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href="#Campylobacter-specific_bacteriophages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span><i>Campylobacter</i>-specific bacteriophages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campylobacter-specific_bacteriophages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pathogenesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathogenesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Pathogenesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pathogenesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Detection</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Detection-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Detection subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Detection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>In humans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_livestock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_livestock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>In livestock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_livestock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_meat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_meat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>In meat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_meat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Epidemiology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Epidemiology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.7</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Campylobacter</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9_(%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="عطيفة (بكتيريا) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عطيفة (بكتيريا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campilob%C3%A0cter" title="Campilobàcter – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Campilobàcter" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacter" title="Campylobacter – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Campylobacter" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacter" title="Campylobacter – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Campylobacter" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacter" title="Campylobacter – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Campylobacter" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacter" title="Campylobacter – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Campylobacter" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacter" title="Campylobacter – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Campylobacter" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="کامپیلوباکتر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کامپیلوباکتر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacter" title="Campylobacter – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Campylobacter" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacter" title="Campylobacter – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Campylobacter" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacter" title="Campylobacter – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Campylobacter" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacter" title="Campylobacter – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Campylobacter" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacter" title="Campylobacter – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Campylobacter" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamp%C3%BDl%C3%B3bakter" title="Kampýlóbakter – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kampýlóbakter" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacter" title="Campylobacter – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Campylobacter" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampilobakt%C4%93rijas" title="Kampilobaktērijas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kampilobaktērijas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacter" title="Campylobacter – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Campylobacter" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%87_(%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D9%89)" title="عطيفه (جنس من بدائيات النوى) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عطيفه (جنس من بدائيات النوى)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacter" title="Campylobacter – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Campylobacter" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%83%AD%E3%83%90%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC" title="カンピロバクター – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カンピロバクター" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacter" title="Campylobacter – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Campylobacter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacter" title="Campylobacter – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Campylobacter" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacter" title="Campylobacter – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Campylobacter" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Кампилобактерии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кампилобактерии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacter" title="Campylobacter – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Campylobacter" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampylobakter" title="Kampylobakter – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kampylobakter" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampylobakteerit" title="Kampylobakteerit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kampylobakteerit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacter" title="Campylobacter – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Campylobacter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacter" title="Campylobacter – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Campylobacter" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacter" title="Campylobacter – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Campylobacter" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacter" title="Campylobacter – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Campylobacter" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%AF%E6%9B%B2%E8%8F%8C%E5%B1%9E" title="弯曲菌属 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="弯曲菌属" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q131488#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Genus of gram-negative bacteria</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(220,235,245)"><i>Campylobacter</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:ARS_Campylobacter_jejuni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/ARS_Campylobacter_jejuni.jpg/220px-ARS_Campylobacter_jejuni.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/ARS_Campylobacter_jejuni.jpg/330px-ARS_Campylobacter_jejuni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/ARS_Campylobacter_jejuni.jpg/440px-ARS_Campylobacter_jejuni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2025" data-file-height="2700" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter_jejuni" title="Campylobacter jejuni">Campylobacter jejuni</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(220,235,245)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Campylobacter" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Campylobacterota" title="Campylobacterota">Campylobacterota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Campylobacteria" title="Campylobacteria">"Campylobacteria"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Campylobacterales" title="Campylobacterales">Campylobacterales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Campylobacteraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Campylobacteraceae">Campylobacteraceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Campylobacter</i></a><br /><small>Sebald & Véron 1963</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(220,235,245)"><a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">Type species</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><i><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter_fetus" title="Campylobacter fetus">Campylobacter fetus</a></i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">(Smith & Taylor 1919) Sebald & Veron 1963</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(220,235,245)"><a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">Species</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p>See text </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Campylobacter</b></i> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> that can cause a <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrheal</a> disease in people.<sup id="cite_ref-Blaser97_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blaser97-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its name means "curved bacteria", as the germ typically appears in a comma or "s" shape. According to its scientific classification, it is a <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gram-negative_bacteria" title="Gram-negative bacteria">gram-negative bacteria</a> that is <a href="/wiki/Motility#Cellular-level_motility" title="Motility">motile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bergey's_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergey's-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The germ is common in nature and in domestic animals. It is frequently found in raw food of vegetable and animal origin. Its numbers can be very high in some foods, like raw <a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">poultry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cazp_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cazp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to their diverse <a href="/wiki/Natural_reservoir" title="Natural reservoir">natural reservoir</a>, some <i>Campylobacter</i> can also be detected in the air, although not at an <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">epidemiologically</a> significant level.