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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>The emperor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_emperor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titles_of_the_emperor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles_of_the_emperor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Titles of the emperor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titles_of_the_emperor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-House_and_court" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_and_court"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>House and court</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-House_and_court-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle House and court subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-House_and_court-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Imperial_House" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Imperial_House"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>The Imperial House</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Imperial_House-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Imperial_Court" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Imperial_Court"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>The Imperial Court</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Imperial_Court-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Austrian_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austrian_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Austrian Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austrian_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abbreviations_of_common_and_non_common_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abbreviations_of_common_and_non_common_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Abbreviations of common and non common institutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abbreviations_of_common_and_non_common_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_emperors_of_Austria_(1804–1918)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_emperors_of_Austria_(1804–1918)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>List of emperors of Austria (1804–1918)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_emperors_of_Austria_(1804–1918)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Succession_to_the_throne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Succession_to_the_throne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Succession to the throne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Succession_to_the_throne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heads_of_the_House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine_(since_1918)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heads_of_the_House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine_(since_1918)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Heads of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine (since 1918)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heads_of_the_House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine_(since_1918)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Emperor of Austria</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="إمبراطور النمسا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إمبراطور النمسا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Император на Австрия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Император на Австрия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98strigske_kejsere" title="Østrigske kejsere – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Østrigske kejsere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser_von_%C3%96sterreich" title="Kaiser von Österreich – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kaiser von Österreich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_keiser" title="Austria keiser – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Austria keiser" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Αυτοκράτορας της Αυστρίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αυτοκράτορας της Αυστρίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperador_de_Austria" title="Emperador de Austria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Emperador de Austria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiestro_de_A%C5%ADstrio" title="Imperiestro de Aŭstrio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Imperiestro de Aŭstrio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="امپراتور اتریش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتور اتریش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%ED%99%A9%EC%A0%9C" title="오스트리아 황제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오스트리아 황제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listo_pri_imperiestri_di_Austria" title="Listo pri imperiestri di Austria – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Listo pri imperiestri di Austria" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaisar_Austria" title="Kaisar Austria – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kaisar Austria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austurr%C3%ADkiskeisari" title="Austurríkiskeisari – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Austurríkiskeisari" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovrani_d%27Austria" title="Sovrani d'Austria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sovrani d'Austria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="קיסר אוסטריה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קיסר אוסטריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ausztria_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1ra" title="Ausztria császára – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ausztria császára" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharaja_Austria" title="Maharaja Austria – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Maharaja Austria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" title="オーストリア皇帝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オーストリア皇帝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperador_da_%C3%81ustria" title="Imperador da Áustria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Imperador da Áustria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Emp%C4%83rat_al_Austriei" title="Împărat al Austriei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Împărat al Austriei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesar_Avstrije" title="Cesar Avstrije – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Cesar Avstrije" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Цар Аустрије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Цар Аустрије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A4vallan_keisari" title="Itävallan keisari – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Itävallan keisari" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="จักรพรรดิออสเตรีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรพรรดิออสเตรีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97" title="Імператор Австрії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Імператор