CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Mud volcano - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"1454cc96-c87e-4fda-82eb-6c190434adf1","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Mud_volcano","wgTitle":"Mud volcano","wgCurRevisionId":1277877725,"wgRevisionId":1277877725,"wgArticleId":1404433,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Italian-language sources (it)","CS1 Romanian-language sources (ro)","CS1: long volume value","CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id)","CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2020","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2021","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Webarchive template wayback links","Mud volcanoes","Petrology","Landforms","Sediments"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Mud_volcano","wgRelevantArticleId":1404433,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q193457","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Gobustan_State_Reserve_04.png/1200px-Gobustan_State_Reserve_04.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1805"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Gobustan_State_Reserve_04.png/800px-Gobustan_State_Reserve_04.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1204"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Gobustan_State_Reserve_04.png/640px-Gobustan_State_Reserve_04.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="963"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Mud volcano - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud_volcano"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Mud_volcano&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud_volcano"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Mud_volcano rootpage-Mud_volcano skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Mud+volcano" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Mud+volcano" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Mud+volcano" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Mud+volcano" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Details" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Details"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Details</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Details-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Details subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Details-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Features[citation_needed]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features[citation_needed]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Features<sup>[<i><span>citation needed</span></i>]</sup></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Features[citation_needed]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emissions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emissions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Emissions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Locations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Locations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Locations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Locations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Central_Asia,_The_Caucasus,_and_The_Caspian_Sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Asia,_The_Caucasus,_and_The_Caspian_Sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Central Asia, The Caucasus, and The Caspian Sea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Asia,_The_Caucasus,_and_The_Caspian_Sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Georgia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Georgia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Georgia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Georgia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkmenistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkmenistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Turkmenistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkmenistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran_and_Pakistan_(Makran_Mountain_Range)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran_and_Pakistan_(Makran_Mountain_Range)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Iran and Pakistan (Makran Mountain Range)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran_and_Pakistan_(Makran_Mountain_Range)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Azerbaijan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Azerbaijan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Azerbaijan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Azerbaijan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.6</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.7</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.8</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mariana_Forearc" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mariana_Forearc"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.9</span> <span>Mariana Forearc</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mariana_Forearc-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.10</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.11</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Asian_locations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Asian_locations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.12</span> <span>Other Asian locations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Asian_locations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Yellowstone's_"Mud_Volcano"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yellowstone's_"Mud_Volcano""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Yellowstone's "Mud Volcano"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yellowstone's_"Mud_Volcano"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caribbean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caribbean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Caribbean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caribbean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>South America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Venezuela" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venezuela"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Venezuela</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venezuela-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colombia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colombia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Colombia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colombia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australasia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australasia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Australasia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australasia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_mud_volcanoes_on_Mars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_mud_volcanoes_on_Mars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Possible mud volcanoes on Mars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_mud_volcanoes_on_Mars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mud volcano</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moddervulkaan" title="Moddervulkaan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Moddervulkaan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86" title="براكين الطين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="براكين الطين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C3%A7%C4%B1q_vulkan%C4%B1" title="Palçıq vulkanı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Palçıq vulkanı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Гразевыя вулканы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гразевыя вулканы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Кален вулкан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кален вулкан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volc%C3%A0_de_fang" title="Volcà de fang – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Volcà de fang" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahenn%C3%AD_sopka" title="Bahenní sopka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bahenní sopka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muddervulkan" title="Muddervulkan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Muddervulkan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlammvulkan" title="Schlammvulkan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlammvulkan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudavulkaan" title="Mudavulkaan – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mudavulkaan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B7%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%AF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Λασποηφαίστειο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λασποηφαίστειο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n_de_lodo" title="Volcán de lodo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Volcán de lodo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Climvulkano" title="Ŝlimvulkano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝlimvulkano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohi-sumendi" title="Lohi-sumendi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lohi-sumendi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86" title="گل‌فشان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گل‌فشان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcan_de_boue" title="Volcan de boue – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Volcan de boue" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%ED%99%94%EC%82%B0" title="이화산 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이화산" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%91%D5%A5%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AD%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ցեխահրաբուխներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ցեխահրաբուխներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%80" title="गारामुखी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गारामुखी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_api_lumpur" title="Gunung api lumpur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gunung api lumpur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqaiyavik" title="Aqaiyavik – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Aqaiyavik" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcano_di_fango" title="Vulcano di fango – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vulcano di fango" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%95%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ტალახის ვულკანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტალახის ვულკანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Сазды вулкандар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сазды вулкандар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullisvulkan" title="Bullisvulkan – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bullisvulkan" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iszapvulk%C3%A1n" title="Iszapvulkán – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Iszapvulkán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Каллив вулкан – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Каллив вулкан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B6%E1%80%B7%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ရွှံ့မီးတောင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရွှံ့မီးတောင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moddervulkaan" title="Moddervulkaan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Moddervulkaan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1" title="泥火山 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="泥火山" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muddervulkan" title="Muddervulkan – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Muddervulkan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcan_de_fanga" title="Volcan de fanga – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Volcan de fanga" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balchiqli_vulqonlar" title="Balchiqli vulqonlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Balchiqli vulqonlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulkan_b%C5%82otny" title="Wulkan błotny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wulkan błotny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulc%C3%A3o_de_lama" title="Vulcão de lama – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vulcão de lama" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan_noroios" title="Vulcan noroios – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vulcan noroios" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Грязевой вулкан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Грязевой вулкан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud_volcano" title="Mud volcano – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mud volcano" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blatni_vulkan" title="Blatni vulkan – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Blatni vulkan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Блатни вулкан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Блатни вулкан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutatulivuori" title="Mutatulivuori – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mutatulivuori" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lervulkan" title="Lervulkan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lervulkan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="புதைசேற்று எரிமலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புதைசேற்று எரிமலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99" title="เนินพุโคลน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เนินพุโคลน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Гилфишон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гилфишон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87amur_volkan%C4%B1" title="Çamur volkanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çamur volkanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Грязьовий вулкан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Грязьовий вулкан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAi_l%E1%BB%ADa_b%C3%B9n" title="Núi lửa bùn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Núi lửa bùn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1" title="泥火山 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="泥火山" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q193457#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mud_volcano" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Mud_volcano" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mud_volcano"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud_volcano&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud_volcano&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mud_volcano"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud_volcano&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud_volcano&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Mud_volcano" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Mud_volcano" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud_volcano&oldid=1277877725" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud_volcano&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Mud_volcano&id=1277877725&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMud_volcano"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMud_volcano"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Mud_volcano&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud_volcano&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mud_volcanoes" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q193457" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Landform created by the eruption of mud or slurries, water, and gases</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the landform. For the geothermal springs sometimes called "mud volcanoes", see <a href="/wiki/Mudpot" title="Mudpot">mudpot</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gobustan_State_Reserve_04.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Gobustan_State_Reserve_04.png/220px-Gobustan_State_Reserve_04.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Gobustan_State_Reserve_04.png/330px-Gobustan_State_Reserve_04.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Gobustan_State_Reserve_04.png/440px-Gobustan_State_Reserve_04.png 2x" data-file-width="1453" data-file-height="2186" /></a><figcaption>A group of mud volcanoes in <a href="/wiki/Gobustan_Rock_Art_Cultural_Landscape" class="mw-redirect" title="Gobustan Rock Art Cultural Landscape">Gobustan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/HteePwintKanUmbrellaPond.webm/220px--HteePwintKanUmbrellaPond.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="28" data-mwtitle="HteePwintKanUmbrellaPond.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:HteePwintKanUmbrellaPond.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/HteePwintKanUmbrellaPond.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="1440" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/HteePwintKanUmbrellaPond.webm/HteePwintKanUmbrellaPond.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/HteePwintKanUmbrellaPond.webm/HteePwintKanUmbrellaPond.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="960" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/HteePwintKanUmbrellaPond.webm/HteePwintKanUmbrellaPond.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1440" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/HteePwintKanUmbrellaPond.webm/HteePwintKanUmbrellaPond.