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The disease that some of the species of the bacteria can cause is called <a href="/wiki/Campylobacteriosis" title="Campylobacteriosis">campylobacteriosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At least a dozen species of <i>Campylobacter</i> have been implicated in human disease, with <a href="/wiki/Campylobacter_jejuni" title="Campylobacter jejuni"><i>C. jejuni</i></a> (80–90%) and <i><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter_coli" title="Campylobacter coli">C. coli</a></i> (5–10%) being the most common.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherris_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherris-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blaser97_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blaser97-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter_jejuni" title="Campylobacter jejuni">C. jejuni</a></i> is recognized as one of the main causes of <a href="/wiki/Gastroenteritis#Bacterial" title="Gastroenteritis">bacterial foodborne disease</a> in many developed countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherris_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherris-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Moore_2005_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore_2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the number one cause of bacterial <a href="/wiki/Gastroenteritis" title="Gastroenteritis">gastroenteritis</a> in Europe, with over 246,000 cases confirmed annually.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter_jejuni" title="Campylobacter jejuni">C. jejuni</a></i> infection can also cause <a href="/wiki/Bacteremia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacteremia">bacteremia</a> in immunocompromised people, while <i><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter_lari" title="Campylobacter lari">C. lari</a></i> is a known cause of recurrent diarrhea in children.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter_fetus" title="Campylobacter fetus">C. fetus</a></i> can cause spontaneous abortions in <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>, and is an <a href="/wiki/Opportunistic_infection" title="Opportunistic infection">opportunistic pathogen</a> in humans.<sup id="cite_ref-Sauerwein_1993_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sauerwein_1993-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology_and_phenotype">Morphology and phenotype</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campylobacter&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Morphology and phenotype"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Campylobacter</i> <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">spp</a>. generally appear as curved or comma-shaped <a href="/wiki/Rod-shaped_bacterium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rod-shaped bacterium">rods</a>, and are able to move via unipolar or bipolar <a href="/wiki/Flagellum#Bacterial" title="Flagellum">flagella</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergey's_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergey's-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They grow best between 37–42 °C in a <a href="/wiki/Microaerophile" title="Microaerophile">microaerophilic</a> environment.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When exposed to atmospheric oxygen, <i>C. jejuni</i> is able to change into a <a href="/wiki/Coccus" class="mw-redirect" title="Coccus">coccus</a> form.<sup id="cite_ref-Crushell04_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crushell04-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most species of <i>Campylobacter</i> are positive by the <a href="/wiki/Oxidase_test" title="Oxidase test">oxidase test</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catalase_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalase test">catalase test</a> and are able to <a href="/wiki/Nitrate_reductase_test" title="Nitrate reductase test">reduce nitrate</a>. The number of known <a href="/wiki/Quinolone_antibiotic" title="Quinolone antibiotic">quinolone</a>-resistant <i>Campylobacter</i> strains is growing. It is suggested that this is caused by the overuse of quinolone antibiotics in animal agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-Crushell04_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crushell04-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campylobacter&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Escherich" title="Theodor Escherich">Theodor Escherich</a> was the first to describe in 1886 what are known today as <i>Campylobacters</i> in the stool samples of infants, who perished from a disease he named "cholera infantum".<sup id="cite_ref-Samie07_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samie07-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following years until the end of the century, a number of publications appeared, describing the occurrence of such "spirilla" in cases of "cholera-like" and "dysenteric" disease. These organisms were mainly found in the colon or associated with mucus in diarrhoeal stool specimens. <i>Vibrio</i>-like bacteria were also described by Sir <a href="/wiki/John_McFadyean" title="John McFadyean">John McFadyean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Stockman" title="Stewart Stockman">Stockman</a> in 1913 in fetal tissues of aborted sheep.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10081669_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10081669-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For several years Campylobacters were continuously referred to as ‘‘Vibrio-like organisms’’, until 1963 when Sebald and Veron gave the name "<i>Campylobacter</i>" to the genus based on their shape and microaerophilic growth requirement and after showing significant biological differences with <i>Vibrio</i> species.<sup id="cite_ref-Samie07_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samie07-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genomics">Genomics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campylobacter&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Genomics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genomes</a> of several <i>Campylobacter</i> species have been sequenced, beginning with <i>C. jejuni</i> in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Parkhill2000_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parkhill2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These genome studies have identified molecular markers specific to members of <i>Campylobacter</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <i>Campylobacter</i> ssp. genomes are rather small compared to those of other gastrointestinal pathogens, with sizes ranging between 1.60 and 1.90 Mbp.<sup id="cite_ref-Parkhill2000_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parkhill2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A characteristic of most <i>Campylobacter</i> genomes is the presence of <a href="/wiki/Hypervariable_region" title="Hypervariable region">hypervariable regions</a>, which can differ greatly between different strains.<sup id="cite_ref-Parkhill2000_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parkhill2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies have investigated the genes responsible for motility in <i>Campylobacter</i> species. Some <i>Campylobacter</i> species contain two <a href="/wiki/Flagellin" title="Flagellin">flagellin</a> genes in tandem for motility, <i>flaA</i> and <i>flaB</i>. These genes undergo <a href="/wiki/Intergenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergenic">intergenic</a> recombination, further contributing to their virulence.<sup id="cite_ref-Gran_1993t_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gran_1993t-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A single <a href="/wiki/Type_VI_secretion_system" title="Type VI secretion system">Type VI secretion system</a> (T6SS) cluster was also predicted in approximately one-third of <i>Campylobacter</i> species, grouping into three distinct organisations and harbouring up to five <i>vgrG</i> genes.