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mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassismus_gegen_Wei%C3%9Fe" title="Rassismus gegen Weiße – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rassismus gegen Weiße" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%98%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B9%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B3" title="نژادپرستی معکوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نژادپرستی معکوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racisme_antiblanc" title="Racisme antiblanc – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Racisme antiblanc" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%AD%EC%9D%B8%EC%A2%85%EC%B0%A8%EB%B3%84" title="역인종차별 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="역인종차별" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razzismo_contro_i_bianchi" title="Razzismo contro i bianchi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Razzismo contro i bianchi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%96%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%94" title="גזענות הפוכה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גזענות הפוכה" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#ffdd99;p">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Discrimination" title="Category:Discrimination">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; background:#ffdd99;"><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.5em 0"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F6AB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/70px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/105px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/140px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Forms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Attributes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Social</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">Social determinants of health in poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">Social determinants of mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Discrimination against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Pedophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Male</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Ethnic/<a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">national</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negrophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Negrophobia">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment in India">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Protection_of_Macedonian_National_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honor">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li> <li>Indigenous people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Manifestations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">Anti-LGBTQ movemenet in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">Anti-trans movement in the UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">List of people killed for being transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Occupational segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Policies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_kid_zone" title="No kid zone">No kid zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus"><i>Numerus clausus</i> (as religious or racial quota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Countermeasures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_by_country" title="Hate speech laws by country">Hate speech laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">Historical eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model of disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical model of autism">autism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_color_blindness" title="Racial color blindness">Racial color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse discrimination</a> <ul><li>Reverse racism</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-generation_gender_bias" title="Second-generation gender bias">Second-generation gender bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_threat" title="Social identity threat">Social identity threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Social privilege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype_threat" title="Stereotype threat">threat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Discrimination_sidebar" title="Template:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Discrimination_sidebar" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Reverse racism</b>, sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">reverse discrimination</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Yee_2008_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yee_2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the concept that <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">affirmative action</a> and similar <a href="/wiki/Color-conscious" class="mw-redirect" title="Color-conscious">color-conscious</a> programs for redressing <a href="/wiki/Racial_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial inequality">racial inequality</a> are forms of anti-white <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ansell_p135_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ansell_p135-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept is often associated with <a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">conservative</a> social movements,<sup id="cite_ref-Ansell_p135_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ansell_p135-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Garner_2017_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garner_2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and reflects a belief that social and economic gains by <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black people</a> and other <a href="/wiki/People_of_color" class="mw-redirect" title="People of color">people of color</a> cause disadvantages for <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnsell2013137_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnsell2013137-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mazzocco_p91_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mazzocco_p91-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roussell_2019_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roussell_2019-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Belief in reverse racism is widespread in the United States; however, there is little to no empirical evidence that <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">white Americans</a> as a group are disadvantaged.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Racial and ethnic minorities generally lack the power to damage the interests of whites, who remain the dominant group in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-Dennis_2004_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dennis_2004-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Claims of reverse racism tend to ignore such disparities in the exercise of power and authority, which most scholars argue constitute an essential component of racism.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yee_2008_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yee_2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cashmore_2004_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cashmore_2004-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Garner_2017_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garner_2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Allegations of reverse racism by opponents of affirmative action began to emerge in the 1970s,<sup id="cite_ref-Ansell_p135_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ansell_p135-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bonilla-Silva_p211_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonilla-Silva_p211-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and have formed part of a <a href="/wiki/White_backlash" title="White backlash">racial backlash</a> against social gains by people of color.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnsell201317,_137_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnsell201317,_137-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the U.S. dominates the debate over the issue, the concept of reverse racism has been used internationally to some extent wherever <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a> has diminished, such as in post-<a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnsell2013137_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnsell2013137-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">Race and ethnicity in the United States</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3></div> <p>The concept of <i>reverse racism</i> in the United States is commonly associated with <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative</a> opposition to color-conscious policies aimed at addressing racial inequality, such as <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a>. Amy E. Ansell of <a href="/wiki/Emerson_College" title="Emerson College">Emerson College</a> identifies three main claims about reverse racism: (1) that government programs to redress racial inequality create "invisible victims" in <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">white</a> men; (2) that racial preferences violate the individual right of <a href="/wiki/Equal_protection_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Equal protection clause">equal protection</a> before the law; and (3) that <a href="/wiki/Color_consciousness" title="Color consciousness">color consciousness</a> itself prevents moving beyond the legacy of racism.<sup id="cite_ref-Ansell_p135_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ansell_p135-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of reverse racism has also been used in relation to various expressions of hostility, prejudice or discrimination toward white people by members of minority groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Cashmore_2004_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cashmore_2004-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3></div> <p>Concerns that the advancement of <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> might cause harm to <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">white Americans</a> date back as far as the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction Era</a> in the context of debates over providing <a href="/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery" title="Reparations for slavery">reparations for slavery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ansell_p135_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ansell_p135-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Claims of reverse racism in the early 21st century tend to rely on individual <a href="/wiki/Anecdote" title="Anecdote">anecdotes</a>, often based on third- or fourth-hand reports, such as of a white person losing a job to a Black person.<sup id="cite_ref-Dennis_2004_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dennis_2004-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Allegations of reverse racism emerged prominently in the 1970s, building on the <a href="/wiki/Racial_color_blindness" title="Racial color blindness">racially color-blind</a> view that any preferential treatment linked to membership in a racial group was morally wrong.<sup id="cite_ref-Ansell_p135_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ansell_p135-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sociologist <a href="/wiki/Bob_Blauner" title="Bob Blauner">Bob Blauner</a> argues that reverse racism had become the primary meaning of <i>racism</i> among whites by the late 1970s, suggesting that conservatives and <a href="/wiki/Centrism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Centrism in the United States">centrist liberals</a> in the U.S. had effectively "won the battle over the meaning of racism".<sup id="cite_ref-Blauner_p23_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blauner_p23-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where past race-conscious policies such as <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Crow">Jim Crow</a> have been used to maintain <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a>, modern programs such as affirmative action aim to reduce racial inequality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnsell20134,_46_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnsell20134,_46-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite affirmative-action programs' successes in doing so, conservative opponents claimed that such programs constituted a form of anti-white racism.<sup id="cite_ref-McBride_2005_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McBride_2005-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, sociologist <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Glazer" title="Nathan Glazer">Nathan Glazer</a> argued in his 1975 book <i>Affirmative Discrimination</i> that affirmative action was a form of reverse racism<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazzocco201723_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazzocco201723-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blauner_p346_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blauner_p346-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> violating white people's right to equal protection under the law.