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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fermanagh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Fermanagh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fermanagh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-O'Sullivan_Beara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#O'Sullivan_Beara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>O'Sullivan Beara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-O'Sullivan_Beara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Breifne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Breifne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.5</span> <span>West Breifne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Breifne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Umhaill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Umhaill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.6</span> <span>Umhaill</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Umhaill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Breifne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Breifne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.7</span> <span>East Breifne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Breifne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clann_Uí_Bhroin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clann_Uí_Bhroin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.8</span> <span>Clann Uí Bhroin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clann_Uí_Bhroin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loígis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loígis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.9</span> <span>Loígis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loígis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MacCarthy_Mór" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MacCarthy_Mór"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.10</span> <span>MacCarthy Mór</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MacCarthy_Mór-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anglo-Irish_lords" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglo-Irish_lords"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Anglo-Irish lords</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglo-Irish_lords-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Desmond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Desmond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Desmond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Desmond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fartullagh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fartullagh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Fartullagh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fartullagh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lower_Mac_William" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lower_Mac_William"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Lower Mac William</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lower_Mac_William-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clanricarde" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clanricarde"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Clanricarde</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clanricarde-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cahir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cahir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.5</span> <span>Cahir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cahir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England_and_Kingdom_of_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England_and_Kingdom_of_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>England and Kingdom of Ireland</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-England_and_Kingdom_of_Ireland-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle England and Kingdom of Ireland subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-England_and_Kingdom_of_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English_government_officials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_government_officials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>English government officials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_government_officials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lord_Deputies_of_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lord_Deputies_of_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Lord Deputies of Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lord_Deputies_of_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lord_Justices_of_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lord_Justices_of_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Lord Justices of Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lord_Justices_of_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marshals_of_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marshals_of_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Marshals of Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marshals_of_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_commanders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_commanders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Regional commanders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_commanders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irish_and_Anglo-Irish_allies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irish_and_Anglo-Irish_allies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Irish and Anglo-Irish allies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irish_and_Anglo-Irish_allies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ormond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ormond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Ormond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ormond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thomond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thomond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Thomond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thomond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tyrconnell_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tyrconnell_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Tyrconnell</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tyrconnell_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kildare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kildare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Kildare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kildare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clanricarde_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clanricarde_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Clanricarde</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clanricarde_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lower_Mac_William_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lower_Mac_William_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.6</span> <span>Lower Mac William</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lower_Mac_William_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Breifne_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input 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href="/wiki/File:Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B11_048-HIBERNIAE_REGNUM_tam_in_praecipuas_ULTONIAE,_CONNACIAE,_LAGENIAE,_et_MOMONIAE,_quam_in_minores_earundem_Provincias,_et_Ditiones_subjacentes_peraccurat%C3%A9_divisum.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="HIBERNIAE REGNUM tam in praecipuas ULTONIAE, CONNACIAE, LAGENIAE, et MOMONIAE, quam in minores earundem Provincias, et Ditiones subjacentes peraccuraté divisum"><img alt="HIBERNIAE REGNUM tam in praecipuas ULTONIAE, CONNACIAE, LAGENIAE, et MOMONIAE, quam in minores earundem Provincias, et Ditiones subjacentes peraccuraté divisum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B11_048-HIBERNIAE_REGNUM_tam_in_praecipuas_ULTONIAE%2C_CONNACIAE%2C_LAGENIAE%2C_et_MOMONIAE%2C_quam_in_minores_earundem_Provincias%2C_et_Ditiones_subjacentes_peraccurat%C3%A9_divisum.jpeg/150px-thumbnail.jpeg" decoding="async" width="150" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B11_048-HIBERNIAE_REGNUM_tam_in_praecipuas_ULTONIAE%2C_CONNACIAE%2C_LAGENIAE%2C_et_MOMONIAE%2C_quam_in_minores_earundem_Provincias%2C_et_Ditiones_subjacentes_peraccurat%C3%A9_divisum.jpeg/225px-thumbnail.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B11_048-HIBERNIAE_REGNUM_tam_in_praecipuas_ULTONIAE%2C_CONNACIAE%2C_LAGENIAE%2C_et_MOMONIAE%2C_quam_in_minores_earundem_Provincias%2C_et_Ditiones_subjacentes_peraccurat%C3%A9_divisum.jpeg/300px-thumbnail.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4666" data-file-height="5500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Chronology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ireland" title="Prehistoric Ireland">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protohistory_of_Ireland" title="Protohistory of Ireland">Protohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(400%E2%80%93795)" title="History of Ireland (400–795)">400–795</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(795%E2%80%931169)" title="History of Ireland (795–1169)">795–1169</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1169%E2%80%931536)" title="History of Ireland (1169–1536)">1169–1536</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1536%E2%80%931691)" title="History of Ireland (1536–1691)">1536–1691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1691%E2%80%931800)" title="History of Ireland (1691–1800)">1691–1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1801%E2%80%931923)" title="History of Ireland (1801–1923)">1801–1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Irish_history" title="Timeline of Irish history">Timeline of Irish history</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Peoples and polities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of<br />Great Britain and Ireland</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)"><span class="wrap">Nine Years' War</span></a><br />(Ireland)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Belleek" title="Battle of Belleek">Belleek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Enniskillen_(1594)" title="Siege of Enniskillen (1594)">Enniskillen </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ford_of_the_Biscuits" title="Battle of the Ford of the Biscuits">Ford of the Biscuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault_on_the_Blackwater_Fort" title="Assault on the Blackwater Fort">Blackwater Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clontibret" title="Battle of Clontibret">Clontibret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_gunpowder_explosion" title="Dublin gunpowder explosion">Dublin gunpowder explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carrickfergus_(1597)" title="Battle of Carrickfergus (1597)">Carrickfergus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Yellow_Ford" title="Battle of the Yellow Ford">Yellow Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Deputy%27s_Pass" title="Battle of Deputy's Pass">Deputy's Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cahir_Castle" title="Siege of Cahir Castle">Cahir Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Curlew_Pass" title="Battle of Curlew Pass">Curlew Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moyry_Pass" title="Battle of Moyry Pass">Moyry Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lifford" title="Battle of Lifford">Lifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Donegal" title="Siege of Donegal">Donegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kinsale" title="Siege of Kinsale">Kinsale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castlehaven" title="Battle of Castlehaven">Castlehaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dunboy" title="Siege of Dunboy">Dunboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dursey_massacre" title="Dursey massacre">Dursey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Dungannon" title="Burning of Dungannon">Dungannon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_participants_in_the_Nine_Years%27_War" class="mw-redirect" title="List of participants in the Nine Years' War">Participants</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>This article is a list of the participants, both civilian and military, of the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Nine Years' War</a> in Ireland. The war was fought in the late 16th and early 17th century and was a conflict between a coalition of Irish lords and their Spanish allies against the English and their authorities in Ireland. </p> <ul><li>In order to be listed here an individual must have a historical record of their conduct, position or any role they played in the war during the years <b>1593–1603</b>.