Австрії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_%C4%91%E1%BA%BF_%C3%81o" title="Hoàng đế Áo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hoàng đế Áo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keizer_van_%C3%94ostnryk" title="Keizer van Ôostnryk – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Keizer van Ôostnryk" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" title="奥地利皇帝 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奥地利皇帝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q166877#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Austria" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1804–1918 hereditary head of state of the Austrian (later Austro-Hungarian) Empire</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr">Emperor of <span class="country-name">Austria</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Kaiser von Österreich <br /> Kaiser von Oesterreich<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Pre-1918 spelling</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;"><div style="font-family: serif; font-size: 90%; font-weight: bold; text-transform: uppercase; line-height: 125%; background-color: rgb(125,7,110); color: white;">Imperial</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria.svg/120px-Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria.svg/180px-Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria.svg/240px-Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="631" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><b><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Austria" title="Coat of arms of Austria">Coat of arms <br />(until 1915)</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_karl_of_austria-hungary_1917.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Emperor_karl_of_austria-hungary_1917.png/200px-Emperor_karl_of_austria-hungary_1917.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Emperor_karl_of_austria-hungary_1917.png/300px-Emperor_karl_of_austria-hungary_1917.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Emperor_karl_of_austria-hungary_1917.png/400px-Emperor_karl_of_austria-hungary_1917.png 2x" data-file-width="771" data-file-height="1090" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><b>Last to reign<br /><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria" title="Charles I of Austria">Charles I</a></b><br />21 November 1916 – 11 November 1918</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Style</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Majesty" title="Imperial Majesty">His Imperial Majesty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis I of Austria">Francis I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Last monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria" title="Charles I of Austria">Charles I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data">11 August 1804</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abolition</th><td class="infobox-data">11 November 1918</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Residence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hofburg_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Hofburg Palace">Hofburg</a> (main residence)<br /><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nbrunn_Palace" title="Schönbrunn Palace">Schönbrunn</a> (summer residence)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">Hereditary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pretender(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Habsburg" title="Karl von Habsburg">Karl von Habsburg</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Standard_of_Austria-Hungary_(Before_1915).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Imperial_Standard_of_Austria-Hungary_%28Before_1915%29.svg/220px-Imperial_Standard_of_Austria-Hungary_%28Before_1915%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Imperial_Standard_of_Austria-Hungary_%28Before_1915%29.svg/330px-Imperial_Standard_of_Austria-Hungary_%28Before_1915%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Imperial_Standard_of_Austria-Hungary_%28Before_1915%29.svg/440px-Imperial_Standard_of_Austria-Hungary_%28Before_1915%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Imperial Standard (from 1867 to 1915)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_(265).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_%28265%29.JPG/160px-Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_%28265%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_%28265%29.JPG/240px-Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_%28265%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_%28265%29.JPG/320px-Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_%28265%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1787" data-file-height="2382" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crown_of_Austria" title="Imperial Crown of Austria">Imperial Crown of Austria</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wien_Hofburg_brama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Wien_Hofburg_brama.jpg/220px-Wien_Hofburg_brama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Wien_Hofburg_brama.jpg/330px-Wien_Hofburg_brama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Wien_Hofburg_brama.jpg/440px-Wien_Hofburg_brama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Golden dedication inscription at the <i>Äusseres Burgtor</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Hofburg_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Hofburg Palace">Hofburg Palace</a> in Vienna of "FRANCISCUS I. <a href="/wiki/IMPERATOR" class="mw-redirect" title="IMPERATOR">IMPERATOR</a> AUSTRIAE MDCCCXXIV" (Francis I. Emperor of Austria 1824)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>emperor of Austria</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kaiser" title="Kaiser">Kaiser</a> von <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Österreich</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a> Austriae</i>) was the ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">hereditary</a> imperial title and office was proclaimed in 1804 by <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine" title="House of Habsburg-Lorraine">House of Habsburg-Lorraine</a>, and continually held by him and his heirs until <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria" title="Charles I of Austria">Charles I</a> relinquished power in 1918. </p><p>The emperors retained the title of <a href="/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria" title="Archduchy of Austria">Archduke of Austria</a>. The wives of the emperors held the title <a href="/wiki/List_of_Austrian_consorts" title="List of Austrian consorts">empress</a>, while other members of the family held the titles of <a href="/wiki/Archduke" title="Archduke">archduke or archduchess</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Predecessors">Predecessors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_of_Austria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Predecessors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Members of the House of Austria, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg dynasty</a>, had been