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The survey shows the prevailing dynamics in these multilingual environments, in both the private and public spheres. One of the main differences between the investigated groups is that in Mpumalanga, Ndebele is the dominating language in its surroundings, whereas in Limpopo, the local Ndebele variety is in the position of a minority language. From the perspective of daily practices and attitudes, Northern Sotho often dominates in this particular case. The different perceptions of the implementation of language policies, and the attitudes of individual speakers with respect to private and public use of the two Ndebele variants, suggest that further research is needed in order to shed more light on the language sociological status of Limpopo Ndebele in particular. The survey consisted of a pilot sample of three different groups: 1) speakers of the Mpumalanga Ndebele variety, which corresponds to isiNdebele and has official status in South Africa; 2) the significantly divergent Limpopo Ndebele, which does not have any official status; and 3) a control group sample from Mokopane town.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Sami Honkasalo","url":"https://helsinki.academia.edu/SamiHonkasalo"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2020-07-29","dateModified":"2020-07-29","datePublished":"2019-01-01","headline":"Language Sociological Trends in South African Ndebele Communities: A Pilot Survey","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/64046403/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":[],"publication":"Studia Orientalia 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window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":43736289,"created_at":"2020-07-29T02:59:59.814-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2021-01-16T11:35:34.924-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"This article presents the results of a 2016 language sociological survey focusing on the language choices and practices of two different Ndebele-speaking communities in Limpopo and Mpumalanga, the two northeastern provinces of South Africa. The survey shows the prevailing dynamics in these multilingual environments, in both the private and public spheres. One of the main differences between the investigated groups is that in Mpumalanga, Ndebele is the dominating language in its surroundings, whereas in Limpopo, the local Ndebele variety is in the position of a minority language. From the perspective of daily practices and attitudes, Northern Sotho often dominates in this particular case. The different perceptions of the implementation of language policies, and the attitudes of individual speakers with respect to private and public use of the two Ndebele variants, suggest that further research is needed in order to shed more light on the language sociological status of Limpopo Ndebele in particular. The survey consisted of a pilot sample of three different groups: 1) speakers of the Mpumalanga Ndebele variety, which corresponds to isiNdebele and has official status in South Africa; 2) the significantly divergent Limpopo Ndebele, which does not have any official status; and 3) a control group sample from Mokopane town.","publication_date":"2019,,","publication_name":"Studia Orientalia 120"},"document_type":"other","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Language Sociological Trends in South African Ndebele Communities: A Pilot Survey","broadcastable":true,"draft":false,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [36874646]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":64046403,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Language Sociological Trends in South African Ndebele Communities: A Pilot Survey”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/64046403/mini_magick20200729-18667-c7n96z.png?1596016835" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Language Sociological Trends in South African Ndebele Communities: A Pilot Survey</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="36874646" href="https://helsinki.academia.edu/SamiHonkasalo"><img alt="Profile image of Sami Honkasalo" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/36874646/12385379/13786405/s65_sami.honkasalo.jpg" />Sami Honkasalo</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2019, Studia Orientalia 120</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">46 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 43736289; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=43736289"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">This article presents the results of a 2016 language sociological survey focusing on the language choices and practices of two different Ndebele-speaking communities in Limpopo and Mpumalanga, the two northeastern provinces of South Africa. The survey shows the prevailing dynamics in these multilingual environments, in both the private and public spheres. One of the main differences between the investigated groups is that in Mpumalanga, Ndebele is the dominating language in its surroundings, whereas in Limpopo, the local Ndebele variety is in the position of a minority language. From the perspective of daily practices and attitudes, Northern Sotho often dominates in this particular case. The different perceptions of the implementation of language policies, and the attitudes of individual speakers with respect to private and public use of the two Ndebele variants, suggest that further research is needed in order to shed more light on the language sociological status of Limpopo Ndebele in particular. The survey consisted of a pilot sample of three different groups: 1) speakers of the Mpumalanga Ndebele variety, which corresponds to isiNdebele and has official status in South Africa; 2) the significantly divergent Limpopo Ndebele, which does not have any official status; and 3) a control group sample from Mokopane town.