</li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Confederation_of_Irish_lords">Confederation of Irish lords</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_participants_in_the_Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Confederation of Irish lords"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning with the alliance between Tyrone and Tyrconnell in 1593, most of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_kingdoms" title="List of Irish kingdoms">Irish kingdoms</a> and lordships gradually assembled, either voluntarily or through coercion, into a loose confederation whose aim was to expunge English rule in Ireland once and for all. Although the motives of Hugh O'Neill, the symbolic leader of the Irish during the conflict, are still debated,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a return to the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic order</a> and the disbandment of English institutions in Ireland was a paramount objective for not only O'Neill, but his allies as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gaelic_lords">Gaelic lords</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_participants_in_the_Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Gaelic lords"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hugh_%C3%93_Neill,_2nd_Earl_of_Tyrone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Hugh_%C3%93_Neill%2C_2nd_Earl_of_Tyrone.jpg/220px-Hugh_%C3%93_Neill%2C_2nd_Earl_of_Tyrone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Hugh_%C3%93_Neill%2C_2nd_Earl_of_Tyrone.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="268" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hugh_O%27Neill,_Earl_of_Tyrone" title="Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone">Hugh O'Neill</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Tyrone" title="Earl of Tyrone">Earl of Tyrone</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tyrone">Tyrone</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_participants_in_the_Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tyrone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Hugh_O%27Neill,_Earl_of_Tyrone" title="Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone">Hugh O'Neill</a></b> was the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Tyrone" title="Earl of Tyrone">Earl of Tyrone</a> and the effective leader of the Irish forces, both diplomatically and militarily, to such a degree that the war is often referred to as <i>Tyrone's Rebellion</i>. While it took until February 1595 for O'Neill to declare open rebellion, he had been laying down the foundations for war for some years. This included his alliance to the once hostile <a href="/wiki/Tyrconnell" title="Tyrconnell">Tyrconnell</a>, which capitalized on the unified strength of <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a>, his military reforms which introduced modern tactics and <a href="/wiki/Muskets" class="mw-redirect" title="Muskets">muskets</a> to <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaelic-Irish</a> warfare for the first time, and his correspondence with <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a>, which brought vital <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a> financial and military support to Ireland.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cormac_MacBaron_O%27Neill" title="Cormac MacBaron O'Neill">Cormac MacBaron O'Neill</a></b> was Hugh's younger brother. He was initially a <a href="/wiki/Stalking_horse" title="Stalking horse">stalking horse</a> of sorts, having led forces against the English before Tyrone was formally at war. He assisted Hugh Maguire in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Enniskillen_(1594)" title="Siege of Enniskillen (1594)">Siege of Enniskillen</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ford_of_the_Biscuits" title="Battle of the Ford of the Biscuits">Battle of the Ford of the Biscuits</a> in 1594, victories which shocked the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Dublin administration</a>. His relationship with Hugh was frayed by the war, but he remained loyal throughout, even when living in the woods following the <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Dungannon" title="Burning of Dungannon">Burning of Dungannon</a>. However, due to their falling out, he did not travel with Hugh to Spain in 1607.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tyrconnell">Tyrconnell</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_participants_in_the_Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tyrconnell"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaelic_Chieftain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Gaelic_Chieftain.jpg/220px-Gaelic_Chieftain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Gaelic_Chieftain.jpg/330px-Gaelic_Chieftain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Gaelic_Chieftain.jpg/440px-Gaelic_Chieftain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Roe_O%27Donnell" title="Hugh Roe O'Donnell">Hugh Roe O'Donnell</a>, King of <a href="/wiki/Tyrconnell" title="Tyrconnell">Tyrconnell</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Roe_O%27Donnell" title="Hugh Roe O'Donnell">Hugh Roe O'Donnell</a></b> was the <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_T%C3%ADr_Chonaill" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Tír Chonaill">King of Tyrconnell</a> and the most prominent commander of Irish forces in the war. He had been in conflict with the English since his escape from <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Castle" title="Dublin Castle">Dublin Castle</a> in 1592. A master of cavalry raids, his punitive assaults against <a href="/wiki/Turlough_Luineach_O%27Neill" class="mw-redirect" title="Turlough Luineach O'Neill">Turlough Luineach</a> collapsed the latter's lordship, allowing Hugh O'Neill to take power. Having successfully taken <a href="/wiki/Sligo" title="Sligo">Sligo</a> in June 1595, his access to <a href="/wiki/Connacht" title="Connacht">Connacht</a> was left unimpeded and his control of the province became so absolute that <a href="/wiki/Conyers_Clifford" title="Conyers Clifford">Governor Clifford</a> referred to it as <i>O'Donnell's Commonwealth</i>. He is noted by both Irish and English historical sources for his great charisma and leadership. His death in 1602 was followed swiftly by Tyrconnell's withdrawal from the war.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rory_O%27Donnell,_1st_Earl_of_Tyrconnell" title="Rory O'Donnell, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell">Rory O'Donnell</a></b> was left in charge of Tyrconnell for the duration of his brother's expedition to Spain in January 1602, and became king following the latter's death in September of that year. He inherited a largely hopeless situation and, despite his best efforts, failed to revive the rebellion. He surrendered at Mellifont and travelled alongside Hugh O'Neill to seek a pardon from <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">King James I</a> in March 1603.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fermanagh">Fermanagh</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_participants_in_the_Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fermanagh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Maguire_(Lord_of_Fermanagh)" title="Hugh Maguire (Lord of Fermanagh)">Hugh Maguire</a></b> was the Lord of <a href="/wiki/Fermanagh" title="Fermanagh">Fermanagh</a> and one of the confederation's chief tacticians. He spearheaded vital victories in the early stages of the war, namely at <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Enniskillen_(1594)" title="Siege of Enniskillen (1594)">Enniskillen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ford_of_the_Biscuits" title="Battle of the Ford of the Biscuits">Ford of the Biscuits</a>. He also led the victorious cavalry units at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Yellow_Ford" title="Battle of the Yellow Ford">Yellow Ford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clontibret" title="Battle of Clontibret">Clontibret</a>. As the war expanded in scope he commanded the Irish cavalry in Leinster and Munster, wresting much of the country from the English. He was intercepted in <a href="/wiki/County_Cork" title="County Cork">Cork</a> by Warham St. Leger in February 1600 and, despite emerging victorious from the encounter, died from his wounds shortly afterwards.</li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuchonnacht_Maguire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cuchonnacht Maguire (page does not exist)">Cuchonnacht Maguire</a></b> succeeded his half-brother Hugh in 1600. A succession crisis erupted immediately after Hugh's death as the English threw financial support behind a rival claimant, Conor Roe. Infighting claimed the lives of over 200 people in Fermanagh before O'Donnell finally stepped in to quell the bloodshed. He played a much less prominent role in the war and left Ireland in 1607.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="O'Sullivan_Beara"><span id="O.27Sullivan_Beara"></span>O'Sullivan Beara</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_participants_in_the_Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: O'Sullivan Beara"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Donal_Cam_O%27Sullivan_Beare" title="Donal Cam O'Sullivan Beare">Donal Cam O'Sullivan Beare</a></b> was the head of the <a href="/wiki/O%27Sullivan_family" title="O'Sullivan family">O'Sullivan</a> sept and the Prince of <a href="/wiki/Beara_Peninsula" title="Beara Peninsula">Beare</a> in southwestern Munster. He initially kept his distance from the Ulster lords, but eventual joined the war and tasked himself with securing the southern coast for a Spanish landing. Following Kinsale, <a href="/wiki/George_Carew,_1st_Earl_of_Totnes" title="George Carew, 1st Earl of Totnes">George Carew</a> was particularly vicious towards O'Sullivan's kingdom and carried out a number of atrocities against its people, forcing O'Sullivan and 1,000 men, women and children to embark on an infamous <a href="/wiki/Beara-Breifne_Way" title="Beara-Breifne Way">500 km long march</a> in the depths of winter to seek refuge from his ally in <a href="/wiki/West_Breifne" title="West Breifne">West Breifne</a>. By the time they arrived only 35 of their party had survived.