the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_election" title="Imperial election">elected</a> <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperors</a> since 1438 (except for a five-year break from 1740 to 1745) and mostly resided in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>. Thus the term "Austrian emperor" may occur in texts dealing with the time before 1804, when no Austrian Empire existed. In these cases the word Austria means the <a href="/wiki/Composite_monarchy" title="Composite monarchy">composite monarchy</a> ruled by the dynasty, not the country. A special case was <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Maria Theresa</a>; she bore the imperial title as the consort of <a href="/wiki/Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I</a> (r. 1745–1765), but she herself was the monarch of the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austrian hereditary lands</a> including <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Bohemia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)">Hungary</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_emperor">The emperor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_of_Austria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The emperor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the face of aggressions by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I">Napoleon I</a>, who had been proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_the_French" title="Emperor of the French">Emperor of the French</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i>Empereur des Français</i>), by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_XII" title="Constitution of the Year XII">Constitution of the Year XII</a> on 18 May 1804, Francis II feared for the future of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> and wished to maintain his and his family's imperial status in case the Holy Roman Empire should be dissolved. Therefore, on 11 August 1804 he created the new title of "Emperor of Austria" for himself and his successors as heads of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For two years, Francis carried two imperial titles: being Holy Roman Emperor Francis II and "by the Grace of God" (<i>Von Gottes Gnaden</i>) Emperor Francis I of Austria. </p><p>In 1805, an Austrian-led army suffered a humiliating defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Battle of Austerlitz</a> and the victorious Napoleon proceeded to dismantle the old <i>Reich</i> (which at this time was only a powerless confederation) by motivating or pressuring several German princes to enter the separate <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a> with their lands in July. This led Francis II/I on 6 August 1806 to declare the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire">Reich dissolved</a> and to lay down the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crown_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire">Imperial Crown</a> created in the second half of the 10th century (today displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Schatzkammer_(Vienna)" class="mw-redirect" title="Schatzkammer (Vienna)">Treasury of Hofburg Palace</a> in Vienna).<sup id="cite_ref-niederlegung_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-niederlegung-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1806 onwards, Francis was Emperor of Austria only. He had three successors—<a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand I of Austria">Ferdinand I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Joseph_I_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Joseph I of Austria">Francis Joseph I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria" title="Charles I of Austria">Charles I</a>—before the empire broke apart in 1918. A coronation ceremony was never established; the heir to the throne became emperor the moment his predecessor died or abdicated. The symbol of the Austrian emperor was the dynasty's <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crown_of_Austria" title="Imperial Crown of Austria">private crown</a> dating back to <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor">Rudolf II</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1576–1612</span>), (called <i>Rudolfinische Hauskrone</i> by the experts). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Titles_of_the_emperor">Titles of the emperor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_of_Austria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Titles of the emperor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Austrian emperors had an extensive list of titles and claims that reflected the geographic expanse and diversity of the lands ruled by the Austrian Habsburgs. The <a href="/wiki/Grand_title_of_the_emperor_of_Austria" title="Grand title of the emperor of Austria">grand title of the emperor of Austria</a> had been changed several times: by a patent of 1 August 1804, by a court office decree from 22 August 1836, by an Imperial court ministry decree of 6 January 1867 and finally by a letter of 12 December 1867. Shorter versions were recommended for official documents and international treaties: "Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia etc. and Apostolic King of Hungary", "Emperor of Austria and Apostolic King of Hungary", "<a href="/wiki/Majesty" title="Majesty">His Majesty</a> the Emperor and King" and "<a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_Royal_Majesty" title="Imperial and Royal Majesty">His Imperial and Royal</a> <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Majesty" title="Apostolic Majesty">Apostolic Majesty</a>". </p><p>The full list (after the loss of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Lombardy</a> in 1859 and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Venetia</a> in 1866): </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a>,</i><br /> <i><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic King">Apostolic King</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a>,</i><br /> <i><a href="/wiki/King" title="King">King</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dalmatia" title="Kingdom of Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(Habsburg)" title="Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)">Croatia</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Slavonia" title="Kingdom of Slavonia">Slavonia</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Galicia</a>, of Lodomeria, and of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Illyria_(1816%E2%80%931849)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Illyria (1816–1849)">Illyria</a>,</i><br /> <i><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Jerusalem">King</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, and so forth,</i><br /> <i><a href="/wiki/Archduke" title="Archduke">Archduke</a> of <a href="/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria" title="Archduchy of Austria">Austria</a>,</i><br /> <i><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke">Grand Duke</a> of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Cracow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Cracow">Cracow</a>,</i><br /> <i><a