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/HteePwintKanUmbrellaPond.webm/HteePwintKanUmbrellaPond.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/HteePwintKanUmbrellaPond.webm/HteePwintKanUmbrellaPond.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/HteePwintKanUmbrellaPond.webm/HteePwintKanUmbrellaPond.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Mud volcano in Htee Pwint Kan Umbrella Pond (<a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Worldwide_distribution_of_gas_hydrates_1996.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Worldwide_distribution_of_gas_hydrates_1996.jpg/330px-Worldwide_distribution_of_gas_hydrates_1996.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Worldwide_distribution_of_gas_hydrates_1996.jpg/500px-Worldwide_distribution_of_gas_hydrates_1996.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Worldwide_distribution_of_gas_hydrates_1996.jpg/620px-Worldwide_distribution_of_gas_hydrates_1996.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="342" /></a><figcaption>Hydrate-bearing sediments, which often are associated with mud volcano activity. Source: <a href="/wiki/USGS" class="mw-redirect" title="USGS">USGS</a>, 1996.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>mud volcano</b> or <b>mud dome</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">landform</a> created by the eruption of <a href="/wiki/Mud" title="Mud">mud</a> or <a href="/wiki/Slurry" title="Slurry">slurries</a>, water and gases.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several geological processes may cause the formation of mud volcanoes. Mud volcanoes are not true <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous</a> <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanoes</a> as they do not produce <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a> and are not necessarily driven by <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magmatic</a> activity. Mud volcanoes may range in size from merely 1 or 2 meters high and 1 or 2 meters wide, to 700 meters high and 10 kilometers wide.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smaller mud exudations are sometimes referred to as mud-pots. </p><p>The mud produced by mud volcanoes is mostly formed as hot water, which has been heated deep below the Earth's surface, begins to mix and blend with subterranean mineral deposits, thus creating the mud slurry exudate. This material is then forced upwards through a geological fault or fissure due to local subterranean pressure imbalances. Mud volcanoes are associated with <a href="/wiki/Subduction_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Subduction zone">subduction zones</a> and about 1100 have been identified on or near land. The temperature of any given active mud volcano generally remains fairly steady and is much lower than the typical temperatures found in igneous volcanoes. Mud volcano temperatures can range from near 100 °C (212 °F) to occasionally 2 °C (36 °F), some being used as popular "mud baths".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>About 86% of the gas released from these structures is <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>, with much less <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> emitted. Ejected materials are most often a slurry of fine solids suspended in water that may contain a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acids</a> and various <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Possible mud volcanoes have been identified on <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Details">Details</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud_volcano&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Details"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Usgs-of99-570_mud_volcano.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Usgs-of99-570_mud_volcano.png/310px-Usgs-of99-570_mud_volcano.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Usgs-of99-570_mud_volcano.png/465px-Usgs-of99-570_mud_volcano.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Usgs-of99-570_mud_volcano.png/620px-Usgs-of99-570_mud_volcano.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="930" /></a><figcaption>Mud volcano in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> sea bottom</figcaption></figure> <p>A mud volcano may be the result of a <a href="/wiki/Piercement_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Piercement structure">piercement structure</a> created by a pressurized <a href="/wiki/Mud" title="Mud">mud</a> <a href="/wiki/Diapir" title="Diapir">diapir</a> that breaches the Earth's surface or ocean bottom. Their temperatures may be as low as the freezing point of the ejected materials, particularly when venting is associated with the creation of <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a> <a href="/wiki/Clathrate_hydrate" title="Clathrate hydrate">clathrate hydrate</a> deposits. Mud volcanoes are often associated with <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> deposits and tectonic <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a> zones and <a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">orogenic belts</a>; hydrocarbon gases are often erupted. They are also often associated with <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">lava volcanoes</a>; in the case of such close proximity, mud volcanoes emit incombustible gases including <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>, whereas lone mud volcanoes are more likely to emit <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>. </p><p>Approximately 1,100 mud volcanoes have been identified on land and in shallow water. It has been estimated that well over 10,000 may exist on <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental slopes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abyssal_plain" title="Abyssal plain">abyssal plains</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Features[citation_needed]"><span id="Features.5Bcitation_needed.5D"></span>Features<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud_volcano&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Features[citation needed]"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Gryphon: steep-sided cone shorter than 3 meters that extrudes mud</li> <li>Mud cone: high cone shorter than 10 meters that extrudes mud and rock fragments</li> <li>Scoria cone: cone formed by heating of mud deposits during fires</li> <li>Salse: water-dominated pools with gas seeps</li> <li>Spring: water-dominated outlets smaller than 0.5 metres</li> <li>Mud shield</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emissions">Emissions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud_volcano&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Emissions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Deep Sea Mud Volcanoes</b> </p><p>Mud volcanoes are regularly found along the subsurface seafloor, they are primarily responsible for releasing methane into the water column along with other gases and fluids. The high pressure and low temperature associated with the bottom of the seafloor can be the predominant cause of why gases and fluids get trapped that are rising upward; this is a result of methane oversaturation. The total methane emission of offshore mud volcanoes is about 27 Tg per year.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This estimate does come with uncertainties, such as the total number of mud volcanoes and their release of methane into the atmosphere/water column is unknown. </p><p><b>Surface Mud Volcanoes</b> </p><p> Most liquid and solid material is released during eruptions, but seeps occur during dormant periods. The chemical composition of mud volcanoes is almost entirely <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a> found within the mud and the shale from the mud volcanoes.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emissions from mud volcanoes can be entirely dependent on its location, mud volcanoes from NW China are more enriched with methane and have lower concentrations of propane and ethane.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The origin of the gas is most likely from below 5000m in the Earth's crust.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gekpatlawuk_crater.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Gekpatlawuk_crater.jpg/220px-Gekpatlawuk_crater.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Gekpatlawuk_crater.jpg/330px-Gekpatlawuk_crater.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Gekpatlawuk_crater.jpg/440px-Gekpatlawuk_crater.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>On top of Gekpatlawuk mud volcano, Western Turkmenistan</figcaption></figure> <p>The mud is rich in <a href="/wiki/Halite" title="Halite">halite</a> (rock salt).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The overall chemical composition of mud volcanoes is similar to normal <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> concentrations. The content of the mud volcano from Kampun Meritam, Limbang are 59.51 <a href="/wiki/Weight_percent" class="mw-redirect" title="Weight percent">weight percent</a> (wt. %) SiO<sub>2</sub>, 0.055 wt.% MnO, and 1.84 wt.% MgO. </p><p>First-order estimates of mud volcano emissions have been made (1 Tg = 1 million metric tonnes). </p> <ul><li>2002: L. I. Dimitrov estimated that 10.2–12.6 <a href="/wiki/Megatonne" class="mw-redirect" title="Megatonne">Tg</a>/yr of methane is released from onshore and shallow offshore mud volcanoes.</li> <li>2002: Etiope and Klusman estimated at least 1–2 and as much as 10–20 Tg/yr of methane may be emitted from onshore mud volcanoes.</li> <li>2003: Etiope, in an estimate based on 120 mud volcanoes: "The emission results to be conservatively between 5 and 9 Tg/yr: that is 3–6% of the natural methane sources officially considered in the <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_methane" title="Atmospheric methane">atmospheric methane</a> budget. The total geologic source, including MVs (this work), seepage from seafloor (Kvenvolden et al., 2001), microseepage in hydrocarbon-prone areas and geothermal sources (Etiope and Klusman, 2002), would amount to 35–45 Tg/yr."<sup id="cite_ref-etiope2003gsa_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etiope2003gsa-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2003: analysis by Milkov et al. suggests that the global gas flux may be as high as 33 Tg/yr (15.9 Tg/yr during quiescent periods plus 17.1 Tg/yr during eruptions). Six teragrams per year of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gases" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenhouse gases">greenhouse gases</a> are from onshore and shallow offshore mud volcanoes. Deep-water sources may emit 27 Tg/yr. Total may be 9% of fossil CH<sub>4</sub> missing in the modern atmospheric CH<sub>4</sub> budget, and 12% in the preindustrial budget.<sup id="cite_ref-milkov2003a_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-milkov2003a-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2003: Alexei Milkov estimated approximately 30.5 Tg/yr of gases (mainly methane and CO<sub>2</sub>) may escape from mud volcanoes to the atmosphere and the ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-milkov2003aapg_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-milkov2003aapg-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2003: Achim J. Kopf estimated 1.97×10<sup>11</sup> to 1.23×10<sup>14</sup> m³ of methane is released by all mud volcanoes per year, of which 4.66×10<sup>7</sup> to 3.28×10<sup>11</sup> m³ is from surface volcanoes.<sup id="cite_ref-kopf2003_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kopf2003-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That converts to 141–88,000 Tg/yr from all mud volcanoes, of which 0.033–235 Tg is from surface volcanoes.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Locations">Locations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud_volcano&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Locations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud_volcano&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taman_mud_volcanoes.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Taman_mud_volcanoes.JPG/250px-Taman_mud_volcanoes.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Taman_mud_volcanoes.JPG/330px-Taman_mud_volcanoes.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Taman_mud_volcanoes.JPG/500px-Taman_mud_volcanoes.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Two mud volcanoes on the Taman Peninsula near <a href="/wiki/Taman_Stanitsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Taman Stanitsa">Taman Stanitsa</a>, Russia</figcaption></figure> <p>Dozens of mud volcanoes are located on the <a href="/wiki/Taman_Peninsula" title="Taman Peninsula">Taman Peninsula</a> of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kerch_Peninsula" title="Kerch Peninsula">Kerch Peninsula</a> of <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>, Ukraine along with the south-western portion of <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> near <a href="/wiki/Rupite" title="Rupite">Rupite</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, they are located in Emilia-Romagna (Salse di Nirano and Salse di Regnano), in the northern front of the <a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a> as well as the southern part (Bolle della Malvizza), and in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>. On 24 August 2013, a mud volcano appeared in the center of the via Coccia di Morto <a href="/wiki/Roundabout" title="Roundabout">roundabout</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fiumicino" title="Fiumicino">Fiumicino</a> near <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mud volcanoes are located in the <a href="/wiki/Berca_Mud_Volcanoes" title="Berca Mud Volcanoes">Berca Mud Volcanoes</a> near Berca in <a href="/wiki/Buz%C4%83u_County" title="Buzău County">Buzău County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, close to the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were declared a natural monument in 1924. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud_volcano&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Central_Asia,_The_Caucasus,_and_The_Caspian_Sea"><span id="Central_Asia.2C_The_Caucasus.2C_and_The_Caspian_Sea"></span>Central Asia, The Caucasus, and The Caspian Sea</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud_volcano&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Central Asia, The Caucasus, and The Caspian Sea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many mud volcanoes exist on the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tectonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic">Tectonic</a> forces and large sedimentary deposits around the latter have created several fields of mud volcanoes, many of them emitting methane and other hydrocarbons. Features over 200 metres (656 ft) high occur in <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, with large eruptions sometimes producing flames of similar scale.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Georgia">Georgia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud_volcano&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Georgia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are mud volcanoes in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, such as the one at <a href="/wiki/Akhtala_(Gurjaani)" title="Akhtala (Gurjaani)">Akhtala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud_volcano&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Turkmenistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE0151.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE0151.jpg/250px-%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE0151.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE0151.jpg/330px-%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE0151.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE0151.jpg/500px-%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE0151.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Akpatlawuk mud volcano, western Turkmenistan</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> is home to numerous mud volcanoes, mainly in the western part of the country including <a href="/wiki/Cheleken_Peninsula" title="Cheleken Peninsula">Cheleken Peninsula</a>, which borders the Caspian Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iran_and_Pakistan_(Makran_Mountain_Range)"><span id="Iran_and_Pakistan_.28Makran_Mountain_Range.29"></span>Iran and Pakistan (Makran Mountain Range)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud_volcano&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Iran and Pakistan (Makran Mountain Range)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> possess mud volcanoes in the <a href="/wiki/Makran" title="Makran">Makran</a> range of mountains in the south of the two countries. A large mud volcano is located in <a href="/wiki/Balochistan_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balochistan (Pakistan)">Balochistan</a>, Pakistan. It is known as <i>Baba Chandrakup</i> (literally Father Moonwell) on the way to <a href="/wiki/Hinglaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinglaj">Hinglaj</a> and is a <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim">pilgrim</a> site.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud_volcano&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Azerbaijan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mud_Volcano_in_Gobustan_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Mud_Volcano_in_Gobustan_01.jpg/250px-Mud_Volcano_in_Gobustan_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Mud_Volcano_in_Gobustan_01.jpg/330px-Mud_Volcano_in_Gobustan_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Mud_Volcano_in_Gobustan_01.jpg/500px-Mud_Volcano_in_Gobustan_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>Mud volcanoes in <a href="/wiki/Qobustan,_Baku" class="mw-redirect" title="Qobustan, Baku">Gobustan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hati_Level.