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="West_Breifne">West Breifne</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_participants_in_the_Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: West Breifne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Brian_Oge_O%27Rourke" title="Brian Oge O'Rourke">Brian Óg O'Rourke</a></b> was King of <a href="/wiki/West_Breifne" title="West Breifne">West Breifne</a> and one of the confederation's foremost commanders. He was Ireland's most intractable lord, having been in continuous rebellion against the English from January 1590 to April 1603. His plundering of Sligo in May 1593 was a precursor to the war and despite being one of Ireland's poorest lordships, West Breifne, under Brian Óg, contributed disproportionately to the war effort, including their decisive victory over England at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Curlew_Pass" title="Battle of Curlew Pass">Curlew Pass</a>. He was the last Gaelic lord to be toppled on 25 April 1603, almost a month after the others had surrendered.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Teigue_O%27Rourke" title="Teigue O'Rourke">Teigue O'Rourke</a></b> was Brian Óg's half-brother and a rival claimant to the kingship of West Breifne. He lived in exile in Tyrconnell and was a close ally of O'Donnell, whose sister he married in 1599. Despite being in frequent contact with the English, he was a committed member of the Gaelic alliance until Kinsale. While Brian Óg and O'Donnell were at Kinsale, and it became obvious that their defeat was imminent, he finally defected to the English in late 1601.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Umhaill">Umhaill</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_participants_in_the_Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Umhaill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Grace_O%27Malley" title="Grace O'Malley">Grace O'Malley</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Umhaill" title="Umhaill">Queen of Umhaill</a>, and much of her clan actively assisted the Gaelic cause, although they remained officially neutral. The O'Malleys never ceased their piracy of English ships during the war and on several occasions were blatantly acting against them, such as the five O'Malley ships stationed in the <a href="/wiki/Shannon_Estuary" title="Shannon Estuary">Shannon Estuary</a> that delivered supplies to the Irish whilst preventing the English from crossing in 1599. Curiously, her son <a href="/wiki/Tibbot_ne_Long_Bourke,_1st_Viscount_Mayo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibbot ne Long Bourke, 1st Viscount Mayo">Tibbot na Long</a> was a staunch loyalist throughout the war.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="East_Breifne">East Breifne</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_participants_in_the_Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: East Breifne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pilib_O%27Reilly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pilib O'Reilly (page does not exist)">Pilib O'Reilly</a></b> was proclaimed King of <a href="/wiki/East_Breifne" title="East Breifne">East Breifne</a> by Hugh O'Neill following his brother's death in 1596. East Breifne had been a vassal of Tyrone until the 1530s, and Pilib achieved great acclaim for the successful defence of the kingdom against an invasion by Tyrone in 1580–81. He submitted to Hugh but still harboured great antipathy towards the O'Neills. He ruled for mere weeks before his suspicious death, when he was accidentally shot and killed by a stray musket bullet fired by one of O'Neill's soldiers.</li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emon_O%27Reilly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emon O'Reilly (page does not exist)">Emon O'Reilly</a></b> was inaugurated as king of East Breifne by O'Neill in October 1596, after Pilib's death. The 90 year old <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1naiste" title="Tánaiste">tánaiste</a> had seen great change occur within his kingdom due to English incursions in the latter half of the 16th century. He served as an <a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_MPs_1585%E2%80%9386" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Irish MPs 1585–86">MP</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_House_of_Commons" title="Irish House of Commons">Irish House of Commons</a> but had a well documented affinity for Tyrone and <a href="/wiki/Tanistry" title="Tanistry">Irish tradition</a>, and remained committed to the rebellion until his death in 1601, although was not able to contribute much.</li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eoghan_O%27Reilly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eoghan O'Reilly (page does not exist)">Eoghan O'Reilly</a></b> served as acting King of East Breifne from 1601 to 1603. He was tasked with causing disruption along the frontier with Dublin and Meath in order to divert English resources away from the battle at Kinsale. He evidently failed in this regard as O'Neill was reported to be very angry at his inactivity during the battle.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brian_%27B%C3%A1n%27_M%C3%A1g_Tighearn%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian 'Bán' Mág Tighearnán">Brian Bán McKiernan</a></b> was the <a href="/wiki/McKiernan_Clan" title="McKiernan Clan">Mág Tighearnán</a> chief of <a href="/wiki/Tullyhunco" title="Tullyhunco">Tullyhunco</a>. He allowed O'Donnell to camp in his territory following raids into Connacht and assisted the rebels against his O'Reilly overlords and their English allies in <a href="/wiki/Cavan" title="Cavan">Cavan</a>, before their capitulation at the hands of O'Neill in late 1595. In June 1602 he was granted a pardon for fighting against the Queen's forces.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Clann_Uí_Bhroin"><span id="Clann_U.C3.AD_Bhroin"></span>Clann Uí Bhroin</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_participants_in_the_Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Clann Uí Bhroin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Fiach_McHugh_O%27Byrne" title="Fiach McHugh O'Byrne">Fiach McHugh O'Byrne</a></b> was chief of the <a href="/wiki/O%27Byrne_family" title="O'Byrne family">O'Byrne clan</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Wicklow" title="County Wicklow">Wicklow</a>. Fiach had achieved acclaim for his defeat of the English at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glenmalure" title="Battle of Glenmalure">Glenmalure</a> in 1580 during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Desmond_Rebellion" title="Second Desmond Rebellion">Second Desmond Rebellion</a>, and aided in the escape of Hugh O'Donnell from Dublin castle in 1592. Although he was not initially involved in the war, the English proclaimed him a traitor in 1594 and led campaigns into Wicklow against him. Despite obtaining a pardon from <a href="/wiki/William_Russell,_1st_Baron_Russell_of_Thornhaugh" title="William Russell, 1st Baron Russell of Thornhaugh">Lord Deputy Russell</a>, the elderly and ailing O'Byrne was captured and executed in May 1597.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Felim_McFiach_O%27Byrne" title="Felim McFiach O'Byrne">Felim McFiach O'Byrne</a></b> succeeded his father as chief of the O'Byrnes, and despite remaining a nominal threat, the clan never regained a solid footing against the English in Wicklow. He submitted to Elizabeth in 1600 and withdrew from the war.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Loígis"><span id="Lo.C3.ADgis"></span>Loígis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_participants_in_the_Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Loígis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Riabhach_O%27More&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brian Riabhach O'More (page does not exist)">Brian Riabhach O'More</a></b> was a nobleman from <a href="/wiki/County_Laois" title="County Laois">Loígis</a> who fought against the English in Leinster. The O'Mores had been expelled from much of Loígis four decades prior, as it was the first place in Ireland to be planted by the English in 1556.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="MacCarthy_Mór"><span id="MacCarthy_M.C3.B3r"></span>MacCarthy Mór</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_participants_in_the_Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: MacCarthy Mór"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Florence_MacCarthy" title="Florence MacCarthy">Florence MacCarthy</a></b> was the most prominent member of the <a href="/wiki/MacCarthy_dynasty" title="MacCarthy dynasty">MacCarthy</a> dynasty which controlled much of southwest Munster. His kingdom had been fractured by the Desmond rebellions and he sought to restore himself as the chief of MacCarthy Mór with O'Neill's assistance. He agreed to provide the landing Spanish soldiers with food and refuge for their battles against the English. The size of the kingdom proved a problem during Kinsale, as Spanish soldiers were spread thin across the vast southwest coast in MacCarthy's castles and forts, leaving them not readily available for pitched battles</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anglo-Irish_lords">Anglo-Irish lords</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_participants_in_the_Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Anglo-Irish lords"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Desmond">Desmond</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_participants_in_the_Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Desmond"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/James_FitzThomas_FitzGerald" title="James FitzThomas FitzGerald">James FitzThomas FitzGerald</a></b>, known as the <i>Súgán Earl</i> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Desmond" title="Kingdom of Desmond">Desmond</a> joined the rebellion in 1598 at the behest of O'Neill and rallied his countrymen to re-establish Desmond, which had been dismantled 2 years prior following the <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Rebellions" title="Desmond Rebellions">Desmond Rebellions</a> of the late 1500s. This dramatically expanded the scope of the war, as <a href="/wiki/Munster" title="Munster">Munster</a> fell to the Irish lords. He initially commanded an army 8,000 strong which he directed at his family's traditional foe, the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Ormond_(Ireland)" title="Earl of Ormond (Ireland)">Butlers of Ormonde</a>, to address historical grievances. After suffering a heavy defeat near <a href="/wiki/Kilmallock" title="Kilmallock">Kilmallock</a> in October 1600 his forces never recovered. He went into hiding in May 1601 but was captured later that month.</li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_FitzThomas_FitzGerald_(Conde_de_Desmond)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John FitzThomas FitzGerald (Conde de Desmond) (page does not exist)">John FitzThomas FitzGerald</a></b> was James' brother who rebelled alongside him. According to 19th century historian C.B. Gibson, John was <i>"the prime instigator of it</i> [the rebellion]". Following his brother's downfall, he evaded capture and fled to <a href="/wiki/Kilkenny" title="Kilkenny">Kilkenny</a> and from there onto Spain in 1603, where he was conferred the title "Conde de Desmond".