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnsell201357_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnsell201357-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view was boosted by the Supreme Court's decision in <i><a href="/wiki/Regents_of_the_University_of_California_v._Bakke" title="Regents of the University of California v. Bakke">Regents of the University of California v. Bakke</a></i> (1978), which said that <a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">racial quotas</a> for minority students were discriminatory against <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McBride_2005_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McBride_2005-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Legal cases concerning so-called "reverse racism" date back as far as the 1970s, for instance <i>Regents of the University of California v. Bakke</i>; <i><a href="/wiki/Gratz_v._Bollinger" title="Gratz v. Bollinger">Gratz v. Bollinger</a></i>; and <i><a href="/wiki/Grutter_v._Bollinger" title="Grutter v. Bollinger">Grutter v. Bollinger</a></i> (regarding discrimination in higher education admissions) and <i><a href="/wiki/Ricci_v._DeStefano" title="Ricci v. DeStefano">Ricci v. DeStefano</a></i> (regarding employment discrimination).<sup id="cite_ref-Norton_2011a_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norton_2011a-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such cases are rare; out of almost half a million complaints filed with the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a> (EEOC) between 1987 and 1994, four percent were about reverse discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-Desmond_p197_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Desmond_p197-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sociologist <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Bonilla-Silva" title="Eduardo Bonilla-Silva">Eduardo Bonilla-Silva</a> writes that the actual number of reverse discrimination cases filed with the EEOC is quite small, and the vast majority are dismissed as unfounded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonilla-Silva201083_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonilla-Silva201083-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1990 and 1994, courts in the U.S. rejected all reverse discrimination cases as without merit.<sup id="cite_ref-Desmond_p197_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Desmond_p197-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2020, conservative activists such as <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Miller_(political_advisor)" title="Stephen Miller (political advisor)">Stephen Miller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Blum_(litigant)" title="Edward Blum (litigant)">Edward Blum</a> have challenged <a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">diversity, equity, and inclusion</a> (DEI) programs as being discriminatory towards whites. Following the 2023 Supreme Court ruling against race-conscious affirmative action in college admissions, US courts have seen an increase in reverse discrimination claims,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with some individual plaintiffs being awarded damages against companies such as <a href="/wiki/Starbucks" title="Starbucks">Starbucks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Novant_Health" title="Novant Health">Novant Health</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_attitudes">Public attitudes</h3></div> <p>While not empirically supported, belief in reverse racism is widespread in the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-Bax_2018_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bax_2018-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spanierman_p16_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spanierman_p16-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> primarily among white people.<sup id="cite_ref-Roussell_2019_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roussell_2019-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Psychological studies with white Americans have shown that belief in anti-white discrimination is linked with support for the existing racial hierarchy in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazzocco201785_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazzocco201785-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wilkins_2013a_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkins_2013a-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the belief that "hard work" and meritocracy explain any racial disparities.<sup id="cite_ref-Cyr_p24_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cyr_p24-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wilkins_2013b_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkins_2013b-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea that whites have become a socially disadvantaged group has contributed to the rise of conservative social movements such as the <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party</a> and support for <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Garner_2017_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garner_2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conservatives in the U.S. tend to believe that affirmative action based on membership in a designated racial group threatens the American system of individualism and <a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">meritocracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnsell201317_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnsell201317-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ansell associates the idea of reverse racism with that of the "<a href="/wiki/Angry_white_male" title="Angry white male">angry white male</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-Ansell_p135_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ansell_p135-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a <a href="/wiki/White_backlash" title="White backlash">backlash</a> against government actions meant to remedy racial discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnsell201317,_137_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnsell201317,_137-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The perception of decreasing anti-Black discrimination has been correlated with white people's belief in rising anti-white discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-Mazzocco_p91_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mazzocco_p91-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A survey in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> in the mid-1990s found that most white respondents (80%) thought it was likely that a white worker might lose a job or a promotion to a less qualified Black worker, while most Black respondents (57%) thought this was unlikely.<sup id="cite_ref-Feagin_p127_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feagin_p127-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A majority (57%) of white respondents to a 2016 survey by the <a href="/wiki/Public_Religion_Research_Institute" title="Public Religion Research Institute">Public Religion Research Institute</a> said they believed discrimination against white people was as significant a problem as discrimination against Black people, while only a minority of African Americans (29%) and Hispanics (38%) agreed.<sup id="cite_ref-Massie_2016_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Massie_2016-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jones_2016_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones_2016-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers at <a href="/wiki/Tufts_University" title="Tufts University">Tufts University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harvard" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard">Harvard</a> report that as of the early 2010s many white Americans feel as though they suffer the greatest discrimination among racial groups, despite data to the contrary.<sup id="cite_ref-Spanierman_p16_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spanierman_p16-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fletcher_2014_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fletcher_2014-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ingraham_2017_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ingraham_2017-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas Black respondents see anti-Black racism as a continuing problem, white ones tend to think it has largely disappeared, to the point that they see prejudice against white people as being more prevalent.<sup id="cite_ref-Norton_2011a_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norton_2011a-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Norton_2011b_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norton_2011b-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among white respondents since the 1990s: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Whites have replaced Blacks as the primary victims of discrimination. This emerging perspective is particularly notable because by nearly any metric [...] statistics continue to indicate drastically poorer outcomes for Black than White Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Bonilla-Silva describes the "anti–affirmative action and 'reverse racism' mentality" that has become dominant since the 1980s as part of a "mean-spirited white racial animus".<sup id="cite_ref-Bonilla-Silva_p211_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonilla-Silva_p211-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argues that this results from a new dominant ideology of "<a href="/wiki/Color-blind_racism" class="mw-redirect" title="Color-blind racism">color-blind racism</a>", which treats racial inequality as a thing of the past, thereby allowing it to continue by opposing concrete efforts at reform.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarner2017186_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarner2017186-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Journalist <a href="/wiki/Vann_R._Newkirk_II" title="Vann R. Newkirk II">Vann R. Newkirk II</a> writes that white people's belief in reverse racism has steadily increased since the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> of the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-Newkirk_2017_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newkirk_2017-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using data from the 2006 <a href="/wiki/Portraits_of_American_Life_Study" title="Portraits of American Life Study">Portraits of American Life Study</a>, Damon Mayrl and Aliya Saperstein find that whites who claim to have experienced racial discrimination are "more likely to be racially self-aware, to be pessimistic about the future, and to have a recent history of unemployment compared to their non-discrimination-reporting peers".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="primary research study (September 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scholarly_analysis">Scholarly analysis</h3></div> <p>While there has been little empirical study on the subject of reverse racism, the few existing studies have found little evidence that white males, in particular, are victimized by affirmative-action programs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnsell2013137_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnsell2013137-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Race_relations_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Race relations in the United States">Race relations in the United States</a> have been historically shaped by <a href="/wiki/European_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="European imperialism">European imperialism</a> and long-standing oppression of Blacks by whites,<sup id="cite_ref-Cashmore_2004_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cashmore_2004-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who remain the dominant group.<sup id="cite_ref-Dennis_2004_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dennis_2004-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such disparities in power and authority are seen by scholars as an essential component of <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>; in this view, isolated examples of favoring disadvantaged people do not constitute racism.<sup id="cite_ref-Yee_2008_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yee_2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McKinney_p147_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKinney_p147-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a widely reprinted article, legal scholar <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Fish" title="Stanley Fish">Stanley Fish</a> wrote that <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'Reverse racism' is a cogent description of affirmative action only if one considers the cancer of racism to be morally and medically indistinguishable from the therapy we apply to it".