href="/wiki/Duke" title="Duke">Duke</a> of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lorraine" title="Duchy of Lorraine">Lorraine</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Salzburg" title="Duchy of Salzburg">Salzburg</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Styria" title="Duchy of Styria">Styria</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carinthia" title="Duchy of Carinthia">Carinthia</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carniola" title="Duchy of Carniola">Carniola</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bukovina" title="Duchy of Bukovina">Bukovina</a>,</i><br /> <i><a href="/wiki/Grand_Prince" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Prince">Grand Prince</a> of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1711%E2%80%931867)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867)">Transylvania</a>,</i><br /> <i><a href="/wiki/Margrave" title="Margrave">Margrave</a> in <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Moravia" title="Margraviate of Moravia">Moravia</a>,</i><br /> <i><a href="/wiki/Duke" title="Duke">Duke</a> of <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Silesia" title="Austrian Silesia">Upper and Lower Silesia</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Modena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma_and_Piacenza" title="Duchy of Parma and Piacenza">Parma</a>, Piacenza and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guastalla" title="Duchy of Guastalla">Guastalla</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim" title="Duchy of Oświęcim">Auschwitz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Zator" title="Duchy of Zator">Zator</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Teschen" title="Duchy of Teschen">Teschen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Friuli" title="Duchy of Friuli">Friuli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Ragusa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zadar" title="Zadar">Zara</a>,</i><br /> <i><a href="/wiki/Princely_Count" class="mw-redirect" title="Princely Count">Princely Count</a> of <a href="/wiki/Habsburg,_Switzerland" title="Habsburg, Switzerland">Habsburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tyrol" title="County of Tyrol">Tyrol</a>, of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Kyburg" title="County of Kyburg">Kyburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princely_County_of_Gorizia_and_Gradisca" title="Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca">Gorizia and Gradisca</a>,</i><br /> <i><a href="/wiki/Prince" title="Prince">Prince</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Trent" title="Prince-Bishopric of Trent">Trent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Brixen" title="Prince-Bishopric of Brixen">Brixen</a>,</i><br /> <i>Margrave of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Lusatia" title="Upper Lusatia">Upper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Lusatia" title="Lower Lusatia">Lower Lusatia</a> and in <a href="/wiki/March_of_Istria" title="March of Istria">Istria</a>,</i><br /> <i><a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">Count</a> of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Hohenems" title="County of Hohenems">Hohenems</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Feldkirch" title="County of Feldkirch">Feldkirch</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Bregenz" title="County of Bregenz">Bregenz</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Sonnenberg" title="County of Sonnenberg">Sonnenberg</a>, and so forth,</i> <br /> <i><a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">Lord</a> of <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Kotor" title="Kotor">Cattaro</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Windic_March" title="Windic March">Windic March</a>,</i><br /> <i><a href="/wiki/Voivode" title="Voivode">Grand Voivode</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Voivodeship_of_Serbia_and_Banat_of_Temeschwar" title="Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar">Voivodship of Serbia</a>, and so forth,</i><br /> <i>Sovereign of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Order of the Golden Fleece">Order of the Golden Fleece</a>.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="House_and_court">House and court</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_of_Austria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: House and court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The function of the emperor was styled like a secular papacy. Therefore, it was the overall goal to demonstrate the all-highest (<i>allerhöchste</i>) majesty and dignity of the monarch to his subjects and to other monarchs and countries. His and his entourage's life was governed by very strict rules all the time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Imperial_House">The Imperial House</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_of_Austria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Imperial House"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine" title="House of Habsburg-Lorraine">House of Habsburg-Lorraine</a></div> <p>The members of the House of Habsburg were ranked as princes and princesses of the blood imperial, with the honorary title of <i>Erzherzog</i> or <i>Erzherzogin</i> (archduke or archduchess). Their permanent address and their travels abroad had to be agreed to by the Emperor. </p><p>Whoever wanted to marry an archduke or archduchess of the Habsburg dynasty had to originate from a ruling or formerly ruling house, as was stipulated by the <i>Familienstatut des Allerhöchsten Herrscherhauses</i>, the Family Statute of the Highest Monarch's House, issued by Ferdinand I in 1839. Otherwise the marriage would be one "to the left hand", called a <a href="/wiki/Morganatic_marriage" title="Morganatic marriage">morganatic marriage</a>, excluding the offspring of the couple from any right the House of Habsburg possessed. (The problems of such a situation were encountered when <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria">Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria</a>, heir presumptive to the throne, married a simple countess in 1900). </p><p>To manage the political implications of the Imperial house after 1867 the Emperor and King appointed the <i>k.u.k. Minister des kaiserlichen und königlichen Hauses und des Äußeren</i> (the I.& R. Minister of the Imperial and Royal House and of the Exterior), one of the three ministers common to Austria and Hungary. Under Francis I, <a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Klemens von Metternich</a> had covered these and many other agenda, bearing the title <i>Haus-, Hof- und Staatskanzler</i> (Chancellor of the House, the Court and the State). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Imperial_Court">The Imperial Court</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_of_Austria&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Imperial Court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Crown_Orb_and_Sceptre_of_Austria_(Imperial_Treasury).