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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Geology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographical_area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographical_area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Geographical area</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographical_area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Island_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Island_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Island groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Island_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Polynesian_area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polynesian_area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Polynesian area</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polynesian_area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outliers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outliers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Outliers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outliers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Melanesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Melanesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2.1</span> <span>Melanesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Melanesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Micronesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Micronesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2.2</span> <span>Micronesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Micronesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sub-Antarctic_islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sub-Antarctic_islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2.3</span> <span>Sub-Antarctic islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sub-Antarctic_islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins_and_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_and_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins and expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Political history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cook_Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cook_Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Cook Islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cook_Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiji" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiji"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Fiji</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiji-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hawaii" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hawaii"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Hawaii</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hawaii-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kiribati" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kiribati"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Kiribati</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kiribati-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marquesas_Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marquesas_Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.5</span> <span>Marquesas Islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marquesas_Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.6</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Niue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Niue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.7</span> <span>Niue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Niue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.8</span> <span>Samoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tahiti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tahiti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.9</span> <span>Tahiti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tahiti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tonga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tonga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.10</span> <span>Tonga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tonga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tuvalu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tuvalu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.11</span> <span>Tuvalu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tuvalu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Links_to_the_Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Links_to_the_Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Links to the Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Links_to_the_Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cultures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inter-Polynesian_cooperation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inter-Polynesian_cooperation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Inter-Polynesian cooperation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inter-Polynesian_cooperation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Navigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Navigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Polynesia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 123 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-123" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">123 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polinesia" title="Polinesia – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Polinesia" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polinesi%C3%AB" title="Polinesië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Polinesië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesien" title="Polynesien – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Polynesien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%96%E1%88%8A%E1%8A%94%E1%8B%A5%E1%8B%AB" title="ፖሊኔዥያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፖሊኔዥያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بولنيزيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بولنيزيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polin%C3%A8sia" title="Polinèsia – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Polinèsia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polinesia" title="Polinesia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Polinesia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polineziya" title="Polineziya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Polineziya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="পলিনেশিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পলিনেশিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Polynesia" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Палінезія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Палінезія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Палінэзія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Палінэзія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polinesya" title="Polinesya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Polinesya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Полинезия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Полинезия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesien" title="Polynesien – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Polynesien" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polinezija" title="Polinezija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Polinezija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polinezia" title="Polinezia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Polinezia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polin%C3%A8sia" title="Polinèsia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Polinèsia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Полинези – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Полинези" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyn%C3%A9sie" title="Polynésie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Polynésie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Polynesia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesien" title="Polynesien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Polynesien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesien" title="Polynesien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Polynesien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%BCneesia" title="Polüneesia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Polüneesia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Πολυνησία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολυνησία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polinesia" title="Polinesia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Polinesia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polinezio" title="Polinezio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Polinezio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polinesia" title="Polinesia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Polinesia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="پلی‌نزی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پلی‌نزی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Polynesia" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Polynesia" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyn%C3%A9sie" title="Polynésie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Polynésie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyneezje" title="Polyneezje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Polyneezje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Pholain%C3%A9is" title="An Pholainéis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Pholainéis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polinesia" title="Polinesia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Polinesia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%B4%EB%A6%AC%EB%84%A4%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84" title="폴리네시아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폴리네시아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polenekia" title="Polenekia – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Polenekia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Պոլինեզիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պոլինեզիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="पोलीनेशिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पोलीनेशिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polinezija" title="Polinezija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Polinezija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polinezia" title="Polinezia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Polinezia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polinesia" title="Polinesia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Polinesia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polinesia" title="Polinesia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Polinesia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Polynesia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3l%C3%BDnes%C3%ADa" title="Pólýnesía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pólýnesía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polinesia" title="Polinesia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Polinesia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%99%D7%94" title="פולינזיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פולינזיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polin%C3%A9sia" title="Polinésia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Polinésia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Polynesia" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პოლინეზია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პოლინეზია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Полинезия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Полинезия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Polynesia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polinesia" title="Polinesia – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Polinesia" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polin%C3%A9zi" title="Polinézi – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Polinézi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%AEnezya" title="Polînezya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Polînezya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Полинезия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Полинезия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Полинези – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Полинези" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B5" title="ໂປລີເນຊີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໂປລີເນຊີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Polynesia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polin%C4%93zija" title="Polinēzija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Polinēzija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polinezija" title="Polinezija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Polinezija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polinesia" title="Polinesia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Polinesia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesi%C3%AB" title="Polynesië – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Polynesië" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polinesia" title="Polinesia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Polinesia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polin%C3%A9zia" title="Polinézia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Polinézia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Полинезија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Полинезија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B4linezia" title="Pôlinezia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Pôlinezia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="പോളിനേഷ്യ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പോളിനേഷ്യ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polinesja" title="Polinesja – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Polinesja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="पॉलिनेशिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पॉलिनेशिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პოლინეზია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პოლინეზია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بولينيزيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بولينيزيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polinesia" title="Polinesia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Polinesia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polinesia" title="Polinesia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Polinesia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polinisia" title="Polinisia – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Polinisia" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesi%C3%AB" title="Polynesië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Polynesië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AA%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2" title="ポリネシア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポリネシア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyneesien" title="Polyneesien – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Polyneesien" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Polynesia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Polynesia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polinesia" title="Polinesia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Polinesia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polineziya" title="Polineziya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Polineziya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਪੌਲੀਨੇਸ਼ੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੌਲੀਨੇਸ਼ੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="پولینیشیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پولینیشیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/pulinisiya" title="pulinisiya – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="pulinisiya" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pinayuanan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polinezja" title="Polinezja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Polinezja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polin%C3%A9sia" title="Polinésia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Polinésia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%8Dr%C4%ABnetia" title="Pōrīnetia – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Pōrīnetia" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polinezia" title="Polinezia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Polinezia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulinisya" title="Pulinisya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pulinisya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Полинезия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Полинезия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polinisiya_%E2%80%9CPolynesia%E2%80%9D" title="Polinisiya “Polynesia” – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Polinisiya “Polynesia”" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polenisia" title="Polenisia – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Polenisia" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polin%C3%A8sia" title="Polinèsia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Polinèsia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesie" title="Polynesie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Polynesie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polinezia" title="Polinezia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Polinezia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Polynesia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyn%C3%A9zia" title="Polynézia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Polynézia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polinezija" title="Polinezija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Polinezija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polinezyj%C5%8F" title="Polinezyjŏ – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Polinezyjŏ" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Полинезија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Полинезија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polinezija" title="Polinezija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Polinezija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Polynesia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesien" title="Polynesien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Polynesien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Polynesia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="பொலினீசியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பொலினீசியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Полинезия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Полинезия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="พอลินีเชีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พอลินีเชีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Полинезия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Полинезия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polinezya" title="Polinezya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Polinezya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polinezi%C3%BDa" title="Polineziýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Polineziýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Полінезія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Полінезія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="پولینیشیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پولینیشیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Polynesia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Polynesia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polineesi" title="Polineesi – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Polineesi" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%A9%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E" title="波利尼西亞 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="波利尼西亞" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A2" title="פאלינעזיע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פאלינעזיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polin%C3%A9s%C3%AD%C3%A0" title="Polinésíà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Polinésíà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%A9%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E" title="波利尼西亞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="波利尼西亞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesi%C3%AB" title="Polynesië – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Polynesië" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polinez%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Polinezėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Polinezėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E9%87%8C%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E" title="玻里尼西亞 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="玻里尼西亞" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35942#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Subregion of Oceania</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the wider region in the Pacific. For the French collectivity, see <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a>. For the genus of moth, see <a href="/wiki/Polynesia_(moth)" title="Polynesia (moth)">Polynesia (moth)</a>. For the point of land in the South Orkney Islands, see <a href="/wiki/Signy_Island" title="Signy Island">Signy Island</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pacific_Culture_Areas_(Philippines%2BVanuatu_Correction).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pacific_Culture_Areas_%28Philippines%2BVanuatu_Correction%29.svg/300px-Pacific_Culture_Areas_%28Philippines%2BVanuatu_Correction%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pacific_Culture_Areas_%28Philippines%2BVanuatu_Correction%29.svg/450px-Pacific_Culture_Areas_%28Philippines%2BVanuatu_Correction%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pacific_Culture_Areas_%28Philippines%2BVanuatu_Correction%29.svg/600px-Pacific_Culture_Areas_%28Philippines%2BVanuatu_Correction%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Polynesia is one of three major cultural areas of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean islands</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oceania_UN_Geoscheme_-_Map_with_Zones.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Oceania_UN_Geoscheme_-_Map_with_Zones.svg/300px-Oceania_UN_Geoscheme_-_Map_with_Zones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Oceania_UN_Geoscheme_-_Map_with_Zones.svg/450px-Oceania_UN_Geoscheme_-_Map_with_Zones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Oceania_UN_Geoscheme_-_Map_with_Zones.svg/600px-Oceania_UN_Geoscheme_-_Map_with_Zones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Subregions (<a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, Polynesia, and <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a>), as well as sovereign and dependent islands of <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_OC-Polynesia.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Map_OC-Polynesia.PNG/300px-Map_OC-Polynesia.PNG" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Map_OC-Polynesia.PNG/450px-Map_OC-Polynesia.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Map_OC-Polynesia.PNG 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Polynesia is generally defined as the islands within the <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_Triangle" title="Polynesian Triangle">Polynesian Triangle</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mapa_Polinesia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Mapa_Polinesia.png/300px-Mapa_Polinesia.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Mapa_Polinesia.png/450px-Mapa_Polinesia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Mapa_Polinesia.png/600px-Mapa_Polinesia.png 2x" data-file-width="952" data-file-height="796" /></a><figcaption>Outline of sovereign (dark orange) and dependent islands (bright orange)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Polynesia</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">POL</span>-in-<span style="font-size:90%">EE</span>-zee-ə</i></a>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ʒ/: 's' in 'pleasure'">ʒ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">-⁠<span style="font-size:90%">EE</span>-zhə</i></a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Subregion" title="Subregion">subregion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>, made up of more than 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">islands</a> scattered over the central and southern <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>. The indigenous people who inhabit the islands of Polynesia are called <a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesians</a>. They have many things in common, including <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">linguistic relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_culture" title="Polynesian culture">cultural practices</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">traditional beliefs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-trh_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trh-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In centuries past, they had a strong shared tradition of sailing and <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_navigation" title="Polynesian navigation">using stars to navigate</a> at night.