estonian_Ambassador_H.E._Mr_Andres_Unga_presents_his_credentials_to_the_Governor-General_of_Australia_H.E._Ms_Quentin_Alice_Louise_Bryce._28.03.2013_%288597769358%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1334" /></a><figcaption>Estonian ambassador to <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> Andres Unga presents his letter of credence to Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Quentin_Bryce" title="Quentin Bryce">Quentin Bryce</a> in 2013.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>letter of credence</b> (<i>lettres de créance</i>) is the instrument by which a <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> appoints ("accredits") ambassadors to foreign countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Foakes_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foakes-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oppenheim371_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oppenheim371-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also known as <b>credentials</b>, the letter closes with a phrase "asking that credit may be given to all that the ambassador may say in the name of his <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">sovereign</a> or government."<sup id="cite_ref-Foakes_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foakes-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The credentials are presented personally to the receiving country's head of state or viceroy in a formal ceremony. Letters of credence are worded carefully, as the sending or acceptance of a letter implies <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">diplomatic recognition</a> of the other government.<sup id="cite_ref-Foakes_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foakes-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Letters of credence date to the thirteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Letters_of_recall">Letters of recall</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_correspondence&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Letters of recall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_correspondence&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A letter of recall is formal correspondence from one head-of-state notifying a second head-of-state that <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">he or she is recalling their</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> state's ambassador. </p><p>To recall a diplomat means that the country that sent him either wants him to return home briefly or permanently, which may be as a result of the following; 1. To recall the person for a brief consultation on a burning issue of either commercial or political importance. For instance, Nigeria's High Commissioner to South Africa was recalled when Sani Abacha was the Head of State following the controversy between Abacha and Nelson Mandela after the killing of the 9 Ogoni Activists in 1995 (Ken Saro Wiwa and others). 2. A recall could be on account of a diplomatic misdemeanor. For instance, if a diplomat is accused of any criminal act, such as smuggling or drug trafficking, knowing fully well. that diplomats' luggage is not to be searched. 3. A diplomat could be recalled when the receiving state feels very uncomfortable or considers such diplomat as interfering in the internal affairs of the state. Such a diploma will automatically be declared as a person non-grata There could be other situations that may also lead to the recall of ambassadors or diplomats. After the annulment of the June 12 election in 1993 and the subsequent events that followed, Nigeria was ostracized from the international community. The Commonwealth of Nations expelled Nigeria, and most of Nigeria's traditional allies, c.g U.S, U.K, and Canada, etc recalled their ambassadors because they were condemning the repressive regime of Abacha. It is important to note that the recall of a diplomat is the beginning or actual deterioration of the relationship between the two countries. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Full_powers">Full powers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_correspondence&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Full powers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In cases where an envoy is entrusted with unusually extensive tasks that would not be covered by an ordinary permanent legation (such as the negotiation of a special <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaty</a> or convention, or representation at a diplomatic congress), an envoy may be given <a href="/wiki/Full_powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Full powers">full powers</a> (<i>pleins pouvoirs</i>) "in <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">letters patent</a> signed by the head of the State" designing "either limited or unlimited full powers, according to the requirements of the case."<sup id="cite_ref-Oppenheim371_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oppenheim371-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> According to <i>Satow's Diplomatic Practice</i>, the bestowal of full powers traces its history to the Roman <i>plena potestas</i>; its purpose </p><blockquote><p>was to be able to dispense, as far as possible, with the long delays needed in earlier times for referring problems back to higher authority. Their use at the present day is a formal recognition of the necessity of absolute confidence in the authority and standing of the negotiator.<sup id="cite_ref-satow_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-satow-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_correspondence&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ambassador_Kennedy_After_the_Presentation_of_Credentials_Ceremony_(10941227714).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ambassador_Kennedy_After_the_Presentation_of_Credentials_Ceremony_%2810941227714%29.jpg/250px-Ambassador_Kennedy_After_the_Presentation_of_Credentials_Ceremony_%2810941227714%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ambassador_Kennedy_After_the_Presentation_of_Credentials_Ceremony_%2810941227714%29.jpg/375px-Ambassador_Kennedy_After_the_Presentation_of_Credentials_Ceremony_%2810941227714%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ambassador_Kennedy_After_the_Presentation_of_Credentials_Ceremony_%2810941227714%29.jpg/500px-Ambassador_Kennedy_After_the_Presentation_of_Credentials_Ceremony_%2810941227714%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Kennedy" title="Caroline Kennedy">Caroline Kennedy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Japan">United States ambassador to Japan</a>, departs <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Imperial_Palace" title="Tokyo Imperial Palace">Tokyo Imperial Palace</a> after presenting her credentials to <a href="/wiki/Akihito" title="Akihito">Akihito</a> in 2013.