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Imperial_Crown_Orb_and_Sceptre_of_Austria_%28Imperial_Treasury%29.jpg/180px-Imperial_Crown_Orb_and_Sceptre_of_Austria_%28Imperial_Treasury%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Imperial_Crown_Orb_and_Sceptre_of_Austria_%28Imperial_Treasury%29.jpg/270px-Imperial_Crown_Orb_and_Sceptre_of_Austria_%28Imperial_Treasury%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Imperial_Crown_Orb_and_Sceptre_of_Austria_%28Imperial_Treasury%29.jpg/360px-Imperial_Crown_Orb_and_Sceptre_of_Austria_%28Imperial_Treasury%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4900" data-file-height="3546" /></a><figcaption>Crown Jewels of Austria</figcaption></figure> <p>The Emperor's household, his personal officers and the premises where they worked were called <i>Hof</i> ("court").<br /> The four highest officials managing the Imperial Court, who were drawn from among the highest noblemen of the Empire, were </p> <ul><li>the Grand Master (<i><a href="/wiki/Obersthofmeister" title="Obersthofmeister">Obersthofmeister</a></i>),</li> <li>the Grand Marshal (<i>Obersthofmarschall</i>),</li> <li>the Grand Chamberlain (<i>Oberstkämmerer</i>),</li> <li>the Master of the Stables (<i><a href="/wiki/Oberststallmeister" class="mw-redirect" title="Oberststallmeister">Oberststallmeister</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Johnston1983_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnston1983-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Whoever sought an audience with the Emperor himself had to apply at the Office of the Grand Master (<i>Obersthofmeisteramt</i>). Francis I used to wear civilian clothes of the <a href="/wiki/Biedermeier" title="Biedermeier">Biedermeier</a> era, while Francis Joseph I and Charles I mostly were seen in the uniform of an Austrian field marshal to underline the importance of the army to the throne. Francis Joseph I expected soldiers to appear in uniform at his court and civilians to appear in <a href="/wiki/White_tie" title="White tie">tails</a>. He never shook hands with visitors; in letters he never addressed his subjects as "Sir" or "Mr." (<i>Herr</i>). </p><p>The Emperor's court managed the following institutions: </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Hofburg_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Hofburg Palace">Imperial Palace in Vienna</a> (<i>Hofburg</i>); each of the four Emperors of Austria chose his living and working rooms in another part of this huge palace;</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Treasury,_Vienna" title="Imperial Treasury, Vienna">Imperial Treasury</a> at Hofburg, where the Habsburgs' crown insignia were kept;</li> <li>the Imperial Court Library, today <a href="/wiki/Austrian_National_Library" title="Austrian National Library">Austrian National Library</a></li> <li>Imperial residences outside Vienna, like <a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nbrunn_Palace" title="Schönbrunn Palace">Schönbrunn Palace</a> (the area was included into the Vienna city area in 1892) and <a href="/wiki/Laxenburg_castles" title="Laxenburg castles">Laxenburg Palace</a>;</li> <li>the court's collection of carriages (today <i><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Carriage_Museum" title="Imperial Carriage Museum">Wagenburg</a></i> at Schönbrunn Palace Gardens);</li> <li>the I.R. <i><a href="/wiki/Burgtheater" title="Burgtheater">Hofburgtheater</a></i> and the I.R. <i><a href="/wiki/Vienna_State_Opera" title="Vienna State Opera">Hofoperntheater</a></i>;</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crypt" title="Imperial Crypt">Imperial Crypt</a> below the Capuchin Church and Monastery in Vienna, where three of the four emperors of Austria have been buried (Charles I was buried on <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a>, his last exile).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Austrian_Empire">Austrian Empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_of_Austria&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Austrian Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> (<i>Kaisertum Österreich</i>) from 1804 to 1867 consisted of the Habsburg lands as a whole, leaving each land its special definition as kingdom (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, Hungary), archduchy (Lower and Upper Austria), duchy (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Carniola" title="Carniola">Carniola</a>) or princely county (e.g., <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tyrol" title="County of Tyrol">Tyrol</a>), however the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>—as Regnum Independens—was administered by its own institutions separately from the rest of the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Kaisertum</i> might literally be translated as "emperordom" on analogy with "kingdom" or "emperor-ship"; the term denotes specifically "the territory ruled by an emperor". Austria proper (as opposed to the complex of Habsburg lands as a whole) had been an archduchy since the 15th century, and most of the other territories of the Empire had their own institutions and territorial history, although there were some attempts at centralization, especially between 1848 and 1859. </p><p>In 1866, Austria lost the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">war</a> with <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a>. Francis Joseph I was urged to solve the internal problems of his realm and was well-advised to provide a substantial concession to the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nobility" title="Hungarian nobility">Hungarian nobility</a>, which had stayed in passive resistance to him after the crushed <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian revolution of 1848- 1849</a>. By the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Compromise_of_1867" title="Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867">Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867</a> (<i>Ausgleich</i>), the Kingdom of Hungary and the Empire of Austria, as two separate entities, joined on an equal basis to form the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. Thus the former Habsburg-ruled lands were restructured into a <a href="/wiki/Dual_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual union">dual union</a> which shared a monarch and a <a href="/wiki/Common_Army" title="Common Army">common army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Navy" title="Austro-Hungarian Navy">navy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Ministry_of_Austria-Hungary" title="Foreign Ministry of Austria-Hungary">foreign policy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1711%E2%80%931867)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867)">Transylvania</a> became again an integral part of Hungary while <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia-Slavonia" title="Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia">Croatia-Slavonia</a> were acknowledged as part of the <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen" title="Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen">Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen</a>, which were called Transleithania by government officials to distinguish them from <a href="/wiki/Cisleithania" title="Cisleithania">Cisleithania</a>, the