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item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button 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href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole language</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Vocabulary" title="Vocabulary">vocabulary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexicon</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:8_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often this language is also the dominant, or <a href="/wiki/Superstrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstrate">superstrate</a> language, though this is not always the case, as can be seen in the historical <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Lingua_Franca" title="Mediterranean Lingua Franca">Mediterranean Lingua Franca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mixed languages</a>, there are no <a href="/wiki/Superstrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstrate">superstrates</a> or <a href="/wiki/Substrates_in_Indo-European_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrates in Indo-European languages">substrates</a>, but instead two or more <a href="/wiki/Adstrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Adstrate">adstrates</a>. One <a href="/wiki/Adstrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Adstrate">adstrate</a> still contributes the majority of the <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexicon</a> in most cases, and would be considered the lexifier. However, it is not the dominant language, as there are none in the development of <a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mixed languages</a>, such as in <a href="/wiki/Michif" title="Michif">Michif</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexifier&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole language</a> names are often written as the following: Location spoken + Stage of Development + Lexifier language. For example: <a href="/wiki/Kristang_language" title="Kristang language">Malaysian Creole Portuguese</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> being the lexifier and the <a href="/wiki/Superstrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstrate">superstrate</a> language at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole</a> development.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Often the <a href="/wiki/Autoglossonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoglossonym">autoglossonym</a>, or the name the speakers give their <a href="/wiki/Contact_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Contact language">contact language</a>, is written Broken + Lexifier, e.g. Broken English. This becomes confusing when multiple contact languages have the same lexifier, as different languages could be called the same name by their speakers. Hence, the names are as stated above in the literature to reduce this confusion.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexifier&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word lexifier is derived from the modern Latin word <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexicon</a>, meaning a catalogue of the vocabulary or units in a given language.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="derivation of lexifier not provided in lexicon entry (December 2018)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexifier&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> is the lexifier of <a href="/wiki/English-based_creole_languages" title="English-based creole languages">English-based creole languages</a>, such as: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Patois" title="Jamaican Patois">Jamaican Patois</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_Creole" title="Belizean Creole">Belizean Creole</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miskito_Coast_Creole" title="Miskito Coast Creole">Miskito Coast Creole</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Andres_Creole_English" class="mw-redirect" title="San Andres Creole English">San Andres Creole English</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Singapore Colloquial English, a.k.a. "<a href="/wiki/Singlish" title="Singlish">Singlish</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> is the lexifier of <a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">French-based creole languages</a>, such as: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antillean_Creole" title="Antillean Creole">Antillean Creole</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guianese_Creole" title="French Guianese Creole">French Guianese Creole</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana Creole</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_Creole" title="Mauritian Creole">Mauritian Creole</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union_Creole" title="Réunion Creole">Réunion Creole</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> is the lexifier of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese-based_creole_languages" title="Portuguese-based creole languages">Portuguese-based creole languages</a>, such as: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Creole" title="Cape Verdean Creole">Cape Verdean Creole</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korlai_Creole_Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Korlai Creole Portuguese">Korlai Creole Portuguese</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristang_language" title="Kristang language">Malaysian Creole Portuguese</a><sup id="cite_ref-:8_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento">Papiamento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_Creole" title="Guinea-Bissau Creole">Guinea-Bissau Creole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> is the lexifier of <a href="/wiki/Spanish-based_creole_languages" title="Spanish-based creole languages">Spanish-based creole languages</a>, such as: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palenquero" title="Palenquero">Palenquero</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> is the lexifier of <a href="/wiki/Dutch-based_creole_languages" title="Dutch-based creole languages">Dutch-based creole languages</a>, such as: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negerhollands" title="Negerhollands">Negerhollands</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbice_Dutch_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Berbice Dutch Creole">Berbice Dutch Creole</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a> is the lexifier of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulu-based_creole_languages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zulu-based creole languages (page does not exist)">Zulu-based creole languages</a>, such as: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fanagalo" title="Fanagalo">Fanagalo</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexifier&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVelupillai2015" class="citation book cs1">Velupillai, Viveka (2015). <i>Pidgins, Creoles and Mixed 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Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 519. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-5272-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-5272-2"><bdi>978-90-272-5272-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pidgins%2C+Creoles+and+Mixed+Languages&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=519&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-90-272-5272-2&rft.aulast=Velupillai&rft.aufirst=Viveka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALexifier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRachel" class="citation journal cs1">Rachel, Selbach. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/25943657">"2. 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