<sup id="cite_ref-PIM1955-6_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PIM1955-6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PIM1955-8_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PIM1955-8-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Polynésie</i></span> was first used in 1756 by the French writer <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Brosses" title="Charles de Brosses">Charles de Brosses</a>, who originally applied it to all the <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">islands of the Pacific</a>. In 1831, <a href="/wiki/Jules_Dumont_d%27Urville" title="Jules Dumont d'Urville">Jules Dumont d'Urville</a> proposed a narrower definition during a lecture at the <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_G%C3%A9ographie" title="Société de Géographie">Société de Géographie</a> of Paris. By tradition, the islands located in the <a href="/wiki/South_Seas" title="South Seas">southern Pacific</a> have also often been called the <b>South Sea Islands</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and their inhabitants have been called <a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Islanders" title="South Sea Islanders">South Sea Islanders</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Hawaiian Islands</a> have often been considered to be part of the South Sea Islands because of their relative proximity to the southern Pacific islands, even though they are in fact located in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">North Pacific</a>. Another term in use, which avoids this inconsistency, is "the <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_Triangle" title="Polynesian Triangle">Polynesian Triangle</a>" (from the shape created by the layout of the islands in the Pacific Ocean). This term makes clear that the grouping includes the Hawaiian Islands, which are located at the northern <a href="/wiki/Vertex_(geometry)" title="Vertex (geometry)">vertex</a> of the referenced "triangle". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynesia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynesia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moorea_baie_cook.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Moorea_baie_cook.JPG/220px-Moorea_baie_cook.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Moorea_baie_cook.JPG/330px-Moorea_baie_cook.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Moorea_baie_cook.JPG/440px-Moorea_baie_cook.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Cook's Bay on <a href="/wiki/Moorea" class="mw-redirect" title="Moorea">Moorea</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mokoli%CA%BBi_Insel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Mokoli%CA%BBi_Insel.jpg/220px-Mokoli%CA%BBi_Insel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Mokoli%CA%BBi_Insel.jpg/330px-Mokoli%CA%BBi_Insel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Mokoli%CA%BBi_Insel.jpg/440px-Mokoli%CA%BBi_Insel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3727" data-file-height="2095" /></a><figcaption>Mokoliʻi Isle near <a href="/wiki/Oahu" title="Oahu">Oahu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Polynesia is characterized by a small amount of land spread over a very large portion of the mid- and southern <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>. It comprises approximately 300,000 to 310,000 square kilometres (117,000 to 118,000 sq mi) of land, of which more than 270,000 km<sup>2</sup> (103,000 sq mi) are within <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>. The Hawaiian archipelago comprises about half the remainder. </p><p>Most Polynesian islands and <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelagos</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Hawaiian Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samoan_Islands" title="Samoan Islands">Samoa</a>, are composed of volcanic islands built by <a href="/wiki/Hotspot_(geology)" title="Hotspot (geology)">hotspots</a> (volcanoes). The other land masses in Polynesia — <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ouv%C3%A9a" title="Ouvéa">Ouvéa</a>, the Polynesian outlier near <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a> — are the unsubmerged portions of the largely sunken continent of <a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mortimer_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mortimer-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zealandia is believed to have mostly sunk below sea level 23 million years ago, and recently partially resurfaced due to a change in the movements of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Plate">Pacific Plate</a> in relation to the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Australian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Australian Plate">Indo-Australian Plate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pacific plate had previously been subducted under the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Plate">Australian Plate</a>. When that changed, it had the effect of uplifting the portion of the continent that is modern-day New Zealand. </p><p>The convergent plate boundary that runs northwards from New Zealand's North Island is called the <a href="/wiki/Kermadec-Tonga_subduction_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Kermadec-Tonga subduction zone">Kermadec-Tonga subduction zone</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a> zone is associated with the volcanism that gave rise to the <a href="/wiki/Kermadec_Islands" title="Kermadec Islands">Kermadec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tongan</a> islands. </p><p>There is a <a href="/wiki/Transform_fault" title="Transform fault">transform fault</a> that currently traverses New Zealand's South Island, known as the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_Fault" title="Alpine Fault">Alpine Fault</a>. </p><p>Zealandia's continental shelf has a total area of approximately 3,600,000 km<sup>2</sup> (1,400,000 sq mi). </p><p>The oldest rocks in Polynesia are found in New Zealand and are believed to be about 510 million years old. The oldest Polynesian rocks outside Zealandia are to be found in the Hawaiian Emperor Seamount Chain and are 80 million years old. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geographical_area">Geographical area</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynesia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geographical area"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Polynesia is generally defined as the islands within the <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_Triangle" title="Polynesian Triangle">Polynesian Triangle</a>, although some islands inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesians</a> are situated outside the Polynesian Triangle. Geographically, the Polynesian Triangle is drawn by connecting the points of <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a>. The other main island groups located within the Polynesian Triangle are <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a>. </p><p>Also, small Polynesian settlements are in <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline Islands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>. An island group with strong Polynesian cultural traits outside of this great triangle is <a href="/wiki/Rotuma" title="Rotuma">Rotuma</a>, situated north of <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>. The people of Rotuma have many common Polynesian traits, but speak a non-<a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian language</a>. Some of the <a href="/wiki/Lau_Islands" title="Lau Islands">Lau Islands</a> to the southeast of Fiji have strong historic and cultural links with Tonga. However, in essence, Polynesia remains a cultural term referring to one of the three parts of <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> (the others being <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Island_groups">Island groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynesia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Island groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following islands and island groups are either nations or overseas territories of former colonial powers. The residents are native Polynesians or contain archaeological evidence indicating Polynesian settlement in the past.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some islands of Polynesian origin are outside the general triangle that geographically defines the region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Polynesian_area">Polynesian area</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynesia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Polynesian area"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Territory</a> </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_American_Samoa.svg/23px-Flag_of_American_Samoa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_American_Samoa.svg/35px-Flag_of_American_Samoa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_American_Samoa.svg/46px-Flag_of_American_Samoa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States#Incorporated_vs._unincorporated_territories" title="Territories of the United States">Unincorporated</a> and <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States#Organized_vs._unorganized_territories" title="Territories of the United States">unorganized territory</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>; self-governing under the supervision of the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Insular_Affairs" title="Office of Insular Affairs">Office of Insular Affairs</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_the_Cook_Islands_and_Niue" title="Political status of the Cook Islands and Niue">State in free association</a> with <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Rapa_Nui%2C_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rapa_Nui%2C_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Rapa_Nui%2C_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rapa_Nui%2C_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Rapa_Nui%2C_Chile.svg/46px-Flag_of_Rapa_Nui%2C_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Chile" title="Provinces of Chile">Province and special territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_French_Polynesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_French_Polynesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_French_Polynesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_French_Polynesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_French_Polynesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_French_Polynesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Overseas_country_of_France" title="Overseas country of France">Overseas country</a> of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Niue.svg/23px-Flag_of_Niue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Niue.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Niue.svg/46px-Flag_of_Niue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_the_Cook_Islands_and_Niue" title="Political status of the Cook Islands and Niue">State in free association</a> with <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Norfolk_Island.svg/23px-Flag_of_Norfolk_Island.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Norfolk_Island.svg/35px-Flag_of_Norfolk_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Norfolk_Island.svg/46px-Flag_of_Norfolk_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="460" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia#External_territories" title="States and territories of Australia">External territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a><sup id="cite_ref-ag_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ag-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Rotuma" title="Rotuma"><img alt="Rotuma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Rotuma_%281987-1988%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rotuma_%281987-1988%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Rotuma_%281987-1988%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rotuma_%281987-1988%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Rotuma_%281987-1988%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rotuma_%281987-1988%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="682" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rotuma" title="Rotuma">Rotuma</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fijian</a> <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Fiji" title="Local government in Fiji">dependency</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/23px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/35px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/46px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a> </td> <td>Sovereign state </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_Tokelau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tokelau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_Tokelau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tokelau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_Tokelau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tokelau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand#Tokelau" title="Realm of New Zealand">Non-self-governing territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a> </td> <td>Sovereign state </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a> </td> <td>Sovereign state </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Wallis_and_Futuna.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wallis_and_Futuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Wallis_and_Futuna.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wallis_and_Futuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Wallis_and_Futuna.svg/45px-Flag_of_Wallis_and_Futuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Overseas_collectivity" title="Overseas collectivity">Overseas collectivity</a> of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Line_Islands" title="Line Islands">Line Islands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Islands" title="Phoenix Islands">Phoenix Islands</a>, most of which are parts of <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a>, had no permanent settlements until European colonization, but are often considered to be parts of the <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_Triangle" title="Polynesian Triangle">Polynesian Triangle</a>. </p><p>Polynesians once inhabited the <a href="/wiki/Auckland_Islands" title="Auckland Islands">Auckland Islands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kermadec_Islands" title="Kermadec Islands">Kermadec Islands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a> in pre-colonial times, but these islands were uninhabited by the time European explorers arrived. </p><p>The oceanic islands to the east of Easter Island, such as <a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton Island</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands" title="Galápagos Islands">Galápagos Islands</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Islands" title="Juan Fernández Islands">Juan Fernández Islands</a>, were in the past formerly categorized on rare occasion as part of Polynesia.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-class_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-class-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No evidence of prehistoric contact with either Polynesians or the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous peoples of the Americas</a> has been found. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Outliers">Outliers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynesia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Outliers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_outlier" title="Polynesian outlier">Polynesian outlier</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Melanesia">Melanesia</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynesia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Melanesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anuta" title="Anuta">Anuta</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellona_Island" title="Bellona Island">Bellona Island</a> (in Solomon Islands)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emae" title="Emae">Emae</a> (in Vanuatu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a> (excluding <a href="/wiki/Rotuma" title="Rotuma">Rotuma</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lau_Islands" title="Lau Islands">Lau Islands</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mele,_Vanuatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mele, Vanuatu">Mele</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuguria" title="Nuguria">Nuguria</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukumanu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nukumanu">Nukumanu</a> (in Papua New Guinea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontong_Java" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontong Java">Ontong Java</a> (in Solomon Islands)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pileni" title="Pileni">Pileni</a> (in Solomon Islands)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rennell_Island" title="Rennell Island">Rennell</a> (in Solomon Islands)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikaiana" title="Sikaiana">Sikaiana</a> (in Solomon Islands)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takuu" class="mw-redirect" title="Takuu">Takuu</a> (in Papua New Guinea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikopia" title="Tikopia">Tikopia</a> (in Solomon Islands)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Micronesia">Micronesia</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynesia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Micronesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapingamarangi" title="Kapingamarangi">Kapingamarangi</a> (in the <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukuoro" title="Nukuoro">Nukuoro</a> (in the Federated States of Micronesia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a> (a part of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">United States Minor Outlying Islands</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Sub-Antarctic_islands">Sub-Antarctic islands</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynesia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sub-Antarctic islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Islands" title="Auckland Islands">Auckland Islands</a> (the most southerly known evidence of Polynesian settlement)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History<span class="anchor" id="History_of_the_Polynesian_people"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynesia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_and_expansion">Origins and expansion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynesia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Origins and expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands#History" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands § History</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polynesian_Migration.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Polynesian_Migration.svg/220px-Polynesian_Migration.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Polynesian_Migration.svg/330px-Polynesian_Migration.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Polynesian_Migration.svg/440px-Polynesian_Migration.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="551" /></a><figcaption>The Polynesian spread of colonization in the Pacific</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AhuTongariki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/AhuTongariki.jpg/220px-AhuTongariki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/AhuTongariki.jpg/330px-AhuTongariki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/AhuTongariki.jpg/440px-AhuTongariki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1496" data-file-height="1026" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Moai" title="Moai">Moai</a> at Ahu Tongariki on <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Rapa Nui</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Polynesian people are considered, by linguistic, archaeological, and human genetic evidence, a subset of the sea-migrating <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian people</a>. Tracing <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian languages</a> places their <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistoric</a> origins in <a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a>, and ultimately, in <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Taiwan</a>. </p><p>Between about 3000 and 1000 BC, speakers of <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a> spread from Taiwan into <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-matrilineality2003_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matrilineality2003-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kayser,_M._2006_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kayser,_M._2006-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are three theories regarding the spread of humans across the Pacific to Polynesia. These are outlined well by Kayser <i>et al.</i> (2000)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are as follows: </p> <ul><li>Express Train model: A recent (c. 3000–1000 BC) expansion out of Taiwan, via the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and from the northwest ("<a href="/wiki/Bird%27s_Head_Peninsula" title="Bird's Head Peninsula">Bird's Head</a>") of <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, on to <a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a> by roughly 1400 BC, reaching western Polynesian islands around 900 BC followed by a roughly 1000 year "pause" before continued settlement in central and eastern Polynesia. This theory is supported by the majority of current genetic, <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">linguistic</a>, and archaeological data.</li> <li>Entangled Bank model: Emphasizes the long history of Austronesian speakers' cultural and genetic interactions with indigenous Island Southeast Asians and Melanesians along the way to becoming the first Polynesians.</li> <li>Slow Boat model: Similar to the express-train model but with a longer hiatus in Melanesia along with admixture — genetically, culturally and linguistically — with the local population. This is supported by the Y-chromosome data of Kayser <i>et al.</i> (2000), which shows that all three <a href="/wiki/Haplotype" title="Haplotype">haplotypes</a> of Polynesian Y chromosomes can be traced back to Melanesia.<sup id="cite_ref-Kayser,_M._2006_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kayser,_M._2006-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In the archaeological record, there are well-defined traces of this expansion which allow the path it took to be followed and dated with some certainty. It is thought that by roughly 1400 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita</a> peoples", so-named after their pottery tradition, appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago" title="Bismarck Archipelago">Bismarck Archipelago</a> of northwest <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a>. This culture is seen as having adapted and evolved through time and space since its emergence "Out of <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>". They had given up rice production, for instance, which required <a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">paddy field</a> agriculture unsuitable for small islands. However, they still cultivated other ancestral Austronesian staple <a href="/wiki/Cultigen" title="Cultigen">cultigens</a> like <i><a href="/wiki/Dioscorea" title="Dioscorea">Dioscorea</a></i> yams and <a href="/wiki/Taro" title="Taro">taro</a> (the latter are still grown with smaller-scale paddy field technology), as well as adopting new ones like <a href="/wiki/Breadfruit" title="Breadfruit">breadfruit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potato</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg/440px-Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg/660px-Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg/880px-Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1053" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the migration and expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesians</a> which began at about 3000 BC from <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Taiwan</a>. The Polynesian branch is shown in green.</figcaption></figure> <p>The results of research at the Teouma Lapita site (<a href="/wiki/Efate_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Efate Island">Efate Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>) and the Talasiu Lapita site (near <a href="/wiki/Nuku%27alofa" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuku'alofa">Nuku'alofa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>) published in 2016 supports the Express Train model; although with the qualification that the migration bypassed <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a>. The conclusion from research published in 2016 is that the initial population of those two sites appears to come directly from <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> or the northern <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and did not mix with the '<a href="/wiki/Australo-Melanesian" title="Australo-Melanesian">Australo-Papuans</a>' of <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nat16_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nat16-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The preliminary analysis of skulls found at the <a href="/wiki/Teouma" title="Teouma">Teouma</a> and Talasiu Lapita sites is that they lack Australian or Papuan affinities and instead have affinities to mainland Asian populations.<sup id="cite_ref-TT-Sup_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TT-Sup-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2017 DNA analysis of modern Polynesians indicates that there has been intermarriage resulting in a mixed Austronesian-Papuan ancestry of the Polynesians (as with other modern Austronesians, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Taiwanese aborigines</a>). Research at the Teouma and Talasiu Lapita sites implies that the migration and intermarriage, which resulted in the mixed Austronesian-Papuan ancestry of the Polynesians,<sup id="cite_ref-Kayser,_M._2006_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kayser,_M._2006-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> occurred after the first initial migration to Vanuatu and Tonga.