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id="toc-Similar_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External 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Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kettingbrief" title="Kettingbrief – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kettingbrief" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Верижно писмо – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Верижно писмо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98et%C4%9Bzov%C3%BD_dopis" title="Řetězový dopis – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Řetězový dopis" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A6debrev" title="Kædebrev – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kædebrev" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kettenbrief" title="Kettenbrief – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kettenbrief" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadena_de_mensajes" title="Cadena de mensajes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cadena de mensajes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88enletero" title="Ĉenletero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉenletero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="نامه زنجیره‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نامه زنجیره‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cha%C3%AEne_de_lettres" title="Chaîne de lettres – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chaîne de lettres" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%B2%D5%A9%D5%A1_%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Շղթա նամակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շղթա նամակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lan%C4%8Dano_pismo" title="Lančano pismo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lančano pismo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat_berantai" title="Surat berantai – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Surat berantai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catena_di_sant%27Antonio" title="Catena di sant'Antonio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Catena di sant'Antonio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%91_%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%AA" title="מכתב שרשרת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מכתב שרשרת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%93des_v%C4%93stule" title="Ķēdes vēstule – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ķēdes vēstule" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandininis_lai%C5%A1kas" title="Grandininis laiškas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Grandininis laiškas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1nclev%C3%A9l" title="Lánclevél – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lánclevél" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat_berantai" title="Surat berantai – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Surat berantai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kettingbrief" title="Kettingbrief – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kettingbrief" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="チェーンメール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チェーンメール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjedebrev" title="Kjedebrev – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kjedebrev" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81a%C5%84cuszek_internetowy" title="Łańcuszek internetowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Łańcuszek internetowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrente_de_e-mail" title="Corrente de e-mail – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Corrente de e-mail" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F" title="Письма счастья – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Письма счастья" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_letter" title="Chain letter – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chain letter" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Ланчано писмо – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ланчано писмо" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lan%C4%8Dano_pismo" title="Lančano pismo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lančano pismo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketjukirje" title="Ketjukirje – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ketjukirje" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedjebrev" title="Kedjebrev – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kedjebrev" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%88" title="จดหมายลูกโซ่ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จดหมายลูกโซ่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mektup_zinciri" title="Mektup zinciri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mektup zinciri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%9E%E7%8E%AF%E4%BF%A1" title="连环信 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="连环信" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Letter written in succession by a group of people</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Email chain letter" redirects here. For email chains in the sense of email threads, see <a href="/wiki/Conversation_threading" class="mw-redirect" title="Conversation threading">Conversation threading</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Chain_letter_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Chain letter (disambiguation)">Chain letter (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>A <b>chain letter</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Message" title="Message">message</a> that attempts to convince the recipient to make a number of copies and pass them on to a certain number of recipients. The "chain" is an exponentially growing pyramid (a <a href="/wiki/Tree_(graph_theory)" title="Tree (graph theory)">tree graph</a>) that cannot be sustained indefinitely. </p><p>Common methods used in chain letters include <a href="/wiki/Psychological_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological manipulation">emotionally manipulative</a> stories, <a href="/wiki/Make_Money_Fast" title="Make Money Fast">get-rich-quick</a> <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_scheme" title="Pyramid scheme">pyramid schemes</a>, and the exploitation of <a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">superstition</a> to threaten the recipient. Originally, chain letters were <a href="/wiki/Letter_(message)" title="Letter (message)">letters</a> sent by mail; today, chain letters are often sent electronically via <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">email</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_network_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Social network service">social network sites</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">text messages</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chain_letter&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two main types of chain letter: </p> <ol><li>Hoaxes: hoaxes attempt to trick or defraud users. A hoax could be malicious, instructing users to delete a file necessary to the operating system by claiming it is a virus. It could also be a scam that convinces users to spread the letter to other people for a specific reason, or send money or personal information. <a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">Phishing</a> attacks could fall into this.</li> <li>Urban legends: <a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">urban legends</a> are designed to be redistributed and usually warn users of a threat or claim to be notifying them of important or urgent information. Another common form are the emails that promise users monetary rewards for forwarding the message or suggest that they are signing something that will be submitted to a particular group. Urban legends usually have no negative effect aside from wasted time.</li></ol> <p>In the United States, chain letters that request money or other items of value and promise a substantial return to the participants (such as the infamous <a href="/wiki/Make_Money_Fast" title="Make Money Fast">Make Money Fast</a> scheme) are illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some colleges and military bases have passed regulations stating that in the private mail of college students and military personnel, respectively, chain letters are not authorized and will be thrown out. However, it is often difficult to distinguish chain letters from genuine correspondence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Channels">Channels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chain_letter&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Channels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Print">Print</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chain_letter&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Print"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chain_Letter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Chain_Letter.jpg/220px-Chain_Letter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Chain_Letter.jpg/330px-Chain_Letter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Chain_Letter.jpg/440px-Chain_Letter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Printed Australian chain letter from 2006, with a <a href="/wiki/Australian_five-cent_coin" title="Australian five-cent coin">five-cent coin</a> taped to it as what it calls a "financial eye-catcher"</figcaption></figure> <p>The oldest known channel for chain letters is written, or printed, on letters on paper. These might be exchanged hand-to-hand or distributed through the mail. One notorious early example was the "Prosperity Club" or "Send-a-Dime" letter. This letter started in <a href="/wiki/Denver,_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="Denver, Colorado">Denver, Colorado</a> in 1935, based on an earlier luck letter. It soon swamped the Denver post office with hundreds of thousands of letters before spilling into <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis</a> and other cities.<sup id="cite_ref-VanArsdale_1998_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VanArsdale_1998-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1964, the head of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Inspection_Service" title="United States Postal Inspection Service">United States Postal Inspection Service</a> ordered a nationwide crackdown on violators of postal fraud and lottery laws due to an increase of chain letters reported around college towns in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-jefferson0227_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jefferson0227-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The typical letters included a list of names and instructed the recipient to send money to the name at the top of the list, remove that name, add their own name to the bottom of the list, and forward the letters to two more people.<sup id="cite_ref-jefferson0227_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jefferson0227-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Email">Email</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chain_letter&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Email"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some email messages sent as chain letters may seem fairly harmless; for example, a school student wishing to see how many people can receive their email for a science project, but they can grow exponentially and be hard to stop. Infamously, the salacious <a href="/wiki/Claire_Swire_email" title="Claire Swire email">Claire Swire email</a> spread in a chain-like fashion when its recipient sought to learn Swire's identity. </p><p>Messages sometimes include phony promises from companies or wealthy individuals (such as <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a>) promising a monetary reward to everyone who receives the message.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may also be politically motivated, such as "Save the Scouts, forward this to as many friends as possible"<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a warning that a popular TV or radio show may be forced off the air.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some, such as the <i>Hawaiian Good Luck Totem</i>, which has spread in thousands of forms, threaten users with bad luck if not forwarded.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Platforms such as <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> and <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> can host chain letters playing with users' emotions. They may also be in the form of warnings, such as stories of escaped convicts, which urge the reader to pass the message on. One chain letter distributed on MSN <a href="/wiki/Hotmail" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotmail">Hotmail</a> began, "Hey it's Tara and John the directors of MSN..." and subsequently claimed readers' accounts would be deleted if they did not pass on the message.