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":64046403,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/43736289/Language_Sociological_Trends_in_South_African_Ndebele_Communities_A_Pilot_Survey"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":64046403,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/43736289/Language_Sociological_Trends_in_South_African_Ndebele_Communities_A_Pilot_Survey"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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I argue that this entails a different theorisation of language, and for orthographies that account for the translocations and diasporic nature of late modern African identities and lifestyles. I suggest an ideological shift from prescriptivism to practice-orientated approaches to harmonisation in which orthographies are based on descriptions of observable writing practices in the mobile linguistic universe. The argument for orthographic reforms is counterbalanced with an expose on current language policies which appear designed for an increasing rare monoglot 'standard' speaker, who speaks only a 'tribal' language. The implications of the philosophical challenges this poses for linguists, language planners and policy makers are thereafter discussed. Harmonisation of Bantu language orthographies This writer has been involved in the most recent work on harmonisation of orthographic conventions of African languages, which started in 1998 under the auspices of the Centre for Advanced Studies of African Societies (CASAS) based in Cape Town. Although originally conceptualised around language clusters, in part inspired by Greenberg's (1966) language families and Guthrie's (1967) work on Bantu languages, it became clear that there was need to look beyond languages and clusters as autonomous systems, to language as social practice. This entailed moving away from looking at communities as homogenous, static and rural based, to heterogeneous, urbanising and mobile. Of particular interest was the fact Greenberg and Guthrie had determined that Bantu languages had similar morpho-syntax and vowel and consonant sounds. It was when it came to writing that major differences began to occur even where the words were pronounced the same across languages. Thus, in devising the seminal A unified standard orthography for South-Central African languages [henceforth South-Central Orthography] (Banda et al. 2008), it became evident it would be futile and duplicative to look at Bantu languages as autonomous systems belonging to equally autonomous language clusters. One of the defining questions was: what and how are social actions and activities of people manifested linguistically in people's everyday life? This effectively shifted the focus from mutual intelligibility of Bantu languages and language use, to observed language practices in different contexts, which Pennycook (2010, p. 9) describes as a "move away from attempts to capture language as a system, and instead to investigate the doing of language as social activity, regulated as much by social contexts as by underlying systems". We were mindful that how people wrote was dependent on affordances readily available. Considering modern technology, most electronic keyboards have similar standard letters which act as a control mechanism for 'normality'. The letters are more or less predictable, and it becomes difficult to write a script with letters that are not readily available on keyboards as one either has to call special characters by using a combination of other letters and function keys, or create own characters which can take time and require computer programming skills. Further, it was determined that orthographies should be delinked from ethnic groups, dialects, languages, communities, regions and nations/countries. In this regard, it was resolved that as much as possible the orthographies should not be named after specific languages and countries. Thus, the South-Central Orthography and others abstracted from it are translinguistic and transnational, with authors coming from different linguistic, regional and national backgrounds (see for example the listed co-authors in Banda et al. 2008; Wakumelo-Nkolola et al. 2008). Language standardisation is defined as the process by which a language is codified, which involves the development of grammars, spelling books, dictionaries, and so on (Wardhaugh 2006). The standard language is often used for writing books, newspapers, and in official government documents and high functions, such as formal meetings, and is often used alongside what are considered low varieties. Weber and Horner (2012, p. 17) are critical of what they call the standard language ideology which is based on the assumption that languages are internally homogenous entities with strict http://repository.uwc.ac.za</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Language policy and orthographic harmonization across linguistic, ethnic and national boundaries in Southern Africa","attachmentId":77670800,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/66504599/Language_policy_and_orthographic_harmonization_across_linguistic_ethnic_and_national_boundaries_in_Southern_Africa","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/66504599/Language_policy_and_orthographic_harmonization_across_linguistic_ethnic_and_national_boundaries_in_Southern_Africa"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="92103620" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/92103620/Analysis_of_the_socio_political_and_economic_dynamics_of_the_language_policy_in_South_Africa_perspectives_from_the_University_of_KwaZulu_Natal">Analysis of the socio-political and economic dynamics of the language policy in South Africa: perspectives from the University of KwaZulu-Natal</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33304936" href="https://up-za.academia.edu/ZamaMthombeni">Zama Mthombeni</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This chapter discusses the political impact of the UKZN bilingual language policy. Chapter Five-SocioEconomic Analysis of UKZN Language policy: The chapter looks at the economic and social impacts of the language policy. Chapter Six-Recommendations and Conclusions: This chapter concludes the key arguments and key issues discussed in the study.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Analysis of the socio-political and economic dynamics of the language policy in South Africa: perspectives from the University of KwaZulu-Natal","attachmentId":95203106,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/92103620/Analysis_of_the_socio_political_and_economic_dynamics_of_the_language_policy_in_South_Africa_perspectives_from_the_University_of_KwaZulu_Natal","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/92103620/Analysis_of_the_socio_political_and_economic_dynamics_of_the_language_policy_in_South_Africa_perspectives_from_the_University_of_KwaZulu_Natal"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="25357414" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/25357414/The_Burden_of_Diversity_The_Sociolinguistic_Problems_of_English_in_South_Africa">'The Burden of Diversity': The Sociolinguistic Problems of English in South Africa</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="48782078" href="https://ul-za.academia.edu/BerringtonNtombela">Berrington