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Hati_Level.jpg/250px-Hati_Level.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Hati_Level.jpg/330px-Hati_Level.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Hati_Level.jpg/500px-Hati_Level.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Diglipur mud volcano on <a href="/wiki/North_Andaman_Island" title="North Andaman Island">North Andaman Island</a>, India</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gobustan_State_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Gobustan State Reserve">Gobustan State Reserve</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian</a> coastline are home to nearly <a href="/wiki/Mud_volcanoes_in_Azerbaijan" title="Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan">400 mud volcanoes</a>, more than half the total throughout the continents.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan are active; some are protected by the Azerbaijan Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources, and the admission of people, for security reasons, is prohibited.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2001, one mud volcano 15 kilometres (9 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a> made world headlines when it started ejecting flames 15 metres (49 ft) high.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Azerbaijan, eruptions are driven from a deep mud reservoir which is connected to the surface even during dormant periods, when seeping water shows a deep origin. <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_seep" title="Petroleum seep">Seeps</a> have temperatures that are generally above ambient ground temperature by 2 °C (3.6 °F) – 3 °C (5.4 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-planke2003_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-planke2003-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 4 July 2021, a mud volcano eruption on <a href="/wiki/Dashli_ada" title="Dashli ada">Dashli Island</a> in the Caspian Sea, near an oil platform off the coast of Azerbaijan, caused a massive explosion and fireball, which was seen across the region, including from the capital <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, which is 74 kilometres (46 mi) to the north. The flames towered 500 metres (1,640 ft) into the air.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were no reports of injuries or damage to any oil platforms.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last previous volcanic eruption on the island was recorded in 1945 and the preceding one in 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud_volcano&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Extensive mud volcanism occurs on the Andaman <a href="/wiki/Accretionary_prism" class="mw-redirect" title="Accretionary prism">accretionary prism</a>, located at the <a href="/wiki/Andaman_Islands" title="Andaman Islands">Andaman Islands</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud_volcano&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bledug_Kuwu_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bledug_Kuwu_2.jpg/250px-Bledug_Kuwu_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bledug_Kuwu_2.jpg/330px-Bledug_Kuwu_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Bledug_Kuwu_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="266" /></a><figcaption>Bledug Kuwu mud volcano explosion</figcaption></figure> <p>Mud volcanism is a common phenomenon in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> with dozens of structures present onshore and offshore.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mazzini_2009_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mazzini_2009-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Indonesian <a href="/wiki/Sidoarjo_mud_flow" title="Sidoarjo mud flow">Lusi mud eruption</a> is a hybrid mud volcano, driven by pressure from steam and gas from a nearby (igneous) volcanic system, and from natural gas. Geochemical, petrography and geophysical results reveal that it is a <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">sediment-hosted</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> hydrothermal system connected at depth with the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Arjuno-Welirang" title="Arjuno-Welirang">Arjuno-Welirang</a> volcanic complex.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Drilling or an <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquake</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mazzini_2007_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mazzini_2007-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mazzini_2009_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mazzini_2009-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Porong" title="Porong">Porong</a> subdistrict of <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a> province, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, may have resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Sidoarjo_mud_flow" title="Sidoarjo mud flow">Sidoarjo mud flow</a> on 29 May 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies2008_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies2008-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sawolo2009_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sawolo2009-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sawolo2010_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sawolo2010-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mud covered about 440 hectares, 1,087 acres (4.40 km<sup>2</sup>) (2.73 mi<sup>2</sup>), and inundated four villages, homes, roads, rice fields, and factories, displacing about 24,000 people and killing 14. The gas exploration company involved was operated by <a href="/wiki/PT_Lapindo_Brantas" class="mw-redirect" title="PT Lapindo Brantas">PT Lapindo Brantas</a> and the earthquake that may have triggered the mud volcano was the 6.4 magnitude<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/2006_Yogyakarta_earthquake" title="2006 Yogyakarta earthquake">Yogyakarta earthquake</a> of 27 May 2006. According to geologists who have been monitoring Lusi and the surrounding area, the system is beginning to show signs of catastrophic collapse. It was forecast that the region could sag the vent and surrounding area by up to 150 metres (490 ft) in the next decade. In March 2008, the scientists observed drops of up to 3 metres (9.8 ft) in one night. Most of the subsidence in the area around the volcano is more gradual, at around 1 millimetre (0.039 in) per day. A study by a group of Indonesian geoscientists led by Bambang Istadi predicted the area affected by the mudflow over a ten-year period.<sup id="cite_ref-Istadi2009_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Istadi2009-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recent studies carried out in 2011 predict that the mud will flow for another 20 years, or even longer.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now named <a href="/wiki/Sidoarjo_mud_flow" title="Sidoarjo mud flow">Lusi</a> – a contraction of <i>Lumpur <a href="/wiki/Sidoarjo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidoarjo">Sidoarjo</a></i>, where <i>lumpur</i> is the Indonesian word for "mud" – the eruption represent an active hybrid system. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Suwoh" title="Suwoh">Suwoh</a> depression in Lampung, dozens of mud cones and mud pots varying in temperature are found.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Grobogan_Regency" title="Grobogan Regency">Grobogan</a>, Bledug Kuwu mud volcano erupts at regular intervals,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> about every 2 or 3 minutes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iran">Iran</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud_volcano&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mud_Volcano_Hadi_Karimi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Mud_Volcano_Hadi_Karimi.jpg/250px-Mud_Volcano_Hadi_Karimi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Mud_Volcano_Hadi_Karimi.jpg/330px-Mud_Volcano_Hadi_Karimi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Mud_Volcano_Hadi_Karimi.jpg/500px-Mud_Volcano_Hadi_Karimi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3050" data-file-height="1912" /></a><figcaption>Mud volcano in Hormozgan Province, southern Iran</figcaption></figure> <p>There are many mud volcanoes in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>: in particular, in the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Golestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Golestan Province">Golestan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hormozgan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormozgan Province">Hormozgan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistan and Baluchestan Province">Sistan and Baluchestan</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Pirgel" title="Pirgel">Pirgel</a> is located. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mariana_Forearc">Mariana Forearc</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud_volcano&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Mariana Forearc"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are 10 active mud volcanoes in the <a href="/wiki/Izu%E2%80%93Bonin%E2%80%93Mariana_Arc" class="mw-redirect" title="Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc">Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc</a> which can be found along a north to south trend, parallel to the Mariana trench.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The material erupted at these mud volcanoes consists primarily of blue and green <a href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">serpentinite</a> mud which contains fresh and serpentinized <a href="/wiki/Peridotite" title="Peridotite">peridotite</a> material from the subduction channel. Fluid from the descending <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Plate">Pacific Plate</a> is released by dehydration and alteration of rocks and sediment.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This fluid interacts with <a href="/wiki/Mafic" title="Mafic">mafic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ultramafic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultramafic">ultramafic</a> rocks in the descending Pacific Plate and overriding <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Plate">Philippine Plate</a>, resulting in the formation of serpentinite mud.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of these mud volcanoes are associated with faults, indicating that the faults act as conduits for the serpentine mud to migrate from the subduction channel to the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These mud volcanoes are large features on the forearc, the largest of which has a diameter of ~50 kilometres (31 mi) and is over 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) high. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud_volcano&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pakistan_Mud_Volcanoes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Pakistan_Mud_Volcanoes.jpg/250px-Pakistan_Mud_Volcanoes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Pakistan_Mud_Volcanoes.jpg/330px-Pakistan_Mud_Volcanoes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Pakistan_Mud_Volcanoes.jpg/500px-Pakistan_Mud_Volcanoes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3207" data-file-height="3207" /></a><figcaption>Satellite image of Changradup mud volcanoes in Pakistan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Mehdi_Mud_Volcano_in_Balochistan_Province_of_Pakistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mount Mehdi mud volcano" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mount_Mehdi_Mud_Volcano_in_Balochistan_Province_of_Pakistan.jpg/250px-Mount_Mehdi_Mud_Volcano_in_Balochistan_Province_of_Pakistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mount_Mehdi_Mud_Volcano_in_Balochistan_Province_of_Pakistan.jpg/330px-Mount_Mehdi_Mud_Volcano_in_Balochistan_Province_of_Pakistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mount_Mehdi_Mud_Volcano_in_Balochistan_Province_of_Pakistan.jpg/500px-Mount_Mehdi_Mud_Volcano_in_Balochistan_Province_of_Pakistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Mount Mehdi mud volcano and its mud glacier in Balochistan province of Pakistan</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> there are more than 155 active mud volcanoes or vents in <a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a> province; there are about 10 locations with clusters of mud volcanoes. In the west, in <a href="/wiki/Gwadar" title="Gwadar">Gwadar</a> District, the mud volcanoes are very small and mostly sit in the south of Koh-e-Mehdi toward Sur Bandar. Many more are in the northeast of <a href="/wiki/Ormara" title="Ormara">Ormara</a>. The remainder are in <a href="/wiki/Lasbela_District" title="Lasbela District">Lasbela District</a> and are scattered between south of Gorangatti on Koh <a href="/wiki/Hinglaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinglaj">Hinglaj</a> to Koh Kuk in the North of Miani Hor in the Hangol Valley. In this region, the heights of mud volcanoes range between 300 and 2,600 feet (91.4 and 792.5 m). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The most famous is <a href="/wiki/Chandragup" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandragup">Chandragup</a>. The biggest crater is of V15 mud volcano found at 25°33'13.63"N. 65°44'09.66"E is about 450 feet (137.16 m) in diameter. Most mud volcanoes in this region are in out-of-reach areas having very difficult terrain. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Mehdi_mud_volcano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mount Mehdi mud volcano (page does not exist)">Mount Mehdi mud volcano</a> near Miani Hor is also famous for large mud glacier around its caldera. Dormant mud volcanoes stand like columns of mud in many other areas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. There are few near Qila Saifullah and Zhob region of Balochistan. The tallest of all in Balochistan stands at a height of around 7,500 feet (2,286.00 m) known as Khatkandi mud volcano. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philippines">Philippines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud_volcano&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Turtle_Islands,_Tawi-Tawi" title="Turtle Islands, Tawi-Tawi">Turtle Islands</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Philippines" title="Provinces of the Philippines">province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tawi-Tawi" title="Tawi-Tawi">Tawi-Tawi</a>, the southwestern edge of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> bordering <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, presence of mud volcanoes are evident on three of the islands – Lihiman, Great Bakkungan and Boan Islands. The northeastern part of Lihiman Island is distinguished for having a more violent kind of mud extrusions mixed with large pieces of rocks, creating a 20-m (66-ft) wide crater on that hilly part of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such extrusions are reported to be accompanied by mild earthquakes and evidence of extruded materials can be found high in the surrounding trees. Submarine mud extrusions off the island have been observed by local residents.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_Asian_locations">Other Asian locations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud_volcano&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Other Asian locations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mud_volcano_landscape_at_Oesilo,_Oecusse_District,_Timor-Leste.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Mud_volcano_landscape_at_Oesilo%2C_Oecusse_District%2C_Timor-Leste.jpg/250px-Mud_volcano_landscape_at_Oesilo%2C_Oecusse_District%2C_Timor-Leste.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Mud_volcano_landscape_at_Oesilo%2C_Oecusse_District%2C_Timor-Leste.jpg/330px-Mud_volcano_landscape_at_Oesilo%2C_Oecusse_District%2C_Timor-Leste.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Mud_volcano_landscape_at_Oesilo%2C_Oecusse_District%2C_Timor-Leste.jpg/500px-Mud_volcano_landscape_at_Oesilo%2C_Oecusse_District%2C_Timor-Leste.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Mud volcano landscape at Oesilo, Oecusse District, East Timor</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mud_Volcano_at_Moon_World,_Taiwan_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Mud_Volcano_at_Moon_World%2C_Taiwan_.jpg/250px-Mud_Volcano_at_Moon_World%2C_Taiwan_.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Mud_Volcano_at_Moon_World%2C_Taiwan_.jpg/330px-Mud_Volcano_at_Moon_World%2C_Taiwan_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Mud_Volcano_at_Moon_World%2C_Taiwan_.jpg/500px-Mud_Volcano_at_Moon_World%2C_Taiwan_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Yue Shijie 月世界 Mud Volcano, Taiwan</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>There are a number of mud volcanoes in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>.