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campylobacter&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phylogeny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prokaryotic_names_with_Standing_in_Nomenclature" title="List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature">List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature</a> (LPSN)<sup id="cite_ref-LPSN_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LPSN-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">National Center for Biotechnology Information</a> (NCBI)<sup id="cite_ref-NCBI_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCBI-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="1">16S rRNA based <a href="/wiki/The_All-Species_Living_Tree_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="The All-Species Living Tree Project">LTP</a>_08_2023<sup id="cite_ref-LTP_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LTP-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="1">120 single copy marker proteins based <a href="/wiki/Genome_Taxonomy_Database" title="Genome Taxonomy Database">GTDB</a> 08-RS214<sup id="cite_ref-about_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tree_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tree-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-taxon_history_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taxon_history-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:90%;line-height:90%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><i>Campylobacter</i> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. portucalensis</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. corcagiensis</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. ureolyticus</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. hominis</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. blaseri</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. geochelonis</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. pinnipediorum</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. gracilis</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter_rectus" title="Campylobacter rectus">C. rectus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. massiliensis</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter_showae" title="Campylobacter showae">C. showae</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter_concisus" title="Campylobacter concisus">C. concisus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. curvus</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. sputorum</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. anatolicus</i> <small>Aydin et al. 2022</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. majalis</i> <small>Lynch et al. 2022</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter_mucosalis" title="Campylobacter mucosalis">C. mucosalis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. suis</i> <small>Lynch et al. 2022</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter_fetus" title="Campylobacter fetus">C. fetus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Campylobacter fetus testudinum</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter_hyointestinalis" title="Campylobacter hyointestinalis">C. hyointestinalis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. iguaniorum</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter_lanienae" title="Campylobacter lanienae">C. lanienae</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Campylobacter hyointestinalis lawsonii</i> <small>On et al. 1995</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. canadensis</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter_coli" title="Campylobacter coli">C. coli</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter_jejuni" title="Campylobacter jejuni">C. jejuni</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Campylobacter jejuni doylei</i> <small>Steele & Owen 1988</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. estrildidarum</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. aviculae</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. taeniopygiae</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. insulaenigrae</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. bilis</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. hepaticus</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Campylobacter lari concheus</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. ornithocola</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. subantarcticus</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter_lari" title="Campylobacter lari">C. lari</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. volucris</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. armoricus</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. peloridis</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. novaezeelandiae</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. cuniculorum</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. helveticus</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter_upsaliensis" title="Campylobacter upsaliensis">C. upsaliensis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. vulpis</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. avium</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. troglodytis</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td> <td> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:90%; line-height:90%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><i>Campylobacter</i> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. canadensis</i> <small>Inglis et al. 2007</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. insulaenigrae</i> <small>Foster et al. 2004</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. volucris</i> <small>Debruyne et al. 2010</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. peloridis</i> <small>Debruyne et al. 2009 </small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. armoricus</i> <small>Boukerb et al. 2019</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. subantarcticus</i> <small>Debruyne et al. 2010</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. ornithocola</i> <small>Caceres et al. 2017</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Campylobacter lari concheus</i> <small>Debruyne et al. 2009</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter_lari" title="Campylobacter lari">C. lari</a></i> <small>corrig. Benjamin et al. 1984</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. avium</i> <small>Rossi et al. 2009</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. troglodytis</i> <small>Kaur et al. 2023</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. cuniculorum</i> <small>Zanoni et al. 2009</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. helveticus</i> <small>Stanley et al. 1993</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter_upsaliensis" title="Campylobacter upsaliensis">C. upsaliensis</a></i> <small>Sandstedt & Ursing 1991</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. vulpis</i> <small>Parisi et al. 2021</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. novaezeelandiae</i> <small>Bloomfield et al. 2020</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter_jejuni" title="Campylobacter jejuni">C. jejuni</a></i> <small>(Jones, Orcutt & Little 1931) Veron & Chatelain 1973</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. bilis</i> <small>Phung et al. 2022</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. hepaticus</i> <small>Van et al. 2016</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter_coli" title="Campylobacter coli">C. coli</a></i> <small>(Doyle 1948) Veron & Chatelain 1973</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. taeniopygiae</i> <small>Bryant et al. 2021</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. aviculae</i> <small>Bryant et al. 2021</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. estrildidarum</i> <small>Bryant et al. 2021</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter_rectus" title="Campylobacter rectus">C. rectus</a></i> <small>(Tanner et al. 1981) Vandamme et al. 1991</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. massiliensis</i> <small>Antezack et al. 2021</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter_showae" title="Campylobacter showae">C. showae</a></i> <small>Etoh et al. 1993</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter_concisus" title="Campylobacter concisus">C. concisus</a></i> <small>Tanner et al. 1981</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. curvus</i> <small>(Tanner, Listgarten & Ebersole 1984) Vandamme et al. 1991</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter_mucosalis" title="Campylobacter mucosalis">C. mucosalis</a></i> <small>(Lawson et al. 1981) Roop et al. 1985</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. pinnipediorum</i> <small>Gilbert et al. 2017</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. sputorum</i> <small>(Prévot 1940) Veron & Chatelain 1973</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. gracilis</i> <small>(Tanner et al. 1981) Vandamme et al. 1995</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. hominis</i> <small>Lawson et al. 2001</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. blaseri</i> <small>Gilbert et al. 2018</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. geochelonis</i> <small>Piccirillo et al. 2016</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. portucalensis</i> <small>Silva et al. 2021</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. corcagiensis</i> <small>Koziel et al. 2014</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. ureolyticus</i> <small>(Jackson & Goodman 1978) Vandamme et al. 2010</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>"<i>Ca.</i> C. infans" <small>Bian et al. 2020</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter_lanienae" title="Campylobacter lanienae">C. lanienae</a></i> <small>Logan et al. 2000</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter_hyointestinalis" title="Campylobacter hyointestinalis">C. hyointestinalis</a></i> <small>Gebhart et al. 1985</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>C. iguaniorum</i> <small>Gilbert et al. 2015</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Campylobacter fetus testudinum</i> <small>Fitzgerald et al. 2014</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter_fetus" title="Campylobacter fetus">C. fetus</a></i> <small>(Smith & Taylor 1919) Sebald & Veron 1963</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Species incertae sedis: </p> <ul><li>"<i>C. faecalis</i>" <small>Kachler et al. 2000</small></li> <li>"<i>C. lawrenceae</i>" <small>Foley et al. 2004</small></li> <li><i>C. magnus</i> <small>Gruntar et al. 2023</small></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campylobacter-specific_bacteriophages"><i>Campylobacter</i>-specific bacteriophages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campylobacter&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Campylobacter-specific bacteriophages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Campylobacter</i>-specific <a href="/wiki/Bacteriophage" title="Bacteriophage">bacteriophages</a> are natural viral predators of the organism.