<sup id="cite_ref-Nat16_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nat16-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IB-Dec16_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IB-Dec16-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F_2_070_182_Uk_Uni_grinding_stone_1957_Myer%27s_plantation,_Samoa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/F_2_070_182_Uk_Uni_grinding_stone_1957_Myer%27s_plantation%2C_Samoa.jpg/220px-F_2_070_182_Uk_Uni_grinding_stone_1957_Myer%27s_plantation%2C_Samoa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/F_2_070_182_Uk_Uni_grinding_stone_1957_Myer%27s_plantation%2C_Samoa.jpg/330px-F_2_070_182_Uk_Uni_grinding_stone_1957_Myer%27s_plantation%2C_Samoa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/F_2_070_182_Uk_Uni_grinding_stone_1957_Myer%27s_plantation%2C_Samoa.jpg/440px-F_2_070_182_Uk_Uni_grinding_stone_1957_Myer%27s_plantation%2C_Samoa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>Grinding stones discovered from <a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Samoa" title="Archaeology of Samoa">archaeology</a> in Samoa</figcaption></figure> <p>A complete <a href="/wiki/Human_mitochondrial_genetics" title="Human mitochondrial genetics">mtDNA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whole_genome_sequencing" title="Whole genome sequencing">genome-wide SNP</a> comparison (Pugach <i>et al.</i>, 2021) of the remains of early settlers of the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a> and early Lapita individuals from <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a> also suggest that both migrations originated directly from the same ancient Austronesian source population from the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. The complete absence of "Papuan" admixture in the early samples indicates that these early voyages bypassed eastern <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and the rest of <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>. The authors have also suggested a possibility that the early Lapita Austronesians were direct descendants of the early colonists of the Marianas (which preceded them by about 150 years), which is also supported by pottery evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-Pugach_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pugach-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most eastern site for Lapita archaeological remains recovered so far is at <a href="/wiki/Mulifanua" title="Mulifanua">Mulifanua</a> on <a href="/wiki/Upolu" title="Upolu">Upolu</a>. The Mulifanua site, where 4,288 pottery shards have been found and studied, has a "true" age of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000 BC</span> based on <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dating</a> and is the oldest site yet discovered in Polynesia.<sup id="cite_ref-test_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-test-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is mirrored by a 2010 study also placing the beginning of the human archaeological sequences of Polynesia in <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a> at 900 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-burley128_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burley128-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within a mere three or four centuries, between 1300 and 900 BC, the Lapita <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">archaeological culture</a> spread 6,000 km further to the east from the Bismarck Archipelago, until reaching as far as <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Belwood1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belwood1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A cultural divide began to develop between Fiji to the west, and the distinctive Polynesian language and culture emerging on Tonga and Samoa to the east. Where there was once faint evidence of uniquely shared developments in Fijian and Polynesian speech, most of this is now called "borrowing" and is thought to have occurred in those and later years more than as a result of continuing unity of their earliest dialects on those far-flung lands. Contacts were mediated especially through the <a href="/wiki/Tovata" title="Tovata">Tovata</a> confederacy of Fiji. This is where most Fijian-Polynesian linguistic interactions occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the chronology of the exploration and first populating of Polynesia, there is a gap commonly referred to as the long pause between the first populating of <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a> (<a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a>), Western Polynesia of <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a> among others and the settlement of the rest of the region. In general this gap is considered to have lasted roughly 1,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cause of this gap in voyaging is contentious among archaeologists with a number of competing theories presented including climate shifts,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the need for the development of new voyaging techniques,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and cultural shifts. </p><p>After the long pause, dispersion of populations into central and eastern Polynesia began. Although the exact timing of when each island group was settled is debated, it is widely accepted that the island groups in the geographic center of the region (i.e. the <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Society_Islands" title="Society Islands">Society Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marquesas_Islands" title="Marquesas Islands">Marquesas Islands</a>, etc.) were settled initially between 1000 and 1150 AD,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ending with more far flung island groups such as <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Hawaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a> settled between 1200 and 1300 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-huntlipo2006_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huntlipo2006-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-huntlipo2011_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huntlipo2011-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tiny populations may have been involved in the initial settlement of individual islands;<sup id="cite_ref-burley128_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burley128-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although Professor Matisoo-Smith of the Otago study said that the founding Māori population of New Zealand must have been in the hundreds, much larger than previously thought.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Polynesian population experienced a <a href="/wiki/Founder_effect" title="Founder effect">founder effect</a> and genetic drift.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Polynesian may be distinctively different both <a href="/wiki/Genotype" title="Genotype">genotypically</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotypically</a> from the parent population from which it is derived. This is due to new population being established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population which also causes a loss of genetic variation.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Atholl_Anderson" title="Atholl Anderson">Atholl Anderson</a> wrote that analysis of <a href="/wiki/Human_mitochondrial_DNA_haplogroup" title="Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup">mitochondrial DNA</a> (mtDNA, female) and <a href="/wiki/Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroup" title="Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup">Y chromosome</a> (male) concluded that the ancestors of Polynesian women were <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesians</a> while those of Polynesian men were <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_New_Guinea" title="Indigenous people of New Guinea">Papuans</a>. Subsequently, it was found that 96% (or 93.8%)<sup id="cite_ref-Kayser,_M._2006_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kayser,_M._2006-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of Polynesian mtDNA has an Asian origin, as does one-third of Polynesian Y chromosomes; the remaining two-thirds from New Guinea and nearby islands; this is consistent with matrilocal residence patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polynesians existed from the intermixing of few ancient Austronesian-Melanesian founders, genetically they belong almost entirely to the Haplogroup B (mtDNA), which is the marker of Austronesian expansions. The high frequencies of mtDNA Haplogroup B in the Polynesians are the result of founder effect and represents the descendants of a few Austronesian females who intermixed with Papuan males.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A genomic analysis of modern populations in Polynesia, published in 2021,<sup id="cite_ref-GN2021_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GN2021-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provides a model of the direction and timing of Polynesian migrations from Samoa to the islands to the east. This model presents consistencies and inconsistencies with models of Polynesian migration that are based on archaeology and linguistic analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-PK2021_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PK2021-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2021 genomic model presents a migration pathway from Samoa to the <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a> (Rarotonga), then to the <a href="/wiki/Society_Islands" title="Society Islands">Society Islands</a> (Tōtaiete mā) in the 11th century AD, the western <a href="/wiki/Austral_Islands" title="Austral Islands">Austral Islands</a> (Tuha'a Pae) and the <a href="/wiki/Tuamotus" title="Tuamotus">Tuāmotu Archipelago</a> in the 12th century AD, with the migrant pathway branching to the north to the <a href="/wiki/Marquesas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquesas">Marquesas</a> (Te Henua 'Enana), to <a href="/wiki/Raivavae" title="Raivavae">Raivavae</a> in the south, and to the easternmost destination on <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a> (Rapa Nui), which was settled in approximately 1200 AD via <a href="/wiki/Mangareva" title="Mangareva">Mangareva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PK2021_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PK2021-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture">Culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynesia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Pierre_Norblin_de_La_Gourdaine_(after_Louis_Choris),_Temple_du_Roi_dans_la_baie_Tiritat%C3%A9a_(c._1816,_published_1822).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Jean-Pierre_Norblin_de_La_Gourdaine_%28after_Louis_Choris%29%2C_Temple_du_Roi_dans_la_baie_Tiritat%C3%A9a_%28c._1816%2C_published_1822%29.jpg/220px-Jean-Pierre_Norblin_de_La_Gourdaine_%28after_Louis_Choris%29%2C_Temple_du_Roi_dans_la_baie_Tiritat%C3%A9a_%28c._1816%2C_published_1822%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Jean-Pierre_Norblin_de_La_Gourdaine_%28after_Louis_Choris%29%2C_Temple_du_Roi_dans_la_baie_Tiritat%C3%A9a_%28c._1816%2C_published_1822%29.jpg/330px-Jean-Pierre_Norblin_de_La_Gourdaine_%28after_Louis_Choris%29%2C_Temple_du_Roi_dans_la_baie_Tiritat%C3%A9a_%28c._1816%2C_published_1822%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Jean-Pierre_Norblin_de_La_Gourdaine_%28after_Louis_Choris%29%2C_Temple_du_Roi_dans_la_baie_Tiritat%C3%A9a_%28c._1816%2C_published_1822%29.jpg/440px-Jean-Pierre_Norblin_de_La_Gourdaine_%28after_Louis_Choris%29%2C_Temple_du_Roi_dans_la_baie_Tiritat%C3%A9a_%28c._1816%2C_published_1822%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1270" data-file-height="732" /></a><figcaption>A depiction of a royal <i><a href="/wiki/Heiau" title="Heiau">heiau</a></i> (Hawaiian temple) at <a href="/wiki/Kealakekua_Bay" title="Kealakekua Bay">Kealakekua Bay</a>, c. 1816</figcaption></figure><p> The Polynesians were <a href="/wiki/Matrilineality" title="Matrilineality">matrilineal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matrilocal_residence" title="Matrilocal residence">matrilocal</a> <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> societies upon their arrival in <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a> and the surrounding islands, after having spent at least some time in the Bismarck Archipelago. The modern Polynesians still show human genetic results of a Melanesian culture which allowed indigenous men, but not women, to "marry in" – useful evidence for matrilocality.<sup id="cite_ref-matrilineality2003_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matrilineality2003-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kayser,_M._2006_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kayser,_M._2006-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated365_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated365-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_account_of_the_voyages_undertaken_by_the_order_of_His_present_Majesty_for_making_discoveries_in_the_Southern_Hemisphere,_and_successively_performed_by_Commodore_Byron,_Captain_Wallis,_Captain_(14796336363).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/An_account_of_the_voyages_undertaken_by_the_order_of_His_present_Majesty_for_making_discoveries_in_the_Southern_Hemisphere%2C_and_successively_performed_by_Commodore_Byron%2C_Captain_Wallis%2C_Captain_%2814796336363%29.jpg/280px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/An_account_of_the_voyages_undertaken_by_the_order_of_His_present_Majesty_for_making_discoveries_in_the_Southern_Hemisphere%2C_and_successively_performed_by_Commodore_Byron%2C_Captain_Wallis%2C_Captain_%2814796336363%29.jpg/420px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/An_account_of_the_voyages_undertaken_by_the_order_of_His_present_Majesty_for_making_discoveries_in_the_Southern_Hemisphere%2C_and_successively_performed_by_Commodore_Byron%2C_Captain_Wallis%2C_Captain_%2814796336363%29.jpg/560px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3774" data-file-height="1452" /></a><figcaption>Māori <a href="/wiki/Waka_(canoe)" title="Waka (canoe)">war canoe</a> drawn after <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a>'s voyage to New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Although matrilocality and matrilineality receded at some early time, Polynesians and most other Austronesian speakers in the Pacific Islands were and are still highly "matricentric" in their traditional jurisprudence.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated365_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated365-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lapita pottery for which the general archaeological complex of the earliest "Oceanic" Austronesian speakers in the Pacific Islands are named also lapsed in Western Polynesia. Language, social life and <a href="/wiki/Material_culture" title="Material culture">material culture</a> were very distinctly "Polynesian" by 1000 BC. </p><p>Early European observers detected <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">theocratic</a> elements in traditional Polynesian government.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Linguistically, there are five sub-groups of the <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian language group</a>. Each represents a region within Polynesia and the categorization of these language groups by Green in 1966 helped to confirm that Polynesian settlement generally took place from west to east. There is a very distinct "East Polynesian" subgroup with many shared innovations not seen in other Polynesian languages. The Marquesas dialects are perhaps the source of the oldest Hawaiian speech which is overlaid by Tahitian-variety speech, as Hawaiian oral histories would suggest. The earliest varieties of New Zealand Maori speech may have had multiple sources from around central Eastern Polynesia, as Maori oral histories would suggest.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_history">Political history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynesia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Political history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Entrevue_de_l%27expedition_de_M._Kotzebue_avec_le_roi_Tammeamea_dans_l%27ile_d%27Ovayhi,_Iles_Sandwich_(detailed).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Entrevue_de_l%27expedition_de_M._Kotzebue_avec_le_roi_Tammeamea_dans_l%27ile_d%27Ovayhi%2C_Iles_Sandwich_%28detailed%29.jpg/220px-Entrevue_de_l%27expedition_de_M._Kotzebue_avec_le_roi_Tammeamea_dans_l%27ile_d%27Ovayhi%2C_Iles_Sandwich_%28detailed%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Entrevue_de_l%27expedition_de_M._Kotzebue_avec_le_roi_Tammeamea_dans_l%27ile_d%27Ovayhi%2C_Iles_Sandwich_%28detailed%29.jpg/330px-Entrevue_de_l%27expedition_de_M._Kotzebue_avec_le_roi_Tammeamea_dans_l%27ile_d%27Ovayhi%2C_Iles_Sandwich_%28detailed%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Entrevue_de_l%27expedition_de_M._Kotzebue_avec_le_roi_Tammeamea_dans_l%27ile_d%27Ovayhi%2C_Iles_Sandwich_%28detailed%29.jpg/440px-Entrevue_de_l%27expedition_de_M._Kotzebue_avec_le_roi_Tammeamea_dans_l%27ile_d%27Ovayhi%2C_Iles_Sandwich_%28detailed%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Kamehameha_I" title="Kamehameha I">Kamehameha I</a> receiving the Russian naval expedition of <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Kotzebue" title="Otto von Kotzebue">Otto von Kotzebue</a>. Drawing by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Choris" title="Louis Choris">Louis Choris</a> in 1816.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cook_Islands">Cook Islands</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynesia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cook Islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cook_Islands" title="History of the Cook Islands">History of the Cook Islands</a></div> <p>The Cook Islands are made up of 15 islands comprising the Northern and Southern groups. The islands are spread out across many kilometers of a vast ocean. The largest of these islands is called Rarotonga, which is also the political and economic capital of the nation. </p><p>The Cook Islands were formerly known as the Hervey Islands, but this name refers only to the Northern Groups. It is unknown when this name was changed to reflect the current name. It is thought that the Cook Islands were settled in two periods: the Tahitian Period, when the country was settled between 900 and 1300 AD, and the Maui Settlement, which occurred in 1600 AD, when a large contingent from Tahiti settled in Rarotonga, in the Takitumu district. </p><p>The first contact between Europeans and the native inhabitants of the Cook Islands took place in 1595 with the arrival of Spanish explorer <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Menda%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Álvaro de Mendaña">Álvaro de Mendaña</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pukapuka" title="Pukapuka">Pukapuka</a>, who called it <i>San Bernardo</i> (Saint Bernard). A decade later, navigator <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Quir%C3%B3s" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro Fernández de Quirós">Pedro Fernández de Quirós</a> made the first European landing in the islands when he set foot on <a href="/wiki/Rakahanga" title="Rakahanga">Rakahanga</a> in 1606, calling it <i>Gente Hermosa</i> (Beautiful People).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cook Islanders are ethnically Polynesians or Eastern Polynesia. They are culturally associated with Tahiti, Eastern Islands, NZ Maori and Hawaii. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fiji">Fiji</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynesia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Fiji"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Fiji" title="History of Fiji">History of Fiji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seru_Epenisa_Cakobau" title="Seru Epenisa Cakobau">Seru Epenisa Cakobau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fiji_during_the_time_of_Cakobau" title="Fiji during the time of Cakobau">Fiji during the time of Cakobau</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lau_Islands" title="Lau Islands">Lau Islands</a> were subject to periods of Tongan rulership and then Fijian control until their eventual conquest by Seru Epenisa Cakobau of the Kingdom of Fiji by 1871. In around 1855 a Tongan prince, <a href="/wiki/Enele_Ma%27afu" class="mw-redirect" title="Enele Ma'afu">Enele Ma'afu</a>, proclaimed the Lau islands as his kingdom, and took the title <a href="/wiki/Tui_Lau" title="Tui Lau">Tui Lau</a>. </p><p>Fiji had been ruled by numerous divided chieftains until Cakobau unified the landmass. The Lapita culture, the ancestors of the Polynesians, existed in Fiji from about 3500 BC until they were displaced by the Melanesians about a thousand years later. (Both Samoans and subsequent Polynesian cultures adopted Melanesian painting and tattoo methods.) </p><p>In 1873, Cakobau ceded a Fiji heavily indebted to foreign creditors to the United Kingdom. It became independent on 10 October 1970 and a republic on 28 September 1987. </p><p>Fiji is classified as Melanesian and (less commonly) Polynesian. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hawaii">Hawaii</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynesia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Hawaii"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">History of Hawaii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hawaii">Kingdom of Hawaii</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polynesia&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Cleveley_the_Younger,_Views_of_the_South_Seas_(No._4_of_4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/John_Cleveley_the_Younger%2C_Views_of_the_South_Seas_%28No._4_of_4%29.jpg/220px-John_Cleveley_the_Younger%2C_Views_of_the_South_Seas_%28No._4_of_4%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/John_Cleveley_the_Younger%2C_Views_of_the_South_Seas_%28No._4_of_4%29.jpg/330px-John_Cleveley_the_Younger%2C_Views_of_the_South_Seas_%28No._4_of_4%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/John_Cleveley_the_Younger%2C_Views_of_the_South_Seas_%28No._4_of_4%29.jpg/440px-John_Cleveley_the_Younger%2C_Views_of_the_South_Seas_%28No._4_of_4%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3308" data-file-height="2422" /></a><figcaption>On February 14, 1779, Capt. <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> was killed on the island of Hawaii</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_natives_with_outrigger_canoes_at_shoreline,_Honolulu,_Hawaii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Two_natives_with_outrigger_canoes_at_shoreline%2C_Honolulu%2C_Hawaii.jpg/220px-Two_natives_with_outrigger_canoes_at_shoreline%2C_Honolulu%2C_Hawaii.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Two_natives_with_outrigger_canoes_at_shoreline%2C_Honolulu%2C_Hawaii.jpg/330px-Two_natives_with_outrigger_canoes_at_shoreline%2C_Honolulu%2C_Hawaii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Two_natives_with_outrigger_canoes_at_shoreline%2C_Honolulu%2C_Hawaii.jpg/440px-Two_natives_with_outrigger_canoes_at_shoreline%2C_Honolulu%2C_Hawaii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3613" data-file-height="2641" /></a><figcaption>Polynesians with <a href="/wiki/Outrigger_boat" title="Outrigger boat">outrigger canoes</a> at <a href="/wiki/Waikiki" title="Waikiki">Waikiki Beach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oahu" title="Oahu">Oahu Island</a>, early 20th century</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kiribati">Kiribati</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynesia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Kiribati"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Kiribati" title="History of Kiribati">History of Kiribati</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polynesia&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marquesas_Islands">Marquesas Islands</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynesia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Marquesas Islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Marquesas" title="History of the Marquesas">History of the Marquesas</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polynesia&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynesia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori people</a></div> <p>Beginning in the late 13th and early 14th centuries, Polynesians began to migrate in waves to <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> via their <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_migration_canoes" title="Māori migration canoes">canoes</a>, settling on both the <a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South</a> islands as well as the <a href="/wiki/Chatham_Islands" title="Chatham Islands">Chatham Islands</a>. Over the course of several centuries, the Polynesian settlers formed distinct cultures that became known as the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> on the New Zealand mainland, while those who settled in the <a href="/wiki/Chatham_Islands" title="Chatham Islands">Chatham Islands</a> became the <a href="/wiki/Moriori_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Moriori people">Moriori people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning the 17th century, the arrival of Europeans to New Zealand drastically impacted Māori culture. <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81keh%C4%81_settlers" class="mw-redirect" title="Pākehā settlers">Settlers from Europe</a> (known as "<a href="/wiki/P%C4%81keh%C4%81" title="Pākehā">Pākehā</a>") began to colonize New Zealand in the 19th century, leading to tension with the indigenous Māori.