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<span>Instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rhythms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhythms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rhythms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhythms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Dance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gwo_ka_moderne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gwo_ka_moderne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gwo ka moderne</span> </div> </a> <ul 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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88_%D9%83%D8%A7" title="جو كا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جو كا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwo_ka" title="Gwo ka – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gwo ka" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwo_ka" title="Gwo ka – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Gwo ka" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwo_ka" title="Gwo ka – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gwo ka" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwoka" title="Gwoka – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gwoka" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%95-%D7%A7%D7%94" title="גו-קה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גו-קה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwoka" title="Gwoka – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Gwoka" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Гво-ка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Гво-ка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fat mw-list-item"><a href="https://fat.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwo_ka" title="Gwo ka – Fanti" lang="fat" hreflang="fat" data-title="Gwo ka" data-language-autonym="Mfantse" data-language-local-name="Fanti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mfantse</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwoka" title="Gwoka – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Gwoka" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwoka" title="Gwoka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gwoka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%90%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ґво ка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ґво ка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dga mw-list-item"><a href="https://dga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwo_Ka" title="Kwo Ka – Dagaare" lang="dga" hreflang="dga" data-title="Kwo Ka" data-language-autonym="Dagaare" data-language-local-name="Dagaare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagaare</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2915789#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Gwo ka</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stylistic origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultural origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">17th century, <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Derivative forms</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><a href="/wiki/Gwo_ka_moderne" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwo ka moderne">Gwo ka moderne</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Fusion genres</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><a href="/wiki/Zouk_(musical_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zouk (musical movement)">Zouk</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Other topics</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guadeloupe" title="Music of Guadeloupe">Music of Guadeloupe</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #eee; font-size: 125%;">Gwoka: music, song, dance and cultural practice representative of Guadeloupean identity</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em; text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><b><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Domains</th><td class="infobox-data category">Performing arts</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/00991">00991</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee; font-size:110%;">Inscription history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">2014 (9th session)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Masterpieces_of_the_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity" title="Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity">List</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Representative</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="background-color: white"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guadeloupe" title="Music of Guadeloupe">Music of Guadeloupe</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E5E4E2"> General topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Guadeloupe" title="Category:Music of Guadeloupe">Related articles</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E5E4E2"> Genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balakadri" title="Balakadri">Balakadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biguine" title="Biguine">Biguine vidé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouyon_music" title="Bouyon music">Bouyon gwada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadence-lypso" title="Cadence-lypso">Cadence-lypso</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gwo ka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_hip_hop" title="French hip hop">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadence_rampa" title="Cadence rampa">Kadans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini-jazz" title="Mini-jazz">Mini-jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zouk_(musical_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zouk (musical movement)">Zouk</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E5E4E2"> Nationalistic and patriotic songs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> National anthem</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/La_Marseillaise" title="La Marseillaise">La Marseillaise</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E5E4E2"> Regional music</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Anguilla" title="Music of Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Music of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_former_Netherlands_Antilles" title="Music of the former Netherlands Antilles">Aruba and the Dutch Antilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Bahamas" title="Music of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Barbados" title="Music of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bermuda" title="Music of 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_of_Guadeloupe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music of Guadeloupe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Musique_Gwoka.webm/220px--Musique_Gwoka.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="30" data-mwtitle="Musique_Gwoka.