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another common form of email chain letter is the <a href="/wiki/Virus_hoax" title="Virus hoax">virus hoax</a> and a form of <a href="/wiki/Cyberbullying" title="Cyberbullying">cyberbullying</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web_communities">Web communities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chain_letter&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Web communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chain letters within social media platforms became widespread on <a href="/wiki/Myspace" title="Myspace">Myspace</a> (in the form of Myspace bulletins) and <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> (in the form of video comments) as well as on <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> through messages or applications. For instance, the chain post/email of <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Winstead" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmen Winstead">Carmen Winstead</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> supposedly about a girl from <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> who was pushed down a sewage drain in a fire drill, states that, "if you do not repost/send this to 10 people, Carmen will find you and kill you." Chain letters are often coupled with intimidating <a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">hoaxes</a> or the promise of providing the sender with "secret" information once they have forwarded the message. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chain_letter&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copypasta" title="Copypasta">Copypasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratis_Internet" title="Gratis Internet">Gratis Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Mydek_hoax_letter" title="Jessica Mydek hoax letter">Jessica Mydek hoax letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_and_wire_fraud" title="Mail and wire fraud">Mail and wire fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_money_fast" class="mw-redirect" title="Make money fast">Make money fast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-level_marketing" title="Multi-level marketing">Multi-level marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcrossing" title="Postcrossing">Postcrossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-mail_spam" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mail spam">Spam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virus_hoax" title="Virus hoax">Virus hoax</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Similar_distribution">Similar distribution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chain_letter&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Similar distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faxlore" title="Faxlore">Faxlore</a> – distribution of chain-letters or similar material by fax machine</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chain_letter&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120508132454/https://postalinspectors.uspis.gov/investigations/MailFraud/fraudschemes/sweepstakesfraud/ChainLetters.aspx">Chain Letters</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Inspection_Service" title="United States Postal Inspection Service">United States Postal Inspection Service</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://postalinspectors.uspis.gov/investigations/MailFraud/fraudschemes/sweepstakesfraud/ChainLetters.aspx">the original</a> on 8 May 2012. The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Postal_Inspection_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Postal Inspection Service">U.S. Postal Inspection Service</a> cites <a href="/wiki/Title_18_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 18 of the United States Code">18 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1302">§ 1302</a> when it asserts that chain letters are "illegal if they request money or other items of value and promise a substantial return to the participants, pursuant to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1302">Title 18, United States Code, Section 1302</a>, the Postal Lottery Statute".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VanArsdale_1998-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VanArsdale_1998_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVanArsdale1998" class="citation web cs1">VanArsdale, Daniel W. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carryiton.net/chain-letter/evolution.html">"Chain Letter Evolution"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230528035241/https://carryiton.net/chain-letter/evolution.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chain+Letter+Evolution&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=VanArsdale&rft.aufirst=Daniel+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarryiton.net%2Fchain-letter%2Fevolution.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChain+letter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jefferson0227-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jefferson0227_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jefferson0227_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/851241437/">"Crackdown Ordered on Chain Letters"</a>. <i>The Jefferson News</i>. New Orleans, Louisiana. 27 February 1964. p. 5 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jefferson+News&rft.atitle=Crackdown+Ordered+on+Chain+Letters&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1964-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F851241437%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChain+letter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikkelsonDavid_Mikkelson" class="citation web cs1">Mikkelson, Barbara; David Mikkelson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snopes.com/inboxer/nothing/billgate.asp">"Thousand Dollar Bill"</a>. <i>Urban Legends Reference Pages</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200108081410/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/thousand-dollar-bill/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-01-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Urban+Legends+Reference+Pages&rft.atitle=Thousand+Dollar+Bill&rft.aulast=Mikkelson&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=David+Mikkelson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snopes.com%2Finboxer%2Fnothing%2Fbillgate.