<sup id="cite_ref-Connerton11_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connerton11-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bacteriophages specific to the species now known as <i>C. coli</i> and <i>C. fetus </i>(previously <i>Vibrio coli</i> and <i>V. fetus</i>), were first isolated from cattle and pigs during the 1960s, and <i>Campylobacter</i> <a href="/wiki/Bacteriophage_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacteriophage therapy">bacteriophage therapy</a> is an ongoing area of research in the age of bacterial antibiotic resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-Connerton11_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connerton11-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathogenesis">Pathogenesis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campylobacter&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pathogenesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Campylobacteriosis" title="Campylobacteriosis">Campylobacteriosis</a></div> <p><i>Campylobacter</i> can cause a gastrointestinal infection, campylobacteriosis. The incubation period is 24–72 hours after infection.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is characterized by an inflammatory, sometimes bloody <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a> syndrome, mostly including cramps, fever, and pain.<sup id="cite_ref-cazp_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cazp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CDC2013_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2013-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common routes of transmission are fecal-oral, ingestion of contaminated food or water, and the eating of raw meat. Foods implicated in campylobacteriosis include raw or under-cooked poultry, raw dairy products, and contaminated produce.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2013_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2013-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Campylobacter</i> is sensitive to the stomach's normal production of <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a>: as a result, the <a href="/wiki/Infectious_dose" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious dose">infectious dose</a> is relatively high, and the bacteria rarely cause illness when a person is exposed to less than 10,000 organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, people taking <a href="/wiki/Antacid" title="Antacid">antacid medication</a> (e. g. people with <a href="/wiki/Gastritis" title="Gastritis">gastritis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Peptic_ulcer" class="mw-redirect" title="Peptic ulcer">stomach ulcers</a>) are at higher risk of contracting disease from a smaller number of organisms, since this type of medication neutralizes normal <a href="/wiki/Gastric_acid" title="Gastric acid">gastric acid</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In humans, the sites of tissue injury include the <a href="/wiki/Jejunum" title="Jejunum">jejunum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ileum" title="Ileum">ileum</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon (anatomy)">colon</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Most strains of <i>C. jejuni</i> produce <a href="/wiki/Cytolethal_distending_toxin" title="Cytolethal distending toxin">cytolethal distending toxin</a>, which inhibits cell division and impedes activation of the immune system. This helps the bacteria to evade the immune system and survive for a limited time inside intestinal cells.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <i>Campylobacter</i> has, on rare occasions, been suggested to cause <a href="/wiki/Hemolytic_uremic_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemolytic uremic syndrome">hemolytic uremic syndrome</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Thrombotic_thrombocytopenic_purpura" title="Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura">thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though no unequivocal case reports exist. <i>Campylobacter</i> infection is the most common trigger of <a href="/wiki/Guillain%E2%80%93Barr%C3%A9_syndrome" title="Guillain–Barré syndrome">Guillain–Barré syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_perforation" title="Gastrointestinal perforation">Gastrointestinal perforation</a> is a rare complication of ileal infection.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Campylobacter</i> has also been associated with <a href="/wiki/Periodontitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodontitis">periodontitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cazp_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cazp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Detection">Detection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campylobacter&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Detection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Campylobacter testing needs to be done to manage the risk of foodborne <i>Campylobacter</i> and reducing the level of foodborne <i>Campoboteriosis</i>, to protect people and to determine if a person is infected with <i>Campylobacter.</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_humans">In humans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campylobacter&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Usually, detection of <i>Campylobacter</i> in humans is done by laboratory culturing a stool sample or swab of the rectum collected by a healthcare provider. Results take about 48–72 hours for preliminary results. Confirmation test and testing to determine the species of <i>Campylobacter</i> or drug sensitivities of the organism require additional time.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_livestock">In livestock</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campylobacter&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In livestock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Usually, detection of Campylobacter in livestock is done by laboratory culturing a faecal sample. Results take about 48–72 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-Hong03_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hong03-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_meat">In meat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campylobacter&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In meat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Usually, detection of Campylobacter in meat is done by laboratory culturing a homogenised sample. Results takes about 48–72 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-Hong03_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hong03-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campylobacter&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The infection is usually self-limiting and, in most cases, symptomatic treatment by liquid and electrolyte replacement is sufficient to treat human infections. Symptoms typically last 5–7 days.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2013_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2013-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Treatment with antibiotics has only a minor effect on the typical duration of the infection in non-complex cases, and is discouraged except in high-risk patients.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diagnosis of campylobacteriosis is made by testing a fecal specimen. Standard treatment in high-risk cases is <a href="/wiki/Azithromycin" title="Azithromycin">azithromycin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Macrolide" title="Macrolide">macrolide</a> antibiotic, especially for <i>Campylobacter</i> infections in children,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although other antibiotics, such as quinolones, tetracycline and other macrolides are sometimes used to treat gastrointestinal <i>Campylobacter</i> infections in adults.