Ntombela</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">At the emergence of democracy in South Africa the government corrected linguistic imbalances by officialising eleven languages. Prior to that only English and Afrikaans were the recognised official languages. The Black population had rejected the imposition of Afrikaans as the medium of instruction. However, such rejection did not mean the adoption of indigenous languages as media of instruction; instead English was supposedly adopted as a unifying language among linguistically diverse Africans. Such implicit adoption of the English language has created a stalemate situation in the development of African languages to the level of English and Afrikaans. Although there is a widespread desire to promote indigenous languages to the level of being media of instruction, the desire is peripheral and does not carry the urgency that characterised the deposition of Afrikaans in the 1976 uprisings. On the other hand this paper argues that the hegemony of English language as a colonial instrument carries ambivalence in the minds of Black South Africans. Through ethnographic thick description of two learners, this hegemony is illustrated by the 'kind' of English provided to most Black South African learners who do not have financial resources to access the English offered in former Model C schools. The paper concludes that Black South Africans do not only need urgency in the promotion and development of indigenous languages, but further need to problematize, in addition to the implicit adoption of English language, the quality of the language they have opted. The paper therefore suggests that this is possible through a decolonised mindset.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"'The Burden of Diversity': The Sociolinguistic Problems of English in South Africa","attachmentId":45658122,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/25357414/The_Burden_of_Diversity_The_Sociolinguistic_Problems_of_English_in_South_Africa","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/25357414/The_Burden_of_Diversity_The_Sociolinguistic_Problems_of_English_in_South_Africa"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="29715194" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29715194/Language_contact_in_African_urban_settings_The_case_of_Sepitori_in_Tshwane">Language contact in African urban settings: The case of Sepitori in Tshwane</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="56356840" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CharlesCMann">Charles C Mann</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5129683" href="https://tut.academia.edu/ThaboDitsele">Thabo Ditsele</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">South African Journal of African Languages, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">There is undisputed evidence that the use of so-called non-standard varieties of language in South Africa is on the increase, and serves as an important communication bridge for a supranation that has many people of different ethnicities living side-by-side in different urban settings in the country. This paper illustrates, using Sepitori (also called ‘Pretoria Sotho’) as a case in point, that non-standard varieties should be explored further with a view to institutionally recording, formalising and supporting them. The paper does this through, first, showing that Sepitori is a mixed language that is used as a lingua franca by many people; second, by re-visiting the literature that demonstrates the important and crucial role played by non-standard varieties in a multilingual society, such as, South Africa, particularly with regard to formal settings (e.g., classrooms, formal meetings, and the media); and, third, by using the strength of such literature to call for a change in attitudes by language purists, who should realise that the sooner non-standard varieties are allowed space beyond the use in informal settings, the better it would be for further development of standard varieties.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Language contact in African urban settings: The case of Sepitori in Tshwane","attachmentId":58141933,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/29715194/Language_contact_in_African_urban_settings_The_case_of_Sepitori_in_Tshwane","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/29715194/Language_contact_in_African_urban_settings_The_case_of_Sepitori_in_Tshwane"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="5131997" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5131997/Language_policy_incongruity_and_African_languages_in_postapartheid_South_Africa">Language policy incongruity and African languages in postapartheid South Africa</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="154375" href="https://johannesburg.academia.edu/AnneMarieBeukes">Anne-Marie Beukes</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Language Matters, 2009</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This study explores some of the reasons why, in spite of the exemplary fashion in which democratic South Africa responded to the constitutional imperatives pertaining to language, policy implementation has been slow. It is argued that language policy and planning in South Africa have become trapped in a gap between 'intention' and 'performance'. This study investigates the performance of the Pan South African Language Board, as government's statutory language planning agency mandated to promote the use of the African languages. The study argues that language planning agencies, such as PanSALB, are pivotal in addressing attitudinal problems regarding the role of African languages in education. Language planning as a marketing strategy is proposed as an integral part of reviewing and remaking policy, with a view to ensuring the ecological wellbeing of African languages, and hence their future as languages of learning and teaching.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Language policy incongruity and African languages in postapartheid South Africa","attachmentId":49213105,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5131997/Language_policy_incongruity_and_African_languages_in_postapartheid_South_Africa","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/5131997/Language_policy_incongruity_and_African_languages_in_postapartheid_South_Africa"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":64046403,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":64046403,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_64046403" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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