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChain+letter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikkelsonDavid_Mikkelson2000" class="citation web cs1">Mikkelson, Barbara; David Mikkelson (31 October 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snopes.com/inboxer/petition/boyscout.asp">"A Boy Scout Outing"</a>. <i>Urban Legends Reference Pages</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Urban+Legends+Reference+Pages&rft.atitle=A+Boy+Scout+Outing&rft.date=2000-10-31&rft.aulast=Mikkelson&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=David+Mikkelson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snopes.com%2Finboxer%2Fpetition%2Fboyscout.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChain+letter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikkelsonDavid_Mikkelson2001" class="citation web cs1">Mikkelson, Barbara; David Mikkelson (15 March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snopes.com/politics/religion/fcc.asp">"Petition to Ban Religious Broadcasting"</a>. <i>Urban Legends Reference Pages</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210704234257/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/petition-to-ban-religious-broadcasting/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Urban+Legends+Reference+Pages&rft.atitle=Petition+to+Ban+Religious+Broadcasting&rft.date=2001-03-15&rft.aulast=Mikkelson&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=David+Mikkelson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snopes.com%2Fpolitics%2Freligion%2Ffcc.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChain+letter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Newton_(author)" title="Michael Newton (author)">Newton, Michael</a> (2004). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sAK6_W7lLkoC">The encyclopedia of high-tech crime and crime-fighting</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190605232024/https://books.google.com/books?id=sAK6_W7lLkoC">Archived</a> 2019-06-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4778046.stm">"Thousands fall for hotmail prank"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 8 March 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080408110632/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4778046.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Thousands+fall+for+hotmail+prank&rft.date=2006-03-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F4778046.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChain+letter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snopes.com/horrors/ghosts/winstead.asp">"MySpace Ghost of Murdered Teen"</a>. snopes.com. 10 October 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210704234257/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/carmen-winstead/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MySpace+Ghost+of+Murdered+Teen&rft.pub=snopes.com&rft.date=2006-10-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snopes.com%2Fhorrors%2Fghosts%2Fwinstead.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChain+letter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chain_letter&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButterfield1985" class="citation book cs1">Butterfield, Stephen (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL3021927M/Amway_the_cult_of_free_enterprise"><i>Amway, the Cult of Free Enterprise</i></a> (1st ed.). Boston: South End Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89608-253-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-89608-253-9"><bdi>0-89608-253-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL3021927M">3021927M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amway%2C+the+Cult+of+Free+Enterprise&rft.place=Boston&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=South+End+Press&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL3021927M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0-89608-253-9&rft.aulast=Butterfield&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL3021927M%2FAmway_the_cult_of_free_enterprise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChain+letter" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dean, Athena. <i>All That Glitters Is Not Gold: Breaking Free from the Sweet Deceit of MLM</i>, 1998, Winepress Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57921-134-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-57921-134-8">1-57921-134-8</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScarne1986" class="citation book cs1">Scarne, John (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL2720324M/Scarne%27s_new_complete_guide_to_gambling"><i>Scarne's New Complete Guide to Gambling</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780671630638" title="Special:BookSources/9780671630638"><bdi>9780671630638</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL2720324M">2720324M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scarne%27s+New+Complete+Guide+to+Gambling&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL2720324M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=9780671630638&rft.aulast=Scarne&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL2720324M%2FScarne%2527s_new_complete_guide_to_gambling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChain+letter" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Squier, Dan. <i>The Truth About Chain Letters</i>, 1990, Premier Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-915665-21-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-915665-21-2">0-915665-21-2</a>.</li> <li>Tartaglia, Gary. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W4ZaAAAAYAAJ">Shattered Dreams: How to Avoid Costly Mistakes in Multi-level Marketing</a></i>, 1985, Targeted Communications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9614404-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-9614404-0-6">0-9614404-0-6</a>.</li> <li>Walsh, James. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7xSVQEobDdMC">You Can't Cheat an Honest Man: How Ponzi Schemes & Pyramid Frauds Work</a></i>, 1998, Merritt Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56343-169-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-56343-169-6">1-56343-169-6</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chain_letter&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snopes.com/luck/chain.asp">A discussion of the history and various types of chain letters</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Snopes.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Snopes.com">Snopes.com</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.silcom.com/~barnowl/chain-letter/archive/me1935-05-10br!