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fartullagh">Fartullagh</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_participants_in_the_Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Fartullagh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Richard_Tyrrell" title="Richard Tyrrell">Richard Tyrrell</a></b> was the Lord of Fartullagh in <a href="/wiki/County_Westmeath" title="County Westmeath">Westmeath</a> and a close friend of Hugh O'Neill. He was made commander of the Irish forces in Leinster in 1594, during which time he recorded a string of victories against the Crown, most notably at <a href="/wiki/Tyrrellspass" title="Tyrrellspass">Tyrrellspass</a> where his forces killed 1,000 English soldiers – the area now bears his name as a result. Following Desmond's entry into the war in 1598, Tyrrell was made Colonel General of Munster and he fought until <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Mellifont" title="Treaty of Mellifont">Mellifont</a> in 1603.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lower_Mac_William">Lower Mac William</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_participants_in_the_Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Lower Mac William"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tibbot_MacWalter_Kittagh_Bourke" title="Tibbot MacWalter Kittagh Bourke">Tibbot MacWalter Kittagh Bourke</a></b> was appointed chief of <a href="/wiki/Mac_William_%C3%8Dochtar" title="Mac William Íochtar">Mac William Íochtar</a> in 1595 following O'Donnell's conquest of the territory. Despite immense internal pushback against his rule, primarily by his arch-rival, the loyalist <a href="/wiki/Tibbot_ne_Long_Bourke,_1st_Viscount_Mayo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibbot ne Long Bourke, 1st Viscount Mayo">Tibbot ne Long Bourke</a>, he remained in effective control of <a href="/wiki/County_Mayo" title="County Mayo">Mayo</a> for most of the war years. He agreed to assassinate O'Donnell in exchange for payment and recognition as the Earl of Mayo, however English money was not forthcoming and he therefore never carried out the deed.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Clanricarde">Clanricarde</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_participants_in_the_Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Clanricarde"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Redmond_Burke,_Baron_Leitrim" title="Redmond Burke, Baron Leitrim">Redmond Burke</a></b> was soldier in the Spanish army, who, along with his four brothers, returned to Ireland to fight in the war. Redmond was a <a href="/wiki/Pretender" title="Pretender">pretender</a> to the Lordship of Clanricarde, and at times occupied much of <a href="/wiki/County_Galway" title="County Galway">County Galway</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/County_Clare" title="County Clare">Clare</a>. His brothers John Oge, William and Thomas were recorded by the annals as occupying much of the castles in Ormond and Desmond in 1600. He fought at Kinsale and travelled with O'Donnell to Spain following the battle.</li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulick_Burke_(ensign)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ulick Burke (ensign) (page does not exist)">Ulick Burke</a></b> was a grandson of <a href="/wiki/Ulick_na_gCeann_Burke,_1st_Earl_of_Clanricarde" title="Ulick na gCeann Burke, 1st Earl of Clanricarde">Ulick na gCeann Burke, 1st Earl of Clanricarde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ensign_(rank)" title="Ensign (rank)">ensign</a> to Governor of Sligo George Bingham. Following months without due pay he killed in Bingham in 1595 and took possession of Sligo castle. He handed it over to O'Donnell who made him a constable for the Irish alliance in Connacht, and he fought across the province rather than in any one particular area.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cahir">Cahir</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_participants_in_the_Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cahir"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Galdie_Butler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Galdie Butler (page does not exist)">James Galdie Butler</a></b> was the brother of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Butler,_2nd_Baron_Cahir" title="Thomas Butler, 2nd Baron Cahir">Thomas Butler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Glengall" title="Earl of Glengall">2nd Baron Cahir</a>. He was given control of Cahir Castle by his brother in 1599 but defected to the confederation. His brother was arrested by Essex during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cahir_Castle" title="Siege of Cahir Castle">Siege of Cahir Castle</a> in 1599, as James Galdie held out the castle against the English. With only 100 men defending the castle against 5,000 English troops, it was quickly lost and James Galdie fled. The castle was returned to Thomas who later joined the rebellion and handed the castle backed over to the rebels in 1600.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="England_and_Kingdom_of_Ireland">England and Kingdom of Ireland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_participants_in_the_Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: England and Kingdom of Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The war presented the first major threat to English authority in Ireland since the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor conquest</a>. The dominant forces in Elizabeth's court at the time were the opposing factions of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Devereux,_2nd_Earl_of_Essex" title="Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex">Essex</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley" title="William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley">Cecil</a>. While both men were <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">anti-Catholic</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and desired the full subjugation of Ireland, their approaches to the war differed, with Essex demanding more aggressive action against the native Irish lordships, and Cecil preferring a steadier approach. The war ended shortly after Elizabeth's death in March 1603. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Blount,_8th_Baron_Mountjoy" title="Charles Blount, 8th Baron Mountjoy">Lord Mountjoy</a> was largely responsible for ending the war in the crucial years from 1600 to 1603. He ultimately became the dominant English voice in Ireland until his departure in 1604. The generous terms offered by Mountjoy to the Irish in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Mellifont" title="Treaty of Mellifont">Treaty of Mellifont</a> were quickly undone by his successor, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Chichester,_1st_Baron_Chichester" title="Arthur Chichester, 1st Baron Chichester">Sir Arthur Chichester</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_government_officials">English government officials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_participants_in_the_Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: English government officials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darnley_stage_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darnley_stage_3.jpg/220px-Darnley_stage_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darnley_stage_3.jpg/330px-Darnley_stage_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darnley_stage_3.jpg/440px-Darnley_stage_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1581" data-file-height="2313" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth I">Queen Elizabeth I</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth I">Queen Elizabeth I</a> (until 24 March 1603)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">King James I</a> (after 24 March 1603)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley" title="William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley">William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley</a>, Chief Advisor to Elizabeth I (1558–1598)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Fenton" title="Geoffrey Fenton">Geoffrey Fenton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(Ireland)" title="Secretary of State (Ireland)">Secretary of State in Ireland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lord_Deputies_of_Ireland">Lord Deputies of Ireland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_participants_in_the_Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Lord Deputies of Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Charles_Blount_c_1594.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sir_Charles_Blount_c_1594.jpg/220px-Sir_Charles_Blount_c_1594.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sir_Charles_Blount_c_1594.jpg/330px-Sir_Charles_Blount_c_1594.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Sir_Charles_Blount_c_1594.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="392" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Blount,_8th_Baron_Mountjoy" title="Charles Blount, 8th Baron Mountjoy">Sir Charles Blount</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/William_FitzWilliam_(Lord_Deputy)" title="William FitzWilliam (Lord Deputy)">William FitzWilliam</a></b> replaced <a href="/wiki/John_Perrot" title="John Perrot">John Perrot</a> as Lord Deputy and served from 1588 to 1594. His aggressive pursuit of conquest in Ireland was a major contributing factor in the outbreak of the war, particularity his execution of Lord <a href="/wiki/McMahon_clans" title="McMahon clans">McMahon</a> and the division of <a href="/wiki/Airg%C3%ADalla" title="Airgíalla">Airgíalla</a> amongst planters in 1589, although <a href="/wiki/Plantations_of_Ireland#Early_plantations_(1556–1576)" title="Plantations of Ireland">similarly antagonistic policies</a> had been in place for many decades prior. Nevertheless, <a href="/wiki/Attorney-General_for_Ireland" title="Attorney-General for Ireland">Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Dillon_(judge)" title="Lucas Dillon (judge)">Lucas Dillon</a> noted in 1590 that relations between the Gaelic Powers and the English had deteriorated greatly under FitzWilliam.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/William_Russell,_1st_Baron_Russell_of_Thornhaugh" title="William Russell, 1st Baron Russell of Thornhaugh">William Russell, 1st Baron Russell of Thornhaugh</a></b> served from 1594 to 1597. Despite favouring military force over negotiation with the Irish, his time in office also saw the Gaelic Powers strengthen their position even further. He did however defeat the O'Byrnes in Wicklow, who threatened the capital, before being recalled to England.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Burgh,_3rd_Baron_Burgh" title="Thomas Burgh, 3rd Baron Burgh">Thomas Burgh, 3rd Baron Burgh</a></b> served from April to October 1597, when he died in office. Beset by failure in Ireland, infighting within the English court prevented the appointment of a new Lord Deputy until 30 December 1598.