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In case of systemic infection, other bactericidal antibiotics are used, such as <a href="/wiki/Ampicillin" title="Ampicillin">ampicillin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amoxicillin/clavulanic_acid" title="Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid">amoxicillin/clavulanic acid</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Aminoglycoside" title="Aminoglycoside">aminoglycosides</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fluoroquinolone" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluoroquinolone">Fluoroquinolone</a> antibiotics, such as <a href="/wiki/Ciprofloxacin" title="Ciprofloxacin">ciprofloxacin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Levofloxacin" title="Levofloxacin">levofloxacin</a>, may no longer be effective in some cases, due to resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to antibiotics, dehydrated patients may require intravenous fluid treatment in a hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campylobacter&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campylobacter&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>FoodNet Canada has reported that <i>Campylobacter</i> was the most common pathogen found on packaged chicken breast, with nearly half of all samples testing positive. Additionally, <i>Campylobacter</i> and <i>Salmonella</i> were the most common causes of gastrointestinal illness in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campylobacter&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Italy, the annual prevalence of <i>Campylobacter</i> infections appears to be relatively stable based on findings from a national survey conducted on more than 5000 isolates. The survey revealed that the most common species of <i>Campylobacter</i> were <i>C. jejuni</i>, accounting for 83.7% of isolates, followed by <i>C. coli</i> (13.5%) and <i>C. fetus</i> (0.6%). The mean age of affected patients was 34.61 years, with males constituting 57.1% of cases. Outpatients represented the majority of cases, comprising 54% of the total. <i>Campylobacter</i> infections were predominantly isolated from feces, accounting for 97.3% of cases, while a smaller proportion (2.7%) was isolated from blood. Notably, <i>C. fetus</i> was primarily isolated from blood samples, constituting 88.2% of cases. Regarding antibiotic resistance patterns, the survey found that resistance to ciprofloxacin and tetracyclines was relatively high, with rates of 75.5% and 54.8%, respectively. In contrast, resistance to macrolides, including erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin, was lower, with rates ranging from 2% to 4.8%. Additionally, approximately 50% of <i>C. jejuni</i> and <i>C. coli</i> isolates exhibited resistance to two or more antibiotics. There was a significant decrease in resistance to ciprofloxacin and tetracyclines over time, while resistance to macrolides remained stable.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campylobacter&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In August 2016, an estimated 8,000+ residents of <a href="/wiki/Havelock_North" title="Havelock North">Havelock North</a>, a town with around 13,000 residents, had gastric illness after the <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">water supply</a> was thought to be contaminated by <i>Campylobacter</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norway">Norway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campylobacter&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 2019, an estimated 2,000 residents of <a href="/wiki/Ask%C3%B8y" title="Askøy">Askøy</a> municipality got sick due to the presence of <i>C. jejuni</i> in the water supply. Two deaths were connected to the outbreak, and it was the largest outbreak of <i>Campylobacter</i> in Norway.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The suspected source of the contamination was thought to be horse faeces, which leaked into a drinking water pool.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i>C. jejuni</i> water isolate thought to be the cause of the outbreak was examined with human isolates, and showed the highest pathogenic potential in vitro, transcriptomic and genomic investigations. This could suggest why the isolate was able to cause an outbreak.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campylobacter&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the period of August 2016 to June 2017 there was a large outbreak of <i>C. jejuni</i> in Sweden. It was the largest outbreak that has been reported so far. 5000 more cases than would be expected during this period were reported to the authorities. The source of the outbreak was contaminated chicken meat that came from the same producer. The reason for the increased incidence and elevated levels of <i>Campylobacter</i> was reported to be an improperly installed washing plant, where dirty water was accidentally used to wash transport cages.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campylobacter&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 2013, the <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Food_Standards_Agency" title="Food Standards Agency">Food Standards Agency</a> (FSA) warned that two-thirds of all raw chicken bought from UK shops was contaminated with <i>Campylobacter</i>, affecting an estimated half a million people annually and killing about 100 of them.<sup id="cite_ref-FSA_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FSA-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2014, the FSA started a campaign against washing raw chicken, as washing can spread <a href="/wiki/Germ_(microorganism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Germ (microorganism)">germs</a> onto clean surfaces by splashing.<sup id="cite_ref-FSA2_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FSA2-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2015, cumulative results for samples taken from fresh chickens between February 2014 and February 2015 were published by the FSA and showed 73% of chickens tested positive for the presence of <i>Campylobacter</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campylobacter&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Campylobacter</i> infections increased 14% in the United States in 2012 compared to the rate from 2006 to 2008. This represents the highest reported number of infections since calendar year 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2013_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2013-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>High prevalence of <i>Campylobacter</i> (40% or more) has been reported in raw chicken meat in regional retail stores in the US, which remained steady from 2005 through 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last <a href="/wiki/USDA" class="mw-redirect" title="USDA">USDA</a> quarterly progress report on <i>Salmonella</i> and <i>Campylobacter</i> testing of meat and poultry, for July–September 2014, showed a low prevalence of <i>Campylobacter</i> spp. in ground chicken meat, but a larger prevalence (20%) in <a href="/wiki/Mechanically_separated_meat" title="Mechanically separated meat">mechanically separated chicken meat</a> (which is sold only for further processing).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campylobacter&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Helicobacter" title="Helicobacter">Helicobacter</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bacterial_orders" title="List of bacterial orders">List of bacterial orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bacteria_genera" title="List of bacteria genera">List of bacteria genera</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campylobacter&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Motile means that it can move of its own.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It is usually self-limiting and antimicrobial treatment is often not required, except in severe cases or immunocompromised patients.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Blaser97-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blaser97_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blaser97_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBlaser1997" class="citation journal cs1">Blaser, Martin J. (December 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F513780">"Epidemiologic and Clinical Features of Campylobacter jejuni Infections"</a>. <i>The Journal of Infectious Diseases</i>. <b>176</b> (s2): S103–S105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F513780">10.1086/513780</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9396691">9396691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Epidemiologic+and+Clinical+Features+of+Campylobacter+jejuni+Infections&rft.volume=176&rft.issue=s2&rft.pages=S103-S105&rft.date=1997-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F513780&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9396691&rft.aulast=Blaser&rft.aufirst=Martin+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F513780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampylobacter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bergey's-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bergey's_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bergey's_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrityBellLilburn2005" class="citation book cs1">Garrity, George M.; Bell, Julia A.; Lilburn, Timothy (2005). "Class V. Epsilonproteobacteria class. 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links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campylobacter&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/campylobacter">WHO fact sheet on <i>Campylobacter</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/campylobacter/"><i>Campylobacter</i> info from the CDC</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prokaryotes:_Bacteria_classification" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bacteria_classification" title="Template:Bacteria classification"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bacteria_classification" title="Template talk:Bacteria classification"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bacteria_classification" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bacteria classification"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prokaryotes:_Bacteria_classification" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">Prokaryotes</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> classification</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Domain_(biology)" title="Domain (biology)">Domain</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Archaea_classification" title="Template:Archaea classification">Archaea</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Bacteria_classification" title="Template:Bacteria classification">Bacteria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Eukaryota" title="Template:Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">(major