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Musique_Gwoka.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/43/Musique_Gwoka.webm/Musique_Gwoka.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Musique_Gwoka.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/43/Musique_Gwoka.webm/Musique_Gwoka.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/43/Musique_Gwoka.webm/Musique_Gwoka.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/43/Musique_Gwoka.webm/Musique_Gwoka.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/43/Musique_Gwoka.webm/Musique_Gwoka.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Gwo ka played in <a href="/wiki/Basse-Terre" title="Basse-Terre">Basse-Terre</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Gwo ka</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Antillean_Creole" title="Antillean Creole">Antillean Creole</a> term for <a href="/wiki/Big_drum" class="mw-redirect" title="Big drum">big drum</a>. Alongside <i>Gwotanbou</i>, simply <i>Ka</i> or <i>Banboula</i> (archaic),<sup id="cite_ref-lafontaine-1985_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lafontaine-1985-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it refers to both a family of hand <a href="/wiki/Drum" title="Drum">drums</a> and the music played with them, which is a major part of <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guadeloupe" title="Music of Guadeloupe">Guadeloupean folk music</a>. Moreover, the term is occasionally found in reference to the small, flat-bottomed tambourine (<i>tanbou d'bas</i>) played in <a href="/wiki/Kwadril#Guadeloupe_balakadri" title="Kwadril">kadri</a> music, or even simply to drum (<i>tanbou</i>) in general.<sup id="cite_ref-lafontaine-1985_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lafontaine-1985-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Gwo Ka musical practice emerged in the seventeenth century, during the transatlantic slave trade<sup id="cite_ref-tahon-stichet-2017_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tahon-stichet-2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="#Gwo_Ka:_the_rhythms">Seven simple drum patterns</a> form the basis of gwo ka music, on which the drummers build rhythmic improvisations. Different sizes of drums provide the foundation and its flourishes. The largest, the <a href="/wiki/Boula_(music)" title="Boula (music)">boula</a>, plays the central rhythm while the smaller <i>maké</i> (or markeur) embellishes upon it, inter-playing with dancers, audience, or singer. Gwo ka singing is usually guttural, nasal, and rough, though it can also be bright and smooth, and is accompanied by uplifting and complex harmonies and melodies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There are also dances that tell folk stories that are accompanied by the gwo ka drums. </p><p>In modern, urban Guadeloupe, playing drums is not inextricably linked to dance anymore. But historically, the two practices were inseparable parts of the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Lewoz" title="Lewoz">léwôz</a>, events held fortnightly on Saturdays near the bigger plantations (payday), and each Saturday of the carnival season in areas of greater land parcelling.<sup id="cite_ref-lafontaine-1985_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lafontaine-1985-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gwoka music was–and still is–played throughout the year in various cultural manifestations such as <i>léwòz</i>, <i>kout’tanbou</i>, <i>véyé</i> and religious events, for example Advent's wake.<sup id="cite_ref-tahon-stichet-2017_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tahon-stichet-2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, rural Guadeloupans still gather for léwôz experiences, but a modernized and popularized form of gwo ka exists independently, known as <a href="#Gwo_ka_moderne">gwo ka moderne</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwo_ka&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Gwo Ka musical practice emerged in the 17th century during the transatlantic slave trade, as a result of a creolization process: adaptation to surrounding context and assimilation of European cultural elements. African slaves of Guadeloupe used to gather to play drums, sing and dance. The use of any kind of drum was at that time forbidden by the <a href="/wiki/Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a>. As a consequence, slaves used a vocal technique called <a href="/wiki/Bouladjel" title="Bouladjel">bouladjèl</a>, which imitates drums. At that time, Gwoka practice was directly linked to agricultural work, especially sugar cane, coffee and banana cultivation.<sup id="cite_ref-tahon-stichet-2017_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tahon-stichet-2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Post 1946, along with anti-assimilation and anti-colonialism movements, Gwoka spread throughout the island, which marks the beginning of its rehabilitation process. As a consequence, in 1988, lawyer and nationalist activist Félix Cotellon created the <i>Festival de Gwoka Sentann</i> in the city of Sainte-Anne without the support of the municipality. Studies and symposiums were held on the occasion.<sup id="cite_ref-tahon-stichet-2017_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tahon-stichet-2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1981, local musician Gérard Lockel published the <i>Traité de Gwoka modên</i>, the first attempt to formalize this musical genre.<sup id="cite_ref-tahon-stichet-2017_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tahon-stichet-2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He claimed that Gwoka was atonal, breaching with western conventions and tastes. By affirming the modality of Gwoka, he situated this music style within the realm of African musical traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-camal-2013_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-camal-2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paradoxically, under Lockel's leadership, Gwoka was transformed from a participatory music played outdoors to a presentational music played on stage with European and North American instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-camal-2011_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-camal-2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Musical research show that the instrument can find its roots in the drums and songs of the West African countries (Guinea gulf, Congo...)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. From the diverse music and dance of their homelands, the slaves elaborated a communication tool, a new form of art, like the creole language: the Gwo Ka.