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Robert_Devereux,_2nd_Earl_of_Essex" title="Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex">Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex</a></b> was appointed <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ireland" title="Lord Lieutenant of Ireland">Lord Lieutenant of Ireland</a> in 1599, at his own request. His <a href="/wiki/Essex_in_Ireland" title="Essex in Ireland">campaign in Ireland</a> was a catastrophe and the position of the crown was severely weakened during his time in office. He marched to Munster in an unsuccessful campaign against the <a href="/wiki/James_FitzThomas_FitzGerald" title="James FitzThomas FitzGerald">Súgán Earl</a>, during which his army suffered heavily from disease and desertion. Under his stewardship the English endured several humiliating defeats and when asked to invade Ulster, he instead held an unauthorized parlay with O'Neill in which they settled upon a truce. Agreeing to only inform the Queen of this meeting in person, he returned to London with his reputation in tatters, and would end up executed for treason less than two years later.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Charles_Blount,_8th_Baron_Mountjoy" title="Charles Blount, 8th Baron Mountjoy">Charles Blount, 8th Baron Mountjoy</a></b>, often referred to as Lord Mountjoy, served as the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Deputy_of_Ireland" title="Lord Deputy of Ireland">Lord Deputy of Ireland</a> from January 1600 to April 1603, after which he was promoted to the more prestigious title Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. Almost all of Ireland was in Gaelic hands when he took over from Essex. He achieved by far the most success of any English commander in the war and is often credited with bringing it to a close. His ruthless <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> policy in Ulster, his decisive victory over the combined Irish-Spanish forces at <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kinsale" title="Siege of Kinsale">Kinsale</a> and his ordering of a successful amphibious landing at <a href="/wiki/Lough_Foyle" title="Lough Foyle">Lough Foyle</a> all precipitated the collapse of the Irish confederation.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lord_Justices_of_Ireland">Lord Justices of Ireland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_participants_in_the_Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Lord Justices of Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Norris" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Thomas Norris">Thomas Norreys</a></b> served as both <a href="/wiki/Lord_Justices_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Justices (Ireland)">Lord Justice of Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_Munster" title="Lord President of Munster">Lord President of Munster</a> from 1597 to 1599. He had served in Connacht in the 1580s where he pursued the Burkes, and served there again during Bingham's suspension in 1597. While marching from <a href="/wiki/Buttevant" title="Buttevant">Buttevant</a> to <a href="/wiki/Limerick_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Limerick city">Limerick city</a> in May 1599 he was ambushed by Thomas Burke and struck in the neck with a pike. He was taken to <a href="/wiki/Mallow,_County_Cork" title="Mallow, County Cork">Mallow</a> in late June where he suffered for some months until he died of his wounds on 20 August.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/George_Carey_(c._1541%E2%80%931616)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Carey (c. 1541–1616)">George Carey</a></b>, was an English <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">Member of Parliament</a> who served as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Justices_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Justices (Ireland)">Lord Justice of Ireland</a> in 1599 and again in 1603. He was also Treasurer-at-War under Robert Devereux.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/George_Carew,_1st_Earl_of_Totnes" title="George Carew, 1st Earl of Totnes">George Carew</a></b> served as both Lord Justice of Ireland and Lord President of Munster in 1600. He was granted a wide array of powers, including the right to declare <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a>. He was effective in putting down the Súgán Earl in central Munster, as well as picking off Spanish occupied fortresses after Kinsale. Carew's <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dunboy" title="Siege of Dunboy">massacre of Dunboy</a> in June 1602 is regarded as one of the most ruthless acts of the war.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marshals_of_Ireland">Marshals of Ireland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_participants_in_the_Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Marshals of Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bagenal" title="Henry Bagenal">Henry Bagenal</a></b> was <a href="/wiki/Irish_Army_(Kingdom_of_Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Army (Kingdom of Ireland)">Marshal of Ireland</a> from 1590 to his death in 1598. He was the son and deputy of <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Bagenal" title="Nicholas Bagenal">Nicholas Bagenal</a> who also held that position for many years. He spent his time in office trying to weaken the power of O'Neill, who had married his sister Mabel, much to Bagenal's contempt. During the war he attempted to contain the spread of the rebellion from Ulster. In August 1598 he set out to resupply the Blackwater Fort with 4,000 troops, but was attacked by Tyrone at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Yellow_Ford" title="Battle of the Yellow Ford">Yellow Ford</a> and killed.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bingham_(soldier)" title="Richard Bingham (soldier)">Richard Bingham</a></b> was the longtime <a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_Connaught" title="Lord President of Connaught">Lord President of Connaught</a>, serving from 1584 to 1597. His brothers John and George were his assistant commissioners and the three men were much loathed by the Irish lords of Connacht, who blamed them for stoking rebellious fervor in the province. Following successive defeats at the hands of the confederation, he was recalled to Dublin and suspended from office. However, as the war grew out of hand he was recalled and appointed <a href="/wiki/Irish_Army_(Kingdom_of_Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Army (Kingdom of Ireland)">Marshal of Ireland</a> in August 1598. He sailed from England with 5,000 troops but died of illness upon his arrival.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wingfield,_1st_Viscount_Powerscourt_(first_creation)" title="Richard Wingfield, 1st Viscount Powerscourt (first creation)">Richard Wingfield</a></b> was an English commander who was knighted in 1595 for his performance against the confederation. He was called away to the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1596)" title="Siege of Calais (1596)">Calais expedition</a> and upon his return to Ireland he succeeded Bingham as Marshal of Ireland in 1600. He was one of the signatories of the articles of capitulation signed between Spanish commander <a href="/wiki/Juan_del_%C3%81guila" title="Juan del Águila">Juan del Águila</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Deputy_of_Ireland" title="Lord Deputy of Ireland">Lord Deputy</a> after victory at Kinsale.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Regional_commanders">Regional commanders</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_participants_in_the_Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Regional commanders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Conyers_Clifford" title="Conyers Clifford">Conyers Clifford</a></b> was appointed Lord President of Connaught following Bingham's suspension. By October 1597 he declared that all of Connacht was pacified, save for <a href="/wiki/Brian_Oge_O%27Rourke" title="Brian Oge O'Rourke">O'Rourke</a>. A widespread famine had assisted his success greatly and he built a patchwork of allegiances that started to unravel following O'Donnell's return to the province in late 1598. While marching north to resupply <a href="/wiki/Sligo" title="Sligo">Sligo castle</a> in August 1599, his company of 2,800 troops was ambushed by O'Rourke at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Curlew_Pass" title="Battle of Curlew Pass">Curlew Pass</a> and Clifford was killed.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/John_Norris_(soldier)" title="John Norris (soldier)">John Norreys</a></b> was England's most distinguished commander of that era, having fought in <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Flanders</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Netherlands</a>. He was called to Ireland in 1595 to serve under Russell, however he refused as the two men were on bad terms, so he was instead given his own command. His work in developing relations and truces with the local lords of Ulster and Connacht, including O'Neill and O'Donnell, was ambitious and often unsuccessful, with Norreys claiming that Russell and others were undermining his work. He was sent to Munster in 1596 where he developed <a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">gangrene</a> from his wounds and died in 1597.</li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Chichester_(Governor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Chichester (Governor) (page does not exist)">John Chichester</a></b> was the governor of Carrickfergus, which for nearly 4 years had been one of only two English strongholds still standing in Ulster, the other being Newry in County Down. His cavalry operations in the area had aggravated the Scottish <a href="/wiki/MacDonnell_of_Antrim" title="MacDonnell of Antrim">MacDonnells of Antrim</a> who demanded reparations, and a parlay was arranged for November 1597. O'Neill used this opportunity to rid Ulster of the English and provoked a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carrickfergus_(1597)" title="Battle of Carrickfergus (1597)">skirmish</a> between the two sides during which Chichester was killed.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Chichester,_1st_Baron_Chichester" title="Arthur Chichester, 1st Baron Chichester">Arthur Chichester</a></b> was appointed governor of <a href="/wiki/Carrickfergus" title="Carrickfergus">Carrickfergus</a> in 1598 following his brother John's death. Carrying out Mountjoy's tactics with ruthless efficiency, he scorched the earth to induce famine and set up garrisons to fence in O'Neill's forces in Ulster. He has a divisive reputation for his conduct in Ireland, particularly in Ulster, where he was instrumental in implementing <a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">the plantations</a> after the war, but was also the founder of <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> in 1606.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Henry_Docwra,_1st_Baron_Docwra_of_Culmore" title="Henry Docwra, 1st Baron Docwra of Culmore">Henry Docwra</a></b> was an ally of Essex who managed to survive the Earl's downfall and establish himself as a leading politician in Ireland. He is known for orchestrating one of the most decisive actions of the war, when he convinced Niall Garve to defect and allow 4,200 soldiers to land at Lough Foyle. He set up fortifications along the <a href="/wiki/River_Foyle" title="River Foyle">River Foyle</a> which cut access between Tyrone and Tyrconnell. Following the war he founded the city of <a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">Derry</a> along this river.