_sd_note.htm">An example of a "Send-a-dime" letter</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.breakthechain.org/">Break the chain</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090909072731/http://breakthechain.org/">Archived</a> 2009-09-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carryiton.net/chain-letter/evolution.html">Chain Letter Evolution</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_W._VanArsdale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel W. VanArsdale (page does not exist)">Daniel W. VanArsdale</a>. A historical analysis, including an archive of actual letters.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170623040227/http://www.dogoodgauge.org/site/DoGoodGauge/ptf_comments/add/">Pay the Thought Forward</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~watrous/chain-letters.html">What's wrong with chain letters?</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_superstitions" title="List of superstitions">List of superstitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lucky_symbols" title="List of lucky symbols">List of lucky symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bad_luck_signs" title="List of bad luck signs">List of bad luck signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailors%27_superstitions" title="Sailors' superstitions">Sailors' superstitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatrical_superstitions" title="Theatrical superstitions">Theatrical superstitions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superstition_in_Ethiopia" title="Superstition in Ethiopia">Superstition in Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_(folklore)" title="Buda (folklore)">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gris-gris_(talisman)" title="Gris-gris (talisman)">Gris-gris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampy" title="Sampy">Sampy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_child" title="Sleeping child">Sleeping child</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ascalapha_odorata" title="Ascalapha odorata">Ascalapha odorata</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Triangle" title="Bermuda Triangle">Bermuda Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Latin_America" title="Witchcraft in Latin America">Brujería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carranca" title="Carranca">Carranca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooties" title="Cooties">Cooties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curse_of_Tippecanoe" title="Curse of Tippecanoe">Curse of Tippecanoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curupira" title="Curupira">Curupira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djucu" title="Djucu">Djucu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortune_cookie" title="Fortune cookie">Fortune cookie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundhog_Day" title="Groundhog Day">Groundhog Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%27noGo_tied" title="I'noGo tied">I'noGo tied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_love_curse" title="Oscar love curse">Oscar love curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susto" title="Susto">Susto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veve" title="Veve">Veve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_lighter_myth" title="White lighter myth">White lighter myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_window" title="Witch window">Witch window</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superstition_in_India" title="Superstition in India">Superstition in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition_in_Pakistan" title="Superstition in Pakistan">Superstition in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition_in_the_Philippines" title="Superstition in the Philippines">Superstition in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_superstitions" title="Japanese superstitions">Japanese superstitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition_in_Korea" title="Superstition in Korea">Superstition in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhoot_(ghost)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhoot (ghost)"><i>Bhoot</i> (ghost)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhaupadi" title="Chhaupadi">Chhaupadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churel" title="Churel">Churel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Bengali_culture" title="Ghosts in Bengali culture">Ghosts in Bengali culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackal%27s_horn" title="Jackal's horn">Jackal's horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuai_Kuai_culture" title="Kuai Kuai culture">Kuai Kuai culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhurta" title="Muhurta">Muhurta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratna" title="Navaratna">Navaratna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazar_(amulet)" title="Nazar (amulet)">Nazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazar_battu" title="Nazar battu">Nazar battu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pichal_Peri" title="Pichal Peri">Pichal Peri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppy_pregnancy_syndrome" title="Puppy pregnancy syndrome">Puppy pregnancy syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akabeko" title="Akabeko">Akabeko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanai_Anzen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanai Anzen">Kanai Anzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maneki-neko" title="Maneki-neko">Maneki-neko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okiagari-koboshi" title="Okiagari-koboshi">Okiagari-koboshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofuda" title="Ofuda">Ofuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omamori" title="Omamori">Omamori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_death" title="Fan death">Fan death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_shui" title="Feng shui">Feng shui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_astrology" title="Hindu astrology">Hindu astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agimat" title="Agimat">Agimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albularyo" title="Albularyo">Albularyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_the_Philippines" title="Witchcraft in the