</li> <li>There are mud volcanoes at <a href="/wiki/Minbu_Township" title="Minbu Township">Minbu Township</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magway_Region" title="Magway Region">Magway Region</a>, Myanmar (Burma). There is a local belief that these mud volcanoes are the refuge of mythological <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">Nāga</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>There are two active mud volcanoes in southern Taiwan and several inactive ones. The Wushan Mud Volcanoes are in the <a href="/wiki/Yanchao_District" title="Yanchao District">Yanchao District</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kaohsiung_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaohsiung City">Kaohsiung City</a>. There are active mud volcanoes in Wandan township of Pingtung County.</li> <li>There are mud volcanoes on the island of <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Tiga" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulau Tiga">Pulau Tiga</a>, off the western coast of the Malaysian state of <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> on Borneo.</li> <li>The Meritam Volcanic Mud, locally called the 'lumpur bebuak', located about 35 kilometres (22 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Limbang" title="Limbang">Limbang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>, Malaysia is a tourist attraction.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A drilling accident offshore of <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> on <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> in 1979 caused a mud volcano which took 20 <a href="/wiki/Relief_well" title="Relief well">relief wells</a> and nearly 30 years to halt.</li> <li>Active mud volcanoes occur in <a href="/wiki/Oesilo" title="Oesilo">Oesilo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oecusse_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Oecusse District">Oecusse District</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>). A mud volcano in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibiluto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibiluto (page does not exist)">Bibiluto</a> (<a href="/wiki/Viqueque_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Viqueque District">Viqueque District</a>) erupted between 1856 and 1879.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud_volcano&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mike_n_mud_pot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mike_n_mud_pot.jpg/220px-Mike_n_mud_pot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mike_n_mud_pot.jpg/330px-Mike_n_mud_pot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mike_n_mud_pot.jpg/440px-Mike_n_mud_pot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A cold mud pot in Northern California, showing the scale</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mud_pot_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Mud_pot_5.jpg/220px-Mud_pot_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Mud_pot_5.jpg/330px-Mud_pot_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Mud_pot_5.jpg/440px-Mud_pot_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A cold mud pot in <a href="/wiki/Glenblair,_California" title="Glenblair, California">Glenblair, California</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mud_Volcanos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Mud_Volcanos.jpg/170px-Mud_Volcanos.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Mud_Volcanos.jpg/255px-Mud_Volcanos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Mud_Volcanos.jpg/340px-Mud_Volcanos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of mud volcanoes on the <a href="/wiki/Nahlin_Plateau" title="Nahlin Plateau">Nahlin Plateau</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>. Scale – each volcano approximately 20 m in diameter.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mud volcanoes of the North American continent include: </p> <ul><li>A field of small (<2 metres (6.6 ft) high) fault-controlled, cold mud volcanoes is on <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mendocino_Coast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mendocino Coast (page does not exist)">Mendocino Coast</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Glenblair,_California" title="Glenblair, California">Glenblair</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Bragg,_California" title="Fort Bragg, California">Fort Bragg, California</a>. The fine-grained clay is occasionally harvested by local potters.<sup id="cite_ref-gfxedge_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gfxedge-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrub_mud_volcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrub mud volcano">Shrub</a> and <a href="/wiki/Klawasi_mud_volcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Klawasi mud volcano">Klawasi mud volcanoes</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Copper_River_(Alaska)" title="Copper River (Alaska)">Copper River basin</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Wrangell_Mountains" title="Wrangell Mountains">Wrangell Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>. Emissions are mostly CO<sub>2</sub> and nitrogen; the volcanoes are associated with <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magmatic</a> processes.</li> <li>An unnamed mud volcano 30 metres (98 ft) high and with a top about 100 metres (328 ft) wide, 24 kilometres (15 mi) off <a href="/wiki/Redondo_Beach,_California" title="Redondo Beach, California">Redondo Beach, California</a>, and 800 metres (2,620 ft) under the surface of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>.</li> <li>A field of small (<3 metres (9.8 ft)) mud volcanoes in the <a href="/wiki/Salton_Sea" title="Salton Sea">Salton Sea</a> geothermal area near the town of <a href="/wiki/Niland,_California" title="Niland, California">Niland, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emissions are mostly CO<sub>2</sub>. One, known as the <a href="/wiki/Niland_Geyser" title="Niland Geyser">Niland Geyser</a>, continues to move erratically.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Smooth Ridge mud volcano in 1,000 metres (3,280 ft) of water near <a href="/wiki/Monterey_Canyon" title="Monterey Canyon">Monterey Canyon</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>.</li> <li>Kaglulik mud volcano, 43 metres (141 ft) under the surface of the <a href="/wiki/Beaufort_Sea" title="Beaufort Sea">Beaufort Sea</a>, near the northern boundary of <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Petroleum</a> deposits are believed to exist in the area.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquinna_(volcano)" title="Maquinna (volcano)">Maquinna</a> mud volcano, located 16–18 kilometres (9.9–11.2 mi) west of <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island" title="Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yellowstone's_"Mud_Volcano""><span id="Yellowstone.27s_.22Mud_Volcano.22"></span>Yellowstone's "Mud Volcano"</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud_volcano&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Yellowstone's "Mud Volcano""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellowstone_mud_volcano_17894.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Yellowstone_mud_volcano_17894.jpg/220px-Yellowstone_mud_volcano_17894.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Yellowstone_mud_volcano_17894.jpg/330px-Yellowstone_mud_volcano_17894.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Yellowstone_mud_volcano_17894.jpg/440px-Yellowstone_mud_volcano_17894.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1999" data-file-height="1366" /></a><figcaption>Yellowstone's "Mud Volcano" (NPS, Peaco, 1998)</figcaption></figure> <p>The name of <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a>'s "Mud Volcano" feature and the surrounding area is misleading; it consists of <a href="/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">hot springs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mud_pot" class="mw-redirect" title="Mud pot">mud pots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fumarole" title="Fumarole">fumaroles</a>, rather than a true mud volcano. Depending upon the precise definition of the term <i>mud volcano</i>, the Yellowstone formation could be considered a hydrothermal mud volcano cluster. The feature is much less active than in its first recorded description, although the area is quite dynamic. Yellowstone is an active <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_activity" title="Geothermal activity">geothermal</a> area with a magma chamber near the surface, and active gases are chiefly steam, carbon dioxide, and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a>. </p><p>However, there are mud volcanoes and mud geysers elsewhere in Yellowstone.<sup id="cite_ref-usgsglossmudv_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgsglossmudv-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One, the "Vertically Gifted Cyclic Mud Pot" sometimes acts as a geyser, throwing mud up to 30 feet high. </p><p> The mud volcano feature in Yellowstone was previously a mound until a thermal explosion in the 1800s ripped it apart.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="There are 300 pages and I don't know where to look for the mud volcano feature. (August 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p><div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Caribbean">Caribbean</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud_volcano&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Caribbean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:On_mud_volcano._Trinidad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/On_mud_volcano._Trinidad.jpg/250px-On_mud_volcano._Trinidad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/On_mud_volcano._Trinidad.jpg/330px-On_mud_volcano._Trinidad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/On_mud_volcano._Trinidad.jpg/500px-On_mud_volcano._Trinidad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="521" /></a><figcaption>Mud volcano in southern <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a> c. 1967</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Devil%27s_Woodyard_Dec,2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Devil%27s_Woodyard_Dec%2C2007.jpg/220px-Devil%27s_Woodyard_Dec%2C2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Devil%27s_Woodyard_Dec%2C2007.jpg/330px-Devil%27s_Woodyard_Dec%2C2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Devil%27s_Woodyard_Dec%2C2007.jpg/440px-Devil%27s_Woodyard_Dec%2C2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption>One of the Devil's Woodyard Volcano (Trinidad & Tobago)</figcaption></figure> <p>There are many mud volcanoes in <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil reserves">oil reserves</a> in southern parts of the island of <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a>. As of 15 August 2007, the mud volcano titled the Moruga Bouffle was said to being spitting up methane gas which shows that it is active. There are several other mud volcanoes in the tropical island which include: </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Woodyard" title="Devil's Woodyard">Devil's Woodyard</a> mud volcano near New Grant, <a href="/wiki/Princes_Town_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Princes Town region">Princes Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li>the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moruga_Bouffe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moruga Bouffe (page does not exist)">Moruga Bouffe</a> mud volcano near <a href="/wiki/Moruga" title="Moruga">Moruga</a></li> <li>the Digity mud volcano in <a href="/wiki/Barrackpore,_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Barrackpore, Trinidad and Tobago">Barrackpore</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Piparo" title="Piparo">Piparo</a> mud volcano</li> <li>the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chatham,_Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chatham, Trinidad and Tobago (page does not exist)">Chatham</a> mud volcano underwater in the <a href="/wiki/Columbus_Channel" title="Columbus Channel">Columbus Channel</a>; this mud volcano periodically produces a short-lived island.</li> <li>the Erin Bouffe mud volcano near Los Iros beach</li> <li>L'eau Michel mud volcano in Bunsee Trace, Penal</li></ul> <p>A number of large mud volcanoes have been identified on the Barbados accretionary complex, offshore <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud_volcano&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Venezuela">Venezuela</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud_volcano&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Venezuela"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Volcan_de_lodo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Volcan_de_lodo.jpg/250px-Volcan_de_lodo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Volcan_de_lodo.jpg/330px-Volcan_de_lodo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Volcan_de_lodo.jpg/500px-Volcan_de_lodo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="904" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption>Yagrumito mud volcano in Monagas, Venezuela (6 km from Maturín)</figcaption></figure> <p>The eastern part of <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> contains several mud volcanoes (or mud domes), all of them having an origin related to oil deposits. The mud of 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Matur%C3%ADn" title="Maturín">Maturín</a>, contains water, biogenic gas, hydrocarbons and an important quantity of salt. Cattle from the <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a> often gather around to lick the dried mud for its salt content.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colombia">Colombia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud_volcano&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Colombia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Volcan <a href="/wiki/El_Totumo" title="El Totumo">El Totumo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which marks the division between <a href="/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar_Department" title="Bolívar Department">Bolívar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atl%C3%A1ntico_Department" title="Atlántico Department">Atlantico</a> in <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>. This volcano is approximately 50 feet (15 m) high and can accommodate 10 to 15 people in its crater; many tourists and locals visit this volcano due to the alleged medicinal benefits of the mud; it is next to a <i>cienaga</i>, or lake. This volcano is under legal dispute between the Bolívar and Atlántico Departamentos because of its tourist value.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australasia">Australasia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud_volcano&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Australasia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud_volcano&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As well as the <a href="/wiki/Runaruna_Mud_Volcano" title="Runaruna Mud Volcano">Runaruna Mud Volcano</a> the size of the splatter cones associated with some of New Zealands many geothermal <a href="/wiki/Mudpot" title="Mudpot">mud pools or mudpots</a> might qualify, depending upon definition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possible_mud_volcanoes_on_Mars">Possible mud volcanoes on Mars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud_volcano&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Possible mud volcanoes on Mars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ESP_052050_2200mudvolcanoes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wide view of field of mud volcanoes, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program"><img alt="Wide view of field of mud volcanoes, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/ESP_052050_2200mudvolcanoes.jpg/120px-ESP_052050_2200mudvolcanoes.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/ESP_052050_2200mudvolcanoes.jpg/250px-ESP_052050_2200mudvolcanoes.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="4411" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wide view of field of mud volcanoes, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:52050_2200mudvolcanoes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Close view of mud volcanoes, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program"><img alt="Close view of mud volcanoes, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/52050_2200mudvolcanoes.jpg/220px-52050_2200mudvolcanoes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/52050_2200mudvolcanoes.jpg/330px-52050_2200mudvolcanoes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/52050_2200mudvolcanoes.jpg/440px-52050_2200mudvolcanoes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1861" data-file-height="930" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Close view of mud volcanoes, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:52050_2200mudvolcanoesboulders.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Close view of mud volcanoes and boulders, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program"><img alt="Close view of mud volcanoes and boulders, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/52050_2200mudvolcanoesboulders.jpg/250px-52050_2200mudvolcanoesboulders.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/52050_2200mudvolcanoesboulders.jpg/330px-52050_2200mudvolcanoesboulders.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/52050_2200mudvolcanoesboulders.jpg/500px-52050_2200mudvolcanoesboulders.