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lee_(army_captain)" title="Thomas Lee (army captain)">Thomas Lee</a></b> was an aspiring army captain who was engaged in widespread and often duplicitous activities in Ireland. He murdered the ailing and elderly <a href="/wiki/Fiach_McHugh_O%27Byrne" title="Fiach McHugh O'Byrne">Fiach McHugh O'Byrne</a> in 1597, and ransacked the towns and villages of Wicklow. He frequently met with O'Neill, initially amicably but would later orchestrate an assassination attempt on the Earl. He made numerous accusations against the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Butler,_10th_Earl_of_Ormond" title="Thomas Butler, 10th Earl of Ormond">Earl of Ormond</a>, who he despised, and later endeavoured to overthrow. An ally of Essex, Lee attempted to ambush Queen Elizabeth and force her to sign a warrant to release Essex in 1601, but was apprehended and executed.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irish_and_Anglo-Irish_allies">Irish and Anglo-Irish allies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_participants_in_the_Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Irish and Anglo-Irish allies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ormond">Ormond</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_participants_in_the_Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Ormond"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Butler,_10th_Earl_of_Ormond" title="Thomas Butler, 10th Earl of Ormond">Thomas Butler</a></b> was the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Ormond_(Ireland)" title="Earl of Ormond (Ireland)">Earl of Ormond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Treasurer_of_Ireland" title="Lord High Treasurer of Ireland">Lord High Treasurer of Ireland</a> and the most prominent Irish peer in England and Ireland at the time. Although he was traditionally one of England's most dependable allies, at over 70 years old his engagements were limited and often ineffective. Apart from minor skirmishes with the O'Mores in neighboring Laois his forces largely remained within <a href="/wiki/County_Kilkenny" title="County Kilkenny">Kilkenny</a> for much of the war, and he frequently signed unilateral truces on behalf of his earldom with the Irish alliance. He was accused of treason by his political rivals for his conduct during the war, albeit unsuccessfully.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thomond">Thomond</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_participants_in_the_Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Thomond"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Donogh_O%27Brien,_4th_Earl_of_Thomond" title="Donogh O'Brien, 4th Earl of Thomond">Donogh O'Brien</a></b> was the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Thomond" title="Earl of Thomond">Earl of Thomond</a> and an avowed loyalist to the Crown. Upon the outbreak of war his first act was to march up past the <a href="/wiki/River_Erne" title="River Erne">River Erne</a> into Tyrconnell and oppose O'Donnell. During periods of rebel advance his country was devastated and sympathy with the Irish cause was rife, however he continued his fight, gaining command of some of Ormond's forces. He played a prominent role at Kinsale and the subsequent rout of the rebels after the siege.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tyrconnell_2">Tyrconnell</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_participants_in_the_Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Tyrconnell"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cahir_O%27Doherty" title="Cahir O'Doherty">Cahir O'Doherty</a></b> was the Lord of <a href="/wiki/Inishowen" title="Inishowen">Inishowen</a> and just 15 years old in 1600 when the forces of Dowcra arrived in Tyrconnell. O'Doherty provided them with invaluable support and assistance which allowed the English to gain a foothold deep into hostile Ulster territory. For his actions he was knighted by Dowcra and hoped to become a <a href="/wiki/Courtier" title="Courtier">courtier</a>, but was caught up in accusations after the war and was eventually executed by the English following a short rebellion.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Niall_Garve_O%27Donnell" title="Niall Garve O'Donnell">Niall Garbh O'Donnell</a></b> was a cousin of Hugh Roe O'Donnell and a rival claimant to the kingship of Tyrconnell. He ostensibly supported the rebellion but harbored a deep resentment of Hugh Roe and orchestrated the most devastating betrayal of the war in his quest of the kingship. He was tasked with securing the northern coast of Ulster while Hugh Roe and O'Neill were fighting elsewhere, but he instead allowed 4,000 English soldiers led by Dowcra to land at <a href="/wiki/Lough_Foyle" title="Lough Foyle">Lough Foyle</a>, gutting the core of alliance territory. He then proceeded to capture much of western Tyrconnell and successfully fought off Hugh Roe's returning forces.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kildare">Kildare</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_participants_in_the_Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Kildare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/William_FitzGerald,_13th_Earl_of_Kildare" title="William FitzGerald, 13th Earl of Kildare">William FitzGerald</a></b> was the 13th <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Leinster" title="Duke of Leinster">Earl of Kildare</a>, one of the oldest and most respected peerage titles in Ireland. Thomas Lee alleged that he persuaded Kildare not to join the confederation, however this is most likely false. Kildare was in England during the outbreak of war and sailed to Ireland with Essex in March 1599 to combat the rebels, but his ship was caught in a storm and he died at sea.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Clanricarde_2">Clanricarde</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_participants_in_the_Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Clanricarde"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ulick_Burke,_3rd_Earl_of_Clanricarde" title="Ulick Burke, 3rd Earl of Clanricarde">Ulick Burke</a></b> was the 3rd <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Clanricarde" title="Earl of Clanricarde">Earl of Clanricarde</a> and an early opponent of the Irish confederation. He was made commander of the English forces in Connacht on 9 January 1599 but was unable to stem the tide of rebel victories and much of his territory was lost. He was present at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Curlew_Pass" title="Battle of Curlew Pass">Curlew Pass</a> and died in May 1601.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Richard_Burke,_4th_Earl_of_Clanricarde" title="Richard Burke, 4th Earl of Clanricarde">Richard Burke</a></b> was Ulick's son and the 4th Earl of Clanricarde. He commanded English cavalry at Kinsale and came to power at a time when the balance of the war had already shifted in favour of the English.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/James_%22Spanish%22_Blake" title="James "Spanish" Blake">James Blake</a></b> was a merchant and spy from <a href="/wiki/Galway" title="Galway">Galway</a> city who was twice involved in plots to assassinate Hugh Roe O'Donnell, first in 1599 and then in 1602. He was just a few kilometres away from <a href="/wiki/Simancas" title="Simancas">Simancas</a> when O'Donnell died of a tapeworm, however historians now believe it's unlikely that Blake was responsible.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lower_Mac_William_2">Lower Mac William</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_participants_in_the_Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Lower Mac William"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tibbot_ne_Long_Bourke,_1st_Viscount_Mayo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibbot ne Long Bourke, 1st Viscount Mayo">Tibbot na Long Bourke</a></b> was the son of Grace O'Malley and a rival claimant to the kingship of <a href="/wiki/Mac_William_%C3%8Dochtar" title="Mac William Íochtar">Mac William Íochtar</a>. He initially wrote of his support for the rebellion but was discovered and arrested. Following his mother's personal petition to Elizabeth in London, Tibbot was freed but was passed over by O'Donnell for the kingship in favour of <a href="/wiki/Tiob%C3%B3id_mac_Walter_Ciotach_Bourke" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiobóid mac Walter Ciotach Bourke">Kittagh</a> in 1595. He spent most of the war in exile in Galway but sporadically landed in Mayo to oppose Kittagh and his allies.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="East_Breifne_2">East Breifne</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_participants_in_the_Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: East Breifne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maelmora_O%27Reilly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maelmora O'Reilly (page does not exist)">Maelmora O'Reilly</a></b> was the son of Sir John O'Reilly who ruled <a href="/wiki/East_Breifne" title="East Breifne">East Breifne</a> from 1583 to 1596. Maelmora was raised in England and when his father died he was granted the title of <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Cavan" title="Earl of Cavan">Earl of Cavan</a> in exchange for his allegiance to the Crown, although he exercised no control within his own kingdom. He commanded cavalry alongside <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bagenal" title="Henry Bagenal">Marshal Bagenal</a> and was killed at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Yellow_Ford" title="Battle of the Yellow Ford">Yellow Ford</a> in 1598.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iar_Connacht">Iar Connacht</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_participants_in_the_Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Iar Connacht"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morogh_na_Maor_O%27Flaherty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morogh na Maor O'Flaherty (page does not exist)">Morogh na Maor O'Flaherty</a></b> was chief of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Flaithbheartaigh" title="Ó Flaithbheartaigh">Ó Flaithbheartaigh</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iar_Connacht" title="Iar Connacht">Iar Connacht</a>. He allied himself to Tibbot na Long Bourke and was engaged in negotiations with the Irish alliance in 1599, where O'Donnell unsuccessfully attempted to persuade the two men to join his cause.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spain">Spain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_participants_in_the_Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Sofonisba_Anguissola_-_002b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Sofonisba_Anguissola_-_002b.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Sofonisba_Anguissola_-_002b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Sofonisba_Anguissola_-_002b.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Sofonisba_Anguissola_-_002b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Sofonisba_Anguissola_-_002b.