groups</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Excavata" title="Template:Excavata">Excavata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Diaphoretickes" title="Diaphoretickes">Diaphoretickes</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Hacrobia" title="Template:Hacrobia">Hacrobia</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Cryptista" title="Template:Cryptista">Cryptista</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Rhizaria" title="Template:Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Alveolata" title="Template:Alveolata">Alveolata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Stramenopile" title="Template:Stramenopile">Stramenopiles</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Plant_classification" title="Template:Plant classification">Plants</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amorphea" title="Amorphea">Amorphea</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Amoebozoa" title="Template:Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Opisthokont_protists" title="Template:Opisthokont protists">Opisthokonta</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Animalia" title="Template:Animalia">Animals</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Fungi_classification" title="Template:Fungi classification">Fungi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Mesomycetozoea" title="Template:Mesomycetozoea">Mesomycetozoea</a>)</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Terrabacteria" title="Terrabacteria">Terrabacteria</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bergey%27s_Manual_of_Systematic_Bacteriology" title="Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology">BV1, BV3, BV5</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinomycetota" title="Actinomycetota">Actinomycetota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acidimicrobiia" title="Acidimicrobiia">Acidimicrobiia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinomycetia" title="Actinomycetia">Actinomycetia</a></li> <li>"Aquicultoria"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriobacteriia" title="Coriobacteriia">Coriobacteriia</a></li> <li>"Geothermincolia"</li> <li>"Humimicrobiia"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubrobacteria" title="Rubrobacteria">Rubrobacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoleophilia" title="Thermoleophilia">Thermoleophilia</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bipolaricaulota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bipolaricaulota (page does not exist)">Bipolaricaulota</a>" <ul><li>"Bipolaricaulia"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroflexota" title="Chloroflexota">Chloroflexota</a> <ul><li>"Caldilineia"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroflexia" title="Chloroflexia">Chloroflexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehalococcoidia" title="Dehalococcoidia">Dehalococcoidia</a></li> <li>Ktedonobacteria</li> <li>"Limnocylindria"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deinococcota" title="Deinococcota">Deinococcota</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Deinococci" class="mw-redirect" title="Deinococci">Deinococcia</a>"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dormiibacterota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dormiibacterota (page does not exist)">Dormiibacterota</a>" <ul><li>"Dormibacteria"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armatimonadota" title="Armatimonadota">Armatimonadota</a> <ul><li>"Abditibacteriia"</li> <li>Armatimonadia</li> <li>Chthonomonadia</li> <li>Fimbriimonadia</li> <li>"Heboniibacteriia"</li> <li>"Zipacnadia"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eremiobacterota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eremiobacterota (page does not exist)">Eremiobacterota</a>"</li> <li>"Eudoremicrobiia" <ul><li>"Xenobiia"</li> <li>"Eremiobacteria"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cyanoprokaryota</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Cyanobacteriota <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">Cyanobacteria</a></li> <li>"Sericytochromatia"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Melainabacteria" title="Melainabacteria">Vampirovibrionophyceae</a>"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Margulisiibacteriota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margulisiibacteriota (page does not exist)">Margulisiibacteriota</a>" <ul><li>"Marinamargulisbacteria"</li> <li>"Riflemargulisbacteria"</li> <li>"Saganbacteria"</li> <li>"Termititenacia"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Firmicutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Firmicutes">Firmicutes</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bergey%27s_Manual_of_Systematic_Bacteriology" title="Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology">BV3</a><br /><span class="nobold">Low GC</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacillota" title="Bacillota">Bacillota</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Bacilli" title="Bacilli">Bacillia</a>"</li></ul></li> <li>Bacillota A <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Clostridia" title="Clostridia">Clostridiia</a>"</li> <li>"Thermoanaerobacteria"</li> <li>"Thermosediminibacteria"</li></ul></li> <li>Bacillota D <ul><li>"Dethiobacteria"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Natranaerobiales" title="Natranaerobiales">Natranaerobiia</a>"</li> <li>"Proteinivoracia"</li></ul></li> <li>Bacillota E <ul><li>"Sulfobacillia"</li> <li>"Symbiobacteriia"</li> <li>"Thermaerobacteria"</li></ul></li> <li>Bacillota G <ul><li>"Hydrogenisporia"</li> <li>Limnochordia</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Desulfotomaculota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desulfotomaculota (page does not exist)">Desulfotomaculota</a>" <ul><li>"Carboxydocellia"</li> <li>"Carboxydothermia"</li> <li>"Dehalobacteriia"</li> <li>"Desulfitobacteriia"</li> <li>"Desulfotomaculia"</li> <li>"Moorellia"</li> <li>"Peptococcia"</li> <li>"Syntrophomonadia"</li> <li>"Thermincolia"</li></ul></li> <li>"Halanaerobiaeota" <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Halanaerobiales" title="Halanaerobiales">Halanaerobiia</a>"</li></ul></li> <li>"Selenobacteria" <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Negativicutes" title="Negativicutes">Selenomonadia</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Candidate_Phyla_Radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Candidate Phyla Radiation">CPR group</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elulota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elulota (page does not exist)">Elulota</a>" <ul><li>"Elulimicrobia"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Patescibacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Patescibacteria">Patescibacteria</a>" <ul><li>ABY1</li> <li>"Absconditabacteria"</li> <li>"Andersenbacteria"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Berkelbacteria" title="Berkelbacteria">Berkelbacteria</a>"</li> <li>"Dojkabacteria"</li> <li>"Doudnabacteria"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Gracilibacteria" title="Gracilibacteria">Gracilibacteria</a>"</li> <li>"Howlettbacteria"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Katanobacteria" title="Katanobacteria">Katanobacteria</a>"</li> <li>"Kazanbacteria"</li> <li>"Microgenomatia"</li> <li>"Paceibacteria"</li> <li>"Saccharimonadia"</li> <li>"Torokbacteria"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Wirthbacteria" title="Wirthbacteria">Wirthbacteria</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Thermotogida</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synergistetes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atribacterota" title="Atribacterota">Atribacterota</a> <ul><li>Atribacteria</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synergistota" title="Synergistota">Synergistota</a> <ul><li>Synergistia</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Thermocalda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caldisericota" class="mw-redirect" title="Caldisericota">Caldisericota</a> <ul><li>Caldisericia</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coprothermobacterota" title="Coprothermobacterota">Coprothermobacterota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coprothermobacteria" title="Coprothermobacteria">Coprothermobacteria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictyoglomota" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictyoglomota">Dictyoglomerota</a> <ul><li>Dictyoglomeria</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithacetigenota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lithacetigenota (page does not exist)">Lithacetigenota</a>" <ul><li>"Lithacetigenia"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermodesulfobiota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermodesulfobiota (page does not exist)">Thermodesulfobiota</a>" <ul><li>"Thermodesulfobiia"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermotogota" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermotogota">Thermotogota</a> <ul><li>"Thermotogia"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fusobacterida</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fusobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusobacteria">Fusobacteriota</a> <ul><li>Fusobacteriia</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Macinerneyibacteriota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macinerneyibacteriota (page does not exist)">Macinerneyibacteriota</a>" <ul><li>"Macinerneyibacteriia"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Muiribacteriota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muiribacteriota (page does not