<sup id="cite_ref-Fish_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fish-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sociologist <a href="/wiki/Ellis_Cashmore" title="Ellis Cashmore">Ellis Cashmore</a> writes that the terms <i>reverse racism</i> and <i>reverse discrimination</i> imply that racism is defined solely by individual beliefs and prejudices, ignoring the material relations between different groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Cashmore_2004_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cashmore_2004-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sociologist <a href="/wiki/Joe_Feagin" title="Joe Feagin">Joe Feagin</a> argues that the term <i>reverse discrimination</i> is an <a href="/wiki/Oxymoron" title="Oxymoron">oxymoron</a> in the context of U.S. race relations in that it obscures the "central issue of <a href="/wiki/Systemic_racism" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic racism">systemic racism</a>" disadvantaging people of color.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critical race theorist <a href="/wiki/David_Theo_Goldberg" title="David Theo Goldberg">David Theo Goldberg</a> says the notion of reverse racism represents a denial of the historical and contemporary reality of racial discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-Pinder_2015_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinder_2015-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sociologist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karyn_McKinney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karyn McKinney (page does not exist)">Karyn McKinney</a> writes, "most claims that whites are victimized <em>as whites</em> rely on false parallels, as they ignore the power differences between whites and people of color at the group level".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Jane_H._Hill" title="Jane H. Hill">Jane H. Hill</a> argues that charges of reverse racism tend to deny the existence of <a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">white privilege</a> and power in society.<sup id="cite_ref-Hill_p15_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill_p15-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Linguist <a href="/wiki/Mary_Bucholtz" title="Mary Bucholtz">Mary Bucholtz</a> says the concept of reverse racism, which she calls <i>racial reversal</i>, "runs counter to or ignores empirically observable racial asymmetries regarding material resources and structural power".<sup id="cite_ref-Bucholtz_2011_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bucholtz_2011-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to sociologist <a href="/wiki/Rutledge_Dennis" title="Rutledge Dennis">Rutledge Dennis</a>, individual members of minority groups in the United States "may be racists" toward white people, but cannot wield institutional power or shape the opportunities available to the majority as the white majority does in relation to minorities.<sup id="cite_ref-Dennis_2004_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dennis_2004-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sociologists <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Desmond" title="Matthew Desmond">Matthew Desmond</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Emirbayer" title="Mustafa Emirbayer">Mustafa Emirbayer</a> distinguish between <i><a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">institutional racism</a></i> and <i>interpersonal racism</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesmondEmirbayer201030_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesmondEmirbayer201030-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> arguing that while "members of all racial groups can harbor negative attitudes toward members of other groups", there is no "black institutional racism" or "reverse institutional racism" since people of color have not created a socially ingrained system of racial domination over white people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesmondEmirbayer201032_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesmondEmirbayer201032-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Psychologist and educator <a href="/wiki/Beverly_Daniel_Tatum" title="Beverly Daniel Tatum">Beverly Daniel Tatum</a> argues that racial bigotry or prejudices held by people of color are not comparable to white racism since "there is no systematic cultural and institutional support or sanction" for them.<sup id="cite_ref-Tatum_p129_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tatum_p129-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tatum writes, "In my view, reserving the term <i>racist</i> only for behaviors committed by Whites in the context of a White-dominated society is a way of acknowledging the ever-present power differential afforded Whites by the culture and institutions that make up the system of advantage and continue to reinforce notions of White superiority."<sup id="cite_ref-Tatum_p129_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tatum_p129-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Africa" title="Racism in South Africa">Racism in South Africa</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Undue_weight plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-undue-weight" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may <b>lend <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">undue weight</a> to individual allegations of reverse racism rather than the broader social impact of the term/concept</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reverse_racism&action=edit">help improve it</a> by rewriting it in a <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Balance" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">balanced fashion</a></b> that contextualizes different points of view.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The concept of <i>reverse racism</i> has been used by some white South Africans concerned about "reverse apartheid" following the end of <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">white-supremacist rule</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnsell2013137_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnsell2013137-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Affirmative action in South Africa's white-dominated civil service was also met with charges of "reverse racism".<sup id="cite_ref-de_Villiers_2012_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Villiers_2012-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> in 1995 described "racism in reverse" when Black students demonstrated in favor of changing the racial makeup of staff at <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_South_Africa" title="List of universities in South Africa">South African universities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MacGregor_1995_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacGregor_1995-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Students denied Mandela's claim and argued that a great deal of ongoing actual racism persisted from apartheid.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinclair_1995_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinclair_1995-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mixed-race_South_Africans" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-race South Africans">Mixed-race South Africans</a> have also sometimes claimed to be victimized by reverse racism of the new government.<sup id="cite_ref-Polgreen_2003_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polgreen_2003-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar accusations have been leveled by <a href="/wiki/Coloureds#Post-apartheid_era" title="Coloureds">Indian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaner">Afrikaner</a> groups, who feel that they have not been dominant historically but now suffer from discrimination by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-Harman_2002_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harman_2002-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Helen_Suzman" title="Helen Suzman">Helen Suzman</a>, a prominent white anti-apartheid politician, charged the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> and the Mbeki administration with reverse racism since Mandela's departure in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-Calvert_2005_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calvert_2005-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>South African critics of the "reverse racism" concept use similar arguments as those employed by Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-Dalamba_2000_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalamba_2000-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (March 2019)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Africa" title="Racism in South Africa">Racism in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">Racism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_France" title="Racism in France">Racism in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_sexism" title="Reverse sexism">Reverse sexism</a> – Sociological concept</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenoracism" title="Xenoracism">Xenoracism</a> – Form of prejudice</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <div><ul><li><a href="#CITEREFAnsell2013">Ansell (2013)</a>, p. 137: "Not much sober empirical study has been applied to the subject, but the studies that do exist find little evidence that reverse racism in fact exists."</li><li><a href="#CITEREFGarner2017">Garner (2017)</a>, p. 185: "[T]here is no evidence that [reverse racism] is a social fact, or that a pattern of disadvantageous outcomes for white people <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/qua" class="extiw" title="wikt:qua">qua</a> white people exists."</li><li><a href="#CITEREFSpaniermanCabrera2014">Spanierman & Cabrera (2014)</a>, p. 16: "While there is no empirical basis for white people experiencing 'reverse racism', this view is held by a large number of Americans."</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBax2018">Bax (2018)</a>, p. 117: "Many Americans—including some people of color—staunchly believe in the existence of reverse racism, or racism against whites. The evidence to support this perception of 'whiteness as disadvantage' is highly suspect."</li><li><a href="#CITEREFRoussellHenneGloverWillits2019">Roussell et al. (2019)</a>, pp. E6–E7: "Claims of reverse racism are often deployed to undermine efforts toward racial equity, particularly affirmative action measures, but evidence for these claims has been rigorously debunked"</li></ul></div> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Yee_2008-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yee_2008_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yee_2008_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yee_2008_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFYee2008" class="citation book cs1">Yee, June Ying (2008). "Racism, Types of". In Shaefer, Richard T. (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society, Volume 3</i>. SAGE Publications. pp. 1118–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-41-292694-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-41-292694-2"><bdi>978-1-41-292694-2</bdi></a>. <q>[T]he term <i>reverse racism</i> (or <i>reverse discrimination</i>) has been coined to describe situations where typically advantaged people are relegated to inferior positions or denied social opportunities to benefit racial and ethnic minorities, or, in some instances, women. However, scholars argue that a critical component of racism is the broad exercise of authority and power and that isolated instances of favoring the disadvantaged over the privileged cannot be seen as constituting racism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Racism%2C+Types+of&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Race%2C+Ethnicity%2C+and+Society%2C+Volume+3&rft.pages=1118-19&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-41-292694-2&rft.aulast=Yee&rft.aufirst=June+Ying&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverse+racism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ansell_p135-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ansell_p135_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ansell_p135_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ansell_p135_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ansell_p135_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ansell_p135_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ansell_p135_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ansell_p135_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnsell2013" class="citation book cs1">Ansell, Amy Elizabeth (2013). <i>Race and Ethnicity: The Key Concepts</i>. Routledge. pp. 135–136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-33794-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-33794-6"><bdi>978-0-415-33794-6</bdi></a>. <q>Reverse racism is a concept commonly associated with conservative opposition to affirmative action and other color-conscious victories of the civil rights movement in the United States and anti-racist movements abroad. While traditional forms of racism involve prejudice and discrimination on the part of whites against blacks, reverse racism is alleged to be a new form of anti-white racism practiced by blacks and/or the so-called civil rights establishment (alternately referred to as the anti-racism industry).