Austrian part of the empire from 1867 onwards. The latter were known in the internal administration as the "Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council" (<i>Die im Reichsrat vertretenen Königreiche und Länder</i>). Unofficially ever since, these territories officially were called "Austria" from 1915 to 1918 only, despite the fact that all the citizens held the common Austrian citizenship since 1867. </p><p>Austria-Hungary disintegrated at the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in 1918, when the Austrian lands established their independence. <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Bohemia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Moravia" title="Margraviate of Moravia">Moravia</a> in the newly created <a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">Czechoslovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Galicia</a> joined <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a> became a part of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a>. <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carniola" title="Duchy of Carniola">Carniola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dalmatia" title="Kingdom of Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a> joined the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes</a>. Other territories were annexed by Italy (<a href="/wiki/County_of_Tyrol" title="County of Tyrol">South Tyrol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Free_City_of_Trieste" title="Imperial Free City of Trieste">Trieste</a> and <a href="/wiki/March_of_Istria#Habsburg_Margravate" title="March of Istria">Istria</a>). Yet the last Emperor, Charles I, used his imperial title until the end of his life. The Kingdom of Hungary, due to measures enacted during peace proceedings after the Great War and having terminated the 1867 compromise by 31 October 1918, similarly <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Democratic Republic">broke apart</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abbreviations_of_common_and_non_common_institutions">Abbreviations of common and non common institutions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_of_Austria&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Abbreviations of common and non common institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i><a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_Royal" title="Imperial and Royal">Kaiserlich und Königlich</a></i> (<i>k.u.k.</i>, spoken <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ka<span class="wrap"> </span>ʔʊnt<span class="wrap"> </span>ka/</span>, meaning "Imperial and Royal") was decreed in a letter of 17 October 1889 for the army, the navy and the institutions shared by both parts of the monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Institutions of Cisleithania used the term <i><a href="/wiki/Imperial-Royal" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial-Royal">Kaiserlich-Königlich</a></i> (<i>K.K.</i>, meaning "Imperial Royal", e.g. <i>K.K. österreichische Staatsbahnen</i>, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Royal_Austrian_State_Railways" title="Imperial Royal Austrian State Railways">Imperial Royal Austrian State Railways</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_emperors_of_Austria_(1804–1918)"><span id="List_of_emperors_of_Austria_.281804.E2.80.931918.29"></span>List of emperors of Austria (1804–1918)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_of_Austria&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: List of emperors of Austria (1804–1918)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="succession-table-monarch wikitable" style="text-align:center"><tbody><tr><th>Name</th><th>Lifespan</th><th>Reign start</th><th>Reign end</th><th>Notes</th><th>Family</th><th>Image</th></tr><tr><td><b><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I</a></b></td><td><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1768-02-12</span>)</span>12 February 1768 – 2 March 1835<span style="display:none">(1835-03-02)</span> (aged 67)</td><td>11 August 1804</td><td>2 March 1835<br />(<i><span data-sort-value="7004111600000000000♠"></span>30 years, 203 days</i>)</td><td>The last <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>; Son of <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold II</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lorraine#House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine" title="House of Lorraine">Habsburg-Lorraine</a></td><td><span class="photo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_Tysiewicz_-_Portret_cesarza_Franciszka_I_w_stroju_koronacyjnym.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Jan_Tysiewicz_-_Portret_cesarza_Franciszka_I_w_stroju_koronacyjnym.jpg/80px-Jan_Tysiewicz_-_Portret_cesarza_Franciszka_I_w_stroju_koronacyjnym.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Jan_Tysiewicz_-_Portret_cesarza_Franciszka_I_w_stroju_koronacyjnym.jpg/120px-Jan_Tysiewicz_-_Portret_cesarza_Franciszka_I_w_stroju_koronacyjnym.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Jan_Tysiewicz_-_Portret_cesarza_Franciszka_I_w_stroju_koronacyjnym.jpg/160px-Jan_Tysiewicz_-_Portret_cesarza_Franciszka_I_w_stroju_koronacyjnym.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1002" data-file-height="1468" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td><b><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand I of Austria">Ferdinand I</a></b></td><td><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1793-04-19</span>)</span>19 April 1793 – 29 June 1875<span style="display:none">(1875-06-29)</span> (aged 82)</td><td>2 March 1835</td><td>2 December 1848<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(abdicated)</span><br />(<i><span data-sort-value="7003502400000000000♠"></span>13 years, 275 days</i>)</td><td>Son of Francis I</td><td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lorraine#House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine" title="House of Lorraine">Habsburg-Lorraine</a></td><td><span class="photo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaiser_Ferdinand_I_Von_%C3%96sterreich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Kaiser_Ferdinand_I_Von_%C3%96sterreich.jpg/80px-Kaiser_Ferdinand_I_Von_%C3%96sterreich.