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Note_verbale"><i>Note verbale</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_correspondence&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Note verbale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <i>note verbale</i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[nɔt<span class="wrap"> </span>vɛʁ.bal]</a></span>) is a formal form of note and is so named by originally representing a formal record of information delivered orally. It is less formal than a <i>note</i> (also called a <b>letter of protest</b>) but more formal than an <a href="/wiki/Aide-m%C3%A9moire" title="Aide-mémoire">aide-mémoire</a>. A <i>note verbale</i> can also be referred to as a <b>third person note</b> (TPN). <i>Notes verbales</i> are written in the third person and printed on official letterhead; they are typically <a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">sealed</a> with an embosser or, in some cases, a stamp. All notes verbale begin with a formal <a href="/wiki/Salutation" title="Salutation">salutation</a>, typically:<sup id="cite_ref-satow_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-satow-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The [name of sending state's] Embassy presents its compliments to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and has the honor to invite their attention to the following matter.</p></blockquote> <p><i>Notes verbales</i> will also close with a formal <a href="/wiki/Valediction" title="Valediction">valediction</a>, typically:<sup id="cite_ref-satow_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-satow-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Embassy avails itself of this opportunity of assuring the Ministry of its highest consideration.</p></blockquote> <p><i>Notes verbales</i> composed by the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign and Commonwealth Office">British Foreign Office</a> are written on blue paper.<sup id="cite_ref-satow_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-satow-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Example">Example</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_correspondence&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Example"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ukrainian protest of the <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>The Ukrainian party categorically denies extension of sovereignty of the Russian Federation on Ukrainian territory, and reserves the right to exercise measures in accordance with international law and the laws of Ukraine.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collective_note">Collective note</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_correspondence&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Collective note"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GreatSealPressImprinting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/GreatSealPressImprinting.jpg/220px-GreatSealPressImprinting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/GreatSealPressImprinting.jpg/330px-GreatSealPressImprinting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/GreatSealPressImprinting.jpg/440px-GreatSealPressImprinting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption>Formal correspondence originating from the U.S. State Department is sealed with the <a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States" title="Great Seal of the United States">Great Seal of the United States</a>, which is embossed on a paper wafer using this 1903 letterpress.</figcaption></figure> <p>A collective note is a letter delivered from multiple states to a single recipient state. It is always written in the <a href="/wiki/Illeism" title="Illeism">third person</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The collective note has been a rarely used form of diplomatic communication due to the difficulty in obtaining agreements among multiple states to the exact wording of a letter.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identic_note">Identic note</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_correspondence&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Identic note"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An identic note is a letter delivered from a single state to multiple recipient states. Examples include the identic note sent by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> <a href="/wiki/Proposals_for_concerted_operation_among_the_powers_at_war_with_the_Pyratical_states_of_Barbary" title="Proposals for concerted operation among the powers at war with the Pyratical states of Barbary">regarding action against the Barbary Pirates</a> and that from the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> to <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in 1929. In it, the United States called on the other two powers to peacefully resolve their differences over the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Eastern_Railway" title="Chinese Eastern Railway">Eastern China Railway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bouts_de_papier"><i>Bouts de papier</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_correspondence&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bouts de papier"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <i>bout de papier</i> (speaking note) may be presented by a visiting official when meeting with an official from another state at the conclusion of the meeting. Prepared in advance, it contains a short summary of the main points addressed by the visiting official during the meeting and, firstly, serves as a memory aid for the visiting official when speaking. It, secondly, removes ambiguity about the subject of the meeting occasioned by verbal miscues by the visiting official. <i>Bouts de papier</i> are always presented without credit or attribution so as to <a href="/wiki/Plausible_deniability" title="Plausible deniability">preserve the confidentiality</a> of the meeting in case the document is later disclosed.<sup id="cite_ref-satow_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-satow-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Démarches_and_aides-mémoire"><span id="D.C3.A9marches_and_aides-m.C3.A9moire"></span><i>Démarches</i> and <i>aides-mémoire</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_correspondence&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Démarches and aides-mémoire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9marche" title="Démarche">démarche</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aide-m%C3%A9moire" title="Aide-mémoire">aide-mémoire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aide-Memoire_handed_by_Lord_Hardinge_to_M._Briand.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Aide-Memoire_handed_by_Lord_Hardinge_to_M._Briand.png/220px-Aide-Memoire_handed_by_Lord_Hardinge_to_M._Briand.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Aide-Memoire_handed_by_Lord_Hardinge_to_M._Briand.png/330px-Aide-Memoire_handed_by_Lord_Hardinge_to_M._Briand.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Aide-Memoire_handed_by_Lord_Hardinge_to_M._Briand.png/440px-Aide-Memoire_handed_by_Lord_Hardinge_to_M._Briand.png 2x" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="493" /></a><figcaption>A British foreign office internal record of a 1921 aide-mémoire delivered to <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9marche" title="Démarche">démarche</a></i> (non-paper) is considered less formal than the already informal <i>bout de papier</i>. Officially described as "a request or intercession with a foreign official" it is a written request that is presented without attribution from the composing state and is, therefore, delivered in-person.