Philippines">Barang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulam">Kulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lihi" title="Lihi">Lihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagtatawas" title="Pagtatawas">Pagtatawas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasma" title="Pasma">Pasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usog" title="Usog">Usog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuman_Thong" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuman Thong">Kuman Thong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palad_khik" title="Palad khik">Palad khik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takrut" title="Takrut">Takrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nang_Kwak" title="Nang Kwak">Nang Kwak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_shastra" title="Vastu shastra">Vastu shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_elephant_(animal)" title="White elephant (animal)">White elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_Chan" title="Jin Chan">Jin Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_numerology" title="Chinese numerology">Numbers in Chinese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantra_cloth" title="Yantra cloth">Yantra cloth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_curse" title="August curse">August curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_macaques_in_Gibraltar" title="Barbary macaques in Gibraltar">Barbary macaques in Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayern-luck" title="Bayern-luck">Bayern-luck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blarney_Stone" title="Blarney Stone">Blarney Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimaruta" title="Cimaruta">Cimaruta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornicello" title="Cornicello">Cornicello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Goodman%27s_Croft" title="The Goodman's Croft">The Goodman's Croft</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Himmelsbrief" title="Himmelsbrief">Himmelsbrief</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_magical_staves" title="Icelandic magical staves">Icelandic magical staves</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_bocca_al_lupo" title="In bocca al lupo">In bocca al lupo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_witch" title="Kitchen witch">Kitchen witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klabautermann" title="Klabautermann">Klabautermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mooncalf" title="Mooncalf">Mooncalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Need-fire" title="Need-fire">Need-fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_painted_pebbles" title="Scottish painted pebbles">Painted pebbles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_of_sympathy" title="Powder of sympathy">Powder of sympathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit_rabbit_rabbit" title="Rabbit rabbit rabbit">Rabbit rabbit rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravens_of_the_Tower_of_London" title="Ravens of the Tower of London">Ravens of the Tower of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_traditions_and_superstitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian traditions and superstitions">Russian traditions and superstitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition_in_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstition in Britain">Superstition in Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition_in_Serbia" title="Superstition in Serbia">Superstition in Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spilling_water_for_luck" title="Spilling water for luck">Spilling water for luck</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Scottish_Play" title="The Scottish Play">The Scottish Play</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll_cross" title="Troll cross">Troll cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tycho_Brahe_days" title="Tycho Brahe days">Tycho Brahe days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_post" title="Witch post">Witch post</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wolfssegen" title="Wolfssegen">Wolfssegen</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1" title="1">1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ace_of_spades" title="Ace of spades">Ace of spades</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/3" title="3">3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Three_on_a_match" title="Three on a match">Three on a match</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/4" title="4">4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Four-leaf_clover" title="Four-leaf clover">Four-leaf clover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetraphobia" title="Tetraphobia">tetraphobia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/7" title="7">7</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seventh_son_of_a_seventh_son" title="Seventh son of a seventh son">Seventh son of a seventh son</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/11:11_(numerology)" title="11:11 (numerology)">11:11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13_(number)#Luck" title="13 (number)">13</a> (<a href="/wiki/Friday_the_13th" title="Friday the 13th">Friday the 13th</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Thirteen_Club" title="The Thirteen Club">The Thirteen Club</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_floor" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteenth floor">thirteenth floor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triskaidekaphobia" title="Triskaidekaphobia">triskaidekaphobia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_(number)#In_other_fields" title="17 (number)">17</a> (<a href="/wiki/Heptadecaphobia" title="Heptadecaphobia">Heptadecaphobia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/27_(number)" title="27 (number)">27</a> (<a href="/wiki/27_Club" title="27 Club">27 Club</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/39_(number)" title="39 (number)">39</a> (<a href="/wiki/Curse_of_39" title="Curse of 39">Curse of 39</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/666_(number)" title="666 (number)">666</a> (<a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">Number of the Beast</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auspicious_wedding_dates" title="Auspicious wedding dates">Auspicious wedding dates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_superstition" title="Baseball superstition">Baseball superstition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beginner%27s_luck" title="Beginner's luck">Beginner's luck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_cat" title="Black