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Kaiser_Ferdinand_I_Von_%C3%96sterreich.jpg/120px-Kaiser_Ferdinand_I_Von_%C3%96sterreich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Kaiser_Ferdinand_I_Von_%C3%96sterreich.jpg/160px-Kaiser_Ferdinand_I_Von_%C3%96sterreich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td><b><a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Francis Joseph I</a></b></td><td><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1830-08-18</span>)</span>18 August 1830 – 21 November 1916<span style="display:none">(1916-11-21)</span> (aged 86)</td><td>2 December 1848</td><td>21 November 1916<br />(<i><span data-sort-value="7004248250000000000♠"></span>67 years, 355 days</i>)</td><td>Nephew of Ferdinand I; grandson of Francis I</td><td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lorraine#House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine" title="House of Lorraine">Habsburg-Lorraine</a></td><td><span class="photo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_Frankenberger_-_Kaiser_Franz_Joseph_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Johann_Frankenberger_-_Kaiser_Franz_Joseph_I.jpg/80px-Johann_Frankenberger_-_Kaiser_Franz_Joseph_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Johann_Frankenberger_-_Kaiser_Franz_Joseph_I.jpg/120px-Johann_Frankenberger_-_Kaiser_Franz_Joseph_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Johann_Frankenberger_-_Kaiser_Franz_Joseph_I.jpg/160px-Johann_Frankenberger_-_Kaiser_Franz_Joseph_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="861" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td><b><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria" title="Charles I of Austria">Charles I</a></b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align: center"><li><i>the Blessed</i></li></ul></div></td><td><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1887-08-17</span>)</span>17 August 1887 – 1 April 1922<span style="display:none">(1922-04-01)</span> (aged 34)</td><td>21 November 1916</td><td>11 November 1918<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(resigned)</span><br />(<i><span data-sort-value="7002720000000000000♠"></span>1 year, 355 days</i>)</td><td>Grand-Nephew of Francis Joseph I; great-great-grandson of Francis I</td><td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lorraine#House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine" title="House of Lorraine">Habsburg-Lorraine</a></td><td><span class="photo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_karl_of_austria-hungary_1917.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Emperor_karl_of_austria-hungary_1917.png/80px-Emperor_karl_of_austria-hungary_1917.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Emperor_karl_of_austria-hungary_1917.png/120px-Emperor_karl_of_austria-hungary_1917.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Emperor_karl_of_austria-hungary_1917.png/160px-Emperor_karl_of_austria-hungary_1917.png 2x" data-file-width="771" data-file-height="1090" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Succession_to_the_throne">Succession to the throne</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_of_Austria&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Succession to the throne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_heirs_to_the_Austrian_throne" title="List of heirs to the Austrian throne">List of heirs to the Austrian throne</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heir apparent</a> to the throne bore the title of <a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Prince">Crown Prince</a> (<i>Kronprinz</i>); <a href="/wiki/Heirs_presumptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Heirs presumptive">heirs presumptive</a> were called <i>Thronfolger</i>, in addition to their title of archduke. Francis I was followed by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand I of Austria">Ferdinand Charles</a>, (later Ferdinand I). In the wake of the 1848 revolutions, the empire's existence was in danger. The Habsburg family tried a new start with a new emperor: Ferdinand I was urged to hand over government on 2 December 1848. He then moved to <a href="/wiki/Prague_Castle" title="Prague Castle">Prague Castle</a> and, without laying down his imperial title, lived there privately until his death in 1875.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Ferdinand I had no sons, his brother <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Karl_of_Austria" title="Archduke Franz Karl of Austria">Francis Charles</a> would have become emperor, but was persuaded by his wife <a href="/wiki/Princess_Sophie_of_Bavaria" title="Princess Sophie of Bavaria">Princess Sophie of Bavaria</a> to pass over the right of succession to their son, Francis Joseph. He accepted the duty of the Emperor of Austria without having been Crown Prince or <i>Thronfolger</i> before. Francis Joseph's only son <a href="/wiki/Rudolf,_Crown_Prince_of_Austria" title="Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria">Rudolf</a> <a href="/wiki/Mayerling_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayerling Incident">committed suicide</a> in 1889, Francis Joseph's brother <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Karl_Ludwig_of_Austria" title="Archduke Karl Ludwig of Austria">Karl Ludwig</a> died in 1896. Karl Ludwig's son <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria">Franz Ferdinand</a> became heir presumptive to the throne. He was <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria">assassinated</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_in_Austria-Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina in Austria-Hungary">Bosnia</a> in 1914; due to his <a href="/wiki/Morganatic_marriage" title="Morganatic marriage">morganatic marriage</a>, his son had no rights to the throne. At this time his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Otto_of_Austria_(1865%E2%80%931906)" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduke Otto of Austria (1865–1906)">Otto Franz</a> had already died, which made Otto's son <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria" title="Charles I of Austria">Charles</a> the new heir presumptive to the throne, to which he acceded in 1916 as Charles I, upon the death of Francis Joseph I. In this moment Charles I's son, four-year-old <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Habsburg" title="Otto von Habsburg">Otto</a> became the last Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary. He declared himself a loyal citizen of the Republic of Austria in 1961. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaiser_Franz_Joseph_I._and_Otto_(15.09.1914).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Kaiser_Franz_Joseph_I._and_Otto_%2815.09.1914%29.jpg/170px-Kaiser_Franz_Joseph_I._and_Otto_%2815.09.1914%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Kaiser_Franz_Joseph_I._and_Otto_%2815.09.1914%29.jpg/255px-Kaiser_Franz_Joseph_I._and_Otto_%2815.09.1914%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Kaiser_Franz_Joseph_I._and_Otto_%2815.09.1914%29.jpg/340px-Kaiser_Franz_Joseph_I._and_Otto_%2815.09.1914%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="1137" /></a><figcaption>Emperor Franz Joseph I and his great-grandnephew and second-in-line to the throne <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Habsburg" title="Otto von Habsburg">Otto von Habsburg</a>, in 1914</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heads_of_the_House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine_(since_1918)"><span id="Heads_of_the_House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine_.28since_1918.29"></span>Heads of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine (since 1918)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_of_Austria&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Heads of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine (since 1918)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Charles I did not see himself as a pretender but as the monarch of Austria, while the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Law" title="Habsburg Law">Habsburg Law</a> of the Republic of Austria of 1919 called him "the former bearer of the crown" (<i>der ehemalige Träger der Krone</i>). His son Otto von Habsburg, who had used the title Archduke of Austria in his earlier life outside of Austria, declared himself a loyal citizen of the Republic in order to be allowed to enter Austria; from 1961 onwards he no longer considered himself pretender. Otto's son Karl von Habsburg has never pretended to be the rightful monarch of Austria. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria" title="Charles I of Austria">Charles I</a> (11 November 1918 – 1 April 1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Habsburg" title="Otto von Habsburg">Otto von Habsburg</a> (1 April 1922 – 1 January 2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Habsburg" title="Karl von Habsburg">Karl von Habsburg</a> (1 January 2007 – present) <ul><li>Heir apparent: <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Zvonimir_von_Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand Zvonimir von Habsburg">Ferdinand Zvonimir von Habsburg</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_of_Austria&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_nobility" title="Austrian nobility">Austrian nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Austrian_consorts" title="List of Austrian consorts">List of Austrian consorts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Austria" title="List of rulers of Austria">List of rulers of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_Sanction_of_1713" title="Pragmatic Sanction of 1713">Pragmatic Sanction of 1713</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_under_Austrian_Emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of heads of government under Austrian Emperors">List of heads of government under Austrian Emperors</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_of_Austria&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Emperors_of_Austria" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Emperors of Austria">Emperors of Austria</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://flagspot.net/flags/ah-imper.html">"Imperial Standard of Austria, Flags of the World"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Imperial+Standard+of+Austria%2C+Flags+of+the+World.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fflagspot.net%2Fflags%2Fah-imper.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Seite:Posse_Band_5_0250.jpg"><i>Allerhöchste Pragmatikal-Verordnung vom 11. August 1804</i></a>. In: Otto Posse: <i>Die Siegel der Deutschen Kaiser und Könige.</i> (<i>The Seals of German Emperors and Kings</i>), tom. 5, attachment 2, p. 249</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-niederlegung-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-niederlegung_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Erkl%C3%A4rung_Franz_II._zur_Niederlegung_der_Krone_des_Heiligen_R%C3%B6mischen_Reiches" class="extiw" title="s:Erklärung Franz II. zur Niederlegung der Krone des Heiligen Römischen Reiches">Erklärung des Kaisers Franz II. über die Niederlegung der deutschen Kaiserkrone</a>, in: Quellensammlung zur Geschichte der Deutschen Reichsverfassung in Mittelalter und Neuzeit (<i>Collection of Sources to the History of the Constitution of the German Reich</i>), edited by Karl Zeumer, p. 538–539 (full text on Wikisource)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Unowsky2001" class="citation book cs1">Daniel Unowsky (2001). Maria Bucur; Nancy Meriwether Wingfield (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RJzkg6o_dm4C&pg=PA16-17"><i>Staging the Past: The Politics of Commemoration in Habsburg Central Europe, 1848 to the Present</i></a>. Purdue University Press. pp. 16–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-161-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-161-2"><bdi>978-1-55753-161-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Staging+the+Past%3A+The+Politics+of+Commemoration+in+Habsburg+Central+Europe%2C+1848+to+the+Present&rft.pages=16-17&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-55753-161-2&rft.au=Daniel+Unowsky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRJzkg6o_dm4C%26pg%3DPA16-17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnston1983-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnston1983_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_M._Johnston1983" class="citation book cs1">William M. Johnston (23 March 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-dmH7FjxassC&pg=PA39"><i>The Austrian Mind: An Intellectual and Social History, 1848-1938</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04955-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04955-0"><bdi>978-0-520-04955-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Austrian+Mind%3A+An+Intellectual+and+Social+History%2C+1848-1938&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983-03-23&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04955-0&rft.au=William+M.+Johnston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-dmH7FjxassC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">" In 1804 Emperor Franz assumed the title of Emperor of Austria for all the <i><a href="/wiki/Erblande" title="Erblande">Erblande</a></i> of the dynasty and for the other Lands, including Hungary. Thus Hungary formally became part of the Empire of Austria. The Court reassured the <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Hungary" title="Diet of Hungary">diet</a>, however, that the assumption of the monarch's new title did not in any sense affect the laws and the constitution of Hungary <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaszlo2011" class="citation cs2">Laszlo, Péter (2011), <i>Hungary's Long Nineteenth Century: Constitutional and Democratic Traditions</i>, Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, the Netherlands, p. 6</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hungary%27s+Long+Nineteenth+Century%3A+Constitutional+and+Democratic+Traditions&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Koninklijke+Brill+NV%2C+Leiden%2C+the+Netherlands&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Laszlo&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A9ter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From the <a href="/wiki/Otto%27s_encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto's encyclopedia">Otto's encyclopedia</a> (published during 1888-1909), subject 'King', <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyklopedie.seznam.cz/heslo/285233-kral">online in Czech</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081209045019/http://encyklopedie.seznam.cz/heslo/285233-kral">Archived</a> 2008-12-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?apm=0&aid=wrz&datum=18750630&seite=1&zoom=2">Notice on Ferdinand's death in the official newspaper <i>Wiener Zeitung</i>, No. 146 / June 30, 1875, p. 1</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_of_Austria&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6bc7AQAAMAAJ&dq=francis+ii+declaration+hereditary+emperor+of+austria&pg=PA427">Letter Patent creating title Hereditary Emperor of Austria</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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