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similar to a <i>démarche</i>, an <i><a href="/wiki/Aide-m%C3%A9moire" title="Aide-mémoire">aide-mémoire</a></i> is a proposed agreement or negotiating text circulated informally among multiple states for discussion without committing the originating delegation's country to the contents. It has no identified source, title, or attribution and no standing in the relationship involved. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protocol">Protocol</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_correspondence&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Protocol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Graf_Clemens_Metternich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Graf_Clemens_Metternich.jpg/220px-Graf_Clemens_Metternich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Graf_Clemens_Metternich.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>Austrian foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Klemens von Metternich</a> threatened to correspond with the United Kingdom in German if it sent diplomatic correspondence to him in English, instead of French.</figcaption></figure> <p>Standard diplomatic protocol varies from country to country, but generally requires clear yet concise translation between both parties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_correspondence&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest forms of diplomatic correspondence were, out of necessity, written in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, Latin being a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">common language</a> among states of a linguistically diverse Europe. By the early 19th century French had firmly supplanted Latin as the language of diplomacy; on one occasion, in 1817, the British attempted to correspond with the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Austria" title="Emperor of Austria">Austrian Imperial Court</a> in English, prompting <a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Klemens von Metternich</a> to threaten retaliatory correspondence in <a href="/wiki/Viennese_German" title="Viennese German">Weanarisch</a>. In modern times, English has largely replaced French as a diplomatic lingua franca in correspondence between two states lacking a common tongue.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rejection">Rejection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_correspondence&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Rejection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>States may sometimes reject diplomatic correspondence addressed to them by returning the original copy to the sending state. This is done as a rebuff of the contents of the correspondence and is typically reserved for cases where the receiving state feels the language used by the sending state is rude, or the subject matter represents an inappropriate intercession into the receiving state's internal affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-satow_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-satow-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publication">Publication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_correspondence&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Publication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Diplomatic correspondence has been published in the form of <a href="/wiki/Color_book" title="Color book">color books</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/British_Blue_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="British Blue Book">British Blue Books</a> which go back to the seventeenth century, the <a href="/wiki/German_White_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="German White Book">German White Book</a> and many others from <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, partly for domestic consumption, and partly to cast blame on other sovereign actors.<sup id="cite_ref-Hartwig-2014_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartwig-2014-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_correspondence&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exequatur" title="Exequatur">Exequatur</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_correspondence&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-satow-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-satow_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-satow_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-satow_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-satow_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-satow_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-satow_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-satow_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-satow_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-satow_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2009" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Ivor (2009). <i>Satow's Diplomatic Practice</i> (6 ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 45–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199693559" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199693559"><bdi>978-0199693559</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Satow%27s+Diplomatic+Practice&rft.pages=45-66&rft.edition=6&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0199693559&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Ivor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+correspondence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foakes-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Foakes_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foakes_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foakes_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Joanne Foakes, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kqXFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA41">The Position of Heads of State and Senior Officials in International Law</a></i> (Oxford University Press, 2014).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oppenheim371-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oppenheim371_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oppenheim371_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Lassa_Oppenheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Lassa Oppenheim">Lassa Oppenheim</a>, <i>International Law: A Treatise</i> (Vol. 1, 2005: ed. Ronald Roxburgh), § 371, p. 550.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Chaplais" title="Pierre Chaplais">Pierre Chaplais</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pR58WnXzh-wC&pg=PA246">English Diplomatic Practice in the Middle Ages</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hambledon_and_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Hambledon and London">Hambledon and London</a>, 2003), p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unn.com.ua/ru/news/1318642-mzs-viklikalo-timchasovogo-povirenogo-u-spravakh-rf-v-ukrayini-dlya-vruchennya-noti-protestu"><bdi lang="ru">МИД вызвал Временного поверенного в делах РФ в Украине для вручения ноты-протеста</bdi></a>. <i>unn.com.ua</i> (in Russian). 