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 28, 1835, a group of Māori tribesmen issued a <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Independence_of_New_Zealand" title="Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand">declaration of independence</a> (drafted by Scottish businessman <a href="/wiki/James_Busby" title="James Busby">James Busby</a>) as the "<a href="/wiki/United_Tribes_of_New_Zealand" title="United Tribes of New Zealand">United Tribes of New Zealand</a>", in order to resist potential efforts at colonizing New Zealand by the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a> and prevent <a href="/wiki/Merchant_ship" title="Merchant ship">merchant ships</a> and their cargo which belonged to Māori merchants from being seized at foreign ports. The new state received recognition from the <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">British Crown</a> in 1836.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1840, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> officer <a href="/wiki/William_Hobson" title="William Hobson">William Hobson</a> and several Māori chiefs signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi" title="Treaty of Waitangi">Treaty of Waitangi</a>, which transformed New Zealand into a <a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">colony</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and granting all Māori the status of British subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, tensions between Pākehā settlers and the Māori over settler encroachment on Māori lands and disputes over land sales led to the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Wars" title="New Zealand Wars">New Zealand Wars</a> (1845–1872) between the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">colonial government</a> and the Māori. In response to the conflict, the colonial government initiated a series of <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_land_confiscations" title="New Zealand land confiscations">land confiscations</a> from the Māori.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This social upheaval, combined with epidemics of infectious diseases from Europe, devastated both the Māori population and their social standing in New Zealand. In the 20th and 21st centuries, the Maori population began to recover, and efforts were made to redress social, economic, political and economic issues facing the Māori in wider New Zealand society. Beginning in the 1960s, a <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_protest_movement" title="Māori protest movement">protest movement</a> emerged seeking redress for <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi_claims_and_settlements" title="Treaty of Waitangi claims and settlements">historical grievances</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/2013_New_Zealand_census" title="2013 New Zealand census">2013 New Zealand census</a>, roughly 600,000 people in New Zealand identified as being Māori. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Niue">Niue</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynesia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Niue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Niue" title="History of Niue">History of Niue</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polynesia&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Samoa">Samoa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynesia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Samoa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Samoa" title="History of Samoa">History of Samoa</a></div> <p>In the 9th century, the <a href="/wiki/Tui_Manu%27a" title="Tui Manu'a">Tui Manuʻa</a> controlled a vast maritime empire comprising most of the settled islands of Polynesia. The Tui Manuʻa is one of the oldest Samoan titles in Samoa. Traditional <a href="/wiki/Oral_literature" title="Oral literature">oral literature</a> of Samoa and Manu'a talks of a widespread <a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesian</a> network or <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederacy</a> (or "empire") that was prehistorically ruled by the successive Tui Manuʻa dynasties. Manuan genealogies and religious oral literature also suggest that the Tui Manuʻa had long been one of the most prestigious and powerful paramount of Samoa. Oral history suggests that the Tui Manuʻa kings governed a confederacy of far-flung islands which included <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a> as well as smaller western Pacific <a href="/wiki/Chiefdom" title="Chiefdom">chiefdoms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_outlier" title="Polynesian outlier">Polynesian outliers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Uvea_(Wallis_and_Futuna)" title="Uvea (Wallis and Futuna)">Uvea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Futuna_Island,_Wallis_and_Futuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Futuna Island, Wallis and Futuna">Futuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a>. Commerce and exchange routes between the western Polynesian societies are well documented and it is speculated that the Tui Manuʻa dynasty grew through its success in obtaining control over the oceanic trade of currency goods such as finely woven ceremonial mats, whale <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a> "<a href="/wiki/Tabua" title="Tabua">tabua</a>", <a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">obsidian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> tools, chiefly red feathers, and seashells reserved for royalty (such as polished <a href="/wiki/Nautilus" title="Nautilus">nautilus</a> and the egg <a href="/wiki/Cowry" class="mw-redirect" title="Cowry">cowry</a>). </p><p>Samoa's long history of various ruling families continued until well after the decline of the Tui Manuʻa's power, with the western isles of Savaiʻi and Upolu rising to prominence in the post-Tongan occupation period and the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Tafa%CA%BBifa" title="Tafaʻifa">tafaʻifa</a> system that dominated Samoan politics well into the 20th century. This was disrupted in the early 1900s due to colonial intervention, with east–west division by <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Convention_(1899)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripartite Convention (1899)">Tripartite Convention (1899)</a> and subsequent annexation by the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> and the United States. The German-controlled Western portion of Samoa (consisting of the bulk of Samoan territory – Savaiʻi, Apolima, Manono and Upolu) was occupied by New Zealand in WWI, and administered by it under a Class C <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. After repeated efforts by the Samoan independence movement, the New Zealand Western Samoa Act of 24 November 1961 granted Samoa independence, effective on January 1, 1962, upon which the Trusteeship Agreement terminated. The new Independent State of Samoa was not a monarchy, though the Malietoa titleholder remained very influential. It effectively ended however with the death of <a href="/wiki/Malietoa_Tanumafili_II" title="Malietoa Tanumafili II">Malietoa Tanumafili II</a>, the country's head of state, on May 11, 2007. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tahiti">Tahiti</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynesia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Tahiti"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/P%C5%8Dmare_dynasty" title="Pōmare dynasty">Pōmare dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tahiti" title="Kingdom of Tahiti">Kingdom of Tahiti</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polynesia&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tonga">Tonga</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynesia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Tonga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Tonga" title="History of Tonga">History of Tonga</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tasman-dagboek-a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Tasman-dagboek-a.jpg/220px-Tasman-dagboek-a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Tasman-dagboek-a.jpg/330px-Tasman-dagboek-a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Tasman-dagboek-a.jpg/440px-Tasman-dagboek-a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="631" /></a><figcaption>The arrival of <a href="/wiki/Abel_Tasman" title="Abel Tasman">Abel Tasman</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tongatapu" title="Tongatapu">Tongatapu</a>, 1643; drawing by <a href="/wiki/Isaack_Gilsemans" title="Isaack Gilsemans">Isaack Gilsemans</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>In the 10th century, the <a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga_Empire" title="Tuʻi Tonga Empire">Tuʻi Tonga Empire</a> was established in Tonga, and most of the Western Pacific came within its sphere of influence, up to parts of the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>. The Tongan influence brought Polynesian customs and language throughout most of Polynesia. The empire began to decline in the 13th century. </p><p>After a bloody civil war, political power in Tonga eventually fell under the <a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Kanokupolu" title="Tuʻi Kanokupolu">Tuʻi Kanokupolu</a> dynasty in the 16th century. </p><p>In 1845, the ambitious young warrior, strategist, and orator <a href="/wiki/George_Tupou_I" title="George Tupou I">Tāufaʻāhau</a> united Tonga into a more Western-style kingdom. He held the chiefly title of Tuʻi Kanokupolu, but had been baptised with the name Jiaoji ("George") in 1831. In 1875, with the help of the missionary <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Waldemar_Baker" title="Shirley Waldemar Baker">Shirley Waldemar Baker</a>, he declared Tonga a constitutional monarchy, formally adopted the western royal style, emancipated the "serfs", enshrined a code of law, land tenure, and freedom of the press, and limited the power of the chiefs. </p><p>Tonga became a <a href="/wiki/British_protectorate" title="British protectorate">British protectorate</a> under a Treaty of Friendship on 18 May 1900, when European settlers and rival Tongan chiefs tried to oust the second king. Within the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, which posted no higher permanent representative on Tonga than a British Consul (1901–1970), Tonga formed part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Western_Pacific_Territories" title="British Western Pacific Territories">British Western Pacific Territories</a> (under a High Commissioner who residing in <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>) from 1901 until 1952. Despite being under the protectorate, Tonga retained its monarchy without interruption. On June 4, 1970, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tonga" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Tonga">Kingdom of Tonga</a> became independent from the British Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynesia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Tuvalu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Tuvalu" title="History of Tuvalu">History of Tuvalu</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canoe_carving_on_Nanumea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Canoe_carving_on_Nanumea.jpg/170px-Canoe_carving_on_Nanumea.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Canoe_carving_on_Nanumea.jpg/255px-Canoe_carving_on_Nanumea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Canoe_carving_on_Nanumea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Canoe carving on <a href="/wiki/Nanumea" title="Nanumea">Nanumea</a> atoll, Tuvalu</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Reef" title="Reef">reef</a> islands and <a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">atolls</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a> are identified as being part of West Polynesia. During pre-European-contact times there was frequent canoe voyaging between the islands as <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_navigation" title="Polynesian navigation">Polynesian navigation</a> skills are recognised to have allowed deliberate journeys on double-hull sailing canoes or <a href="/wiki/Outrigger_boat" title="Outrigger boat">outrigger canoes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Belwood10_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belwood10-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eight of the nine islands of Tuvalu were inhabited; thus the name, Tuvalu, means "eight standing together" in <a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_language" title="Tuvaluan language">Tuvaluan</a>. The pattern of settlement that is believed to have occurred is that the Polynesians spread out from Samoa and <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a> into the Tuvaluan atolls, with Tuvalu providing a stepping stone for migration into the <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_outlier" title="Polynesian outlier">Polynesian outlier communities</a> in <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Belwood2_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belwood2-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bayard_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bayard-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kirch_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirch-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stories as to the ancestors of the Tuvaluans vary from island to island. On <a href="/wiki/Niutao" title="Niutao">Niutao</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-PAS_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PAS-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Funafuti" title="Funafuti">Funafuti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaitupu" title="Vaitupu">Vaitupu</a> the founding ancestor is described as being from <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Genesis_1983_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genesis_1983-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas on <a href="/wiki/Nanumea" title="Nanumea">Nanumea</a> the founding ancestor is described as being from <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Genesis_1983_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genesis_1983-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The extent of influence of the <a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga" title="Tuʻi Tonga">Tuʻi Tonga</a> line of Tongan kings, which originated in the 10th century, is understood to have extended to some of the islands of Tuvalu in the 11th to mid-13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oral history of <a href="/wiki/Niutao" title="Niutao">Niutao</a> recalls that in the 15th century Tongan warriors were defeated in a battle on the reef of Niutao. Tongan warriors also invaded Niutao later in the 15th century and again were repelled. A third and fourth Tongan invasion of Niutao occurred in the late 16th century, again with the Tongans being defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-PAS_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PAS-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tuvalu was first sighted by Europeans in January 1568 during the voyage of Spanish navigator <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Menda%C3%B1a_de_Neira" title="Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira">Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira</a> who sailed past the island of <a href="/wiki/Nui_(atoll)" title="Nui (atoll)">Nui</a>, and charted it as <i>Isla de Jesús</i> (Spanish for "Island of Jesus") because the previous day was the feast of the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Holy_Name_of_Jesus" title="Feast of the Holy Name of Jesus">Holy Name</a>. Mendaña made contact with the islanders but did not land.<sup id="cite_ref-HEMaude59_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HEMaude59-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Mendaña's second voyage across the Pacific he passed <a href="/wiki/Niulakita" title="Niulakita">Niulakita</a> in August 1595, which he named <i>La Solitaria</i>, meaning "the solitary one".<sup id="cite_ref-HEMaude59_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HEMaude59-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KSDDM_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KSDDM-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fishing was the primary source of protein, with the <a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_cuisine" title="Tuvaluan cuisine">Tuvaluan cuisine</a> reflecting food that could be grown on low-lying atolls. Navigation between the islands of Tuvalu was carried out using outrigger canoes. The population levels of the low-lying islands of Tuvalu had to be managed because of the effects of periodic droughts and the risk of severe famine if the gardens were poisoned by salt from the storm surge of a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclone</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Links_to_the_Americas">Links to the Americas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynesia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Links to the Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories#Polynesian,_Melanesian,_and_Austronesian_contact" title="Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories">Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories § Polynesian, Melanesian, and Austronesian contact</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potato</a>, called <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">kūmara</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a> and <span title="Quechua-language text"><i lang="qu">kumar</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechua</a>, is native to the Americas and was widespread in Polynesia when Europeans first reached the Pacific. Remains of the plant in the Cook Islands have been radiocarbon-dated to 1000, and the present scholarly consensus<sup id="cite_ref-plos_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plos-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is that it was brought to central Polynesia <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 700</span> by Polynesians who had traveled to South America and back, from where it spread across the region.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some genetic evidence suggests that sweet potatoes may have reached Polynesia via seeds at least 100,000 years ago, pre-dating human arrival;<sup id="cite_ref-Fox_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fox-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, this hypothesis fails to account for the similarity of names. </p><p>There are also other possible material and cultural evidence of <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian</a> contact by Polynesia with the Americas with varying levels of plausibility. These include <a href="/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken">chickens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconuts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bottle_gourd" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottle gourd">bottle gourds</a>. The question of whether Polynesians reached the Americas and the extent of cultural and material influences resulting from such a contact remains highly contentious among anthropologists.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the most enduring misconceptions about Polynesians was that they originated from the Americas. This was due to <a href="/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl" title="Thor Heyerdahl">Thor Heyerdahl</a>'s proposals in the mid-20th century that the Polynesians had migrated in two waves of migrations: one by <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a> from the northwest coast of Canada by large whale-hunting dugouts; and the other from South America by "bearded white men" with "reddish to blond hair" and "blue-grey eyes" led by a high priest and sun-king named "Kon-Tiki" on <a href="/wiki/Balsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Balsa">balsa</a>-log rafts. He claimed the "white men" then "civilized" the dark-skinned natives in Polynesia. He set out to prove this by embarking on a highly publicized <a href="/wiki/Kon-Tiki_expedition" title="Kon-Tiki expedition"><i>Kon-Tiki</i> expedition</a> on a primitive raft with a <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia#Scandinavian_as_an_ethnic_term_and_as_a_demonym" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> crew. It captured the public's attention, making the <i>Kon-Tiki</i> a household name.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharp_1963_122128_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharp_1963_122128-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Finney_1963_5_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finney_1963_5-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Andersson_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andersson-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>None of Heyerdahl's proposals have been accepted in the scientific community.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Wade_Davis_(anthropologist)" title="Wade Davis (anthropologist)">Wade Davis</a> in his book <i>The Wayfinders</i>, criticized Heyerdahl as having "ignored the overwhelming body of linguistic, ethnographic, and ethnobotanical evidence, augmented today by genetic and archaeological data, indicating that he was patently wrong."<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Carl_Suggs" title="Robert Carl Suggs">Robert Carl Suggs</a> included a chapter titled "The Kon-Tiki Myth" in his 1960 book on Polynesia, concluding that "The <i>Kon-Tiki</i> theory is about as plausible as the tales of <a href="/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis">Atlantis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mu_(mythical_lost_continent)" title="Mu (mythical lost continent)">Mu</a>, and 'Children of the Sun'. Like most such theories, it makes exciting light reading, but as an example of scientific method it fares quite poorly."<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other authors have also criticized Heyerdahl's hypothesis for its implicit <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> in attributing advances in Polynesian society to "white people", at the same time ignoring relatively advanced <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a> maritime technology in favor of a primitive balsa raft.<sup id="cite_ref-Andersson_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andersson-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2020, a novel high-density genome-wide DNA analysis of Polynesians and Native South Americans reported that there has been <a href="/wiki/Genetic_admixture" title="Genetic admixture">intermingling</a> between Polynesian people and <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_cultures_of_Colombia" title="Pre-Columbian cultures of Colombia">pre-Columbian</a> <a href="/wiki/Zen%C3%BA" title="Zenú">Zenú people</a> in a period dated between 1150 and 1380 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether this happened because of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous American</a> people reaching eastern Polynesia or because the northern coast of South America was visited by Polynesians is not clear yet.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultures">Cultures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynesia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Cultures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_culture" title="Polynesian culture">Polynesian culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_056.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Paul_Gauguin_056.jpg/220px-Paul_Gauguin_056.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Paul_Gauguin_056.jpg/330px-Paul_Gauguin_056.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Paul_Gauguin_056.jpg/440px-Paul_Gauguin_056.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3176" data-file-height="2369" /></a><figcaption>Painting of <i>Tahitian Women on the Beach</i> by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin">Paul Gauguin</a>—<a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Polynesia divides into two distinct cultural groups, East Polynesia and West Polynesia. The culture of West Polynesia is conditioned to high populations. It has strong institutions of marriage and well-developed judicial, monetary and trading traditions. West Polynesia comprises the groups of <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a> and surrounding islands. The pattern of settlement to East Polynesia began from Samoan Islands into the Tuvaluan atolls, with <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a> providing a stepping stone to migration into the <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_outlier" title="Polynesian outlier">Polynesian outlier communities</a> in <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Belwood2_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belwood2-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bayard_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bayard-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kirch_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirch-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eastern Polynesian cultures are highly adapted to smaller islands and atolls, principally <a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tahiti" title="Tahiti">Tahiti</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tuamotus" title="Tuamotus">Tuamotus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Marquesas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquesas">Marquesas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Rapa Nui</a>, and smaller central-pacific groups. The large islands of <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> were first settled by Eastern Polynesians who adapted their culture to a non-tropical environment. </p><p>Unlike western <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a>, leaders were chosen in Polynesia based on their hereditary bloodline. Samoa, however, had another system of government that combines elements of heredity and real-world skills to choose leaders. This system is called <a href="/wiki/Fa%27amatai" class="mw-redirect" title="Fa'amatai">Fa'amatai</a>. According to Ben R. Finney and Eric M. Jones, "On Tahiti, for example, the 35,000 Polynesians living there at the time of European discovery were divided between high-status persons with full access to food and other resources, and low-status persons with limited access."