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Sofonisba_Anguissola_-_002b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="3051" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">King Philip II</a> of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Irish nobles and Catholic officials had long been in contact with the Spanish monarch about the possibility of a Spanish intervention in Ireland. For their part, the war in Ireland was just one theatre in the larger <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)</a> and was seen as an effective way of squeezing English money, resources and manpower which would otherwise be directed at Spanish possessions in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. </p><p>O'Neill and a number of other Irish lords pledged their allegiance to Philip II, proclaiming him King of Ireland. They framed the war as a defence of Catholicism against the English <a href="/wiki/Heretics" class="mw-redirect" title="Heretics">heretics</a> to curry favour with the devout monarch. This was a calculated and deliberate tactic on the part of the Irish, with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Devereux,_2nd_Earl_of_Essex" title="Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex">Essex</a> once quipping to O'Neill "<i>thou carest for religion as much as my horse</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Actual Spanish commitment to Ireland and the Irish cause has been the subject of much debate amongst historians, especially given the lacklustre performance by the Spanish soldiers upon landing.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While aid and financial support had been relatively forthcoming during the war years, the decisive defeat at Kinsale coupled with Spain's two failed armadas in <a href="/wiki/2nd_Spanish_Armada" title="2nd Spanish Armada">1596</a> and <a href="/wiki/3rd_Spanish_Armada" title="3rd Spanish Armada">1597</a> made it highly unlikely that they would attempt further landings in Ireland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_government_officials">Spanish government officials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_participants_in_the_Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Spanish government officials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">King Philip II</a> (until 13 September 1598)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">King Philip III</a> (after 13 September 1598)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Padilla_y_Manrique,_1st_Count_of_Santa_Gadea" title="Martín de Padilla y Manrique, 1st Count of Santa Gadea">Martín de Padilla y Manrique</a>, Secretary of State and War (1597–1602)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_commanders">Military commanders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_participants_in_the_Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Military commanders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Juan_del_%C3%81guila" title="Juan del Águila">Juan del Águila</a></b> was the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">Supreme Commander</a> of the Spanish expedition to Ireland. He landed at Kinsale on 1 October 1601 with approximately 3,000 men and they fortified themselves in the area. del Águila distrusted the Irish and after just one engagement with the English offered to surrender, but was rejected. Following the war he was reprimanded by a Supreme War Council and was heavily criticized for his lack of communication with his allies, particularly when O'Neill launched an offensive against Mountjoy's forces to break the siege of Kinsale, during which del Águila's soldiers failed to take action and remained inside the town.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Diego_Brochero" title="Diego Brochero">Diego Brochero</a></b> was the <a href="/wiki/Admiral" title="Admiral">admiral</a> of the expedition fleet and landed a Kinsale alongside del Águila.</li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alonso_de_Ocampo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alonso de Ocampo (page does not exist)">Alonso de Ocampo</a></b> landed at <a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_County_Cork" title="Baltimore, County Cork">Baltimore</a>, about 80 km southwest of Kinsale. His forces were aided by local lords who voluntarily surrendered their castles to the Spanish and they spread out across the coast to fortify it for future landings.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Zubiaur" title="Pedro de Zubiaur">Pedro de Zubiaur</a></b> was part of the initial invasion force but was forced back to Spain by bad weather. He eventually landed on 7 December with 829 troops and reinforced the coastline. Not wanting to lose these positions, he afforded just 200 men to del Águila at Kinsale.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_participants_in_the_Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor conquest of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_military_diaspora" title="Irish military diaspora">Irish military diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Ireland" title="Military history of Ireland">Military history of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normans_in_Ireland" title="Normans in Ireland">Old English vs New English</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_participants_in_the_Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morgan, pp. 1-15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tutino, pp. 61-62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publish.ucc.ie/celt/docs/T100070">"The Flight of the Earls", text by Tadhg Ó Cianáin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807142408/http://publish.ucc.ie/celt/docs/T100070">Archived</a> 7 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emerson, pp. 244</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morgan, pp. 50</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_participants_in_the_Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Connolly, S.J. <i>Contested Island: Ireland 1460–1630</i>. Oxford University Press, 2007</li> <li>Cyril Falls <i>Elizabeth's Irish Wars</i> (1950; reprint London, 1996) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-477220-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-477220-7">0-09-477220-7</a>.</li> <li>Hiram Morgan (ed) <i>The Battle of Kinsale</i> (Cork, 2006).</li> <li>Emerson, R.W. <i>The Journals and Miscellaneous Notebooks of Ralph Waldo Emerson: 1854–1861</i></li> <li>Hiram Morgan. <i>Tyrone's Rebellion: The Outbreak of the Nine Years War in Tudor Ireland (Royal Historical Society Studies in History)</i> (1999). Boydell Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85115-683-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-85115-683-5">0-85115-683-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Canny" title="Nicholas Canny">Nicholas P. Canny</a> <i>The Elizabethan Conquest of Ireland: A Pattern Established, 1565–76</i> (London, 1976) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85527-034-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85527-034-9">0-85527-034-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Canny" title="Nicholas Canny">Nicholas P. Canny</a> <i>Making Ireland British, 1580–1650</i> (Oxford University Press, 2001) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-820091-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-820091-9">0-19-820091-9</a>.</li> <li>Steven G. Ellis <i>Tudor Ireland</i> (London, 1985) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-49341-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-49341-2">0-582-49341-2</a>.</li> <li>O'Neill, James. <i>The Nine Years War, 1593–1603: O'Neill, Mountjoy and the Military Revolution</i> (Dublin, 2017)</li> <li>Stefania Tutino, <i>Law and Conscience: Catholicism in Early Modern England, 1570–1625</i> (Aldershot: Ashgate 2007)</li> <li>Wager, John A. & Schmid, Susan Walter. <i>Encyclopedia of Tudor England, Vol. 1</i> ABC-CLIO, 2012</li> <li>Wright, Thomas. <i>Queen Elizabeth and her times : a series of original letters, selected from the inedited private correspondence of the lord treasurer Burghley, the Earl of Leicester, the secretaries Walsingham and Smith, Sir Christopher Hatton, and most of the distinguished persons of the period</i> (1838).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Flight_of_the_Earls" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Template:Flight of the Earls"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Template talk:Flight of the Earls"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Flight of the Earls"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Flight_of_the_Earls" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rathmullan" title="Rathmullan">Rathmullan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1a" title="A Coruña">A Coruña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quillebeuf-sur-Seine" title="Quillebeuf-sur-Seine">Quillebeuf-sur-Seine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leuven" title="Leuven">Leuven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colmar" title="Colmar">Colmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kinsale" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kinsale">Battle of Kinsale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Nine Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Mellifont" title="Treaty of Mellifont">Treaty of Mellifont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Cath%C3%A1in" class="mw-redirect" title="Ó Catháin">O’Neill-O’Cahan disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Chichester,_1st_Baron_Chichester" title="Arthur Chichester, 1st Baron Chichester">Arthur Chichester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davies_(poet,_born_1569)" title="John Davies (poet, born 1569)">John Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Doherty%27s_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Doherty's Rebellion">O'Doherty's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster_Conspiracy_of_1615&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ulster Conspiracy of 1615 (page does not exist)">Ulster Conspiracy of 1615</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exiles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_O%27Neill,_Earl_of_Tyrone" title="Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone">Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rory_O%27Donnell,_1st_Earl_of_Tyrconnell" title="Rory O'Donnell, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell">Rory O'Donnell, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_O%27Neill,_Countess_of_Tyrone" title="Catherine O'Neill, Countess of Tyrone">Catherine Magennis, Countess of Tyrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shane_O%27Neill_(son_of_Hugh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shane O'Neill (son of Hugh)">Shane O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_O%27Donnell,_2nd_Earl_of_Tyrconnell" title="Hugh O'Donnell, 2nd Earl of Tyrconnell">Hugh O'Donnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuala_O%27Donnell" title="Nuala O'Donnell">Nuala O'Donnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathbarr_O%27Donnell" title="Cathbarr O'Donnell">Cathbarr O'Donnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_O%27Neill" title="Rosa O'Neill">Rosa O'Doherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maguire_dynasty_of_Fermanagh" class="mw-redirect" title="Maguire dynasty of Fermanagh">Cuchonnacht Maguire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Brien_dynasty" title="O'Brien dynasty">Donagh O’Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadhg_%C3%93_Cian%C3%A1in" title="Tadhg Ó Cianáin">Tadhg Ó Cianáin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoghan_Ruadh_Mac_an_Bhaird" title="Eoghan Ruadh Mac an Bhaird">Eoghan Ruadh Mac an Bhaird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Remained</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cormac_MacBaron_O%27Neill" title="Cormac MacBaron O'Neill">Cormac MacBaron O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conn_O%27Neill_(prisoner)" title="Conn