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+and+Ethnicity%3A+The+Key+Concepts&rft.pages=135-136&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-33794-6&rft.aulast=Ansell&rft.aufirst=Amy+Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverse+racism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garner_2017-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garner_2017_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garner_2017_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garner_2017_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarner2017" class="citation book cs1">Garner, Steve (2017). "New Racisms?". <i>Racisms: An Introduction</i> (2nd ed.). London: SAGE Publications. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5264-1285-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5264-1285-0"><bdi>978-1-5264-1285-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=New+Racisms%3F&rft.btitle=Racisms%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=London&rft.pages=185&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-5264-1285-0&rft.aulast=Garner&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverse+racism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnsell2013137-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnsell2013137_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnsell2013137_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnsell2013137_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnsell2013137_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnsell2013">Ansell (2013)</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mazzocco_p91-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mazzocco_p91_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mazzocco_p91_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazzocco2017" class="citation book cs1">Mazzocco, Philip J. (2017). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057/978-1-137-59302-3.pdf"><i>The Psychology of Racial Colorblindness: A Critical Review</i></a></span> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F978-1-137-59302-3">10.1057/978-1-137-59302-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-13-759967-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-13-759967-4"><bdi>978-1-13-759967-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Psychology+of+Racial+Colorblindness%3A+A+Critical+Review&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F978-1-137-59302-3&rft.isbn=978-1-13-759967-4&rft.aulast=Mazzocco&rft.aufirst=Philip+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fcontent%2Fpdf%2F10.1057%2F978-1-137-59302-3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverse+racism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roussell_2019-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roussell_2019_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roussell_2019_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoussellHenneGloverWillits2019" class="citation journal cs1">Roussell, Aaron; Henne, Kathryn; Glover, Karen S.; Willits, Dale (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1745-9133.12289">"Impossibility of a 'Reverse Racism' Effect: A Rejoinder to James, James, and Vila"</a>. <i>Criminology & Public Policy</i>. <b>18</b> (1): E6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1745-9133.12289">10.1111/1745-9133.12289</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1745-9133">1745-9133</a>. <q>Reverse racism is the idea that the Civil Rights Movement not only ended the subordination of communities of color in all aspects of social life but also simultaneously led to a similar subordination of Whites. This idea is primarily supported by Whites who perceive gains in racial equity as losses in White status</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Criminology+%26+Public+Policy&rft.atitle=Impossibility+of+a+%27Reverse+Racism%27+Effect%3A+A+Rejoinder+to+James%2C+James%2C+and+Vila&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=E6&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1745-9133.12289&rft.issn=1745-9133&rft.aulast=Roussell&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft.au=Henne%2C+Kathryn&rft.au=Glover%2C+Karen+S.&rft.au=Willits%2C+Dale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252F1745-9133.12289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverse+racism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dennis_2004-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dennis_2004_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dennis_2004_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dennis_2004_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dennis_2004_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennis2004" class="citation book cs1">Dennis, Rutledge M. (2004). "Racism". In Kuper, A.; Kuper, J. (eds.). <i>The Social Science Encyclopedia, Volume 2</i> (3rd ed.). Routledge. pp. 843–845. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-13-435970-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-13-435970-7"><bdi>978-1-13-435970-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Racism&rft.btitle=The+Social+Science+Encyclopedia%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=843-845&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-13-435970-7&rft.aulast=Dennis&rft.aufirst=Rutledge+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverse+racism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrustrupLiuRiggDavis2022" class="citation journal cs1">Drustrup, David; Liu, William Ming; Rigg, Thomas; Davis, Katelynn (July 30, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spssi.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/asap.12321">"Investigating the white racial equilibrium and the power-maintenance of whiteness"</a>. <i>Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy</i>. <b>22</b> (3): 961–988. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fasap.12321">10.1111/asap.12321</a></span>. <q>[W]e acknowledge that most scholars within critical race theory, psychology, and sociology include notions of power in their definition of racism [references elided], noting that the unequal allocation of resources favors white people over people of Color and is sustained by the economic, political, social, and cultural control that whites have in this society [reference elided]. This means that only the dominant group (i.e., whites in U.S. society) can enforce prejudiced and discriminatory laws, behavior, and cultural ideologies onto the minoritized group (i.e., people of Color).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Analyses+of+Social+Issues+and+Public+Policy&rft.atitle=Investigating+the+white+racial+equilibrium+and+the+power-maintenance+of+whiteness&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=961-988&rft.date=2022-07-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fasap.12321&rft.aulast=Drustrup&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Liu%2C+William+Ming&rft.au=Rigg%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Davis%2C+Katelynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspssi.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1111%2Fasap.12321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverse+racism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cashmore_2004-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cashmore_2004_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cashmore_2004_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cashmore_2004_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cashmore_2004_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCashmore2004" class="citation book cs1">Cashmore, Ellis, ed. (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofra0000cash/page/373/mode/1up?view=theater">"Reverse Racism/Discrimination"</a></span>. <i>Encyclopedia of Race and Ethnic Studies</i>. Routledge. p. 373. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-13-444706-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-13-444706-0"><bdi>978-1-13-444706-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reverse+Racism%2FDiscrimination&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Race+and+Ethnic+Studies&rft.pages=373&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-13-444706-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofra0000cash%2Fpage%2F373%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverse+racism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bonilla-Silva_p211-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bonilla-Silva_p211_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonilla-Silva_p211_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonilla-Silva2010" class="citation book cs1">Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/racismwithoutrac0000boni/page/n4/mode/1up?view=theater"><i>Racism Without Racists: Color-blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in the United States</i></a></span> (3rd ed.). Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-0218-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-0218-4"><bdi>978-1-4422-0218-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racism+Without+Racists%3A+Color-blind+Racism+and+the+Persistence+of+Racial+Inequality+in+the+United+States&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Md.&rft.pages=211&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-0218-4&rft.aulast=Bonilla-Silva&rft.aufirst=Eduardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fracismwithoutrac0000boni%2Fpage%2Fn4%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverse+racism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnsell201317,_137-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnsell201317,_137_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnsell201317,_137_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnsell2013">Ansell (2013)</a>, pp. 17, 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blauner_p23-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blauner_p23_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlauner1994" class="citation book cs1">Blauner, Bob (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/raceethnicconfli0000unse/page/23/mode/1up?view=theater">"Talking Past Each Other: Black and White Languages of Race"</a></span>. In Pincus, Fred L.; Ehrlich, Howard J. (eds.). <i>Race And Ethnic Conflict: Contending Views On Prejudice, Discrimination, And Ethnoviolence</i>. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-1661-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-1661-8"><bdi>0-8133-1661-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Talking+Past+Each+Other%3A+Black+and+White+Languages+of+Race&rft.btitle=Race+And+Ethnic+Conflict%3A+Contending+Views+On+Prejudice%2C+Discrimination%2C+And+Ethnoviolence&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colo.&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8133-1661-8&rft.aulast=Blauner&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fraceethnicconfli0000unse%2Fpage%2F23%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverse+racism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnsell20134,_46-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnsell20134,_46_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnsell2013">Ansell (2013)</a>, pp. 4, 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McBride_2005-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McBride_2005_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McBride_2005_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcBride2005" class="citation book cs1">McBride, David (2005). "Affirmative Action". In Carlisle, Rodney P. (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Politics: The Left and The Right, Volume 1: The Left</i>. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-41-290409-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-41-290409-4"><bdi>978-1-41-290409-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Affirmative+Action&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Politics%3A+The+Left+and+The+Right%2C+Volume+1%3A+The+Left&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-41-290409-4&rft.aulast=McBride&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverse+racism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazzocco201723-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazzocco201723_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMazzocco2017">Mazzocco (2017)</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blauner_p346-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blauner_p346_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlauner1989" class="citation book cs1">Blauner, Bob (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackliveswhitel0000blau/page/n6/mode/1up?view=theater"><i>Black Lives, White Lives: Three Decades of Race Relations in America</i></a></span>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 346. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06261-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06261-0"><bdi>978-0-520-06261-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Lives%2C+White+Lives%3A+Three+Decades+of+Race+Relations+in+America&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=346&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06261-0&rft.aulast=Blauner&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblackliveswhitel0000blau%2Fpage%2Fn6%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverse+racism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnsell201357-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnsell201357_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnsell2013">Ansell (2013)</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norton_2011a-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Norton_2011a_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norton_2011a_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNortonSommers2011a" class="citation journal cs1">Norton, Michael I.; Sommers, Samuel R. (2011a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hbs.edu/ris/Publication%20Files/norton%20sommers%20whites%20see%20racism_ca92b4be-cab9-491d-8a87-cf1c6ff244ad.pdf">"Whites See Racism as a Zero-Sum Game That They Are Now Losing"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Perspectives on Psychological Science</i>. <b>6</b> (3): 215–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1745691611406922">10.1177/1745691611406922</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26168512">26168512</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10616480">10616480</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240907002813/https://www.hbs.edu/ris/Publication%20Files/norton%20sommers%20whites%20see%20racism_ca92b4be-cab9-491d-8a87-cf1c6ff244ad.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on September 7, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 10,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives+on+Psychological+Science&rft.atitle=Whites+See+Racism+as+a+Zero-Sum+Game+That+They+Are+Now+Losing&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=215-18&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10616480%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26168512&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1745691611406922&rft.aulast=Norton&rft.aufirst=Michael+I.&rft.au=Sommers%2C+Samuel+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbs.edu%2Fris%2FPublication%2520Files%2Fnorton%2520sommers%2520whites%2520see%2520racism_ca92b4be-cab9-491d-8a87-cf1c6ff244ad.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverse+racism" class="Z3988"></span> See also: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996643573">.mw-parser-output .block-indent{padding-left:3em;padding-right:0;overflow:hidden}</style><div class="block-indent" style="padding-left: 1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://now.tufts.edu/2011/05/23/whites-believe-they-are-victims-racism-more-often-blacks">"Whites Believe They Are Victims of Racism More Often Than Blacks"</a>. <i>TuftsNow</i> (Press release). May 23, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240907002815/https://now.tufts.edu/2011/05/23/whites-believe-they-are-victims-racism-more-often-blacks">Archived</a> from the original on September 7, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Whites+Believe+They+Are+Victims+of+Racism+More+Often+Than+Blacks&rft.date=2011-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnow.tufts.edu%2F2011%2F05%2F23%2Fwhites-believe-they-are-victims-racism-more-often-blacks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverse+racism" class="Z3988"></span> </div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Desmond_p197-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Desmond_p197_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Desmond_p197_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesmondEmirbayer2010" class="citation book cs1">Desmond, Matthew; Emirbayer, Mustafa (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/racialdomination0000desm/page/n2/mode/1up?view=theater"><i>Racial Domination, Racial Progress: The Sociology of Race in America</i></a></span> (1st ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p. 197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-297051-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-297051-7"><bdi>978-0-07-297051-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racial+Domination%2C+Racial+Progress%3A+The+Sociology+of+Race+in+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=197&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Higher+Education&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-07-297051-7&rft.aulast=Desmond&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Emirbayer%2C+Mustafa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fracialdomination0000desm%2Fpage%2Fn2%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverse+racism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonilla-Silva201083-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonilla-Silva201083_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBonilla-Silva2010">Bonilla-Silva (2010)</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTelford2023" class="citation news cs1">Telford, Taylor (December 27, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2023/12/27/dei-affirmative-action-legal-challenges-corporate-america/">"2024 might be do-or-die for corporate diversity efforts. Here's why"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=2024+might+be+do-or-die+for+corporate+diversity+efforts.+Here%27s+why.&rft.date=2023-12-27&rft.aulast=Telford&rft.aufirst=Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fbusiness%2F2023%2F12%2F27%2Fdei-affirmative-action-legal-challenges-corporate-america%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverse+racism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTelford2023" class="citation news cs1">Telford, Taylor (August 30, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2023/08/29/morgan-stanley-reverse-discrimination-lawsuit-dei-goals-affirmative-action/">"Ex-Morgan Stanley executive alleges reverse discrimination in lawsuit"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Ex-Morgan+Stanley+executive+alleges+reverse+discrimination+in+lawsuit&rft.date=2023-08-30&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Telford&rft.aufirst=Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fbusiness%2F2023%2F08%2F29%2Fmorgan-stanley-reverse-discrimination-lawsuit-dei-goals-affirmative-action%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverse+racism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuynn2023" class="citation web cs1">Guynn, Jessica (December 20, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/careers/2023/12/20/dei-reverse-discrimination-lawsuits-increase-woke/71923487007/">"DEI under siege: Why more businesses are being accused of 'reverse discrimination'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>USA Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=DEI+under+siege%3A+Why+more+businesses+are+being+accused+of+%27reverse+discrimination%27&rft.date=2023-12-20&rft.aulast=Guynn&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fmoney%2Fcareers%2F2023%2F12%2F20%2Fdei-reverse-discrimination-lawsuits-increase-woke%2F71923487007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverse+racism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bax_2018-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bax_2018_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBax2018" class="citation journal cs1">Bax, Anna (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/jola.12185">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The C-Word' Meets 'the N-Word': The Slur-Once-Removed and the Discursive Construction of 'Reverse Racism'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Linguistic Anthropology</i>. <b>28</b> (2): 117. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjola.12185">10.1111/jola.12185</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1055-1360">1055-1360</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4768398">4768398</a> – via <a href="/wiki/The_Wikipedia_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wikipedia Library">The Wikipedia Library</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Linguistic+Anthropology&rft.atitle=%27The+C-Word%27+Meets+%27the+N-Word%27%3A+The+Slur-Once-Removed+and+the+Discursive+Construction+of+%27Reverse+Racism%27&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=117&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4768398%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1055-1360&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjola.12185&rft.aulast=Bax&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1111%2Fjola.12185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverse+racism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spanierman_p16-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spanierman_p16_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spanierman_p16_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpaniermanCabrera2014" class="citation book cs1">Spanierman, Lisa; Cabrera, Nolan (2014). 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L.; Kaiser, C. R. (2013). "Racial Progress as Threat to the Status Hierarchy: Implications for Perceptions of Anti-White Bias". <i>Psychological Science</i>. <b>25</b> (2): 439–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0956797613508412">10.1177/0956797613508412</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24343099">24343099</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6934961">6934961</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Science&rft.atitle=Racial+Progress+as+Threat+to+the+Status+Hierarchy%3A+Implications+for+Perceptions+of+Anti-White+Bias&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=439-46&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6934961%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24343099&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0956797613508412&rft.aulast=Wilkins&rft.aufirst=C.+L.&rft.au=Kaiser%2C+C.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverse+racism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cyr_p24-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cyr_p24_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCyr2018" class="citation book cs1">Cyr, Lauren (2018). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-319-70175-2_2">"Literature Review: Interdisciplinary Findings on Diversity and Inclusion"</a></span> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Kim Gertz, S.; Huang, B.; Cyr, L. (eds.). <i>Diversity and Inclusion in Higher Education and Societal Contexts: International and Interdisciplinary Approaches</i>. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-70175-2">10.1007/978-3-319-70175-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-31-970174-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-31-970174-5"><bdi>978-3-31-970174-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Literature+Review%3A+Interdisciplinary+Findings+on+Diversity+and+Inclusion&rft.btitle=Diversity+and+Inclusion+in+Higher+Education+and+Societal+Contexts%3A+International+and+Interdisciplinary+Approaches&rft.place=Cham%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-70175-2&rft.isbn=978-3-31-970174-5&rft.aulast=Cyr&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fcontent%2Fpdf%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-70175-2_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverse+racism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilkins_2013b-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wilkins_2013b_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinsWellmanKaiser2013" class="citation journal cs1">Wilkins, Clara L.; Wellman, Joseph D.; Kaiser, Cheryl R. 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(2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/racistamericaroo0000feag/page/n4/mode/1up?view=theater"><i>Racist America: Roots, Current Realities, and Future Reparations</i></a></span>. New York: Routledge. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4159-2532-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4159-2532-7"><bdi>978-0-4159-2532-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racist+America%3A+Roots%2C+Current+Realities%2C+and+Future+Reparations&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-4159-2532-7&rft.aulast=Feagin&rft.aufirst=Joe+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fracistamericaroo0000feag%2Fpage%2Fn4%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverse+racism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Massie_2016-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Massie_2016_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassie,_Victoria_M.2016" class="citation news cs1">Massie, Victoria M. (June 29, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/2016/6/29/12045772/reverse-racism-affirmative-action">"Americans are split on "reverse racism". That still doesn't mean it exists"</a>. <i>Vox</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240907002927/https://www.vox.com/2016/6/29/12045772/reverse-racism-affirmative-action">Archived</a> from the original on September 7, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 18,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=Americans+are+split+on+%22reverse+racism%22.+That+still+doesn%27t+mean+it+exists.&rft.date=2016-06-29&rft.au=Massie%2C+Victoria+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2F2016%2F6%2F29%2F12045772%2Freverse-racism-affirmative-action&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverse+racism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones_2016-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jones_2016_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2016" class="citation report cs1">Jones, Robert P.; et al. (June 23, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prri.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/PRRI-Brookings-2016-Immigration-survey-report.pdf">How Immigration and Concerns About Cultural Changes Are Shaping the 2016 Election: Findings from the 2016 PRRI/Brookings Immigration Survey</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Washington, D.C.: Public Religion Research Institute. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240907002812/http://www.prri.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/PRRI-Brookings-2016-Immigration-survey-report.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on September 7, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=How+Immigration+and+Concerns+About+Cultural+Changes+Are+Shaping+the+2016+Election%3A+Findings+from+the+2016+PRRI%2FBrookings+Immigration+Survey&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Public+Religion+Research+Institute&rft.date=2016-06-23&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Robert+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prri.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F06%2FPRRI-Brookings-2016-Immigration-survey-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverse+racism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fletcher_2014-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fletcher_2014_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcher2014" class="citation news cs1">Fletcher, Michael A. (October 8, 2014). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/10/08/white-people-think-racial-discrimination-in-america-is-basically-over">"Whites think discrimination against whites is a bigger problem than bias against blacks"</a></span>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170821211826/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/10/08/white-people-think-racial-discrimination-in-america-is-basically-over/">Archived</a> from the original on August 21, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 21,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Whites+think+discrimination+against+whites+is+a+bigger+problem+than+bias+against+blacks&rft.date=2014-10-08&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fwonk%2Fwp%2F2014%2F10%2F08%2Fwhite-people-think-racial-discrimination-in-america-is-basically-over&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverse+racism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ingraham_2017-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ingraham_2017_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngraham2017" class="citation news cs1">Ingraham, Christopher (August 2, 2017). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/08/02/white-trump-voters-think-they-face-more-discrimination-than-blacks-the-trump-administration-is-listening">"White Trump voters think they face more discrimination than blacks. 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(May 23, 2011b). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2011/05/22/is-anti-white-bias-a-problem/jockeying-for-stigma">"Jockeying for Stigma"</a></span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240907002837/https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2011/05/22/is-anti-white-bias-a-problem/jockeying-for-stigma">Archived</a> from the original on September 7, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Jockeying+for+Stigma&rft.date=2011-05-23&rft.aulast=Norton&rft.aufirst=Michael+I.&rft.au=Sommers%2C+Samuel+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Froomfordebate%2F2011%2F05%2F22%2Fis-anti-white-bias-a-problem%2Fjockeying-for-stigma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverse+racism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNortonSommers2011a">Norton & Sommers (2011a)</a>, p. 215, quoted in <a href="#CITEREFGarner2017">Garner (2017)</a>, p. 185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarner2017186-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarner2017186_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarner2017">Garner (2017)</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newkirk_2017-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Newkirk_2017_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewkirk2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Newkirk, Vann R. II (August 5, 2017). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2017/08/myth-of-reverse-racism/535689/">"How The Myth of Reverse Racism Drives the Affirmative Action Debate"</a></span>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180318120908/https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2017/08/myth-of-reverse-racism/535689/">Archived</a> from the original on March 18, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 18,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=How+The+Myth+of+Reverse+Racism+Drives+the+Affirmative+Action+Debate&rft.date=2017-08-05&rft.aulast=Newkirk&rft.aufirst=Vann+R.+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Feducation%2Farchive%2F2017%2F08%2Fmyth-of-reverse-racism%2F535689%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverse+racism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayrlSaperstein2013" class="citation journal cs1">Mayrl, Damon; Saperstein, Aliya (2013). "When white people report racial discrimination: The role of region, religion, and politics". <i>Social Science Research</i>. <b>42</b> (3): 742–754. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ssresearch.2012.12.007">10.1016/j.ssresearch.2012.12.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0049-089X">0049-089X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Research&rft.atitle=When+white+people+report+racial+discrimination%3A+The+role+of+region%2C+religion%2C+and+politics&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=742-754&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ssresearch.2012.12.007&rft.issn=0049-089X&rft.aulast=Mayrl&rft.aufirst=Damon&rft.au=Saperstein%2C+Aliya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverse+racism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McKinney_p147-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McKinney_p147_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKinney2005" class="citation book cs1">McKinney, Karyn D. (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beingwhitestorie0000mcki/page/n4/mode/1up?view=theater"><i>Being White: Stories of Race and Racism</i></a></span>. New York: Routledge. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4159-3572-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4159-3572-2"><bdi>978-0-4159-3572-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Being+White%3A+Stories+of+Race+and+Racism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-4159-3572-2&rft.aulast=McKinney&rft.aufirst=Karyn+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeingwhitestorie0000mcki%2Fpage%2Fn4%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverse+racism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fish-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fish_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fish, quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPincus2003" class="citation book cs1">Pincus, Fred L. (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reversediscrimin0000pinc/page/68/mode/1up?view=theater"><i>Reverse Discrimination: Dismantling the Myth</i></a></span>. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 68–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58-826203-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58-826203-5"><bdi>978-1-58-826203-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reverse+Discrimination%3A+Dismantling+the+Myth&rft.pages=68-69&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-58-826203-5&rft.aulast=Pincus&rft.aufirst=Fred+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freversediscrimin0000pinc%2Fpage%2F68%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverse+racism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFeagin2001">Feagin (2001)</a>, p. 250. Cited in <a href="#CITEREFCashmore2004">Cashmore (2004)</a>, p. 373.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pinder_2015-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pinder_2015_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinder2015" class="citation book cs1">Pinder, Sherrow O. (2015). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057/9781137431103.pdf"><i>Colorblindness, Post-raciality, and Whiteness in the United States</i></a></span> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137431103">10.1057/9781137431103</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-13-743488-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-13-743488-3"><bdi>978-1-13-743488-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colorblindness%2C+Post-raciality%2C+and+Whiteness+in+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781137431103&rft.isbn=978-1-13-743488-3&rft.aulast=Pinder&rft.aufirst=Sherrow+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fcontent%2Fpdf%2F10.1057%2F9781137431103.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverse+racism" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKinney2005">McKinney (2005)</a>, p. 146. Cited in <a href="#CITEREFBax2018">Bax (2018)</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hill_p15-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hill_p15_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2011" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Jane H. (2011). <i>The Everyday Language of White Racism</i>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-5669-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-5669-4"><bdi>978-1-4443-5669-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Everyday+Language+of+White+Racism&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-5669-4&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Jane+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverse+racism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bucholtz_2011-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bucholtz_2011_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBucholtz2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bucholtz, Mary (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2d18612v">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'It's different for guys': Gendered narratives of racial conflict among white California youth"</a>. <i>Discourse & Society</i>. <b>22</b> (4): 385–402. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0957926510395832">10.1177/0957926510395832</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0957-9265">0957-9265</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145109978">145109978</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240907002907/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2d18612v">Archived</a> from the original on September 7, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Discourse+%26+Society&rft.atitle=%27It%27s+different+for+guys%27%3A+Gendered+narratives+of+racial+conflict+among+white+California+youth&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=385-402&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145109978%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0957-9265&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0957926510395832&rft.aulast=Bucholtz&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F2d18612v&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverse+racism" class="Z3988"></span> Cited in <a href="#CITEREFBax2018">Bax (2018)</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesmondEmirbayer201030-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesmondEmirbayer201030_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesmondEmirbayer2010">Desmond & Emirbayer (2010)</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesmondEmirbayer201032-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesmondEmirbayer201032_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesmondEmirbayer2010">Desmond & Emirbayer (2010)</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tatum_p129-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tatum_p129_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tatum_p129_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTatum2004" class="citation book cs1">Tatum, Beverly Daniel (2004). "Defining Racism: <i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>Can We Talk?<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span></i>". In Rothenberg, Paula S. (ed.). <i>Race, Class and Gender in the United States: An Integrated Study</i> (6th ed.). New York: Worth Publishers. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-5515-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-5515-9"><bdi>978-0-7167-5515-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Defining+Racism%3A+%27Can+We+Talk%3F%27%3Cspan+style%3D%22white-space%3A+nowrap%3B%22%3E%26thinsp%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.btitle=Race%2C+Class+and+Gender+in+the+United+States%3A+An+Integrated+Study&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=129&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Worth+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-5515-9&rft.aulast=Tatum&rft.aufirst=Beverly+Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverse+racism" class="Z3988"></span> Cited in <a href="#CITEREFMcKinney2005">McKinney (2005)</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-de_Villiers_2012-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-de_Villiers_2012_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_VilliersSimanowitz2012" class="citation magazine cs1">de Villiers, Susan; Simanowitz, Stefan (March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1013463231">"South Africa: The ANC at 100"</a>. <i>The Contemporary Review</i>. Vol. 294, no. 1704. pp. 39–45. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-7565">0010-7565</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/1013463231">1013463231</a> – via ProQuest. <q>[A]ffirmative action and black economic empowerment were controversial and often misrepresented. In a society in which the greater majority of desk and management jobs were held by whites, there was a clear need for action to move towards a more level job market. Yet many whites have persisted in claiming 'reverse racism'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Contemporary+Review&rft.atitle=South+Africa%3A+The+ANC+at+100&rft.volume=294&rft.issue=1704&rft.pages=39-45&rft.date=2012-03&rft.issn=0010-7565&rft.aulast=de+Villiers&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft.au=Simanowitz%2C+Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F1013463231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverse+racism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacGregor_1995-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MacGregor_1995_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacGregor1995" class="citation news cs1">MacGregor, Karen (March 24, 1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/mandela-slams-reverse-racism/97135.article?storyCode=97135&sectioncode=26">"Mandela slams 'reverse racism'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a></span>. <i>Times Higher Education</i>. London. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0049-3929">0049-3929</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200706154541/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/search?e=404&search=story">Archived</a> from the original on July 6, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Mandela+slams+%27reverse+racism%27&rft.date=1995-03-24&rft.issn=0049-3929&rft.aulast=MacGregor&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.com%2Fnews%2Fmandela-slams-reverse-racism%2F97135.article%3FstoryCode%3D97135%26sectioncode%3D26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverse+racism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sinclair_1995-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_1995_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinclair1995" class="citation news cs1">Sinclair, Abiola (September 16, 1995). "Media Watch: All is not well, disappointments, racial clashes". <i>New York Amsterdam News</i>. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1059-1818">1059-1818</a>. <q>The students maintained that the university was living in the apartheid past with the upper echelons reserved for whites. The students are demanding that some jobs be reserved for Blacks. AZASM had denied the charge of reverse racism. They maintain it is unfair for thousands of Black teachers to be out of work while white teachers sit up in good jobs in Black schools.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Amsterdam+News&rft.atitle=Media+Watch%3A+All+is+not+well%2C+disappointments%2C+racial+clashes&rft.pages=26&rft.date=1995-09-16&rft.issn=1059-1818&rft.aulast=Sinclair&rft.aufirst=Abiola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverse+racism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Polgreen_2003-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Polgreen_2003_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolgreen2003" class="citation news cs1">Polgreen, Lydia (July 27, 2003). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/27/world/for-mixed-race-south-africans-equity-is-elusive.html">"For Mixed-Race South Africans, Equity Is Elusive"</a></span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130331044842/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/27/world/for-mixed-race-south-africans-equity-is-elusive.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 31, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=For+Mixed-Race+South+Africans%2C+Equity+Is+Elusive&rft.date=2003-07-27&rft.aulast=Polgreen&rft.aufirst=Lydia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2003%2F07%2F27%2Fworld%2Ffor-mixed-race-south-africans-equity-is-elusive.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverse+racism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harman_2002-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harman_2002_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarman2002" class="citation news cs1">Harman, Dana (September 26, 2002). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0926/p01s03-woaf.html">"South Africans try to 'beat' a segregated past"</a></span>. <i>Christian Science Monitor</i>. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2166-3262">2166-3262</a>. <q>But old feelings die hard, and some groups – in particular the Afrikaner and Indian minorities – even complain that they are now being targeted by a reverse racism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=South+Africans+try+to+%27beat%27+a+segregated+past&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2002-09-26&rft.issn=2166-3262&rft.aulast=Harman&rft.aufirst=Dana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F2002%2F0926%2Fp01s03-woaf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverse+racism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Calvert_2005-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Calvert_2005_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalvert2005" class="citation news cs1">Calvert, Scott (May 13, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2005-05-14-0505140451-story.html">"Against apartheid, at odds with blacks"</a>. <i>The Baltimore Sun</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1930-8965">1930-8965</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240907002831/https://playlist.stnvideo.com/player/data/index.php?cmd=loadInitial&session=eYLbeGfVHnC6zL_S&instance=198351914&version=7.33.0-A&age=240907&ESG_key=WczsESEJ&type=FULL&EXTREF=https://www.baltimoresun.com/2005/05/14/against-apartheid-at-odds-with-blacks/&REF=https://www.baltimoresun.com/2005/05/14/against-apartheid-at-odds-with-blacks/&ogSet=1">Archived</a> from the original on September 7, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=Against+apartheid%2C+at+odds+with+blacks&rft.date=2005-05-13&rft.issn=1930-8965&rft.aulast=Calvert&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baltimoresun.com%2Fnews%2Fbs-xpm-2005-05-14-0505140451-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverse+racism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dalamba_2000-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dalamba_2000_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalamba2000" class="citation journal cs1">Dalamba, Yolisa (2000). "Towards An African Renaissance: Identity, Race And Representation In Post-Apartheid South Africa". <i>Journal of Cultural Studies</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 40–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4314%2Fjcs.v2i1.6231">10.4314/jcs.v2i1.6231</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cultural+Studies&rft.atitle=Towards+An+African+Renaissance%3A+Identity%2C+Race+And+Representation+In+Post-Apartheid+South+Africa&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=40-61&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4314%2Fjcs.v2i1.6231&rft.aulast=Dalamba&rft.aufirst=Yolisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverse+racism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2010" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Kristin J. (2010). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Affirmative Action is reverse racism': The myth of merit". <i>Benign Bigotry: The Psychology of Subtle Prejudice</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 278–334. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52-187835-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52-187835-7"><bdi>978-0-52-187835-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Affirmative+Action+is+reverse+racism%27%3A+The+myth+of+merit&rft.btitle=Benign+Bigotry%3A+The+Psychology+of+Subtle+Prejudice&rft.pages=278-334&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-52-187835-7&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Kristin+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverse+racism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnsell1997" class="citation book cs1">Ansell, Amy Elizabeth (1997). <i>New Right, New Racism: Race and Reaction in the United States and Britain</i>. London: Macmillan. pp. 132–138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-33-364945-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-33-364945-1"><bdi>0-33-364945-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Right%2C+New+Racism%3A+Race+and+Reaction+in+the+United+States+and+Britain&rft.place=London&rft.pages=132-138&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-33-364945-1&rft.aulast=Ansell&rft.aufirst=Amy+Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverse+racism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2010" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Michael K. (2010). "Race". In Valelly, Richard M. (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of U.S. Political History, Volume 7: The Clash of Conservatism and Liberalism, 1976 to Present</i>. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. p. 318. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60-426647-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60-426647-4"><bdi>978-1-60-426647-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Race&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+U.S.+Political+History%2C+Volume+7%3A+The+Clash+of+Conservatism+and+Liberalism%2C+1976+to+Present&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=318&rft.pub=CQ+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60-426647-4&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Michael+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverse+racism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang1996" class="citation journal cs1">Chang, Robert S. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hastingsconstitutionallawquarterly.org/s/chang-9bh5.pdf">"Reverse Racism!: Affirmative Action, the Family, and the Dream That Is America"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly</i>. <b>23</b> (4): 1115–1134. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0094-5617">0094-5617</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hastings+Constitutional+Law+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Reverse+Racism%21%3A+Affirmative+Action%2C+the+Family%2C+and+the+Dream+That+Is+America&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1115-1134&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=0094-5617&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hastingsconstitutionallawquarterly.org%2Fs%2Fchang-9bh5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverse+racism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennis1996" class="citation book cs1">Dennis, Rutledge M. (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialscienceenc0002unse/page/715/mode/1up?view=theater">"Racism"</a></span>. In Kuper, Adam; Kuper, Jessica (eds.). <i>The social science encyclopedia</i> (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 715–717. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-10829-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-10829-2"><bdi>0-415-10829-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Racism&rft.btitle=The+social+science+encyclopedia&rft.place=London&rft.pages=715-717&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-415-10829-2&rft.aulast=Dennis&rft.aufirst=Rutledge+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsocialscienceenc0002unse%2Fpage%2F715%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverse+racism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFish1993" class="citation magazine cs1">Fish, Stanley (November 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/politics/race/fish.htm">"Reverse Racism, or How the Pot Got to Call the Kettle Black"</a>. <i>The Atlantic Monthly</i>. pp. 128, 130, 132, 135–36. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1072-7825">1072-7825</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic+Monthly&rft.atitle=Reverse+Racism%2C+or+How+the+Pot+Got+to+Call+the+Kettle+Black&rft.pages=128%2C+130%2C+132%2C+135-36&rft.date=1993-11&rft.issn=1072-7825&rft.aulast=Fish&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fpast%2Fdocs%2Fpolitics%2Frace%2Ffish.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverse+racism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGravesGoodman2021" class="citation book cs1">Graves, Joseph L.; Goodman, Alan H. (2021). "Everything You Wanted to Know About Racism". <i>Racism, Not Race: Answers to Frequently Asked Questions</i>. Columbia University Press. pp. 59–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-55373-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-55373-5"><bdi>978-0-231-55373-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/grav20066.8">10.7312/grav20066.8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Everything+You+Wanted+to+Know+About+Racism&rft.btitle=Racism%2C+Not+Race%3A+Answers+to+Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft.pages=59-81&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7312%2Fgrav20066.8%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-231-55373-5&rft.aulast=Graves&rft.aufirst=Joseph+L.