<sup id="cite_ref-polynesia_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-polynesia-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TahuhuNgatiAwa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/TahuhuNgatiAwa.jpg/170px-TahuhuNgatiAwa.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/TahuhuNgatiAwa.jpg/255px-TahuhuNgatiAwa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/TahuhuNgatiAwa.jpg/340px-TahuhuNgatiAwa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="1514" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wood_carving" title="Wood carving">Carving</a> from the ridgepole of a <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> house, ca 1840</figcaption></figure> <p>Religion, farming, fishing, weather prediction, out-rigger canoe (similar to modern <a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">catamarans</a>) construction and <a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">navigation</a> were highly developed skills because the population of an entire island depended on them. Trading of both luxuries and mundane items was important to all groups. Periodic droughts and subsequent famines often led to war.<sup id="cite_ref-polynesia_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-polynesia-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many low-lying islands could suffer severe famine if their gardens were poisoned by the salt from the storm surge of a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclone</a>. In these cases fishing, the primary source of protein, would not ease the loss of <a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">food energy</a>. Navigators, in particular, were highly respected and each island maintained a house of navigation with a canoe-building area. </p><p>Settlements by the Polynesians were of two categories: the hamlet and the village. The size of the island inhabited determined whether or not a hamlet would be built. The larger <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_island" title="Volcanic island">volcanic islands</a> usually had hamlets because of the many zones that could be divided across the island. Food and resources were more plentiful. These settlements of four to five houses (usually with gardens) were established so that there would be no overlap between the zones. Villages, on the other hand, were built on the coasts of smaller islands and consisted of thirty or more houses—in the case of atolls, on only one of the group so that food cultivation was on the others. Usually, these villages were fortified with walls and palisades made of stone and wood.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, New Zealand demonstrates the opposite: large volcanic islands with fortified villages. </p><p>As well as being great navigators, these people were <a href="/wiki/Oceanian_art#Polynesia" title="Oceanian art">artists and artisans</a> of great skill. Simple objects, such as fish-hooks would be manufactured to exacting standards for different catches and decorated even when the decoration was not part of the function. Stone and wooden weapons were considered to be more powerful the better they were made and decorated. In some island groups weaving was a strong part of the culture and gifting woven articles was an ingrained practice. Dwellings were imbued with character by the skill of their building. Body decoration and jewelry is of an international standard to this day. </p><p>The religious attributes of Polynesians were common over the whole Pacific region. While there are some differences in their spoken languages they largely have the same explanation for the creation of the earth and sky, for the gods that rule aspects of life and for the religious practices of everyday life. People traveled thousands of miles to celebrations that they all owned communally. </p><p>Beginning in the 1820s large numbers of missionaries worked in the islands, converting many groups to Christianity. Polynesia, argues Ian Breward, is now "one of the most strongly Christian regions in the world....Christianity was rapidly and successfully incorporated into Polynesian culture. War and slavery disappeared."<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages">Languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynesia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian languages</a></div> <p>Polynesian languages are all members of the family of <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Oceanic languages</a>, a sub-branch of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> language family. Polynesian languages show a considerable degree of similarity. The <a href="/wiki/Vowels" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowels">vowels</a> are generally the same—/a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, and /u/, pronounced as in <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>—and the consonants are always followed by a vowel. The languages of various island groups show changes in <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> /ʔ/ is increasingly represented by an inverted comma or <a href="/wiki/%CA%BBokina" class="mw-redirect" title="ʻokina">ʻokina</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Society_Islands" title="Society Islands">Society Islands</a>, the original <a href="/wiki/Proto-Polynesian_language" title="Proto-Polynesian language">Proto-Polynesian</a> <i>*k</i> and <i>*<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></i> (or the ng sound) have merged as /ʔ/, <i>*s</i> changed to /h/, and <i>*w</i> changed to /v/; so the name for the ancestral homeland, deriving from Proto-Nuclear Polynesian <i>*sawaiki</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-pollexSawaiki_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pollexSawaiki-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> becomes Havaiʻi. In New Zealand, where <i>*s</i> changed to /h/, the ancient home is <a href="/wiki/Hawaiki" title="Hawaiki">Hawaiki</a>. In the Cook Islands, where /ʔ/ replaces <i>*s</i> (with a likely intermediate stage of <i>*h</i>) and /v/ replaces <i>*w</i>, it is ʻAvaiki. In the Hawaiian islands, where /ʔ/ and /h/ replace <i>*k</i> and <i>*s</i>, respectively, the largest island of the group is named Hawaiʻi. In Samoa, where /v/ and /ʔ/ replace <i>*w</i> and <i>*k</i>, respectively, the largest island is called <a href="/wiki/Savai%CA%BBi" title="Savaiʻi">Savaiʻi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-trh_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trh-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynesia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the exception of New Zealand, the majority of independent Polynesian islands derive much of their income from foreign aid and remittances from those who live in other countries. Some encourage their young people to go where they can earn good money to remit to their stay-at-home relatives. Many Polynesian locations, such as <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a>, supplement this with tourism income. Some have more unusual sources of income, such as <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a> which marketed its '<a href="/wiki/.tv" title=".tv">.tv</a>' internet top-level domain name or the Cooks that relied on <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">postage stamp</a> sales. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuilaepa_Sailele_Malielegaoi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Tuilaepa_Sailele_Malielegaoi.jpg/220px-Tuilaepa_Sailele_Malielegaoi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Tuilaepa_Sailele_Malielegaoi.jpg/330px-Tuilaepa_Sailele_Malielegaoi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Tuilaepa_Sailele_Malielegaoi.jpg/440px-Tuilaepa_Sailele_Malielegaoi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2496" data-file-height="1664" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tuilaepa_Sailele_Malielegaoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuilaepa Sailele Malielegaoi">Tuilaepa Sailele Malielegaoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Samoa" title="Prime Minister of Samoa">Prime Minister of Samoa</a> from 1998 to 2021, who initiated the <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_Leaders_Group" title="Polynesian Leaders Group">Polynesian Leaders Group</a> in late 2011.</figcaption></figure> <p>Aside from New Zealand, another focus area of economic dependence regarding tourism is Hawaii. Hawaii is one of the most visited areas within the Polynesian Triangle, entertaining more than ten million visitors annually, excluding 2020. The economy of Hawaii, like that of New Zealand, is steadily dependent on annual tourists and financial counseling or aid from other countries or states. "The rate of tourist growth has made the economy overly dependent on this one sector, leaving Hawaii extremely vulnerable to external economic forces."<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By keeping this in mind, island states and nations similar to Hawaii are paying closer attention to other avenues that can positively affect their economy by practicing more independence and less emphasis on tourist entertainment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inter-Polynesian_cooperation">Inter-Polynesian cooperation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynesia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Inter-Polynesian cooperation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first major attempt at uniting the Polynesian islands was by <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Imperial Japan</a> in the 1930s, when various theorists (chiefly <a href="/wiki/Hachir%C5%8D_Arita" title="Hachirō Arita">Hachirō Arita</a>) began promulgating the idea of what would soon become known as the <a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a>. Under the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, all nations stretching from <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeast Asia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> would be united under one, large, cultural and economic bloc which would be free from Western <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>. The policy theorists who conceived it, along with the Japanese public, largely saw it as a pan-Asian movement driven by ideals of freedom and independence from Western colonial oppression. In practice, however, it was frequently corrupted by militarists who saw it as an effective policy vehicle through which to strengthen Japan's position and advance its dominance within Asia. At its greatest extent, it stretched from <a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Japanese occupied Indochina</a> in the west to the <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Islands" title="Gilbert Islands">Gilbert Islands</a> in the east, although it was originally planned to stretch as far east as <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a> and as far west as <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. This never came to fruition, however, as Japan was defeated during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and subsequently lost all power and influence it had.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Weinberg_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weinberg-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After several years of discussing a potential regional grouping, three sovereign states (Samoa, Tonga, and Tuvalu) and five self-governing but non-sovereign territories formally launched, in November 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_Leaders_Group" title="Polynesian Leaders Group">Polynesian Leaders Group</a>, intended to cooperate on a variety of issues including culture and language, education, responses to climate change, and trade and investment. It does not, however, constitute a political or monetary union.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Savali_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Savali-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Navigation">Navigation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynesia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Navigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_navigation" title="Polynesian navigation">Polynesian navigation</a></div> <p>Polynesia comprised islands diffused throughout a triangular area with sides of four thousand miles. The area from the Hawaiian Islands in the north, to Easter Island in the east and to New Zealand in the south were all settled by Polynesians. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Navigator" title="Navigator">Navigators</a> traveled to small inhabited islands using only their own senses and knowledge passed by <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a> from navigator to apprentice. In order to locate directions at various times of day and year, navigators in Eastern Polynesia memorized important facts: the motion of specific <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a>, and where they would rise on the <a href="/wiki/Horizon" title="Horizon">horizon</a> of the ocean; <a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">weather</a>; times of travel; wildlife species (which congregate at particular positions); directions of swells on the ocean, and how the crew would feel their motion; colors of the sea and sky, especially how clouds would cluster at the locations of some islands; and angles for approaching harbors. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Priests_traveling_across_kealakekua_bay_for_first_contact_rituals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Priests_traveling_across_kealakekua_bay_for_first_contact_rituals.jpg/220px-Priests_traveling_across_kealakekua_bay_for_first_contact_rituals.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Priests_traveling_across_kealakekua_bay_for_first_contact_rituals.jpg/330px-Priests_traveling_across_kealakekua_bay_for_first_contact_rituals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Priests_traveling_across_kealakekua_bay_for_first_contact_rituals.jpg/440px-Priests_traveling_across_kealakekua_bay_for_first_contact_rituals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1709" /></a><figcaption>Polynesian (Hawaiian) navigators sailing multi-hulled <a href="/wiki/Canoe" title="Canoe">canoe</a>, c. 1781</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Va%27a_canoe,_Matavai_village,_Savaii,_Samoa_MS.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Va%27a_canoe%2C_Matavai_village%2C_Savaii%2C_Samoa_MS.JPG/220px-Va%27a_canoe%2C_Matavai_village%2C_Savaii%2C_Samoa_MS.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Va%27a_canoe%2C_Matavai_village%2C_Savaii%2C_Samoa_MS.JPG/330px-Va%27a_canoe%2C_Matavai_village%2C_Savaii%2C_Samoa_MS.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Va%27a_canoe%2C_Matavai_village%2C_Savaii%2C_Samoa_MS.JPG/440px-Va%27a_canoe%2C_Matavai_village%2C_Savaii%2C_Samoa_MS.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A common fishing canoe <i>va'a</i> with outrigger in <a href="/wiki/Savai%CA%BBi" title="Savaiʻi">Savaiʻi</a> island, <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>, 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>These <a href="/wiki/Wayfinding" title="Wayfinding">wayfinding</a> techniques, along with <a href="/wiki/Outrigger" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger">outrigger</a> <a href="/wiki/Canoe" title="Canoe">canoe</a> construction methods, were kept as <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guild</a> secrets. Generally, each island maintained a guild of navigators who had very high status; in times of famine or difficulty these navigators could trade for aid or evacuate people to neighboring islands. On his first voyage of Pacific exploration Cook had the services of a Polynesian navigator, <a href="/wiki/Tupaia_(navigator)" title="Tupaia (navigator)">Tupaia</a>, who drew a hand-drawn chart of the islands within 3,200 km (2,000 mi) radius (to the north and west) of his home island of <a href="/wiki/Ra%27iatea" class="mw-redirect" title="Ra'iatea">Ra'iatea</a>. Tupaia had knowledge of 130 islands and named 74 on his chart.<sup id="cite_ref-Druett2_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Druett2-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tupaia had navigated from Ra'iatea in short voyages to 13 islands. He had not visited western Polynesia, as since his grandfather's time the extent of voyaging by Raiateans has diminished to the islands of eastern Polynesia. His grandfather and father had passed to Tupaia the knowledge as to the location of the major islands of western Polynesia and the navigation information necessary to voyage to <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a> and Melanesian island of <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Druett1_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Druett1-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the Admiralty orders directed Cook to search for the <a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis" title="Terra Australis">"Great Southern Continent"</a>, Cook ignored Tupaia's chart and his skills as a navigator. To this day, original traditional methods of Polynesian Navigation are still taught in the <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_outlier" title="Polynesian outlier">Polynesian outlier</a> of <a href="/wiki/Duff_Islands" title="Duff Islands">Taumako Island</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Islands_of_the_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Islands of the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>. </p><p>From a single chicken bone recovered from the archaeological site of El Arenal-1, on the <a href="/wiki/Arauco_Peninsula" title="Arauco Peninsula">Arauco Peninsula</a>, Chile, a 2007 research report looking at radiocarbon dating and an ancient DNA sequence indicate that Polynesian navigators may have reached the Americas at least 100 years before Columbus (who arrived 1492 AD), introducing chickens to South America.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A later report looking at the same specimens concluded: </p> <blockquote><p>A published, apparently pre-Columbian, Chilean specimen and six pre-European Polynesian specimens also cluster with the same European/Indian subcontinental/Southeast Asian sequences, providing no support for a Polynesian introduction of chickens to South America. In contrast, sequences from two archaeological sites on Easter Island group with an uncommon haplogroup from Indonesia, Japan, and China and may represent a genetic signature of an early Polynesian dispersal. Modeling of the potential marine carbon contribution to the Chilean archaeological specimen casts further doubt on claims for pre-Columbian chickens, and definitive proof will require further analyses of ancient DNA sequences and radiocarbon and stable isotope data from archaeological excavations within both Chile and Polynesia.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Knowledge of the traditional Polynesian methods of navigation was largely lost after contact with and colonization by Europeans. This left the problem of accounting for the presence of the Polynesians in such isolated and scattered parts of the Pacific. By the late 19th century to the early 20th century, a more generous view of Polynesian navigation had come into favor, perhaps creating a romantic picture of their canoes, seamanship and navigational expertise. </p><p>In the mid to late 1960s, scholars began testing sailing and paddling experiments related to Polynesian navigation: <a href="/wiki/David_Henry_Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="David Henry Lewis">David Lewis</a> sailed his catamaran from Tahiti to New Zealand using <a href="/wiki/Celestial_navigation" title="Celestial navigation">stellar navigation</a> without instruments and <a href="/wiki/Ben_Finney" title="Ben Finney">Ben Finney</a> built a 12-meter (40-foot) replica of a Hawaiian double canoe "Nalehia" and tested it in Hawaii.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Micronesian ethnographic research in the Caroline Islands revealed that traditional stellar navigational methods were still in everyday use. Recent re-creations of Polynesian voyaging have used methods based largely on Micronesian methods and the teachings of a Micronesian navigator, <a href="/wiki/Mau_Piailug" title="Mau Piailug">Mau Piailug</a>. </p><p>It is probable that the Polynesian navigators employed a whole range of techniques including use of the stars, the movement of ocean currents and wave patterns, the air and sea interference patterns caused by islands and <a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">atolls</a>, the flight of birds, the winds and the weather. Scientists think that long-distance Polynesian voyaging followed the seasonal paths of <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">birds</a>. There are some references in their oral traditions to the flight of birds and some say that there were range marks onshore pointing to distant islands in line with these <a href="/wiki/Flyway" title="Flyway">flyways</a>. One theory is that they would have taken a <a href="/wiki/Frigatebird" title="Frigatebird">frigatebird</a> with them. These birds refuse to land on the water as their feathers will become waterlogged making it impossible to fly. When the voyagers thought they were close to land they may have released the bird, which would either fly towards land or else return to the canoe. It is likely that the Polynesians also used wave and swell formations to navigate. It is thought that the Polynesian navigators may have measured the time it took to sail between islands in "canoe-days" or a similar type of expression. </p><p>Another navigational technique may have involved following sea turtle migrations. While other navigational techniques may have been sufficient to reach known islands, some research finds only sea turtles could have helped Polynesian navigators reach new islands. Sea turtle migrations are feasible for canoes to follow, at shallow depths, slower speeds, and in large groups. This could explain how Polynesians were able to find and settle the majority of Pacific Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also, people of the Marshall Islands used special devices called <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands_stick_chart" title="Marshall Islands stick chart">stick charts</a>, showing the places and directions of swells and wave-breaks, with tiny seashells affixed to them to mark the positions of islands along the way. Materials for these maps were readily available on beaches, and their making was simple; however, their effective use needed years and years of study.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynesia&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, 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portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png/32px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png/48px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png/64px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="617" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceania" title="Portal:Oceania">Oceania portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_set_in_Polynesia" title="Category:Films set in Polynesia">Films set in Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Polynesian narrative">Polynesian narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_Society" title="Polynesian Society">Polynesian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_Voyaging_Society" title="Polynesian Voyaging Society">Polynesian Voyaging Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesians</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynesia&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a>: <i lang="to">Polinisia</i>; <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a>: <i lang="mi">Poronihia</i>; <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a>: <i lang="haw">Polenekia</i>; <a href="/wiki/Fijian_language" title="Fijian language">Fijian</a>: <i lang="fj">Polinisia</i>; <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a>: <i lang="sm">Polenisia</i>; <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_M%C4%81ori_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cook Islands Māori language">Cook Islands Māori</a>: <i lang="rar">Porinetia</i>; <a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a>: <i lang="ty">Pōrīnetia</i>; <a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_language" title="Tuvaluan language">Tuvaluan</a>: <i lang="tvl">Polenisia</i>; <a href="/wiki/Tokelauan_language" title="Tokelauan language">Tokelauan</a>: <i lang="tkl">Polenihia</i>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Polynésie</i>; <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Polinesia</i>. From <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">πολύς</span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">polýs</i></span>) "many" and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">νῆσος</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">nêsos</i></span>) "island".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Islands that were uninhabited at contact but which have archaeological evidence of Polynesian settlement include Norfolk Island, Pitcairn, New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/Kermadec_Islands" title="Kermadec Islands">Kermadec Islands</a> and some small islands near Hawaii.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynesia&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-trh-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-trh_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trh_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHiroa1964" class="citation book cs1">Hiroa, Te Rangi (Sir Peter Henry Buck) (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-BucViki-t1-body-d1-d7.html"><i>Vikings of the Sunrise</i></a> (reprint ed.). 