exist)">Muiribacteriota</a>" <ul><li>"Muiribacteriia"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rifleibacteriota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rifleibacteriota (page does not exist)">Rifleibacteriota</a>" <ul><li>"Ozemibacteria"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Walliibacteriota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walliibacteriota (page does not exist)">Walliibacteriota</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydrobacteria" title="Hydrobacteria">Hydrobacteria</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Bergey%27s_Manual_of_Systematic_Bacteriology" title="Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology">BV2, BV4</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clade 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerophobota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aerophobota (page does not exist)">Aerophobota</a>" <ul><li>"Aerophobia"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Auribacterota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Auribacterota (page does not exist)">Auribacterota</a>" <ul><li>"Ancaeobacteria"</li> <li>"Auribacteria"</li> <li>"Erginobacteria"</li> <li>"Tritonobacteria"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Desantisiibacteriota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desantisiibacteriota (page does not exist)">Desantisiibacteriota</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elusimicrobiota" title="Elusimicrobiota">Elusimicrobiota</a> <ul><li>Elusimicrobiia</li> <li>Endomicrobiia</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Firestoneibacteriota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Firestoneibacteriota (page does not exist)">Firestoneibacteriota</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Goldiibacteriota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goldiibacteriota (page does not exist)">Goldiibacteriota</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Omnitrophota" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnitrophota">Omnitrophota</a>" <ul><li>"Omnitrophia"</li> <li>"Velamenicoccia"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ratteibacteriota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ratteibacteriota (page does not exist)">Ratteibacteriota</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clade 2</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abyssubacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abyssubacteria (page does not exist)">Abyssubacteria</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinthialibacterota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinthialibacterota (page does not exist)">Hinthialibacterota</a>" <ul><li>"Hinthialibacteria"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogenedentota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrogenedentota (page does not exist)">Hydrogenedentota</a>" <ul><li>"Hydrogenedentia"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Poribacteria" title="Poribacteria">Poribacteriota</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saltatorellota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saltatorellota (page does not exist)">Saltatorellota</a>" <ul><li>"Saltatorellae"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumerlaeota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumerlaeota (page does not exist)">Sumerlaeota</a>" <ul><li>"Sumerlaeia"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spirochaeto<br />bacteriobiontes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Babelota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Babelota (page does not exist)">Babelota</a>" <ul><li>"Babeliae"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lindowiibacteriota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lindowiibacteriota (page does not exist)">Lindowiibacteriota</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirochaetota" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirochaetota">Spirochaetota</a> <ul><li>"Brevinematia"</li> <li>"Brachyspirae"</li> <li>"Exilispiria"</li> <li>"Leptospiria"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Spirochaetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirochaetes">Spirochaetia</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/PVC_superphylum" title="PVC superphylum">PVC group</a><br />(Planctobacteria)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlamydiota" title="Chlamydiota">Chlamydiota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlamydiia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlamydiia">Chlamydiia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planctomycetota" title="Planctomycetota">Planctomycetota</a> <ul><li>"Brocadiia"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phycisphaerae" title="Phycisphaerae">Phycisphaeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planctomycetia" title="Planctomycetia">Planctomycetia</a></li> <li>"Uabimicrobiia"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrucomicrobiota" title="Verrucomicrobiota">Verrucomicrobiota</a> <ul><li>Kiritimatiellia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentisphaerae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lentisphaerae">Lentisphaeria</a></li> <li>Verrucomicrobiia</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/FCB_group" class="mw-redirect" title="FCB group">FCB group</a><br />(Sphingobacteria)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacteroidota" title="Bacteroidota">Bacteroidota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacteroidia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacteroidia">Bacteroidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorobiia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorobiia">Chlorobiia</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ignavibacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignavibacteria">Ignavibacteriia</a>"</li> <li>"Kapabacteria"</li> <li>"Kryptoniia"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodothermia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodothermia">Rhodothermia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calditrichota" class="mw-redirect" title="Calditrichota">Calditrichota</a> <ul><li>Calditrichia</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloacimonadota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cloacimonadota (page does not exist)">Cloacimonadota</a>" <ul><li>"Cloacimonadia"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coatesiibacteriota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coatesiibacteriota (page does not exist)">Coatesiibacteriota</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmopoliota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cosmopoliota (page does not exist)">Cosmopoliota</a>" <ul><li>"Cosmopolitia"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Delongiibacteriota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Delongiibacteriota (page does not exist)">Delongiibacteriota</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwardsiibacteriota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edwardsiibacteriota (page does not exist)">Edwardsiibacteriota</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eiseniibacteriota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eiseniibacteriota (page does not exist)">Eiseniibacteriota</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electryoneota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electryoneota (page does not exist)">Electryoneota</a>" <ul><li>"Electryoneia"</li> <li>"Tariuqbacteria"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fermentibacterota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fermentibacterota (page does not exist)">Fermentibacterota</a>" <ul><li>"Fermentibacteria"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrobacterota" title="Fibrobacterota">Fibrobacterota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chitinivibrionia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chitinivibrionia">Chitinivibrionia</a></li> <li>Fibrobacteria</li> <li>"Raymondbacteriia"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemmatimonadota" title="Gemmatimonadota">Gemmatimonadota</a> <ul><li>Gemmatimonadia</li> <li>"Glassbacteria"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heilongiota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heilongiota (page does not exist)">Heilongiota</a>" <ul><li>"Heilongiia"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrothermota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrothermota (page does not exist)">Hydrothermota</a>" <ul><li>"Hydrothermia"</li> <li>"Stahlbacteria"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Krumholzibacteriota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krumholzibacteriota (page does not exist)">Krumholzibacteriota</a>" <ul><li>"Krumholzibacteriia"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Latescibacterota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latescibacterota (page does not exist)">Latescibacterota</a>" <ul><li>"Handelsmanbacteria"</li> <li>"Latescibacteria"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Marinimicrobia" title="Marinimicrobia">Neomarinimicrobiota</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marinisomatota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marinisomatota (page does not exist)">Marinisomatota</a>" <ul><li>"Marinisomatia"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tianyaibacteriota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tianyaibacteriota (page does not