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1861" data-file-height="930" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Close view of mud volcanoes and boulders, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mud_volcanoes_In_Mare_Acidalium,_Mars_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wide view of mud volcanoes, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program"><img alt="Wide view of mud volcanoes, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Mud_volcanoes_In_Mare_Acidalium%2C_Mars_01.jpg/120px-Mud_volcanoes_In_Mare_Acidalium%2C_Mars_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Mud_volcanoes_In_Mare_Acidalium%2C_Mars_01.jpg/250px-Mud_volcanoes_In_Mare_Acidalium%2C_Mars_01.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="4508" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wide view of mud volcanoes, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mud_volcanoes_In_Mare_Acidalium,_Mars_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Close view of mud volcanoes, as seen by HiRISE"><img alt="Close view of mud volcanoes, as seen by HiRISE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Mud_volcanoes_In_Mare_Acidalium%2C_Mars_02.jpg/220px-Mud_volcanoes_In_Mare_Acidalium%2C_Mars_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Mud_volcanoes_In_Mare_Acidalium%2C_Mars_02.jpg/330px-Mud_volcanoes_In_Mare_Acidalium%2C_Mars_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Mud_volcanoes_In_Mare_Acidalium%2C_Mars_02.jpg/440px-Mud_volcanoes_In_Mare_Acidalium%2C_Mars_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="666" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Close view of mud volcanoes, as seen by HiRISE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mud_volcanoes_In_Mare_Acidalium,_Mars_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Close view of mud volcanoes, as seen by HiRISE Low area around the volcanoes contains transverse aeolian ridges (TAR's). Only part of picture is in color because HiRISE only takes a color strip in middle of image."><img alt="Close view of mud volcanoes, as seen by HiRISE Low area around the volcanoes contains transverse aeolian ridges (TAR's). Only part of picture is in color because HiRISE only takes a color strip in middle of image." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Mud_volcanoes_In_Mare_Acidalium%2C_Mars_03.jpg/250px-Mud_volcanoes_In_Mare_Acidalium%2C_Mars_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Mud_volcanoes_In_Mare_Acidalium%2C_Mars_03.jpg/330px-Mud_volcanoes_In_Mare_Acidalium%2C_Mars_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Mud_volcanoes_In_Mare_Acidalium%2C_Mars_03.jpg/500px-Mud_volcanoes_In_Mare_Acidalium%2C_Mars_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1829" data-file-height="817" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Close view of mud volcanoes, as seen by HiRISE Low area around the volcanoes contains transverse aeolian ridges (TAR's). Only part of picture is in color because HiRISE only takes a color strip in middle of image.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:84807_2225conecolor_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Close view of mud volcano, as seen by HiRISE. Picture is about 1 km across. This mud volcano has a different color than the surroundings because it consists of material brought up from depth. These structures may be useful to explore for remains of past life since they contain samples that would have been protected from the strong radiation at the surface."><img alt="Close view of mud volcano, as seen by HiRISE. Picture is about 1 km across. This mud volcano has a different color than the surroundings because it consists of material brought up from depth. These structures may be useful to explore for remains of past life since they contain samples that would have been protected from the strong radiation at the surface." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/84807_2225conecolor_01.jpg/250px-84807_2225conecolor_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/84807_2225conecolor_01.jpg/330px-84807_2225conecolor_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/84807_2225conecolor_01.jpg/500px-84807_2225conecolor_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1829" data-file-height="817" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Close view of mud volcano, as seen by HiRISE. Picture is about 1 km across. This mud volcano has a different color than the surroundings because it consists of material brought up from depth. These structures may be useful to explore for remains of past life since they contain samples that would have been protected from the strong radiation at the surface.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud_volcano&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asphalt_volcano" title="Asphalt volcano">Asphalt volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_smoker" class="mw-redirect" title="Black smoker">Black smoker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">Cold seep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_volcano" title="Ice volcano">Ice volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahar" title="Lahar">Lahar</a> – mud flow</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methane_hydrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Methane hydrate">Methane hydrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_volcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand volcano">Sand volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamount" title="Seamount">Seamount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">Volcano</a> – igneous volcano</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud_volcano&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMazziniEtiope2017" class="citation journal cs1">Mazzini, Adriano; Etiope, Giuseppe (May 2017). "Mud volcanism: An updated review". <i>Earth-Science Reviews</i>. <b>168</b>: <span class="nowrap">81–</span>112. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ESRv..168...81M">2017ESRv..168...81M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2017.03.001">10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.03.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10852%2F61234">10852/61234</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth-Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Mud+volcanism%3A+An+updated+review&rft.volume=168&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E112&rft.date=2017-05&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10852%2F61234&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2017.03.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017ESRv..168...81M&rft.aulast=Mazzini&rft.aufirst=Adriano&rft.au=Etiope%2C+Giuseppe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud+volcano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKopf2002" class="citation journal cs1">Kopf, Achim J. (2002). "Significance of mud volcanism". <i>Reviews of Geophysics</i>. <b>40</b> (2): 1005. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002RvGeo..40.1005K">2002RvGeo..40.1005K</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.708.2270">10.1.1.708.2270</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2000rg000093">10.1029/2000rg000093</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21707159">21707159</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+of+Geophysics&rft.atitle=Significance+of+mud+volcanism&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1005&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.708.2270%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21707159%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2000rg000093&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002RvGeo..40.1005K&rft.aulast=Kopf&rft.aufirst=Achim+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud+volcano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDimitrov2002" class="citation journal cs1">Dimitrov, Lyobomir I (November 2002). "Mud volcanoes—the most important pathway for degassing deeply buried sediments". <i>Earth-Science Reviews</i>. <b>59</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">49–</span>76. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002ESRv...59...49D">2002ESRv...59...49D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0012-8252%2802%2900069-7">10.1016/s0012-8252(02)00069-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth-Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Mud+volcanoes%E2%80%94the+most+important+pathway+for+degassing+deeply+buried+sediments&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E76&rft.date=2002-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0012-8252%2802%2900069-7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002ESRv...59...49D&rft.aulast=Dimitrov&rft.aufirst=Lyobomir+I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud+volcano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKiokaAshi2015" class="citation journal cs1">Kioka, Arata; Ashi, Juichiro (28 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2015GL065713">"Episodic massive mud eruptions from submarine mud volcanoes examined through topographical signatures"</a>. <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. <b>42</b> (20): <span class="nowrap">8406–</span>8414. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GeoRL..42.8406K">2015GeoRL..42.8406K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2015GL065713">10.1002/2015GL065713</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Episodic+massive+mud+eruptions+from+submarine+mud+volcanoes+examined+through+topographical+signatures&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8406-%3C%2Fspan%3E8414&rft.date=2015-10-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F2015GL065713&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015GeoRL..42.8406K&rft.aulast=Kioka&rft.aufirst=Arata&rft.au=Ashi%2C+Juichiro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252F2015GL065713&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud+volcano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7966437.stm">"Mars domes may be 'mud volcanoes'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. March 26, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Mars+domes+may+be+%27mud+volcanoes%27&rft.date=2009-03-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fsci%2Ftech%2F7966437.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud+volcano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFesekerBoetiusWenzhöferBlandin2014" class="citation journal cs1">Feseker, Tomas; Boetius, Antje; Wenzhöfer, Frank; Blandin, Jerome; Olu, Karine; Yoerger, Dana R.; Camilli, Richard; German, Christopher R.; de Beer, Dirk (2014-11-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4242465">"Eruption of a deep-sea mud volcano triggers rapid sediment movement"</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 5385. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NatCo...5.5385F">2014NatCo...5.5385F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms6385">10.1038/ncomms6385</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723">2041-1723</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4242465">4242465</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25384354">25384354</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Eruption+of+a+deep-sea+mud+volcano+triggers+rapid+sediment+movement&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5385&rft.date=2014-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4242465%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014NatCo...5.5385F&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25384354&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms6385&rft.issn=2041-1723&rft.aulast=Feseker&rft.aufirst=Tomas&rft.au=Boetius%2C+Antje&rft.au=Wenzh%C3%B6fer%2C+Frank&rft.au=Blandin%2C+Jerome&rft.au=Olu%2C+Karine&rft.au=Yoerger%2C+Dana+R.&rft.au=Camilli%2C+Richard&rft.au=German%2C+Christopher+R.&rft.au=de+Beer%2C+Dirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4242465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud+volcano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYussibnoshMohan_ViswanathanModon_Valappil2023" class="citation journal cs1">Yussibnosh, Jossiana binti; Mohan Viswanathan, Prasanna; Modon Valappil, Ninu Krishnan (2023-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2772809923000102">"Geochemical evaluation of mud volcanic sediment and water in Northern Borneo: A baseline study"</a>. <i>Total Environment Research Themes</i>. <b>6</b>: 100033. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023TERT....600033Y">2023TERT....600033Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.totert.2023.100033">10.1016/j.totert.2023.100033</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2772-8099">2772-8099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Total+Environment+Research+Themes&rft.atitle=Geochemical+evaluation+of+mud+volcanic+sediment+and+water+in+Northern+Borneo%3A+A+baseline+study&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=100033&rft.date=2023-06-01&rft.issn=2772-8099&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.totert.2023.100033&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023TERT....600033Y&rft.aulast=Yussibnosh&rft.aufirst=Jossiana+binti&rft.au=Mohan+Viswanathan%2C+Prasanna&rft.au=Modon+Valappil%2C+Ninu+Krishnan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2772809923000102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud+volcano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFXuZhengMaFortin2022" class="citation journal cs1">Xu, Wang; Zheng, Guodong; Ma, Xiangxian; Fortin, Danielle; Fu, Ching Chou; Li, Qi; Chelnokov, Georgy Alekseevich; Ershov, Valery (2022-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0883292721002766">"Chemical and isotopic features of seepage gas from mud volcanoes in southern margin of the Junggar Basin, NW China"</a>. <i>Applied Geochemistry</i>. <b>136</b>: 105145. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ApGC..13605145X">2022ApGC..13605145X</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.apgeochem.2021.105145">10.1016/j.apgeochem.2021.105145</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0883-2927">0883-2927</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Geochemistry&rft.atitle=Chemical+and+isotopic+features+of+seepage+gas+from+mud+volcanoes+in+southern+margin+of+the+Junggar+Basin%2C+NW+China&rft.volume=136&rft.pages=105145&rft.date=2022-01-01&rft.issn=0883-2927&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.apgeochem.2021.105145&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022ApGC..13605145X&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=Wang&rft.au=Zheng%2C+Guodong&rft.au=Ma%2C+Xiangxian&rft.au=Fortin%2C+Danielle&rft.au=Fu%2C+Ching+Chou&rft.au=Li%2C+Qi&rft.au=Chelnokov%2C+Georgy+Alekseevich&rft.au=Ershov%2C+Valery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0883292721002766&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud+volcano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-etiope2003gsa-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-etiope2003gsa_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEtiopeMilkov2004" class="citation journal cs1">Etiope, Giuseppe; Milkov, Alexei V. (November 2004). "A new estimate of global methane flux from onshore and shallow submarine mud volcanoes to the atmosphere". <i>Environmental Geology</i>. <b>46</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">997–</span>1002. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00254-004-1085-1">10.1007/s00254-004-1085-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140564320">140564320</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/618713361">618713361</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Geology&rft.atitle=A+new+estimate+of+global+methane+flux+from+onshore+and+shallow+submarine+mud+volcanoes+to+the+atmosphere&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E997-%3C%2Fspan%3E1002&rft.date=2004-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00254-004-1085-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140564320%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Etiope&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rft.au=Milkov%2C+Alexei+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud+volcano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-milkov2003a-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-milkov2003a_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMilkovSassenApanasovichDadashev2003" class="citation journal cs1">Milkov, Alexei V.; Sassen, Roger; Apanasovich, Tatiyana V.; Dadashev, Farid G. (January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2002GL016358">"Global gas flux from mud volcanoes: A significant source of fossil methane in the atmosphere and the ocean"</a>. <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. <b>30</b> (2): 1037. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003GeoRL..30.1037M">2003GeoRL..30.1037M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2002GL016358">10.1029/2002GL016358</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Global+gas+flux+from+mud+volcanoes%3A+A+significant+source+of+fossil+methane+in+the+atmosphere+and+the+ocean&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1037&rft.date=2003-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2002GL016358&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003GeoRL..30.1037M&rft.aulast=Milkov&rft.aufirst=Alexei+V.&rft.au=Sassen%2C+Roger&rft.au=Apanasovich%2C+Tatiyana+V.&rft.au=Dadashev%2C+Farid+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2002GL016358&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud+volcano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-milkov2003aapg-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-milkov2003aapg_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMilkovSassen2003" class="citation conference cs1">Milkov, Alexei V.; Sassen, Roger (May 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.searchanddiscovery.com/pdfz/abstracts/pdf/2003/annual/short/ndx_77807.PDF.html"><i>Global Distribution and Significance of Mud Volcanoes</i></a>. AAPG Annual Convention.