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(1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081015043119/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_38_1929/Field_notes_on_the_culture_of_Vaitupu%2C_Ellice_Islands%2C_by_Donald_Gilbert_Kennedy%2C_p_1-99/p1?action=null">"Field Notes on the Culture of Vaitupu, Ellice Islands"</a>. <i>Journal of the Polynesian Society</i>. <b>38</b>: 2–5. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_38_1929/Field_notes_on_the_culture_of_Vaitupu%2C_Ellice_Islands%2C_by_Donald_Gilbert_Kennedy%2C_p_1-99/p1?action=null">the original</a> on 2008-10-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Easter+Island%3A+Archaeology%2C+Ecology+and+Culture&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Van+Tilburg&rft.aufirst=Jo+Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolynesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fox-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fox_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox2018" class="citation news cs1">Fox, Alex (12 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-04488-4">"Sweet potato migrated to Polynesia thousands of years before people did"</a>. <i>Nature</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Sweet+potato+migrated+to+Polynesia+thousands+of+years+before+people+did&rft.date=2018-04-12&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fd41586-018-04488-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolynesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesStoreyMatisoo-SmithRamirez-Aliaga2011" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Terry L.; Storey, Alice A.; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth A.; Ramirez-Aliaga, Jose Miguel, eds. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ncWCVCaWMuAC"><i>Polynesians in America: Pre-Columbian Contacts with the New World</i></a>. 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(1976) "New, Non-Armchair Research". In Ben R. Finney, <i>Pacific Navigation and Voyaging</i>, The Polynesian Society Inc. p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andersson-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Andersson_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andersson_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersson2010" class="citation book cs1">Andersson, Axel (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JrhPH-9mnd8C"><i>A Hero for the Atomic Age: Thor Heyerdahl and the Kon-Tiki Expedition</i></a>. 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Suggs <i>The Island Civilizations of Polynesia</i>, New York: New American Library, p.212-224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirch, P. (2000). <i>On the Roads to the Wind: An archaeological history of the Pacific Islands before European contact</i>. <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes,_S.S.2006" class="citation journal cs1">Barnes, S.S.; et al. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719205425/http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/People/Faculty/Hunt/pdfs/Barnesetal2006.pdf">"Ancient DNA of the Pacific rat (Rattus exulans) from Rapa Nui (Easter Island)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Archaeological Science</i>. <b>33</b> (11): 1536–1540. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JArSc..33.1536B">2006JArSc..33.1536B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2006.02.006">10.1016/j.jas.2006.02.006</a>. 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Suggs, <i>The Island Civilizations of Polynesia</i>, New York: New American Library, p.224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagelssen2016" class="citation journal cs1">Magelssen, Scott (March 2016). 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John Wiley & Sons. pp. 218–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405182485" title="Special:BookSources/9781405182485"><bdi>9781405182485</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introducing+World+Christianity&rft.pages=218-29&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781405182485&rft.aulast=Farhadian&rft.aufirst=Charles+E.&rft.au=Hefner%2C+Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6qjCRE85QjYC%26pg%3DPA228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolynesia" class="Z3988"></span>; quote at p 228</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pollexSawaiki-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pollexSawaiki_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pollex.org.nz/entry/sawaiki/">"Polynesian Lexicon Project Online"</a>. Pollex.org.nz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polynesian+Lexicon+Project+Online&rft.pub=Pollex.org.nz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpollex.org.nz%2Fentry%2Fsawaiki%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolynesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatsuokaKelly1988" class="citation journal cs1">Matsuoka, Jon; Kelly, Terry (1988-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/jssw/vol15/iss4/3">"The Environmental, Economic, and Social Impacts of Resort Development and Tourism on Native Hawaiians"</a>. <i>The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare</i>. <b>15</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15453%2F0191-5096.1868">10.15453/0191-5096.1868</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0191-5096">0191-5096</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:141987142">141987142</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Sociology+%26+Social+Welfare&rft.atitle=The+Environmental%2C+Economic%2C+and+Social+Impacts+of+Resort+Development+and+Tourism+on+Native+Hawaiians&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1988-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A141987142%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0191-5096&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15453%2F0191-5096.1868&rft.aulast=Matsuoka&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft.au=Kelly%2C+Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.wmich.edu%2Fjssw%2Fvol15%2Fiss4%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolynesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolland" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Toland_(historian)" title="John Toland (historian)">Tolland, John</a>. <i>The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936–1945</i>. pp. 447–448. <q>It had been created by idealists who wanted to free Asia from the white man. As with many dreams, it was taken over and exploited by realists... Corrupted as the Co-Prosperity Sphere was by the militarists and their nationalist supporters, its call for pan-asianism remained relatively undiminished</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rising+Sun%3A+The+Decline+and+Fall+of+the+Japanese+Empire+1936%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=447-448&rft.aulast=Tolland&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolynesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weinberg-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weinberg_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weinberg, L. Gerhard. (2005). <i>Visions of Victory: The Hopes of Eight World War II Leaders</i> p.62-65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pacific.scoop.co.nz/2011/09/nz-may-be-invited-to-join-proposed-polynesian-triangle-ginger-group/">"NZ may be invited to join proposed 'Polynesian Triangle' ginger group"</a>, Pacific Scoop, 19 September 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=64516">"New Polynesian Leaders Group formed in Samoa"</a>, Radio New Zealand International, 18 November 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Savali-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Savali_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.samoanews.com/american-samoa-joins-poly-leaders-group-mou-signed">"American Samoa joins Polynesian Leaders Group, MOU signed"</a>. <i>Samoa News</i>. 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(February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.crvi.2015.12.001">"Marine turtles used to assist Austronesian sailors reaching new islands"</a>. <i>Comptes Rendus Biologies</i>. <b>339</b> (2): 78–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.crvi.2015.12.001">10.1016/j.crvi.2015.12.001</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1631-0691">1631-0691</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26857090">26857090</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+Rendus+Biologies&rft.atitle=Marine+turtles+used+to+assist+Austronesian+sailors+reaching+new+islands&rft.volume=339&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=78-82&rft.date=2016-02&rft.issn=1631-0691&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26857090&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.crvi.2015.12.001&rft.aulast=Wilm%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Lucienne&rft.au=Waeber%2C+Patrick+O.&rft.au=Ganzhorn%2C+Joerg+U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.crvi.2015.12.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolynesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryan1938" class="citation journal cs1">Bryan, E.H. (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604091519/http://www.ethnomath.org/resources/bryan1938.pdf">"Marshall Islands Stick Chart"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Paradise of the Pacific</i>. <b>50</b> (7): 12–13. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnomath.org/resources/bryan1938.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-06-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paradise+of+the+Pacific&rft.atitle=Marshall+Islands+Stick+Chart&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=12-13&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Bryan&rft.aufirst=E.H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnomath.org%2Fresources%2Fbryan1938.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolynesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynesia&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis1829" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, William (1829). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/polynesianresea10elligoog"><i>Polynesian Researches, During a Residence of Nearly Six Years in the South Sea Islands, Volume 1</i></a>. Fisher, Son & Jackson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polynesian+Researches%2C+During+a+Residence+of+Nearly+Six+Years+in+the+South+Sea+Islands%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=Fisher%2C+Son+%26+Jackson&rft.date=1829&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpolynesianresea10elligoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolynesia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis1829" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, William (1829). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/polynesianresea12elligoog"><i>Polynesian Researches, During a Residence of Nearly Six Years in the South Sea Islands, Volume 2</i></a>. Fisher, Son & Jackson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polynesian+Researches%2C+During+a+Residence+of+Nearly+Six+Years+in+the+South+Sea+Islands%2C+Volume+2&rft.pub=Fisher%2C+Son+%26+Jackson&rft.date=1829&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpolynesianresea12elligoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolynesia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis1832" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, William (1832). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aFFEAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR1"><i>Polynesian Researches, During a Residence of Nearly Six Years in the South Sea Islands, Volume 3</i></a> (Second ed.). Fisher, Son & Jackson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polynesian+Researches%2C+During+a+Residence+of+Nearly+Six+Years+in+the+South+Sea+Islands%2C+Volume+3&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Fisher%2C+Son+%26+Jackson&rft.date=1832&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaFFEAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolynesia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGatty1999" class="citation book cs1">Gatty, Harold (1999). <i>Finding Your Ways Without Map or Compass</i>. Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-40613-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-40613-8"><bdi>978-0-486-40613-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finding+Your+Ways+Without+Map+or+Compass&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-486-40613-8&rft.aulast=Gatty&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolynesia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynesia&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/polynesia" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/polynesia"><i>polynesia</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Polynesia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Polynesia">Polynesia</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130501080025/http://www.abc.net.au/gnt/history/Transcripts/s1066068.htm">Interview with David Lewis</a> (archived 1 May 2013)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121101004253/http://tritonfilms.com/lewisreview.htm">Lewis commenting on <i>Spirits of the Voyage</i></a> (archived 1 November 2012)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130717071049/http://www.maori.info/">Useful introduction to Maori society, including canoe voyages</a> (archived 17 July 2013)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/11/15/1037080913844.html">Obituary: David Henry Lewis—including how he came to rediscover Pacific Ocean navigation methods</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Polynesia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Polynesia" title="Template:Polynesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Polynesia" title="Template talk:Polynesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polynesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Polynesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Polynesia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polynesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_Triangle" title="Polynesian Triangle">Polynesian triangle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austral_Islands" title="Austral Islands">Austral Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambier_Islands" title="Gambier Islands">Gambier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquesas_Islands" title="Marquesas Islands">Marquesas Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_Islands" title="Society Islands">Society Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuamotus" title="Tuamotus">Tuamotus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Hawaiian Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotuma" title="Rotuma">Rotuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isla_Salas_y_G%C3%B3mez" title="Isla Salas y Gómez">Salas y Gómez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Islands" title="Samoan Islands">Samoan Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_outlier" title="Polynesian outlier">Polynesian outliers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aniwa_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Aniwa Island">Aniwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuta" title="Anuta">Anuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellona_Island" title="Bellona Island">Bellona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duff_Islands" title="Duff Islands">Duff Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emae" title="Emae">Emae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futuna_Island,_Vanuatu" title="Futuna Island, Vanuatu">Futuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapingamarangi" title="Kapingamarangi">Kapingamarangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mele_(island)" title="Mele (island)">Mele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuguria" title="Nuguria">Nuguria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukumanu_Islands" title="Nukumanu Islands">Nukumanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukuoro" title="Nukuoro">Nukuoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontong_Java_Atoll" title="Ontong Java Atoll">Ontong Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouv%C3%A9a" title="Ouvéa">Ouvéa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pileni" title="Pileni">Pileni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rennell_Island" title="Rennell Island">Rennell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikaiana" title="Sikaiana">Sikaiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takuu_Atoll" title="Takuu Atoll">Takuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikopia" title="Tikopia">Tikopia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Polynesian-influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lau_Islands" title="Lau Islands">Lau Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Regions_of_Oceania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_Oceania" title="Template:Regions of Oceania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_Oceania" title="Template talk:Regions of Oceania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_Oceania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of Oceania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Regions_of_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Subregion#Oceania" title="Subregion">Regions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia-New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird%27s_Head_Peninsula" title="Bird's Head Peninsula">Bird's Head Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Peninsula" title="Papuan Peninsula">Bird's Tail Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Australian_plate" title="Indo-Australian plate">Indo-Australian plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific" title="Indo-Pacific">Indo-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_Region" title="Islands Region">Islands Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Pacific Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_plate" title="Pacific plate">Pacific plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Mainland Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jervis_Bay_Territory" title="Jervis Bay Territory">Jervis Bay Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jervis_Bay_Village" title="Jervis Bay Village">Jervis Bay Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreck_Bay_Village,_Jervis_Bay_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Wreck Bay Village, Jervis Bay Territory">Wreck Bay Village</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_New_South_Wales" title="Regions of New South Wales">New South Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Coast_(New_South_Wales)" title="Central Coast (New South Wales)">Central Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tablelands" title="Central Tablelands">Central Tablelands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_West_(New_South_Wales)" title="Central West (New South Wales)">Central West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_West_(New_South_Wales)" title="Far West (New South Wales)">Far West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Blue_Mountains_Area" title="Greater Blue Mountains Area">Greater Blue Mountains Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_Region" title="Hunter Region">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illawarra" title="Illawarra">Illawarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid_North_Coast" title="Mid North Coast">Mid North Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaro_(New_South_Wales)" title="Monaro (New South Wales)">Monaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_(New_South_Wales)" title="New England (New South Wales)">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_West_Slopes" title="North West Slopes">North West Slopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Rivers" title="Northern Rivers">Northern Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tablelands" title="Northern Tablelands">Northern Tablelands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orana_(New_South_Wales)" title="Orana (New South Wales)">Orana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverina" title="Riverina">Riverina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Coast_(New_South_Wales)" title="South Coast (New South Wales)">South Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Slopes" class="mw-redirect" title="South West Slopes">South West Slopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Highlands_(New_South_Wales)" title="Southern Highlands (New South Wales)">Southern Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Tablelands" title="Southern Tablelands">Southern Tablelands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnhem_Land" title="Arnhem Land">Arnhem Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barkly_Tableland" title="Barkly Tableland">Barkly Tableland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Australia" title="Central Australia">Central Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory" title="Darwin, Northern Territory">Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Region" title="Katherine Region">Katherine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_End" title="Top End">Top End</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Queensland" title="Regions of Queensland">Queensland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_West_Queensland" title="Central West Queensland">Central West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Queensland" title="Central Queensland">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darling_Downs" title="Darling Downs">Darling Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_North_Queensland" title="Far North Queensland">Far North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Country" title="Gulf Country">Gulf Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Queensland" title="North Queensland">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_East_Queensland" title="South East Queensland">South East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Queensland" title="South West Queensland">South West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Bay%E2%80%93Burnett" title="Wide Bay–Burnett">Wide Bay–Burnett</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_South_Australia" title="Regions of South Australia">South Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Hills" title="Adelaide Hills">Adelaide Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barossa_Light_and_Lower_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Barossa Light and Lower North">Barossa Light and Lower North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Adelaide" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Adelaide">Eastern Adelaide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyre_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyre Western">Eyre Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(South_Australia)" title="Far North (South Australia)">Far North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleurieu_and_Kangaroo_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleurieu and Kangaroo Island">Fleurieu and Kangaroo Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone_Coast" title="Limestone Coast">Limestone Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_and_Mallee" class="mw-redirect" title="Murray and Mallee">Murray and Mallee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Adelaide" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Adelaide">Northern Adelaide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Adelaide" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Adelaide">Southern Adelaide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Adelaide" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Adelaide">Western Adelaide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorke_and_Mid_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Yorke and Mid North">Yorke and Mid North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Victoria" title="Regions of Victoria">Victoria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barwon_South_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Barwon South West">Barwon South West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gippsland" title="Gippsland">Gippsland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grampians_(region)" title="Grampians (region)">Grampians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Greater Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hume_(region)" title="Hume (region)">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loddon_Mallee" title="Loddon Mallee">Loddon Mallee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Western_Australia" title="Regions of Western Australia">Western Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gascoyne" title="Gascoyne">Gascoyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldfields%E2%80%93Esperance" title="Goldfields–Esperance">Goldfields–Esperance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Southern_(Western_Australia)" title="Great Southern (Western Australia)">Great Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Perth" title="Greater Perth">Greater Perth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perth_metropolitan_region" title="Perth metropolitan region">Perth Metropolitan Area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberley_(Western_Australia)" title="Kimberley (Western Australia)">Kimberley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid_West_(Western_Australia)" title="Mid West (Western Australia)">Mid West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peel_(Western_Australia)" title="Peel (Western Australia)">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilbara" title="Pilbara">Pilbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_(Western_Australia)" title="South West (Western Australia)">South West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheatbelt_(Western_Australia)" title="Wheatbelt (Western