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This musical genre is characterised by an African typology<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>: - repetitive form - improvisation - physical movements linked to music - a response between a soloist and choir - a syncopation weak times </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instruments">Instruments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwo_ka&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditional gwo ka is ideally played with at least 2 hand drums (<i>ka</i> in créole): 1 <i>boula</i> and 1 <i>makè</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-lafontaine-1985_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lafontaine-1985-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, <i>ka</i> were made of: </p> <ul><li>a recycled cured meat keg for the body<sup id="cite_ref-lafontaine-1985_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lafontaine-1985-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sandy-carros-blog_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sandy-carros-blog-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i>bari a vyann</i> or <i>bouko</i> in créole);</li> <li>a goat skin (<i>po a kabrit</i> in créole) — male for the <i>boula</i> vs. female for the <i>makè</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-ziloka-blog_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ziloka-blog-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>tensioning metal hoops (<i>sèk</i>, i.e. circle in créole);<sup id="cite_ref-ziloka-blog_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ziloka-blog-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>wooden tensioning pegs (<i>klé</i> in créole);<sup id="cite_ref-ziloka-blog_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ziloka-blog-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>rope (<i>zoban</i> in créole).<sup id="cite_ref-ziloka-blog_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ziloka-blog-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Often, the Ka section is further accompanied by:<sup id="cite_ref-ziloka-blog_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ziloka-blog-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>ti-bwa</i>: 15 to 20 cm wooden sticks drummed on the side of a "Ka" or a section of bamboo culm of about 15 cm in diameter;</li> <li><i>chacha</i>: emptied & dried calabash — or any other container — filled with a granular material (e.g. grains, salt, sand...).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rhythms">Rhythms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwo_ka&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rhythms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The influences (lifestyle and musical genre) of the "master" combined with this base to create the seven rhythms or dances: </p> <ul><li>The <i>léwôz</i> is the war rhythm, used to give rhythm the attacks against the plantations, but was also an incantation dance;</li> <li>The <i>kaladja</i> symbolises the struggle in love;</li> <li>The <i>toumblak</i>, like the kaladja, deals with the love theme, belly dance, fertility dance;</li> <li>The <i>padjabèl</i> is the cane cutting dance;</li> <li>The <i>graj</i> accompanies the agricultural work;</li> <li>The <i>woulé</i> is the "creole waltz", to charm and mimic the whites;</li> <li>The <i>mendé</i> would have been the last rhythm to arrive in the islands, with the "Congos" under contract after the abolition, and symbolises the collective celebration of carnival.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dance">Dance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwo_ka&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Gwo-ka is a dance of improvisation by excellence, a dance of the instinct, of the moment. (…) Gwo-ka, dance of resistance, of resilience and adaptation: Dance of Life"<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gwo_ka_moderne">Gwo ka moderne</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwo_ka&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gwo ka moderne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A more modernized version of gwo ka is <i>gwo ka moderne</i>, which adds new instruments ranging from <a href="/wiki/Conga_drum" class="mw-redirect" title="Conga drum">conga</a> or <a href="/wiki/Djembe" title="Djembe">djembe</a> drums and <a href="/wiki/Tubular_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubular bell">chimes</a> to electric <a href="/wiki/Bass_guitar" title="Bass guitar">bass guitar</a>. At root, however, these styles all use the same fundamental seven rhythms as folk gwo ka. Zouk legends <a href="/wiki/Kassav" class="mw-redirect" title="Kassav">Kassav</a>' played an important role in the modernization of gwo ka, giving urban credibility to a style that was seen as backward and unsophisticated; they initially played in a gro ka format, using songs from the gwo ka Carnival tradition of <i>mas a St. Jean</i> and even placing an homage to traditionalist drumming legend <a href="/w/index.php?title=Velo_(musician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Velo (musician) (page does not exist)">Velo</a> on their earlier albums.<sup id="cite_ref-Rough_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rough-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gwo ka moderne artists include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pakala_Percussion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pakala Percussion (page does not exist)">Pakala Percussion</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Van_L%C3%A9v%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Van Lévé (page does not exist)">Van Lévé</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poukoutan%27n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poukoutan'n (page does not exist)">Poukoutan'n</a>, alongside more pop-influenced musicians like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcel_Magnat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcel Magnat (page does not exist)">Marcel Magnat</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ti_Celeste&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ti Celeste (page does not exist)">Ti Celeste</a>, while <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerard_Hubert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerard Hubert (page does not exist)">Gerard Hubert</a> and others have fused gwo ka with <a href="/wiki/Zouk_(musical_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zouk (musical movement)">zouk</a>. The most famous modern gwo ka performer, however, is <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Flessel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Flessel (page does not exist)">William Flessel</a>, whose <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Message_Ka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Message Ka (page does not exist)">Message Ka</a></i> in 1994 became an international hit.<sup id="cite_ref-Rough_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rough-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, the Heritage Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Culture_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Culture (France)">Ministry of Culture and Communication</a> has selected the intent to apply of gwoka for registration to the <a href="/wiki/Representative_List_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity">Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity</a> in order to enhance the gwoka and organize a network of actors.