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Global+Distribution+and+Significance+of+Mud+Volcanoes&rft.date=2003-05&rft.aulast=Milkov&rft.aufirst=Alexei+V.&rft.au=Sassen%2C+Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.searchanddiscovery.com%2Fpdfz%2Fabstracts%2Fpdf%2F2003%2Fannual%2Fshort%2Fndx_77807.PDF.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud+volcano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kopf2003-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kopf2003_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKopf2003" class="citation journal cs1">Kopf, Achim J. (1 October 2003). "Global methane emission through mud volcanoes and its past and present impact on the Earth's climate". <i>International Journal of Earth Sciences</i>. <b>92</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">806–</span>816. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003IJEaS..92..806K">2003IJEaS..92..806K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00531-003-0341-z">10.1007/s00531-003-0341-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195334765">195334765</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Earth+Sciences&rft.atitle=Global+methane+emission+through+mud+volcanoes+and+its+past+and+present+impact+on+the+Earth%27s+climate&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E806-%3C%2Fspan%3E816&rft.date=2003-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A195334765%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00531-003-0341-z&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003IJEaS..92..806K&rft.aulast=Kopf&rft.aufirst=Achim+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud+volcano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euronews.com/2013/08/28/mini-volcano-pops-up-in-rome">"Mini volcano pops up in Rome"</a>. <i>Euronews</i>. 28 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Euronews&rft.atitle=Mini+volcano+pops+up+in+Rome&rft.date=2013-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2F2013%2F08%2F28%2Fmini-volcano-pops-up-in-rome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud+volcano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCostantini2013" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Costantini, Valeria (27 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://roma.corriere.it/roma/notizie/cronaca/13_agosto_27/geyser-fiumicino-piccolo-vulcano-2222787658415.shtml">"Il mini- vulcano con eruzioni fino a tre metri"</a> [The mini-volcano with eruptions of up to three metres]. <i>Corriere della Sera Roma</i> (in Italian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Corriere+della+Sera+Roma&rft.atitle=Il+mini-+vulcano+con+eruzioni+fino+a+tre+metri&rft.date=2013-08-27&rft.aulast=Costantini&rft.aufirst=Valeria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froma.corriere.it%2Froma%2Fnotizie%2Fcronaca%2F13_agosto_27%2Fgeyser-fiumicino-piccolo-vulcano-2222787658415.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud+volcano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cjbuzau.ro/vulcanii-noroiosi-6/">"Vulcanii Noroioși – Consiliul Județean Buzău"</a> (in Romanian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vulcanii+Noroio%C8%99i+%E2%80%93+Consiliul+Jude%C8%9Bean+Buz%C4%83u&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcjbuzau.ro%2Fvulcanii-noroiosi-6%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud+volcano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoiava2016" class="citation journal cs1">Koiava, Kakhaber (October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308793648">"The Structure and Geochemistry of the Kila-Kupra Mud Volcano (Georgia)"</a>. <i>Vakhtang Bacho Glonti</i>: 2 – via Research Gate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vakhtang+Bacho+Glonti&rft.atitle=The+Structure+and+Geochemistry+of+the+Kila-Kupra+Mud+Volcano+%28Georgia%29&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2016-10&rft.aulast=Koiava&rft.aufirst=Kakhaber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F308793648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud+volcano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOppo2014" class="citation journal cs1">Oppo, Davide (November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263094354">"Mud volcanism and fluid geochemistry in the Cheleken Peninsula, western Turkmenistan"</a>. <i>Marine and Petroleum Geology</i>. <b>57</b>: <span class="nowrap">122–</span>134. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MarPG..57..122O">2014MarPG..57..122O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpetgeo.2014.05.009">10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2014.05.009</a> – via Research Gate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+and+Petroleum+Geology&rft.atitle=Mud+volcanism+and+fluid+geochemistry+in+the+Cheleken+Peninsula%2C+western+Turkmenistan&rft.volume=57&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E122-%3C%2Fspan%3E134&rft.date=2014-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.marpetgeo.2014.05.009&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014MarPG..57..122O&rft.aulast=Oppo&rft.aufirst=Davide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F263094354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud+volcano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120915060357/http://pakistaniat.com/2007/03/02/mud-volcanoes-volcano-balochistan-baluchistan-hingol-offroad-makran-pasni-hinglaj/">"Mud Volcanoes of Balochistan"</a>. 2007-03-02. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pakistaniat.com/2007/03/02/mud-volcanoes-volcano-balochistan-baluchistan-hingol-offroad-makran-pasni-hinglaj/">the original</a> on 2012-09-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mud+Volcanoes+of+Balochistan&rft.date=2007-03-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpakistaniat.com%2F2007%2F03%2F02%2Fmud-volcanoes-volcano-balochistan-baluchistan-hingol-offroad-makran-pasni-hinglaj%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud+volcano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/mud-volcanoes-of-azerbaijan">"MUD VOLCANOES OF AZERBAIJAN"</a>. <i>www.atlasobscura.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.atlasobscura.com&rft.atitle=MUD+VOLCANOES+OF+AZERBAIJAN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlasobscura.com%2Fplaces%2Fmud-volcanoes-of-azerbaijan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud+volcano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.azernews.az/nation/196856.html">"Azerbaijan kicks off project to research mud volcanoes scientifically"</a>. <i>Azernews.Az</i>. 2022-07-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Azernews.Az&rft.atitle=Azerbaijan+kicks+off+project+to+research+mud+volcanoes+scientifically&rft.date=2022-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.azernews.az%2Fnation%2F196856.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud+volcano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1626310.stm">"Azeri mud volcano flares"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. October 29, 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Azeri+mud+volcano+flares&rft.date=2001-10-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F1626310.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud+volcano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-planke2003-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-planke2003_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlankeSvensenHovlandBanks2003" class="citation journal cs1">Planke, S.; Svensen, H.; Hovland, M.; Banks, D. A.; Jamtveit, B. (1 December 2003). "Mud and fluid migration in active mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan". <i>Geo-Marine Letters</i>. <b>23</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">258–</span>268. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003GML....23..258P">2003GML....23..258P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00367-003-0152-z">10.1007/s00367-003-0152-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128779712">128779712</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geo-Marine+Letters&rft.atitle=Mud+and+fluid+migration+in+active+mud+volcanoes+in+Azerbaijan&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E258-%3C%2Fspan%3E268&rft.date=2003-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128779712%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00367-003-0152-z&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003GML....23..258P&rft.aulast=Planke&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Svensen%2C+H.&rft.au=Hovland%2C+M.&rft.au=Banks%2C+D.+A.&rft.au=Jamtveit%2C+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud+volcano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/azerbaijan-mud-volcano-erupts-fiery-fashion-180978120/">"Azerbaijan Mud Volcano Erupts in Fiery Display"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i>. 2021-07-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=Azerbaijan+Mud+Volcano+Erupts+in+Fiery+Display&rft.date=2021-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2Fazerbaijan-mud-volcano-erupts-fiery-fashion-180978120%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud+volcano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apa.az/en/xeber/social-news/press-conference-on-incident-in-the-caspian-sea-video-353208">"Press conference on incident in the Caspian Sea-VIDEO"</a>. <i>Apa.az</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Apa.az&rft.atitle=Press+conference+on+incident+in+the+Caspian+Sea-VIDEO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapa.az%2Fen%2Fxeber%2Fsocial-news%2Fpress-conference-on-incident-in-the-caspian-sea-video-353208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud+volcano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/05/explosion-rocks-caspian-sea-near-azerbaijan-gas-field">"Azerbaijan says "mud volcano" caused Caspian Sea explosion"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 2021-07-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Azerbaijan+says+%22mud+volcano%22+caused+Caspian+Sea+explosion&rft.date=2021-07-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2Fjul%2F05%2Fexplosion-rocks-caspian-sea-near-azerbaijan-gas-field&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud+volcano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bnonews.com/index.php/2021/07/large-explosion-in-the-caspian-sea/">"Mud volcano causes large explosion in the Caspian Sea"</a>. <i>BNO News</i>. 4 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BNO+News&rft.atitle=Mud+volcano+causes+large+explosion+in+the+Caspian+Sea&rft.date=2021-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbnonews.com%2Findex.php%2F2021%2F07%2Flarge-explosion-in-the-caspian-sea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud+volcano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/what-mud-volcano-explained-huge-explosion-fire-caspian-sea-oil-1606877">"Mud volcanoes explained as huge explosion rocks the oil-rich Caspian Sea"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i>. 2021-07-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Mud+volcanoes+explained+as+huge+explosion+rocks+the+oil-rich+Caspian+Sea&rft.date=2021-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fwhat-mud-volcano-explained-huge-explosion-fire-caspian-sea-oil-1606877&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud+volcano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRayKumarSudheerDeshpande2013" class="citation journal cs1">Ray, Jyotiranjan S.; Kumar, Alok; Sudheer, A.K.; Deshpande, R.D.; Rao, D.K.; Patil, D.J.; Awasthi, Neeraj; Bhutani, Rajneesh; Bhushan, Ravi; Dayal, A.M. (June 2013). "Origin of gases and water in mud volcanoes of Andaman accretionary prism: implications for fluid migration in forearcs". <i>Chemical Geology</i>. <b>347</b>: <span class="nowrap">102–</span>113. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ChGeo.347..102R">2013ChGeo.347..102R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chemgeo.2013.03.015">10.1016/j.chemgeo.2013.03.015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Geology&rft.atitle=Origin+of+gases+and+water+in+mud+volcanoes+of+Andaman+accretionary+prism%3A+implications+for+fluid+migration+in+forearcs&rft.volume=347&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E102-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.date=2013-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.chemgeo.2013.03.015&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013ChGeo.347..102R&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Jyotiranjan+S.&rft.au=Kumar%2C+Alok&rft.au=Sudheer%2C+A.K.&rft.au=Deshpande%2C+R.D.&rft.au=Rao%2C+D.K.&rft.au=Patil%2C+D.J.&rft.au=Awasthi%2C+Neeraj&rft.au=Bhutani%2C+Rajneesh&rft.au=Bhushan%2C+Ravi&rft.au=Dayal%2C+A.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud+volcano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSatyana2008" class="citation journal cs1">Satyana, A.H. (1 May 2008). "Mud diapirs and mud volcanoes in depressions of Java to Madura : origins, natures, and implications to petroleum system". <i>Proc. Indon Petrol. Assoc., 32nd Ann. Conv</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.29118%2Fipa.947.08.g.139">10.29118/ipa.947.08.g.139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Indon+Petrol.+Assoc.%2C+32nd+Ann.+Conv.&rft.atitle=Mud+diapirs+and+mud+volcanoes+in+depressions+of+Java+to+Madura+%3A+origins%2C+natures%2C+and+implications+to+petroleum+system&rft.date=2008-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.29118%2Fipa.947.08.g.139&rft.aulast=Satyana&rft.aufirst=A.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud+volcano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mazzini_2009-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mazzini_2009_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mazzini_2009_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMazziniNermoenKrotkiewskiPodladchikov2009" class="citation journal cs1">Mazzini, A.; Nermoen, A.; Krotkiewski, M.; Podladchikov, Y.; Planke, S.; Svensen, H. (November 2009). "Strike-slip faulting as a trigger mechanism for overpressure release through piercement structures. Implications for the Lusi mud volcano, Indonesia". <i>Marine and Petroleum Geology</i>. <b>26</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">1751–</span>1765. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009MarPG..26.1751M">2009MarPG..26.1751M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpetgeo.2009.03.001">10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2009.03.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+and+Petroleum+Geology&rft.atitle=Strike-slip+faulting+as+a+trigger+mechanism+for+overpressure+release+through+piercement+structures.+Implications+for+the+Lusi+mud+volcano%2C+Indonesia&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1751-%3C%2Fspan%3E1765&rft.date=2009-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.marpetgeo.2009.03.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009MarPG..26.1751M&rft.aulast=Mazzini&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Nermoen%2C+A.&rft.au=Krotkiewski%2C+M.&rft.au=Podladchikov%2C+Y.&rft.au=Planke%2C+S.&rft.au=Svensen%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud+volcano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMazziniScholzSvensenHensen2018" class="citation journal cs1">Mazzini, Adriano; Scholz, Florian; Svensen, Henrik H.; Hensen, Christian; Hadi, Soffian (February 2018). "The geochemistry and origin of the hydrothermal water erupted at Lusi, Indonesia". <i>Marine and Petroleum Geology</i>. <b>90</b>: <span class="nowrap">52–</span>66. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MarPG..90...52M">2018MarPG..90...52M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpetgeo.2017.06.018">10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2017.06.018</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10852%2F61230">10852/61230</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+and+Petroleum+Geology&rft.atitle=The+geochemistry+and+origin+of+the+hydrothermal+water+erupted+at+Lusi%2C+Indonesia&rft.volume=90&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E52-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.date=2018-02&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10852%2F61230&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.marpetgeo.2017.06.018&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018MarPG..90...52M&rft.aulast=Mazzini&rft.aufirst=Adriano&rft.au=Scholz%2C+Florian&rft.au=Svensen%2C+Henrik+H.&rft.au=Hensen%2C+Christian&rft.au=Hadi%2C+Soffian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud+volcano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFInguaggiatoMazziniVitaSciarra2018" class="citation journal cs1">Inguaggiato, Salvatore; Mazzini, Adriano; Vita, Fabio; Sciarra, Alessandra (February 2018). "The Arjuno-Welirang volcanic complex and the connected Lusi system: Geochemical evidences". <i>Marine and Petroleum Geology</i>. <b>90</b>: <span class="nowrap">67–</span>76. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MarPG..90...67I">2018MarPG..90...67I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpetgeo.2017.10.015">10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2017.10.015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+and+Petroleum+Geology&rft.atitle=The+Arjuno-Welirang+volcanic+complex+and+the+connected+Lusi+system%3A+Geochemical+evidences&rft.volume=90&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E76&rft.date=2018-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.marpetgeo.2017.10.015&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018MarPG..90...67I&rft.aulast=Inguaggiato&rft.aufirst=Salvatore&rft.au=Mazzini%2C+Adriano&rft.au=Vita%2C+Fabio&rft.au=Sciarra%2C+Alessandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud+volcano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMalvoisinMazziniMiller2018" class="citation journal cs1">Malvoisin, Benjamin; Mazzini, Adriano; Miller, Stephen A. (September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2018.06.006">"Deep hydrothermal activity driving the Lusi mud eruption"</a>. <i>Earth and Planetary Science Letters</i>. <b>497</b>: <span class="nowrap">42–</span>49. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018E&PSL.497...42M">2018E&PSL.497...42M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2018.06.006">10.1016/j.epsl.2018.06.006</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:135102629">135102629</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&rft.atitle=Deep+hydrothermal+activity+driving+the+Lusi+mud+eruption&rft.volume=497&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.date=2018-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A135102629%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2018.06.006&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018E%26PSL.497...42M&rft.aulast=Malvoisin&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft.au=Mazzini%2C+Adriano&rft.au=Miller%2C+Stephen+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.epsl.2018.06.006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud+volcano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMazziniEtiopeSvensen2012" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Mazzini, Adriano; Etiope, Giuseppe; Svensen, Henrik (February 2012). "A new hydrothermal scenario for the 2006 Lusi eruption, Indonesia. Insights from gas geochemistry". <i>Earth and Planetary Science Letters</i>. <span class="nowrap">317–</span>318: <span class="nowrap">305–</span>318. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012E&PSL.317..305M">2012E&PSL.317..305M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2011.11.016">10.1016/j.epsl.2011.11.016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&rft.atitle=A+new+hydrothermal+scenario+for+the+2006+Lusi+eruption%2C+Indonesia.+Insights+from+gas+geochemistry&rft.volume=317-318&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E305-%3C%2Fspan%3E318&rft.date=2012-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2011.11.016&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012E%26PSL.317..305M&rft.aulast=Mazzini&rft.aufirst=Adriano&rft.au=Etiope%2C+Giuseppe&rft.au=Svensen%2C+Henrik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud+volcano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFallahiObermannLupiKaryono2017" class="citation journal cs1">Fallahi, Mohammad Javad; Obermann, Anne; Lupi, Matteo; Karyono, Karyono; Mazzini, Adriano (October 2017). "The Plumbing System Feeding the Lusi Eruption Revealed by Ambient Noise Tomography: The Plumbing System Feeding Lusi". <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth</i>. <b>122</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">8200–</span>8213. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2017jb014592">10.1002/2017jb014592</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10852%2F61236">10852/61236</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:133631006">133631006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%3A+Solid+Earth&rft.atitle=The+Plumbing+System+Feeding+the+Lusi+Eruption+Revealed+by+Ambient+Noise+Tomography%3A+The+Plumbing+System+Feeding+Lusi&rft.volume=122&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8200-%3C%2Fspan%3E8213&rft.date=2017-10&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10852%2F61236&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A133631006%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F2017jb014592&rft.aulast=Fallahi&rft.aufirst=Mohammad+Javad&rft.au=Obermann%2C+Anne&rft.au=Lupi%2C+Matteo&rft.au=Karyono%2C+Karyono&rft.au=Mazzini%2C+Adriano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud+volcano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mazzini_2007-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mazzini_2007_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMazziniSvensenAkhmanovAloisi2007" class="citation journal cs1">Mazzini, A.; Svensen, H.; Akhmanov, G.G.; Aloisi, G.; Planke, S.; Malthe-Sørenssen, A.; Istadi, B. (September 2007). "Triggering and dynamic evolution of the LUSI mud volcano, Indonesia". <i>Earth and Planetary Science Letters</i>. <b>261</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">375–</span>388. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007E&PSL.261..375M">2007E&PSL.261..375M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2007.07.001">10.1016/j.epsl.2007.07.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&rft.atitle=Triggering+and+dynamic+evolution+of+the+LUSI+mud+volcano%2C+Indonesia&rft.volume=261&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E375-%3C%2Fspan%3E388&rft.date=2007-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2007.07.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007E%26PSL.261..375M&rft.aulast=Mazzini&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Svensen%2C+H.&rft.au=Akhmanov%2C+G.G.&rft.au=Aloisi%2C+G.&rft.au=Planke%2C+S.&rft.au=Malthe-S%C3%B8renssen%2C+A.&rft.au=Istadi%2C+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud+volcano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies2008-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davies2008_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaviesBrummMangaRubiandini2008" class="citation journal cs1">Davies, Richard J.; Brumm, Maria; Manga, Michael; Rubiandini, Rudi; Swarbrick, Richard; Tingay, Mark (August 2008). "The East Java mud volcano (2006 to present): An earthquake or drilling trigger?". <i>Earth and Planetary Science Letters</i>. <b>272</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">627–</span>638. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008E&PSL.272..627D">2008E&PSL.272..627D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2008.05.029">10.1016/j.epsl.2008.05.029</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&rft.atitle=The+East+Java+mud+volcano+%282006+to+present%29%3A+An+earthquake+or+drilling+trigger%3F&rft.volume=272&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E627-%3C%2Fspan%3E638&rft.date=2008-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2008.05.029&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008E%26PSL.272..627D&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft.au=Brumm%2C+Maria&rft.au=Manga%2C+Michael&rft.au=Rubiandini%2C+Rudi&rft.au=Swarbrick%2C+Richard&rft.au=Tingay%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud+volcano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sawolo2009-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sawolo2009_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSawoloSutrionoIstadiDarmoyo2009" class="citation journal cs1">Sawolo, Nurrochmat; Sutriono, Edi; Istadi, Bambang P.; Darmoyo, Agung B. (November 2009). "The LUSI mud volcano triggering controversy: Was it caused by drilling?". <i>Marine and Petroleum Geology</i>. <b>26</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">1766–</span>1784. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009MarPG..26.1766S">2009MarPG..26.1766S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpetgeo.2009.04.002">10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2009.04.002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+and+Petroleum+Geology&rft.atitle=The+LUSI+mud+volcano+triggering+controversy%3A+Was+it+caused+by+drilling%3F&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1766-%3C%2Fspan%3E1784&rft.date=2009-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.marpetgeo.2009.04.002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009MarPG..26.1766S&rft.aulast=Sawolo&rft.aufirst=Nurrochmat&rft.au=Sutriono%2C+Edi&rft.au=Istadi%2C+Bambang+P.&rft.au=Darmoyo%2C+Agung+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud+volcano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sawolo2010-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sawolo2010_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSawoloSutrionoIstadiDarmoyo2010" class="citation journal cs1">Sawolo, Nurrochmat; Sutriono, Edi; Istadi, Bambang P.; Darmoyo, Agung B. (August 2010). "Was LUSI caused by drilling? – Authors reply to discussion". <i>Marine and Petroleum Geology</i>. <b>27</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">1658–</span>1675. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010MarPG..27.1658S">2010MarPG..27.1658S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpetgeo.2010.01.018">10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2010.01.018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+and+Petroleum+Geology&rft.atitle=Was+LUSI+caused+by+drilling%3F+%E2%80%93+Authors+reply+to+discussion&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1658-%3C%2Fspan%3E1675&rft.date=2010-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.marpetgeo.2010.01.018&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010MarPG..27.1658S&rft.aulast=Sawolo&rft.aufirst=Nurrochmat&rft.au=Sutriono%2C+Edi&rft.au=Istadi%2C+Bambang+P.&rft.au=Darmoyo%2C+Agung+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud+volcano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Istadi2009-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Istadi2009_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIstadiPramonoSumintadirejaAlam2009" class="citation journal cs1">Istadi, Bambang P.; Pramono, Gatot H.; Sumintadireja, Prihadi; Alam, Syamsu (November 2009). "Modeling study of growth and potential geohazard for LUSI mud volcano: East Java, Indonesia". <i>Marine and Petroleum Geology</i>. <b>26</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">1724–</span>1739. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009MarPG..26.1724I">2009MarPG..26.1724I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpetgeo.2009.03.006">10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2009.03.006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+and+Petroleum+Geology&rft.atitle=Modeling+study+of+growth+and+potential+geohazard+for+LUSI+mud+volcano%3A+East+Java%2C+Indonesia&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1724-%3C%2Fspan%3E1739&rft.date=2009-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.marpetgeo.2009.03.006&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009MarPG..26.1724I&rft.aulast=Istadi&rft.aufirst=Bambang+P.&rft.au=Pramono%2C+Gatot+H.&rft.au=Sumintadireja%2C+Prihadi&rft.au=Alam%2C+Syamsu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud+volcano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNormile2011" class="citation news cs1">Normile, Dennis (24 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/content/article/indonesias-infamous-mud-volcano-could-outlive-all-us">"Indonesia's Infamous Mud Volcano Could Outlive All of Us"</a>. <i>Science</i>. AAAS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Indonesia%27s+Infamous+Mud+Volcano+Could+Outlive+All+of+Us&rft.date=2011-02-24&rft.aulast=Normile&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Findonesias-infamous-mud-volcano-could-outlive-all-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud+volcano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNugroho2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nugroho, Puthut Dwi Putranto (15 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://travel.kompas.com/read/2017/07/15/200300127/bledug-kuwu-fenomena-letupan-lumpur-unik-di-jawa-tengah?page=all">"Bledug Kuwu, Fenomena Letupan Lumpur Unik di Jawa Tengah"</a>. <i>kompas.com</i> (in Indonesian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kompas.com&rft.atitle=Bledug+Kuwu%2C+Fenomena+Letupan+Lumpur+Unik+di+Jawa+Tengah&rft.date=2017-07-15&rft.aulast=Nugroho&rft.aufirst=Puthut+Dwi+Putranto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftravel.kompas.com%2Fread%2F2017%2F07%2F15%2F200300127%2Fbledug-kuwu-fenomena-letupan-lumpur-unik-di-jawa-tengah%3Fpage%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud+volcano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFryerWheatWilliamsExpedition_366_Scientists2017" class="citation book cs1">Fryer, P.; Wheat, C.G.; Williams, T.; Expedition 366 Scientists (2017-11-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.iodp.org/preliminary_report/366/"><i>International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 366 Preliminary Report</i></a>. International Ocean Discovery Program Preliminary Report. International Ocean Discovery Program. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14379%2Fiodp.pr.366.2017">10.14379/iodp.pr.366.2017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Ocean+Discovery+Program+Expedition+366+Preliminary+Report&rft.series=International+Ocean+Discovery+Program+Preliminary+Report&rft.pub=International+Ocean+Discovery+Program&rft.date=2017-11-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14379%2Fiodp.pr.366.2017&rft.aulast=Fryer&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Wheat%2C+C.G.&rft.au=Williams%2C+T.&rft.au=Expedition+366+Scientists&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.iodp.org%2Fpreliminary_report%2F366%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud+volcano" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFryerWheatMottl1999" class="citation journal cs1">Fryer, P.; Wheat, C. G.; Mottl, M. J. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027"><0103:mbmvif>2.3.co;2 "Mariana blueschist mud volcanism: Implications for conditions within the subduction zone"</a>. <i>Geology</i>. <b>27</b> (2): 103. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999Geo....27..103F">1999Geo....27..103F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0091-7613%281999%29027%3C0103%3Ambmvif%3E2.3.co%3B2">10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0103:mbmvif>2.3.co;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0091-7613">0091-7613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geology&rft.atitle=Mariana+blueschist+mud+volcanism%3A+Implications+for+conditions+within+the+subduction+zone&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=103&rft.date=1999&rft.issn=0091-7613&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2F0091-7613%281999%29027%3C0103%3Ambmvif%3E2.3.co%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999Geo....27..103F&rft.aulast=Fryer&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Wheat%2C+C.+G.&rft.au=Mottl%2C+M.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1130%2F0091-7613%281999%29027%3C0103%3Ambmvif%3E2.3.co%3B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud+volcano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oneocean.org/ambassadors/track_a_turtle/tihpa/pti.html#Geo-physical_Features">Geo-physical Features of Philippine Turtle Island</a>". Ocean Ambassadors Track a Turtle. Retrieved on 2010-10-05.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oneocean.org/ambassadors/track_a_turtle/tihpa/pti_description.html#lihiman">Lihiman Island</a>". Ocean Ambassadors Track a Turtle. Retrieved on 2010-10-05.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSheblee2017" class="citation news cs1">Sheblee, Zulazhar (11 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2017/10/11/volcanoes-pull-in-the-crowd-curious-tourists-flock-to-kg-meritam-for-a-chance-to-dip-in-mudfilled-cr/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Volcanoes' pull in the crowd"</a>. <i>The Star</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=%27Volcanoes%27+pull+in+the+crowd&rft.date=2017-10-11&rft.aulast=Sheblee&rft.aufirst=Zulazhar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2017%2F10%2F11%2Fvolcanoes-pull-in-the-crowd-curious-tourists-flock-to-kg-meritam-for-a-chance-to-dip-in-mudfilled-cr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud+volcano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jzdCAAAAIAAJ&dq=Bibiluto+Timor&pg=PA165">Sammlungen des Geologischen Reichsmuseums in Leiden, Arthur Wichmann: <i>Gesteine von Timor und einiger angrenzenden Inseln</i>. Leiden, E. J. Brill, 1882–1887 1, Bände 10–11, S. 165</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gfxedge-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gfxedge_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010050149/http://www.gfxedge.com/itt/discover_northern_california.shtml">"Discover northern california"</a>. Independent Travel Tours. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gfxedge.com/itt/discover_northern_california.shtml">the original</a> on 10 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discover+northern+california&rft.pub=Independent+Travel+Tours&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gfxedge.com%2Fitt%2Fdiscover_northern_california.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud+volcano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHowser2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Huell_Howser" title="Huell Howser">Howser, Huell</a> (September 7, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130624012419/http://blogs.chapman.edu/huell-howser-archives/2009/09/07/desert-adventures-142-californias-gold-special/">"Desert Adventures – California's Gold Special (142)"</a>. <i>California's Gold</i>. <a href="/wiki/Chapman_University" title="Chapman University">Chapman University</a> Huell Howser Archive. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.chapman.edu/huell-howser-archives/2009/09/07/desert-adventures-142-californias-gold-special/">the original</a> on June 24, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=California%27s+Gold&rft.atitle=Desert+Adventures+%E2%80%93+California%27s+Gold+Special+%28142%29&rft.date=2009-09-07&rft.aulast=Howser&rft.aufirst=Huell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.chapman.edu%2Fhuell-howser-archives%2F2009%2F09%2F07%2Fdesert-adventures-142-californias-gold-special%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud+volcano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeggel2018" class="citation news cs1">Geggel, Laura (2 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/63998-mud-pool-creeping-across-california.html">"A Gurgling Mud Pool Is Creeping Across Southern California Like a Geologic Poltergeist"</a>. <i>Live Science</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Live+Science&rft.atitle=A+Gurgling+Mud+Pool+Is+Creeping+Across+Southern+California+Like+a+Geologic+Poltergeist&rft.date=2018-11-02&rft.aulast=Geggel&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F63998-mud-pool-creeping-across-california.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud+volcano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usgsglossmudv-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-usgsglossmudv_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050404035116/http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/MudVolcano.html">"Mud volcano"</a>. <i>USGS Photo glossary of volcano terms</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/MudVolcano.html">the original</a> on April 4, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USGS+Photo+glossary+of+volcano+terms&rft.atitle=Mud+volcano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvolcanoes.usgs.gov%2FProducts%2FPglossary%2FMudVolcano.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud+volcano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhittlesey1995" class="citation book cs1">Whittlesey, Lee (1995) [1995]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deathinyellowsto00whit"><i>Death in Yellowstone: Accidents and Foolhardiness in the First National Park</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Lanham,_Maryland" title="Lanham, Maryland">Lanham, Maryland</a>: Roberts Rinehart Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57098-021-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57098-021-3"><bdi>978-1-57098-021-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+in+Yellowstone%3A+Accidents+and+Foolhardiness+in+the+First+National+Park&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Roberts+Rinehart+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-57098-021-3&rft.aulast=Whittlesey&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeathinyellowsto00whit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud+volcano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarnardSagerSnowMax2015" class="citation journal cs1">Barnard, A.; Sager, W. W.; Snow, J. E.; Max, M. D. (2015-06-01). "Subsea gas emissions from the Barbados Accretionary Complex". <i>Marine and Petroleum Geology</i>. <b>64</b>: <span class="nowrap">31–</span>42. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MarPG..64...31B">2015MarPG..64...31B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpetgeo.2015.02.008">10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2015.02.008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+and+Petroleum+Geology&rft.atitle=Subsea+gas+emissions+from+the+Barbados+Accretionary+Complex&rft.volume=64&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.date=2015-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.marpetgeo.2015.02.008&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015MarPG..64...31B&rft.aulast=Barnard&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Sager%2C+W.+W.&rft.au=Snow%2C+J.+E.&rft.au=Max%2C+M.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud+volcano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071007063900/http://www.isic.org/sisp/index.htm?fx=event&event_id=29975">"Student Travel Information & Discounts - Events: Volcán de Lodo el Totumo (Mud Volcano) (Volcan de Lodo el Totumo, Colombia)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isic.org/sisp/index.htm?fx=event&event_id=29975">the original</a> on 2007-10-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-02-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Student+Travel+Information+%26+Discounts+-+Events%3A+Volc%C3%A1n+de+Lodo+el+Totumo+%28Mud+Volcano%29+%28Volcan+de+Lodo+el+Totumo%2C+Colombia%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isic.org%2Fsisp%2Findex.htm%3Ffx%3Devent%26event_id%3D29975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud+volcano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud_volcano&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mud_volcanoes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mud volcanoes">Mud volcanoes</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110714042441/http://www.martinhovland.com/mud_volcanoes.htm">Origin of mud volcanoes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929201052/http://www.carltonswcd.org/mud_volcanoes.htm">Cold water mud volcanoes created by artesian pressure in Minnesota's Nemadji River basin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061030152954/http://bulletin.gia.az/">Bulletin Of Mud Volcanology</a> Azerbaijan Academy Of Sciences (in English)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://soundwaves.usgs.gov/2003/06/outreach2.html">Gaia's Breath—Methane and the Future of Natural Gas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090212180320/http://soundwaves.usgs.gov/2003/06/outreach2.html">Archived</a> 2009-02-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – USGS, June 2003</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1626310.stm">Azeri mud volcano flares</a> – October 29, 2001, BBC report</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041115034012/http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/cabrillo/tierra/methane_hydrate.html">Redondo Beach mud volcano with methane hydrate deposits</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050118200908/http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/hydrocarbons/index.html">Hydrocarbons Associated with Fluid Venting Process in Monterey Bay, California</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://water.usgs.gov/pubs/wri/wri004207/">Hydrothermal Activity and Carbon-Dioxide Discharge at Shrub and Upper Klawasi Mud Volcanoes, Wrangell Mountains, Alaska</a> – U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 00-4207</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050728121303/http://www.gsi.gov.in/mudvol.htm">Mud Volcano Eruption at Baratang, Middle Andamans</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai112_folder/112_articles/112_mud_volcano.html">Article on mud volcanoes from Azerbaijan International</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bioedonline.org/news/news.cfm?art=2755">Mud volcano floods Java</a>, August 2006</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/BE5EF1A2-5B9A-4329-ACC9-7054CB62AD2F.htm">Mud volcano work suspended, 25 Feb 2007, Al Jazeera English</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7966437.stm">Possible mud volcano on Mars (BBC News)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seismo.berkeley.edu/blogs/seismoblog.php/2008/11/04/of-mud-pots-and-the-end-of-the-san-andre">Of Mud Pots and the End of the San Andreas Fault (Seismo Blog)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_U8r8fNHqt0">Mud Volcanoes at West Nile Delta</a> Video by GEOMAR I Helmholtz-Centre for Ocean Research Kiel</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NBdGCr7Lf3I"><span class="plainlinks">El Totumo volcano near Cartagena, Colombia</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ek1buV2HA68"><span class="plainlinks">World's Only Moving Mud Puddle</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> showing the progress over time of the Niland Geyser</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Volcanoes521" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Volcanoes" title="Template:Volcanoes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Volcanoes" title="Template talk:Volcanoes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Volcanoes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Volcanoes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Volcanoes521" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">Volcanoes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">Caldera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinder_cone" title="Cinder cone">Cinder cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_volcano" title="Complex volcano">Complex volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryovolcano" title="Cryovolcano">Cryovolcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptoexplosion" title="Cryptoexplosion">Cryptovolcanic structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fissure_vent" title="Fissure vent">Fissure vent</a></li> <li>Lava cone</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_dome" title="Lava dome">Lava dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maar" title="Maar">Maar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mud volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitic_cone" title="Parasitic cone">Parasitic cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_cone" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyroclastic cone">Pyroclastic cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_shield" title="Pyroclastic shield">Pyroclastic shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cone" title="Rootless cone">Rootless cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_volcano" title="Shield volcano">Shield volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somma_volcano" title="Somma volcano">Somma volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratovolcano" title="Stratovolcano">Stratovolcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subglacial_volcano" title="Subglacial volcano">Subglacial volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_volcano" title="Submarine volcano">Submarine volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervolcano" title="Supervolcano">Supervolcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tossol" title="Tossol">Tossol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_cone" title="Volcanic cone">Volcanic cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_tremor" title="Harmonic tremor">Harmonic tremor</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg/90px-Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg/135px-Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg/180px-Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="845" data-file-height="578" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_rock" title="Volcanic rock">Volcanic rocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agglomerate" title="Agglomerate">Agglomerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">Andesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">Basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basaltic_andesite" title="Basaltic andesite">Basaltic andesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benmoreite" title="Benmoreite">Benmoreite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blairmorite" title="Blairmorite">Blairmorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoria" title="Scoria">Cinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">Dacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felsite" title="Felsite">Felsite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignimbrite" title="Ignimbrite">Ignimbrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komatiite" title="Komatiite">Komatiite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapilli" title="Lapilli">Lapilli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latite" title="Latite">Latite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucitite" title="Leucitite">Leucitite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephelinite" title="Nephelinite">Nephelinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonolite" title="Phonolite">Phonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonotephrite" title="Phonotephrite">Phonotephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">Pumice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyodacite" title="Rhyodacite">Rhyodacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">Rhyolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephra" title="Tephra">Tephra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephriphonolite" title="Tephriphonolite">Tephriphonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyandesite" title="Trachyandesite">Trachyandesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachybasalt" title="Trachybasalt">Trachybasalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyte" title="Trachyte">Trachyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">Tuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_fall" title="Pyroclastic fall">Pyroclastic fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_flow" title="Pyroclastic flow">Pyroclastic flow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Lists and groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hotspot_(geology)" title="Hotspot (geology)">Hotspot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_volcanoes" title="Lists of volcanoes">Lists of volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanic_eruptions_by_death_toll" title="List of volcanic eruptions by death toll">Eruptions by death toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decade_Volcanoes" title="Decade Volcanoes">Decade Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">Volcanic arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_belt" title="Volcanic belt">Volcanic belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_field" title="Volcanic field">Volcanic field</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monogenetic_volcanic_field" title="Monogenetic volcanic field">monogenetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygenetic_volcanic_field" title="Polygenetic volcanic field">polygenetic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Volcanoes" title="Category:Volcanoes">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Volcanoes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Volcanoes">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Volcanoes" title="Portal:Volcanoes">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Volcanoes" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Volcanoes">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox505" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193457#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85088249">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007550852105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mud_volcano&oldid=1277877725">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mud_volcano&oldid=1277877725</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mud_volcanoes" title="Category:Mud volcanoes">Mud volcanoes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Petrology" title="Category:Petrology">Petrology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Landforms" title="Category:Landforms">Landforms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sediments" title="Category:Sediments">Sediments</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Romanian-language_sources_(ro)" title="Category:CS1 Romanian-language sources (ro)">CS1 Romanian-language sources (ro)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Indonesian-language_sources_(id)" title="Category:CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id)">CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2014" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_January_2020" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2020">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2012" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2011" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2021">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 February 2025, at 06:24<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mud_volcano&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mud volcano</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>49 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c6f46dcf-hf9nj","wgBackendResponseTime":182,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.831","walltime":"1.062","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6617,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":166480,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":9198,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":10,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":223805,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 900.511 1 -total"," 40.32% 363.058 1 Template:Reflist"," 25.88% 233.035 28 Template:Cite_journal"," 16.44% 148.066 1 Template:Volcanoes"," 16.22% 146.067 1 Template:Navbox"," 12.26% 110.360 11 Template:Citation_needed"," 11.12% 100.174 12 Template:Fix"," 7.63% 68.669 4 Template:Icon"," 7.05% 63.503 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.81% 52.356 14 Template:Cite_web"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.512","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8689366,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c6f46dcf-pg9kp","timestamp":"20250331030407","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Mud volcano","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mud_volcano","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q193457","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q193457","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-01-17T09:51:34Z","dateModified":"2025-02-27T06:24:59Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/74\/Gobustan_State_Reserve_04.png","headline":"landform created by the eruption of mud or slurries, water and gases"}</script> </body> </html>