Australia)">Wheatbelt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Tasmania" title="Regions of Tasmania">Tasmania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Highlands_(Tasmania)" title="Central Highlands (Tasmania)">Central Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:East_Coast_Tasmania" title="Category:East Coast Tasmania">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midlands_(Tasmania)" title="Midlands (Tasmania)">Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:North_East_Tasmania" title="Category:North East Tasmania">North East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_West_Tasmania" title="North West Tasmania">North West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Northern_Tasmania" title="Category:Northern Tasmania">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Tasmania" title="South West Tasmania">South West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Southern_Tasmania" title="Category:Southern Tasmania">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast,_Tasmania" title="West Coast, Tasmania">West Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia#External_territories" title="States and territories of Australia">External Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands" title="Ashmore and Cartier Islands">Ashmore and Cartier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Australian_Indian_Ocean_Territories" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Indian_Ocean_Territories" title="Australian Indian Ocean Territories">Australian Indian Ocean Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_New_Zealand" title="Regions of New Zealand">New Zealand</a>‡</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northland_Region" title="Northland Region">Northland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Region" title="Auckland Region">Auckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waikato" title="Waikato">Waikato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Plenty_Region" title="Bay of Plenty Region">Bay of Plenty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gisborne_District" title="Gisborne District">Gisborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawke%27s_Bay_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawke's Bay Region">Hawke's Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranaki" title="Taranaki">Taranaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manawat%C5%AB-Whanganui" title="Manawatū-Whanganui">Manawatū-Whanganui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellington_Region" title="Wellington Region">Wellington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tasman_District" title="Tasman District">Tasman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson,_New_Zealand" title="Nelson, New Zealand">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlborough_District" title="Marlborough District">Marlborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Region" title="West Coast Region">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Region" title="Canterbury Region">Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otago" title="Otago">Otago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southland_Region" title="Southland Region">Southland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Island" title="Stewart Island">Stewart Island</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_outlying_islands" title="New Zealand outlying islands">Outlying Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chatham_Islands" title="Chatham Islands">Chatham Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kermadec_Islands" title="Kermadec Islands">Kermadec Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solander_Islands" title="Solander Islands">Solander Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manawat%C4%81whi_/_Three_Kings_Islands" title="Manawatāwhi / Three Kings Islands">Three Kings Islands</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="NZ_Subantarctic_Islands" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Subantarctic_Islands" title="New Zealand Subantarctic Islands">NZ Subantarctic Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antipodes_Islands" title="Antipodes Islands">Antipodes Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Islands" title="Auckland Islands">Auckland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bounty_Islands" title="Bounty Islands">Bounty Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campbell_Islands" title="Campbell Islands">Campbell Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snares_Islands_/_Tini_Heke" class="mw-redirect" title="Snares Islands / Tini Heke">Snares Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="East_Melanesian_Islands" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/East_Melanesian_Islands" title="East Melanesian Islands">East Melanesian Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago" title="Bismarck Archipelago">Bismarck Archipelago</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Islands" title="Admiralty Islands">Admiralty Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazelle_Peninsula" title="Gazelle Peninsula">Gazelle Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Islands" title="Santa Cruz Islands">Santa Cruz Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Solomon_Islands_Archipelago" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_(archipelago)" title="Solomon Islands (archipelago)">Solomon Islands Archipelago</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville" title="Autonomous Region of Bougainville">Bougainville</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonis_Peninsula" title="Bonis Peninsula">Bonis Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aru_Islands_Regency" title="Aru Islands Regency">Aru Islands</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Regions of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highlands_Region" title="Highlands Region">Highlands Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momase_Region" title="Momase Region">Momase Region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huon_Gulf" title="Huon Gulf">Huon Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huon_Peninsula" title="Huon Peninsula">Huon Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Region,_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Southern Region, Papua New Guinea">Southern Region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Western New Guinea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Papua" title="Central Papua">Central Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Papua" title="Highland Papua">Highland Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_(province)" title="Papua (province)">Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Papua" title="South Papua">South Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Papua" title="Southwest Papua">Southwest Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papua_(province)" title="West Papua (province)">West Papua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banaba" title="Banaba">Banaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Islands" title="Gilbert Islands">Gilbert Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polynesia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_Triangle" title="Polynesian Triangle">Polynesian Triangle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isla_Salas_y_G%C3%B3mez" title="Isla Salas y Gómez">Salas and Gómez Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cook_Islands" title="Northern Cook Islands">Northern Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Cook_Islands#Southern_Cook_Islands" title="Geography of the Cook Islands">Southern Cook Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austral_Islands" title="Austral Islands">Austral Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambier_Islands" title="Gambier Islands">Gambier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangareva_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangareva Islands">Mangareva Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquesas_Islands" title="Marquesas Islands">Marquesas Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_Islands" title="Society Islands">Society Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuamotus" title="Tuamotus">Tuamotu Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands#Major_islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Southeastern Hawaiian Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston_Atoll" title="Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_Islands" title="Line Islands">Line Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Island" title="Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingman_Reef" title="Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiritimati" title="Kiritimati">Kiritimati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_Atoll" title="Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabuaeran" title="Tabuaeran">Tabuaeran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teraina" title="Teraina">Teraina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" title="Geography of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henderson_Island_(Pitcairn_Islands)" title="Henderson Island (Pitcairn Islands)">Henderson Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ducie_Island" title="Ducie Island">Ducie Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oeno_Island" title="Oeno Island">Oeno Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotuma" title="Rotuma">Rotuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Islands" title="Samoan Islands">Samoan Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Independent State of Samoa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atafu" title="Atafu">Atafu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakaofo" title="Fakaofo">Fakaofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukunonu" title="Nukunonu">Nukunonu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swains_Island" title="Swains Island">Swains Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoorn_Islands" title="Hoorn Islands">Hoorn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_(island)" title="Wallis (island)">Wallis Island</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Phoenix_Islands" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Islands" title="Phoenix Islands">Phoenix Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canton_Island" title="Canton Island">Canton Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howland_and_Baker_Islands" title="Howland and Baker Islands">Howland and Baker Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Island" title="Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howland_Island" title="Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_outlier" title="Polynesian outlier">Polynesian Outliers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desventuradas_Islands" title="Desventuradas Islands">Desventuradas Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands" title="Galápagos Islands">Galápagos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Islands" title="Juan Fernández Islands">Juan Fernández Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Hawaiian_Islands" title="Northwestern Hawaiian Islands">Northwestern Hawaiian Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>‡ <i>also part of Polynesia</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_Oceania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_Oceanian_capitals_by_region" title="Template:List of Oceanian capitals by region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_Oceanian_capitals_by_region" title="Template talk:List of Oceanian capitals by region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_Oceanian_capitals_by_region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of Oceanian capitals by region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capitals</a> of Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a> are in italics</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Honiara" title="Honiara">Honiara</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Noum%C3%A9a" title="Nouméa">Nouméa</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></i><sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Port_Moresby" title="Port Moresby">Port Moresby</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a><sup>3</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Port_Vila" title="Port Vila">Port Vila</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Suva" title="Suva">Suva</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Hag%C3%A5t%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagåtña">Hagåtña</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></i><sup>4</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Majuro" title="Majuro">Majuro</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a><sup>5</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ngerulmud" title="Ngerulmud">Ngerulmud</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a><sup>5</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Palikir" title="Palikir">Palikir</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a><sup>5</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Saipan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saipan">Saipan</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></i><sup>4</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Tarawa" title="South Tarawa">South Tarawa</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yaren_District" title="Yaren District">Yaren</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a> (de facto)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polynesia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Adamstown,_Pitcairn_Islands" title="Adamstown, Pitcairn Islands">Adamstown</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></i><sup>6</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Alofi" title="Alofi">Alofi</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></i><sup>7</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Apia" title="Apia">Apia</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Avarua" title="Avarua">Avarua</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></i><sup>7</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fakaofo" title="Fakaofo">Fakaofo</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></i><sup>8</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Funafuti" title="Funafuti">Funafuti</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mata_Utu" title="Mata Utu">Mata Utu</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></i> (de facto)<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nuku%CA%BBalofa" title="Nukuʻalofa">Nukuʻalofa</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pago_Pago" class="mw-redirect" title="Pago Pago">Pago Pago</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></i><sup>4</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Papeete" title="Papeete">Papeete</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></i><sup>2</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup>Often included in Polynesia</li> <li><sup>2</sup><a href="/wiki/Overseas_collectivities" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas collectivities">Overseas collectivities</a> or <a href="/wiki/Overseas_France#Sui_generis_collectivity" title="Overseas France"><i>sui generis</i> collectivity</a> of France</li> <li><sup>3</sup>Often included in Australasia</li> <li><sup>4</sup><a href="/wiki/Insular_area" title="Insular area">Insular area</a> of the United States</li> <li><sup>5</sup>In <a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">free association</a> with the United States</li> <li><sup>6</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><sup>7</sup>In <a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">free association</a> with New Zealand</li> <li><sup>8</sup><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">New Zealand dependent territory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" title="Template:Countries and territories of Oceania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" title="Template talk:Countries and territories of Oceania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and territories of Oceania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Oceania" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Oceania">Countries and territories</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oceanian_countries_by_area" title="List of Oceanian countries by area">List of Oceanian countries by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oceanian_countries_by_population" title="List of Oceanian countries by population">List of Oceanian countries by population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Entire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">In part</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Islands" title="Juan Fernández Islands">Juan Fernández Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands" title="Galápagos Islands">Galápagos Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Papua" title="Central Papua">Central Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Papua" title="Highland Papua">Highland Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_(province)" title="Papua (province)">Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Papua" title="South Papua">South Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Papua" title="Southwest Papua">Southwest Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papua_(province)" title="West Papua (province)">West Papua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_Atoll" title="Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/225px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/300px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated states</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other <a href="/wiki/Territory#Overseas_territory" title="Territory">territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands" title="Ashmore and Cartier Islands">Ashmore and Cartier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Island" title="Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howland_Island" title="Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Island" title="Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston_Atoll" title="Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingman_Reef" title="Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_France" title="Overseas France">Overseas France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_collectivity" title="Overseas collectivity">Overseas collectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_country_of_France" title="Overseas country of France">Overseas country of France</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_the_Cook_Islands_and_Niue" title="Political status of the Cook Islands and Niue">Political status of the Cook Islands and Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">States and territories of Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Indian_Ocean_Territories" title="Australian Indian Ocean Territories">Australian Indian Ocean Territories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._insular_area)" title="Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)">Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_area" title="Insular area">Insular area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">United States Minor Outlying Islands</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Culture_of_indigenous_Oceania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Oceania" title="Template:Culture of Oceania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Oceania" title="Template talk:Culture of Oceania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Oceania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Oceania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culture_of_indigenous_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_peoples#Oceania" title="List of Indigenous peoples">Culture of indigenous Oceania</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>List of resources about traditional arts and culture of Oceania</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_art" title="Oceanian art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Island#Ahu" title="Easter Island">Ahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_art" title="Indigenous Australian art">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Arts" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapa" title="Kapa">kapa (Hawaiʻi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lei_(garland)" title="Lei (garland)">Lei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magimagi" title="Magimagi">magimagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moai" title="Moai">moai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_art" title="New Zealand art">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:M%C4%81ori_art" title="Category:Māori art">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguzu_nguzu" title="Nguzu nguzu">nguzu nguzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_art" title="Oceanian art">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_art" title="Papua New Guinean art">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reimiro" title="Reimiro">reimiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81_moko" title="Tā moko">tā moko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabua" title="Tabua">tabua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%CA%BBovala" title="Taʻovala">taʻovala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_cloth" title="Tapa cloth">tapa ["masi" (Fiji), "ngatu" (Tonga), "siapo" (Sāmoa), " ʻuha" (Rotuma)]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattoo" title="Tattoo">tattoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%93fui" title="Tēfui">tēfui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivaevae" title="Tivaevae">tivaevae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Broad culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">areca nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kava" title="Kava">"yaqona" (Fiji), or "sakau" (Pohnpei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kava_culture" title="Kava culture">Kava culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Māori culture">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_culture" title="Polynesian culture">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa_%27ava_ceremony" class="mw-redirect" title="Samoa 'ava ceremony">Sāmoa 'ava ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wood_carving#Aboriginal" title="History of wood carving">Wood carving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geo-specific,<br />general</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians#Culture" title="Indigenous Australians">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_astronomy" title="Australian Aboriginal astronomy">Australian Aboriginal astronomy</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Culture" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands#People_and_culture" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline Islands</a>, <i>-<a href="/wiki/Pwo" title="Pwo">Pwo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moriori#Revival_of_culture" title="Moriori">Chatham Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands#Culture" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Island#Culture" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Fiji" title="Culture of Fiji">Fiji</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lau_Islands#Culture_and_economy" title="Lau Islands">Lau Islands</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fijian_traditions_and_ceremonies" title="Fijian traditions and ceremonies">traditions and ceremonies</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam#Culture" title="Guam">Guam</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lomilomi_massage" title="Lomilomi massage">Lomilomi massage</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kiribati" title="Culture of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Marquesas_Islands" title="Culture of the Marquesas Islands">French Polynesia's Marquesas Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia#Culture" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Nauru" title="Culture of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia#Culture" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_New_Zealand" title="Culture of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Māori culture">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue#Culture" title="Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island#Culture" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau#Culture" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Culture of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands#Culture_and_religion" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Samoan culture">Sāmoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Solomon_Islands" title="Culture of the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Tonga" title="Culture of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders#Culture" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu#Culture" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Vanuatu" title="Culture of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna#Culture" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_navigation" title="Polynesian navigation">Polynesian Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_navigation" title="Micronesian navigation">Micronesian Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshallese culture">Marshall Islands</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands_stick_chart" title="Marshall Islands stick chart">Stick charts of</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yap#Culture" title="Yap">Yap</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yap#Navigation_(sailing)" title="Yap">navigation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weriyeng" title="Weriyeng">Weriyeng navigation school</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canoes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_dugout_canoe" title="Aboriginal