18 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unn.com.ua&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D0%98%D0%94+%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%92%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B2+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85+%D0%A0%D0%A4+%D0%B2+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0&rft.date=2014-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unn.com.ua%2Fru%2Fnews%2F1318642-mzs-viklikalo-timchasovogo-povirenogo-u-spravakh-rf-v-ukrayini-dlya-vruchennya-noti-protestu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+correspondence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcquah-Dadzie1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kofi_Acquah-Dadzie" title="Kofi Acquah-Dadzie">Acquah-Dadzie, Kofi</a> (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worlddictionaryo00adel"><i>World Dictionary of Foreign Expressions: A Resource for Readers and Writers</i></a></span>. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worlddictionaryo00adel/page/273">273</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0865164231" title="Special:BookSources/0865164231"><bdi>0865164231</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Dictionary+of+Foreign+Expressions%3A+A+Resource+for+Readers+and+Writers&rft.pages=273&rft.pub=Bolchazy-Carducci+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0865164231&rft.aulast=Acquah-Dadzie&rft.aufirst=Kofi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworlddictionaryo00adel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+correspondence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloyd2012" class="citation book cs1">Lloyd (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jvarq4iy5MoC"><i>The Palgrave Macmillan Dictionary of Diplomacy</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137017611" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137017611"><bdi>978-1137017611</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Macmillan+Dictionary+of+Diplomacy&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1137017611&rft.au=Lloyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djvarq4iy5MoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+correspondence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurty1989" class="citation book cs1">Murty, Bhagevatula (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yvoLbSGNBqsC"><i>The International Law of Diplomacy: The Diplomatic Instrument and World Public Order</i></a>. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0792300831" title="Special:BookSources/0792300831"><bdi>0792300831</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+Law+of+Diplomacy%3A+The+Diplomatic+Instrument+and+World+Public+Order&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0792300831&rft.aulast=Murty&rft.aufirst=Bhagevatula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyvoLbSGNBqsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+correspondence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/176174.pdf"><i>Protocol for the Modern Diplomat</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a>. 2013. p. 30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Protocol+for+the+Modern+Diplomat&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fdocuments%2Forganization%2F176174.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+correspondence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2011" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Keith (2011). <i>The Practice of Diplomacy: Its Evolution, Theory, and Administration</i>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 109–111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415497640" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415497640"><bdi>978-0415497640</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Practice+of+Diplomacy%3A+Its+Evolution%2C+Theory%2C+and+Administration&rft.pages=109-111&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0415497640&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+correspondence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hartwig-2014-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hartwig-2014_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartwig2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Hartwig, Matthias (12 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vjS0BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA26">"Colour books"</a>. In Bernhardt, Rudolf; Bindschedler, Rudolf; Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law (eds.). <i>Encyclopedia of Public International Law</i>. Vol. 9 International Relations and Legal Cooperation in General Diplomacy and Consular Relations. Amsterdam: North-Holland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4832-5699-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4832-5699-3"><bdi>978-1-4832-5699-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/769268852">769268852</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Colour+books&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Public+International+Law&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=North-Holland&rft.date=2014-05-12&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F769268852&rft.isbn=978-1-4832-5699-3&rft.aulast=Hartwig&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvjS0BQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+correspondence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Diplomacy_and_diplomats" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diplomacy" title="Template:Diplomacy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Diplomacy" title="Template talk:Diplomacy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diplomacy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Diplomacy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diplomacy_and_diplomats" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diplomat" title="Diplomat">diplomats</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomatic<br /> leader titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multilateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_representative" title="Permanent representative">Permanent representative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_representative_to_the_United_Nations" title="Permanent representative to the United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambassador-at-large" title="Ambassador-at-large">Ambassador-at-large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resident_Representative" title="Resident Representative">Resident representative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bilateral-national</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">Ambassador</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_commissioner_(Commonwealth)" title="High commissioner (Commonwealth)">High commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuncio" title="Nuncio">Nuncio</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charg%C3%A9_d%27affaires" title="Chargé d'affaires">Chargé d'affaires</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_mission" title="Head of mission">Head of mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_chief_of_mission" title="Deputy chief of mission">Deputy chief of mission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bilateral-subnational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consul_(representative)" title="Consul (representative)">Consul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bilateral-insular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resident_minister" title="Resident minister">Resident</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resident_commissioner" title="Resident commissioner">Resident commissioner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envoy_(title)" title="Envoy (title)">Envoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agent-general" title="Agent-general">Agent-general</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By portfolio (<a href="/wiki/Attach%C3%A9" title="Attaché">Attaché</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_attach%C3%A9" title="Agricultural attaché">Agricultural attaché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charg%C3%A9_de_mission" title="Chargé de mission">Chargé de mission</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conseiller_charg%C3%A9_des_investissements" title="Conseiller chargé des investissements">Conseiller chargé des investissements</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_attach%C3%A9" title="Cultural attaché">Cultural attaché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_attach%C3%A9" title="Military attaché">Military attaché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_attach%C3%A9" title="Science attaché">Science attaché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_commissioner" title="Trade commissioner">Trade commissioner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_courier" title="Diplomatic courier">Diplomatic courier</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Messenger" title="King's Messenger">King's Messenger</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_foreign_affairs" title="Ministry of foreign affairs">Foreign minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plenipotentiary" title="Plenipotentiary">Plenipotentiary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diplomats" title="Template:Diplomats">Classification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_rank" title="Diplomatic rank">Diplomatic rank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_nunciature" title="Apostolic nunciature">Apostolic nunciature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consular_corps" title="Consular corps">Consular corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate" title="Consulate">Consulate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_facto_embassy" title="De facto embassy"><i>De facto</i> embassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_corps" title="Diplomatic corps">Diplomatic corps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Diplomatic_Corps" title="African Diplomatic Corps">African Diplomatic Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_mission" title="Diplomatic mission">Diplomatic mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_commissioner" title="High commissioner">High commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legation" title="Legation">Legation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protecting_power" title="Protecting power">Protecting power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_mandate" title="Exclusive mandate">Exclusive mandate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caviar_diplomacy" title="Caviar diplomacy">Caviar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checkbook_diplomacy" title="Checkbook diplomacy">Checkbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compellence" title="Compellence">Coercive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_diplomacy" title="Commercial diplomacy">Commercial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_diplomacy" title="Cultural diplomacy">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culinary_diplomacy" title="Culinary diplomacy">Culinary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_diplomacy" title="Defence diplomacy">Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt-trap_diplomacy" title="Debt-trap diplomacy">Debt-trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_diplomacy" title="Digital diplomacy">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dollar_diplomacy" title="Dollar diplomacy">Dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_diplomacy" title="Economic diplomacy">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_diplomacy" title="Energy diplomacy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freelance_diplomacy" title="Freelance diplomacy">Freelance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_spectrum_diplomacy" title="Full spectrum diplomacy">Full-spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_diplomacy" title="Guerrilla diplomacy">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">Gunboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostage_diplomacy" title="Hostage diplomacy">Hostage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_diplomacy" title="Iron diplomacy">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_diplomacy" title="Medical diplomacy">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_diplomacy" title="Migration diplomacy">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_diplomacy" title="New diplomacy">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panda_diplomacy" title="Panda diplomacy">Panda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_diplomacy" title="Bamboo diplomacy">Bamboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradiplomacy" title="Paradiplomacy">Paradiplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parley" title="Parley">Parley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage_diplomacy" title="Pilgrimage diplomacy">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventive_diplomacy" title="Preventive diplomacy">Preventive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_diplomacy" title="Public diplomacy">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_diplomacy" title="Science diplomacy">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_diplomacy" title="Shuttle diplomacy">Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadium_diplomacy" title="Stadium diplomacy">Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_II_diplomacy" title="Track II diplomacy">Track II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_warrior_diplomacy" title="Wolf warrior diplomacy">Wolf warrior</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consular_assistance" title="Consular assistance">Consular assistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consular_immunity" title="Consular immunity">Consular immunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_credence" title="Letter of credence">Diplomatic accreditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_bag" title="Diplomatic bag">Diplomatic bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_cable" title="Diplomatic cable">Diplomatic cable</a></li> 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