&rft.au=Goodman%2C+Alan+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverse+racism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGresson1995" class="citation book cs1">Gresson, Aaron David III (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780816624485/page/n4/mode/1up?view=theater"><i>The Recovery of Race in America</i></a></span>. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 9, 145, 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-2446-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-2446-1"><bdi>978-0-8166-2446-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Recovery+of+Race+in+America&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pages=9%2C+145%2C+163&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-2446-1&rft.aulast=Gresson&rft.aufirst=Aaron+David+III&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780816624485%2Fpage%2Fn4%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverse+racism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanneh2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Sanneh, Kelefa (August 10, 2009). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/talk/comment/2009/08/10/090810taco_talk_sanneh">"Discriminating Tastes"</a></span>. <i>The New Yorker</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-792X">0028-792X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121114014324/http://www.newyorker.com/talk/comment/2009/08/10/090810taco_talk_sanneh">Archived</a> from the original on November 14, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Discriminating+Tastes&rft.date=2009-08-10&rft.issn=0028-792X&rft.aulast=Sanneh&rft.aufirst=Kelefa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Ftalk%2Fcomment%2F2009%2F08%2F10%2F090810taco_talk_sanneh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverse+racism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSong2014" class="citation journal cs1">Song, Miri (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261369828">"Challenging a culture of racial equivalence"</a>. <i>The British Journal of Sociology</i>. <b>65</b> (1): 107–129. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-4446.12054">10.1111/1468-4446.12054</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24697716">24697716</a> – via ResearchGate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Challenging+a+culture+of+racial+equivalence&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=107-129&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-4446.12054&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24697716&rft.aulast=Song&rft.aufirst=Miri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F261369828&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverse+racism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuiter2016" class="citation book cs1">Suiter, Tad (2016). "Reverse Racism: A Discursive History". In Kiuchi, Yuya (ed.). <i>Race Still Matters: The Reality of African American Lives and the Myth of Postracial Society</i>. Albany: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-43-846273-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-43-846273-8"><bdi>978-1-43-846273-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reverse+Racism%3A+A+Discursive+History&rft.btitle=Race+Still+Matters%3A+The+Reality+of+African+American+Lives+and+the+Myth+of+Postracial+Society&rft.place=Albany&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-43-846273-8&rft.aulast=Suiter&rft.aufirst=Tad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReverse+racism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right mw-collapsible sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow" style="clear: both"> <b>Reverse racism</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex mw-collapsible-content"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Reverse_racism" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Reverse racism">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Reverse_racism" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Reverse racism">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Reverse_racism" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Reverse racism">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Reverse_racism" class="extiw" title="q:Reverse racism">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Reverse_racism" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Reverse racism">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Reverse_racism" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Reverse racism">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Reverse_racism" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Reverse racism">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eeoc.gov/significant-eeoc-racecolor-casescovering-private-and-federal-sectors#reverse">List of cases involving allegations of reverse discrimination</a>, U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Racism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Racism_topics" title="Template:Racism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Racism_topics" title="Template talk:Racism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Racism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Racism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Racism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of racism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aversive_racism" title="Aversive racism">Aversive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Colorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_racism" title="Covert racism">Covert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_racism" title="Cultural racism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_on_the_Internet" title="Racism on the Internet">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Formal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendered_racism" title="Gendered racism">Gendered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_racism" title="Internalized racism">Internalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_racism" title="Patent racism">Patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire_racism" title="Laissez-faire racism">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_racism" title="Linguistic racism">Linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocolonial_racism" title="Neocolonial racism">Neocolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_racism" title="Romantic racism">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_racism" title="Societal racism">Societal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">Substantive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_racism" title="Symbolic racism">Symbolic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations<br />of racism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Anti-miscegenation laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_determinism" title="Biological determinism">Biological determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">Discrimination based on nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic jokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs" title="List of ethnic slurs">Ethnic slurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_stereotype" title="Ethnic stereotype">Ethnic stereotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_hierarchy" title="Racial hierarchy">Racial hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_profiling" title="Racial profiling">Racial profiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_apartheid" title="Global apartheid">Global apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Africa" title="Racism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Africa" title="Racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Racism in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Asia" title="Racism in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_China" title="Racism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Japan" title="Racism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_North_Korea" title="Racism in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Korea" title="Racism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Thailand" title="Racism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Vietnam" title="Racism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Racism in the Arab world">Arab world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Libya" title="Racism in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Sudan" title="Racism in Sudan">Sudan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Australia" title="Racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Europe" title="Racism in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Denmark" title="Racism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_France" title="Racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Germany" title="Racism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Poland" title="Racism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Portugal" title="Racism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Russia" title="Racism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Racism in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Spain" title="Racism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Ukraine" title="Racism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Racism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Xenophobia and racism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Iran" title="Racism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Israel" title="Racism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Racism in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_discrimination_in_Turkey" title="Xenophobia and discrimination in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Canada" title="Racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Mexico" title="Racism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_America" title="Racism in South America">South America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Argentina" title="Racism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Brazil" title="Racism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Chile" title="Racism in Chile">Chile</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Racism by target</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States">Chinese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in Japan">Zainichi Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States">Japanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_Korea" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea">Japanese Koreans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Korean sentiment in Japan">Zainichi Koreans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Black_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Black sentiment">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogynoir" title="Misogynoir">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanophobia">Hispanic & Latino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">Jewish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Jewish_communities" title="Racism in Jewish communities">In Jewish communities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_LGBT_community" title="Racism in the LGBT community">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Muslim_communities" title="Racism in Muslim communities">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_wine_industry" title="Racism in the wine industry">Wine industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Racial supremacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Ableism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Casteism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_plastic_surgery" title="Ethnic plastic surgery">Ethnic plastic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_back_to_where_you_came_from" title="Go back to where you came from">Go back to where you came from</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herrenvolk_democracy" title="Herrenvolk democracy">Herrenvolk democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interminority_racism_in_the_United_States" title="Interminority racism in the United States">Interminority racism in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Hispanic_and_Latino_American_communities" title="Racism in Hispanic and Latino American communities">Hispanics/Latinos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">Passing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics_of_racism" title="Psychometrics of racism">Psychometrics of racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_sexuality" title="Race and sexuality">Race and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_card" title="Race card">Race card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Racial figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_sport" title="Racism in sport">Racism in sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_sport_in_Australia" title="Racism in sport in Australia">in Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reverse racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations" title="Sociology of race and ethnic relations">Sociology of race and ethnic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Racism" title="Category:Racism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" 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