dugout canoe">Aboriginal dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alingano_Maisu" title="Alingano Maisu">Alingano Maisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Bangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drua" title="Drua">Drua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(boat)#Pacific_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Dugout (boat)">Dugout (boat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dk%C5%ABle%CA%BBa" title="Hōkūleʻa">Hōkūleʻa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaep" title="Kaep">Kaep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakoa" title="Karakoa">Karakoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_migration_canoes" title="Māori migration canoes">Māori migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger_canoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger canoe">Outrigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paopao_(canoe)" title="Paopao (canoe)"> Paopao (Tuvalu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraw" title="Paraw">Paraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_sailing#Polynesian_sailing_canoes" title="Canoe sailing">Polynesian sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proa" title="Proa">Proa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinta" title="Vinta">Vinta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waka_(canoe)" title="Waka (canoe)">Waka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_M%C4%81ori_waka" title="List of Māori waka">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walap" title="Walap">Walap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBAparima" title="ʻAparima">ʻAparima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cibi" title="Cibi">cibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fara_(Rotuman_festivity)" title="Fara (Rotuman festivity)">fara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_performance" title="Fire performance">fire dancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewalking" title="Firewalking">firewalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haka" title="Haka">haka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hivinau" title="Hivinau">hivinau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hula" title="Hula">hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kailao" title="Kailao">kailao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapa_haka" title="Kapa haka">kapa haka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Kiribati" title="Dance in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meke" title="Meke">meke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27ote%27a" title="'ote'a">'ote'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%27o%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Pa'o'a">pa'o'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poi_(performance_art)" title="Poi (performance art)">poi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Rotuma" title="Dance in Rotuma">Rotuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_culture#Dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Samoan culture">siva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dances_of_Tahiti" title="Category:Dances of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamure" title="Tamure">tāmūrē</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tautoga" title="Tautoga">tautoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dances_of_Tonga" title="Category:Dances of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tuvalu" title="Music of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27upa%27upa" title="'upa'upa">'upa'upa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Australia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garma_Festival_of_Traditional_Cultures" title="Garma Festival of Traditional Cultures">Garma Festival</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hawaiʻi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aloha_Festivals" title="Aloha Festivals">Aloha Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrie_Monarch_Festival" title="Merrie Monarch Festival">Merrie Monarch Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Invitational_Hula_Festival" title="World Invitational Hula Festival">World Invitational Hula Festival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Fiji" title="List of festivals in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li>New Zealand <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pasifika_Festival" title="Pasifika Festival">Pasifika Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te_Matatini" title="Te Matatini">Te Matatini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Community" title="Pacific Community">Pacific Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Festival_of_Pacific_Arts" title="Festival of Pacific Arts">Festival of Pacific Arts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Category:Festivals in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">by area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">Languages of Oceania </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Australia" title="Languages of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Fiji" title="Languages of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kiribati" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Marshall_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nauru" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_New_Zealand" title="Languages of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Palau" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Languages of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tonga" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Vanuatu" title="Languages of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states<br />of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Cook_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies<br />and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_American_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Easter_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_French_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_New_Caledonia" title="Languages of New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Norfolk_Island" title="Languages of Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tokelau" title="Languages of Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Wallis_and_Futuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">by category</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Oceania" title="Category:Languages of Oceania">Languages of Oceania</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_literature" title="Oceanian literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Literature_of_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Oceania">Literature of Oceania </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the Federated States of Micronesia (page does not exist)">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Fiji" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Kiribati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Kiribati (page does not exist)">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_Marshall_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the Marshall Islands (page does not exist)">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Nauru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Nauru (page does not exist)">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Palau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Palau (page does not exist)">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Solomon_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Solomon Islands (page does not exist)">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Tonga" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Tuvalu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Tuvalu (page does not exist)">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Vanuatu" title="Literature of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states<br />of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_the_Cook_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies<br />and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_American_Samoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of American Samoa (page does not exist)">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Easter_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Easter Island (page does not exist)">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_French_Polynesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of French Polynesia (page does not exist)">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Guam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Guam (page does not exist)">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_New_Caledonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Norfolk_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Norfolk Island (page does not exist)">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the Northern Mariana Islands (page does not exist)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the Pitcairn Islands (page does not exist)">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Tokelau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Tokelau (page does not exist)">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Wallis_and_Futuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Wallis and Futuna (page does not exist)">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Austral_Islands" title="Music of the Austral Islands">Austral Islands (French Polynesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_Australia" title="Indigenous music of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Music" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Cook_Islands" title="Music of the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Easter_Island" title="Music of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Fiji" title="Music of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guam" title="Music of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kiribati" title="Music of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lali_(drum)" title="Lali (drum)">Lali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Melanesia" title="Music of Melanesia">Melanesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nauru" title="Music of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Caledonia" title="Music of New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Zealand" title="Music of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_music" title="Māori music">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Niue" title="Music of Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Music of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Palau" title="Music of Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Music of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Polynesia" title="Music of Polynesia">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Samoa" title="Music of Samoa">Sāmoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slit_drum" title="Slit drum">Slit drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Music of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tahiti" title="Music of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tokelau" title="Music of Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tonga" title="Music of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tuvalu" title="Music of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vanuatu" title="Music of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Polynesia" title="Music of Polynesia">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aboriginal mythology">Australian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fijian_mythology" title="Category:Fijian mythology">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangarevan_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangarevan mythology">Mangarevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahiti_and_Society_Islands_mythology" title="Tahiti and Society Islands mythology">Maohi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_mythology" title="Māori mythology">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menehune" title="Menehune">Menehune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oceanian_legendary_creatures" title="Category:Oceanian legendary creatures">Oceanian legendary creatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_mythology" title="Samoan mythology">Samoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_mythology" title="Tuvaluan mythology">Tuvaluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vanuatu_mythology" title="Category:Vanuatu mythology">Vanuatuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islander_Policy_Research_Consortium" title="Asian American and Pacific Islander Policy Research Consortium">Asian American and Pacific Islander Policy Research Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau">Sama-Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_people" title="Chamorro people">Chamorro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moriori" title="Moriori">Chatham Islander (Moriori <em>or</em> Rekohu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijians" title="Fijians">Fijian (iTaukei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_people" title="Ilocano people">Ilocano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igorot" class="mw-redirect" title="Igorot">Igorot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivatan_people" title="Ivatan people">Ivatans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumad" title="Lumad">Lumad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Demographics of the Marshall Islands">Marshallese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesians" title="Melanesians">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesians" title="Micronesians">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negrito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Islanders" title="Norfolk Islanders">Norfolk Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_New_Guinea" title="Indigenous people of New Guinea">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maohi" title="Maohi">Indigenous Polynesian (Mā’ohi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_people" title="Rapa Nui people">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotumans" title="Rotumans">Rotuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoans" title="Samoans">Samoan (Tagata Māo‘i)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_people" title="Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahitians" title="Tahitians">Tahitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese aborigines">Taiwanese aborigines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelauan_people" title="Tokelauan people">Tokelauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Tonga" title="Demographics of Tonga">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visayans" title="Visayans">Visayans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yami people">Yami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion_in_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oceania" title="Religion in Oceania">Religion in Oceania </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Fiji" title="Religion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kiribati" title="Religion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Religion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Palau" title="Religion in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Religion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Religion in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tonga" title="Religion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tuvalu" title="Religion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states<br />of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Religion in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies<br />and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_American_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Easter_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in Easter Island (page does not exist)">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_French_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Caledonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norfolk_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tokelau" title="Religion in Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wallis_and_Futuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>For other topics including Oceanian <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Oceania">cinema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shell_money_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell money in Oceania">indigenous currency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Oceanian_clothing" title="Category:History of Oceanian clothing">dress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Oceanian_folklore" title="Category:Oceanian folklore">folklore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Oceanian_cuisine" title="Category:Oceanian cuisine">cuisine</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Oceania" title="Category:Culture of Oceania">Category:Culture of Oceania</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earth&#039;s_primary_regions_and_subregions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template:Regions of the world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template talk:Regions of the world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of the world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earth&#039;s_primary_regions_and_subregions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s primary <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme" title="United Nations geoscheme">regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subregion" title="Subregion">subregions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World" title="World">Worlds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World">Arab World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_Under" title="Down Under">Down Under</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-world_model" title="Three-world model">Three/Four Worlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_World" title="Second World">Second World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_World" title="Fourth World">Fourth World</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemispheres_of_Earth" title="Hemispheres of Earth">Hemispheres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hemisphere" title="Eastern Hemisphere">Eastern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Land Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Water Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landmass" title="Landmass">Landmasses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Africa-Eurasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submerged_continent" title="Submerged continent">submerged</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plates">Tectonic plates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">Continents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Plateau" title="Antarctic Plateau">Antarctic Plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transantarctic_Mountains" title="Transantarctic Mountains">Transantarctic Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctica" title="West Antarctica">West Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aralkum_Desert" title="Aralkum Desert">Aralkum Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Asia" title="Greater Central Asia">Greater Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Asia" title="Pacific Asia">Pacific Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_(region)" title="Ural (region)">Ural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_states" title="Himalayan states">Himalayan states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of South Asia">Subregions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">South-eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">South-western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Europe" title="Atlantic Europe">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic-speaking Europe">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance-speaking Europe">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(Americas)" title="Middle America (Americas)">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_states" title="Mountain states">Mountain states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_South_Central_states" title="West South Central states">West South Central United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mexico" title="Northern Mexico">Northern Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Anglo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_America" title="French America">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibero-America" title="Ibero-America">Ibero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_America" title="Portuguese America">Portuguese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Mainland Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near Oceania</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote Oceania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin_(sedimentary_basin)" title="Amazon Basin (sedimentary basin)">Amazon Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon Rainforest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Community" title="Andean Community">Andean States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highlands" title="Brazilian Highlands">Brazilian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_South_America" title="Caribbean South America">Caribbean South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Guianas" title="The Guianas">The Guianas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern Cone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands" title="Lists of islands">Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Africa" title="List of islands of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands_of_the_Americas" title="Lists of islands of the Americas">America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_North_America" title="List of islands of North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Central_America" title="List of islands of Central America">Central America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_South_America" title="List of islands of South America">South America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Europe" title="List of islands of Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_area" title="List of European islands by area">by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_population" title="List of European islands by population">by population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_New_Zealand" title="List of islands of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Arctic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Baltic_Sea" title="List of islands in the Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Black_Sea" title="List of islands in the Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Irish_Sea" title="List of islands in the Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Mediterranean" title="List of islands in the Mediterranean">Mediterranean Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Adriatic" title="List of islands in the Adriatic">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aegean_Islands" title="List of Aegean Islands">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Sea</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="List of islands in the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_East_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the East China Sea">East China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the South China Sea">South China Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Southern Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">Antarctic Convergence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Trench" title="Mariana Trench">Mariana Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean#World_Ocean" title="Ocean">World Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">waterbodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_lakes" title="Lists of lakes">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rivers" title="Lists of rivers">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seas_on_Earth" title="List of seas on Earth">Seas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Rim_regions" title="Category:Rim regions">Rim</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Rim">Atlantic Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Mediterranean" title="Indo-Mediterranean">Indo-Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Ocean Rim">Indian Ocean Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Rim">Mediterranean Rim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim" title="Pacific Rim">Pacific Rim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">Polar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Global_regions" title="Category:Global regions">Global</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_East" title="Global East">Global East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Geographical_Pivot_of_History#The_Heartland" title="The Geographical Pivot of History">Global Heartland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Global Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Northwest" title="Global Northwest">Global Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southeast" title="Global Southeast">Global Southeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southwest" title="Global Southwest">Global Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Global West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Continents_of_Earth" 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