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, the Heritage Committee recognized gwoka in the <a href="/wiki/Representative_List_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity">Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwo_ka&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012014341/http://www.cefrim.fr/">Ecole de musique et danse Gwo ka CEFRIM (Gadeloupe)</a></li></ul> <p>Zouk-UK: Gwo Ka In The Heart of The City </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.zouk-uk.com/Zouk-UK/Zouk-UK%20Blog/FB64F09C-E085-494C-99F5-0CDF08D9297B.html">[1]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li></ul> <p>Example of Gwo Ka in the street of Pointe-a-Pitre in Guadeloupe </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uvu.channel2.org/PublicSite/Video.aspx?id=3025&skin=4">uVu</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-lafontaine-1985-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lafontaine-1985_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lafontaine-1985_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lafontaine-1985_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lafontaine-1985_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lafontaine-1985_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lafontaine, M-C (1985). <i>Terminologie musicale en Guadeloupe : ce que le Créole nous dit de la musique</i>. Langage et société n°32 (pp. 7-24). doi:10.3406/lsoc.1985.2020 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.persee.fr/doc/lsoc_0181-4095_1985_num_32_1_2020">http://www.persee.fr/doc/lsoc_0181-4095_1985_num_32_1_2020</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tahon-stichet-2017-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tahon-stichet-2017_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tahon-stichet-2017_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tahon-stichet-2017_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tahon-stichet-2017_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tahon-stichet-2017_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tahon, M., Sitchet, P.-E. (2017). The transmission of voicing in traditional Gwoka: Between identity and memory. <i>Journal of Interdisciplinary Voice Studies</i>, 2 (2), pp.157-175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-camal-2013-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-camal-2013_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Camal, J. (2013). <i>Gwoka et Atonalité, une Question de Contexte</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://tanbouolwen.com/2013/06/19/gwoka-et-atonalite-une-question-de-contexte/">https://tanbouolwen.com/2013/06/19/gwoka-et-atonalite-une-question-de-contexte/</a>. Accessed 7 February 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-camal-2011-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-camal-2011_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Camal, J. (2011). <i>From Gwoka Modènn to Jazz Ka: Music, nationalism, and creolization in Guadeloupe</i>, Ph.D. thesis, Washington, University in St. Louis.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sandy-carros-blog-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sandy-carros-blog_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sandycarros.canalblog.com/archives/2009/12/08/16080930.html">"Chanté Noël - Ma vie de Nantillaise ....Entre Nantes et les Antilles"</a>. <i>sandycarros.canalblog.com</i>. Dec 8, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Sep 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sandycarros.canalblog.com&rft.atitle=Chant%C3%A9+No%C3%ABl+-+Ma+vie+de+Nantillaise+....Entre+Nantes+et+les+Antilles&rft.date=2009-12-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsandycarros.canalblog.com%2Farchives%2F2009%2F12%2F08%2F16080930.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwo+ka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ziloka-blog-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ziloka-blog_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ziloka-blog_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ziloka-blog_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ziloka-blog_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ziloka-blog_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ziloka.wordpress.com/tag/guadeloupe/">"guadeloupe | Gwoka, Dance, Drumming, Traditional culture, Creole - Ziloka"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Sep 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=guadeloupe+%26%23124%3B+Gwoka%2C+Dance%2C+Drumming%2C+Traditional+culture%2C+Creole+-+Ziloka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fziloka.wordpress.com%2Ftag%2Fguadeloupe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwo+ka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lénablou, Techni' ka, Editions Jasor, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rough-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rough_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rough_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ledesma and Scaramuzzo, pgs. 289-303</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00581">"Unesco, Intangible Heritage : Files under process (2014)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Sep 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unesco%2C+Intangible+Heritage+%3A+Files+under+process+%282014%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fculture%2Fich%2Findex.php%3Flg%3Den%26pg%3D00581&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwo+ka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p>Lénablou, Techni' ka, Editions Jasor, 2005 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090831081325/http://guardian.co.tt/features/entertainment/2009/08/17/bending-continuum">https://web.archive.org/web/20090831081325/http://guardian.co.tt/features/entertainment/2009/08/17/bending-continuum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africultures.com/php/index.php?nav=groupe&no=167">Groupes</a> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Street_dance" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Street_dance" title="Template:Street dance"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Street_dance" title="Template talk:Street dance"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Street_dance" 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moves">Power moves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogaloo_(freestyle_dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boogaloo (freestyle dance)">Boogaloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_Walk" title="Bird Walk">Bird Walk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabbage_Patch_(dance)" title="Cabbage Patch (dance)">Cabbage Patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_Daddy" title="Cat Daddy">Cat Daddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_Noodle_Soup_(Webstar_and_Young_B_song)" title="Chicken Noodle Soup (Webstar and Young B song)">Chicken Noodle Soup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crank_That_(Soulja_Boy)" title="Crank That (Soulja Boy)">Crank That</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crip_Walk" title="Crip Walk">Crip Walk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupid_Shuffle" title="Cupid Shuffle">Cupid Shuffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dab_(dance)" title="Dab (dance)">Dab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dougie" title="Dougie">Dougie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_boogaloo_(dance)" title="Electric boogaloo (dance)">Electric boogaloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangsta_Walking" title="Gangsta Walking">Gangsta Walking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_shake_(dance)" title="Harlem shake (dance)">Harlem shake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wall_Dance" title="John Wall Dance">John Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerkin%27" title="Jerkin'">Jerkin'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krumping" title="Krumping">Krumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laffy_Taffy_(song)" title="Laffy Taffy (song)">Laffy Taffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lean_wit_It,_Rock_wit_It" title="Lean wit It, Rock wit It">Lean wit It, Rock wit It</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locking_(dance)" title="Locking (dance)">Locking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popping" title="Popping">Popping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_(dance)" title="Robot (dance)">Robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Running_man_(dance)" title="Running man (dance)">Running man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_Lean" title="Shoulder Lean">Shoulder Lean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanky_Legg" title="Stanky Legg">Stanky Legg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twerking" title="Twerking">Twerking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turfing" title="Turfing">Turfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprock" title="Uprock">Uprock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wop_(song)" title="Wop (song)">Wop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu-tang_(dance)" title="Wu-tang (dance)">Wu-tang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_dance" title="House dance">House dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Footwork_(genre)" title="Footwork (genre)">Footwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hustle_(dance)" title="Hustle (dance)">Hustle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacking" title="Jacking">Jacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vogue_(dance)" title="Vogue (dance)">Vogue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rave_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Rave dance">Rave dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electro_dance" title="Electro dance">Electro dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakken" title="Hakken">Hakken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard dance">Hard dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybergoth#industrial_dance" title="Cybergoth">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumpstyle" title="Jumpstyle">Jumpstyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_and_digits" title="Liquid and digits">Liquid and digits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_shuffle" title="Melbourne shuffle">Melbourne shuffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para_Para" title="Para Para">Para Para</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebolation" title="Rebolation">Rebolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu-tang_(dance)" title="Wu-tang (dance)">Wu-tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_and_bass#Dancing" title="Drum and bass">X-Outing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trad_jazz" title="Trad jazz">Jazz dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cakewalk" title="Cakewalk">Cakewalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_(dance)" title="Charleston (dance)">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindy_Hop" title="Lindy Hop">Lindy Hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_(dance)" title="Swing (dance)">Swing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tap_dance" title="Tap dance">Tap dance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Street_dance#List_of_street_dances" title="Street dance">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_guitar" title="Air guitar">Air guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azonto" title="Azonto">Azonto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budots#Origins" title="Budots">Budots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira">Capoeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dancehall#Dancehall_dances" title="Dancehall">Dancehall dances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexing_(dance)" title="Flexing (dance)">Flexing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dance" title="Folk dance">Folk dance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clogging" title="Clogging">Clogging</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headbanging" title="Headbanging">Headbanging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_(dance)" title="Grinding (dance)">Grinding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshing" title="Moshing">Moshing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonwalk_(dance)" title="Moonwalk (dance)">Moonwalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novelty_and_fad_dances" class="mw-redirect" title="Novelty and fad dances">Novelty and fad dances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantsula" title="Pantsula">Pantsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogo_(dance)" title="Pogo (dance)">Pogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsa_(dance)" title="Salsa (dance)">Salsa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gwoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tango" title="Tango">Tango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waacking" title="Waacking">Waacking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="UNESCO_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity:_Music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UNESCO_Oral_and_Intangible_music" title="Template:UNESCO Oral and Intangible music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UNESCO_Oral_and_Intangible_music" title="Template talk:UNESCO Oral and Intangible music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UNESCO_Oral_and_Intangible_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UNESCO Oral and Intangible music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="UNESCO_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity:_Music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity</a>: Music</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aka_people#Music" title="Aka people">Aka polyphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_iso-polyphony" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian iso-polyphony">Albanian