exist)">Tianyaibacteriota</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Zixibacteria" title="Zixibacteria">Zixiibacteriota</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proteobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteobacteria">Proteobacteria</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bergey%27s_Manual_of_Systematic_Bacteriology" title="Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology">BV2</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aquificida</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Acidulodesulfobacteriota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acidulodesulfobacteriota (page does not exist)">Acidulodesulfobacteriota</a>" <ul><li>"Acidulodesulfobacteriia"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquificota" title="Aquificota">Aquificota</a> <ul><li>Aquificia</li> <li>"Desulfurobacteriia"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campylobacterota" title="Campylobacterota">Campylobacterota</a> <ul><li>"Campylobacteria"</li> <li>Desulfurellia</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Calescibacteriota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calescibacteriota (page does not exist)">Calescibacteriota</a>" <ul><li>"Calescibacteriia"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysiogenota" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysiogenota">Chrysiogenota</a> <ul><li>Chrysiogenia</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dadaibacteriota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dadaibacteriota (page does not exist)">Dadaibacteriota</a>" <ul><li>"Dadabacteria"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferribacterota" class="mw-redirect" title="Deferribacterota">Deferribacterota</a> <ul><li>"Deferribacteria"</li></ul></li> <li>Desulfobacterota G <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntrophorhabdia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syntrophorhabdia (page does not exist)">Syntrophorhabdia</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermosulfidibacterota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermosulfidibacterota (page does not exist)">Thermosulfidibacterota</a>" <ul><li>"Thermosulfidibacteria"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deltaproteobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Deltaproteobacteria">Deltaproteobacteria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bdellovibrionota" title="Bdellovibrionota">Bdellovibrionota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacteriovoracia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacteriovoracia">Bacteriovoracia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bdellovibrionia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bdellovibrionia">Bdellovibrionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligoflexia" title="Oligoflexia">Oligoflexia</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Binatota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Binatota (page does not exist)">Binatota</a>" <ul><li>"Binatia"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deferrimicrobiota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deferrimicrobiota (page does not exist)">Deferrimicrobiota</a>" <ul><li>"Anaeroferrophilia"</li> <li>"Deferrimicrobiia"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deferrisomatota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deferrisomatota (page does not exist)">Deferrisomatota</a>" <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deferrisomatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Deferrisomatia">Deferrisomatia</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Desulfuromonadota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desulfuromonadota (page does not exist)">Desulfuromonadota</a>" <ul><li>Desulfuromonadia</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lernaellota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lernaellota (page does not exist)">Lernaellota</a>" <ul><li>"Lernaellia"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylomirabilota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylomirabilota (page does not exist)">Methylomirabilota</a>" <ul><li>"Methylomirabilia"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Modulibacteria" title="Modulibacteria">Moduliflexota</a>" <ul><li>"Moduliflexia"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myxococcota" title="Myxococcota">Myxococcota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myxococcia" class="mw-redirect" title="Myxococcia">Myxococcia</a></li> <li>"Bradymonadia"</li> <li>Polyangiia</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrospinota" title="Nitrospinota">Nitrospinota</a> <ul><li>Nitrospinia</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrospirota" title="Nitrospirota">Nitrospirota</a> <ul><li>Nitrospiria</li> <li>"Thermodesulfovibrionia"</li></ul></li> <li>SAR324 <ul><li>"Lambdaproteobacteria"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Schekmaniibacteriota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schekmaniibacteriota (page does not exist)">Schekmaniibacteriota</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tectimicrobiota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tectimicrobiota (page does not exist)">Tectimicrobiota</a>" <ul><li>"Entotheonellia"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Thermodesulfobacteriota" title="Thermodesulfobacteriota">Thermodesulfobacteriota</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acidobacteriota" title="Acidobacteriota">Acidobacteriota</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Acidobacteriia" title="Acidobacteriia">Acidobacteriia</a>"</li> <li>"Aminicenantia"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastocatellia" class="mw-redirect" title="Blastocatellia">Blastocatellia</a></li> <li>"Fischerbacteria"</li> <li>"Guanabaribacteriia"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Holophagae" title="Holophagae">Holophagia</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Polarisedimenticolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Polarisedimenticolia">Polarisedimenticolia</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoanaerobaculia" title="Thermoanaerobaculia">Thermoanaerobaculia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicinamibacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicinamibacteria">Vicinamibacteria</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Canglongiota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canglongiota (page does not exist)">Canglongiota</a>" <ul><li>"Canglongiia"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leptospirillaeota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leptospirillaeota (page does not exist)">Leptospirillaeota</a>" <ul><li>"Leptospirillia"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonadota" title="Pseudomonadota">Pseudomonadota</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Caulobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Caulobacteria">Caulobacteria</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Zetaproteobacteria" title="Zetaproteobacteria">Mariprofundia</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Magnetococcales" title="Magnetococcales">Magnetococcia</a>"</li> <li>"Pseudomonadia"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Qinglongiota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qinglongiota (page does not exist)">Qinglongiota</a>" <ul><li>"Qinglongiia"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salinosulfoleibacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salinosulfoleibacteria (page does not exist)">Salinosulfoleibacteria</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teskebacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teskebacteria (page does not exist)">Teskebacteria</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Source: <i><a href="/wiki/Bergey%27s_Manual_of_Systematic_Bacteriology" title="Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology">Bergey's Manual</a></i> (2001–2012)</li> <li>Alternative views: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bacteria_(classifications)" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Bacteria (classifications)">Wikispecies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Campylobacter</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131488" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q131488">Q131488</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Campylobacter" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Campylobacter">Campylobacter</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3GM2">3GM2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/83126">83126</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1CMPBG">1CMPBG</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/3223336">3223336</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1009987">1009987</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=956897">956897</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prokaryotic_names_with_Standing_in_Nomenclature" title="List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature">LPSN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bacterio.net/campylobacter.html">campylobacter.html</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=194">194</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/80a0b72f-c062-4ed6-82c0-3cdbdb36809e">80a0b72f-c062-4ed6-82c0-3cdbdb36809e</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Biodiversity_Information_System" title="Ocean Biodiversity Information System">OBIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obis.org/taxon/570218">570218</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=559434">559434</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=570218">570218</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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