cat">Black cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bread_and_butter_(superstition)" title="Bread and butter (superstition)">Bread and butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Break_a_leg" title="Break a leg">Break a leg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullroarer" title="Bullroarer">Bullroarer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chain letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cramp-ring" title="Cramp-ring">Cramp-ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curse" title="Curse">Curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Jones%27_Locker" class="mw-redirect" title="Davy Jones' Locker">Davy Jones' Locker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_man%27s_hand" title="Dead man's hand">Dead man's hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-of-the-day_betting_effect" title="End-of-the-day betting effect">End-of-the-day betting effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_frogs" title="Fear of frogs">Fear of frogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_ghosts" title="Fear of ghosts">Fear of ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_rite" title="Fertility rite">Fertility rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-foot" title="First-foot">First-foot</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flying_Dutchman" title="Flying Dutchman">Flying Dutchman</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_eleven_forty-four" title="Four eleven forty-four">Four eleven forty-four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambler%27s_conceit" title="Gambler's conceit">Gambler's conceit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lucky_symbols" title="List of lucky symbols">Good luck charm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">Human sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinx" title="Jinx">Jinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curse" title="Curse">Hex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knocking_on_wood" title="Knocking on wood">Knocking on wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_contagion" title="Law of contagion">Law of contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literomancy" title="Literomancy">Literomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lock_of_hair" title="Lock of hair">Lock of hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_impression" title="Maternal impression">Maternal impression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miasma_theory" title="Miasma theory">Miasma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_(cricket)" title="Nelson (cricket)">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerophobia" title="Numerophobia">Numerophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numismatic_charm" title="Numismatic charm">Numismatic charm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny" title="Penny">Penny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit%27s_foot" title="Rabbit's foot">Rabbit's foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainmaking_(ritual)" title="Rainmaking (ritual)">Rainmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_sponsor" title="Ship sponsor">Ship sponsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoes_on_a_table" title="Shoes on a table">Shoes on a table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_horns" title="Sign of the horns">Sign of the horns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Something_old" title="Something old">Something old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spilling_salt" title="Spilling salt">Spilling salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_rubbing" title="Statue rubbing">Statue rubbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threshold_(door)" class="mw-redirect" title="Threshold (door)">Threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toi_toi_toi" title="Toi toi toi">Toi toi toi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wishing_well" title="Wishing well">Wishing well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_ball" title="Witch ball">Witch ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witching_hour" title="Witching hour">Witching hour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apophenia" title="Apophenia">Apophenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">Apotropaic magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_and_science" title="Astrology and science">Astrology and science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coincidence" title="Coincidence">Coincidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debunker" title="Debunker">Debunker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortune-telling" title="Fortune-telling">Fortune-telling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_and_religion" title="Magic and religion">Magic and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_thinking" title="Magical thinking">Magical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerology" title="Numerology">Numerology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">Obsessive–compulsive disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perceptions_of_religious_imagery_in_natural_phenomena" title="Perceptions of religious imagery in natural phenomena">Perceptions of religious imagery in natural phenomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_hoc_ergo_propter_hoc" title="Post hoc ergo propter hoc">Post hoc ergo propter hoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questionable_cause" title="Questionable cause">Questionable cause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition_in_Judaism" title="Superstition in Judaism">Superstition in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstitions_in_Muslim_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstitions in Muslim societies">Superstitions in Muslim societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">Urban legend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chain_letter&oldid=1259021763">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chain_letter&oldid=1259021763</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Curses" title="Category:Curses">Curses</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Email" title="Category:Email">Email</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Letters_(message)" title="Category:Letters (message)">Letters (message)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Luck" 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