folk iso-polyphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angklung" title="Angklung">Angklung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqyn" title="Aqyn">Aqyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_maqam" title="Arabic maqam">Arabic maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arirang" title="Arirang">Arirang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashiqs_of_Azerbaijan" title="Ashiqs of Azerbaijan">Ashiqs of Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar_(Azerbaijani_instrument)" title="Tar (Azerbaijani instrument)">Azerbaijani tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baul#Baul_music" title="Baul">Baul music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be%C4%87arac" title="Bećarac">Bećarac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigwala" title="Bigwala">Bigwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biyelgee" title="Biyelgee">Biyelgee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bistritsa_Babi" title="Bistritsa Babi">Bistritsa Babi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumba_Meu_Boi#Bumba_meu_boi_in_Maranhão" title="Bumba Meu Boi">Bumba-meu-boi from Maranhão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Byzantine music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dainichido_Bugaku" title="Dainichido Bugaku">Dainichido Bugaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peking_opera" title="Peking opera">Beijing opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombe" title="Candombe">Candombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cante_Alentejano" title="Cante Alentejano">Cante Alentejano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_opera" title="Cantonese opera">Cantonese opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantu_a_tenore" title="Cantu a tenore">Cantu a tenore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ca_tr%C3%B9" title="Ca trù">Ca trù</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremona_violins" class="mw-redirect" title="Cremona violins">Cremona violins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doina" title="Doina">Doina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duduk" title="Duduk">Duduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eshuva" title="Eshuva">Eshuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fado" title="Fado">Fado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frevo" title="Frevo">Frevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujara" title="Fujara">Fujara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku">Gagaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagok" title="Gagok">Gagok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garifuna_music" title="Garifuna music">Garifuna music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Georgia_(country)#Traditional_vocal_polyphony" title="Music of Georgia (country)">Georgian vocal polyphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_of_gong_culture" title="Space of gong culture">Gong culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guqin" title="Guqin">Guqin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gwoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan%27ge" title="Shan'ge">Hua'er</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudhud_chants" class="mw-redirect" title="Hudhud chants">Hudhud chants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jongmyo_jerye" title="Jongmyo jerye">Jongmyo Jereyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Maqam" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Maqam">Iraqi Maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian_scale" title="Istrian scale">Istrian scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kgal_Laox" class="mw-redirect" title="Kgal Laox">Kgal Laox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overtone_singing" title="Overtone singing">Khuumii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klapa" title="Klapa">Klapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koodiyattam" title="Koodiyattam">Koodiyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutar" title="Dutar">Khorasan Bakhshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumi_odori" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumi odori">Kumi odori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunqu" title="Kunqu">Kunqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhamo" title="Lhamo">Lhamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_song" title="Long song">Long song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maloya" title="Maloya">Maloya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshrep" title="Meshrep">Meshrep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morin_khuur" title="Morin khuur">Morin khuur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugham" title="Mugham">Mugham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqam" title="Muqam">Muqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanguan_music" title="Nanguan music">Nanyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%A3_nh%E1%BA%A1c" title="Nhã nhạc">Nhã nhạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pungmul" title="Pungmul">Nongak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojkanje" title="Ojkanje">Ojkanje singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pansori" title="Pansori">Pansori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirekua" title="Pirekua">Pirekua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quan_h%E1%BB%8D" title="Quan họ">Quan họ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qudud_Halabiya" title="Qudud Halabiya">Qudud Halabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radif_(music)" title="Radif (music)">Radif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">Reggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebetiko" title="Rebetiko">Rebetiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_(Sufism)" title="Sama (Sufism)">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_de_roda" class="mw-redirect" title="Samba de roda">Samba de roda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setos" title="Setos">Seto Leelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashmaqam" title="Shashmaqam">Shashmaqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silbo_Gomero" title="Silbo Gomero">Silbo Gomero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slov%C3%A1cko_Verbu%C5%88k" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovácko Verbuňk">Slovácko Verbuňk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Yemen" title="Music of Yemen">Song of Sana'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosso_Bala" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosso Bala">Sosso Bala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lithuania#Sutartinės" title="Music of Lithuania">Sutartinės</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1nch%C3%A1z" title="Táncház">Táncház</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Song_of_the_Sibyl" title="The Song of the Sibyl">The Song of the Sibyl</a></li> 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