O'Neill (prisoner)">Conn O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_FitzGerald,_12th_Earl_of_Kildare" title="Henry FitzGerald, 12th Earl of Kildare">Bridget FitzGerald, Countess of Tyrconnell</a> <small>(pregnant)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Stuart_O%27Donnell" title="Mary Stuart O'Donnell">Mary Stuart O'Donnell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kingdom_of_Ireland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Template:Kingdom of Ireland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Template talk:Kingdom of Ireland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kingdom of Ireland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kingdom_of_Ireland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Irish_history" title="Timeline of Irish history">Timeline of Irish history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1536%E2%80%931691)" title="History of Ireland (1536–1691)">History of Ireland (1536–1691)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1691%E2%80%931800)" title="History of Ireland (1691–1800)">History of Ireland (1691–1800)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General<br />and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor conquest of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people" title="Anglo-Irish people">New English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_and_regrant" title="Surrender and regrant">Surrender and regrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Ireland" title="Reformation in Ireland">Reformation in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Rebellions" title="Desmond Rebellions">Desmond Rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantations_of_Ireland" title="Plantations of Ireland">Plantations of Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Ulster</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Nine Years' War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">Irish Rebellion of 1641</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Irish Confederate Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest of Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_indentured_servants" title="Irish indentured servants">Barbadosed</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite–Jacobite War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Wild_Geese" title="Flight of the Wild Geese">Wild Geese</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acts of <br />Parliament</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poynings%27_Law_(on_certification_of_acts)" title="Poynings' Law (on certification of acts)">Poynings' Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Ireland_Act_1542" title="Crown of Ireland Act 1542">Crown of Ireland Act 1542</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Meath_and_Westmeath_Act_1543" title="Counties of Meath and Westmeath Act 1543">Counties of Meath and Westmeath Act 1543</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_of_Laois_and_Offaly_1556" class="mw-redirect" title="Settlement of Laois and Offaly 1556">Settlement of Laois and Offaly 1556</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_for_the_Settlement_of_Ireland_1652" title="Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652">Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1662" title="Act of Settlement 1662">Act of Settlement 1662</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_laws_(Ireland)" title="Penal laws (Ireland)">Penal Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popery_Act" title="Popery Act">Popery Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_1782" title="Constitution of 1782">Constitution of 1782</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union 1800</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gaelic<br />conquests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomond" title="Thomond">Tuadhmhumhain</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1543)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iveagh" title="Iveagh">Uí Echach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1543)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo%C3%ADgis" title="Loígis">Loígis</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1543)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clanricarde" title="Clanricarde">Clanricarde</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1544)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_U%C3%AD_Failghe" title="Kingdom of Uí Failghe">Uí Failghe</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1550)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_D%C3%ADarmata" title="Uí Díarmata">Uí Díarmata</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1574)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clandeboye" title="Clandeboye">Clann Aodha Buidhe</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1574)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Magh_Luirg" title="Kings of Magh Luirg">Magh Luirg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1585)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airg%C3%ADalla" title="Airgíalla">Airgíalla</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1585)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iar_Connacht" title="Iar Connacht">Iar Connacht</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1589)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umhaill" title="Umhaill">Umhaill</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1593)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Desmond" title="Kingdom of Desmond">Deasmhumhain</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1596)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_William_%C3%8Dochtar" title="Mac William Íochtar">Mac William Íochtar</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1602)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Leinster" title="Kingdom of Leinster">Laigin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1603)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Breifne" title="West Breifne">Bréifne Uí Ruairc</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1605)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbery_(barony)" title="Carbery (barony)">Cairbrigh</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1606)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrconnell" title="Tyrconnell">Tír Chonaill</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1607)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADr_Eoghain" title="Tír Eoghain">Tír Eoghain</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1607)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermanagh" title="Fermanagh">Fear Manach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1607)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Cahan" title="O'Cahan">Uí Catháin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1607)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Breifne" title="East Breifne">Bréifne Uí Raghallaigh</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1607)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_Mh%C3%A1ine" title="Uí Mháine">Uí Mháine</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1611)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics<br />and society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Castle_administration" title="Dublin Castle administration">Dublin Castle administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland" title="Parliament of Ireland">Parliament of Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_House_of_Lords" title="Irish House of Lords">Irish House of Lords</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_House_of_Commons" title="Irish House of Commons">Irish House of Commons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Ireland" title="Privy Council of Ireland">Privy Council of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Courts" title="Four Courts">Four Courts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Court_of_King%27s_Bench_(Ireland)" title="Court of King's Bench (Ireland)">King's Bench</a>, <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Exchequer_(Ireland)" title="Court of Exchequer (Ireland)">Exchequer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Chancery_(Ireland)" title="Court of Chancery (Ireland)">Chancery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Common_Pleas_(Ireland)" title="Court of Common Pleas (Ireland)">Common Pleas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Castle_Chamber" title="Court of Castle Chamber">Court of Castle Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Ireland" title="Peerage of Ireland">Peerage of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Army_(1661%E2%80%931801)" title="Irish Army (1661–1801)">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancy" title="Protestant Ascendancy">Ascendancy</a> & <a href="/wiki/Recusancy_in_Ireland" title="Recusancy in Ireland">Recusancy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Ireland" title="Grand Lodge of Ireland">Grand Lodge of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Patrick" title="Order of St Patrick">Order of St Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Patriot_Party" title="Irish Patriot Party">Irish Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defenders_(Ireland)" title="Defenders (Ireland)">Defenders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Committee_(Ireland)" title="Catholic Committee (Ireland)">Catholic Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orange Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_United_Irishmen" title="Society of United Irishmen">United Irishmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ireland" title="Monarchy of Ireland">Monarchs</a><br /> and rulers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1542–1547)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1547–1553)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Lady Jane Grey</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1553; disputed)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1553–1558)</span> & <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><i><a href="/wiki/Jure_uxoris" title="Jure uxoris">jure uxoris</a></i> (1554–1558)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1558–1603)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1603–1625)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1625–1649)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1649–1653)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1653–1658)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard Cromwell</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1658–1659)</span></li> <li><i>Commonwealth</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1659–1660)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1660–1685)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1685–1691)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1689–1702)</span> & <a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary II</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1689–1694)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1702–1714)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1714–1727)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1727–1760)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1760–1800)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/16px-British_Empire_1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" 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