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user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms" class=""><span>Derma</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Jerman+Barat" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib" class=""><span>Buka akaun</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Jerman+Barat" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log masuk</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Lebih pilihan" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alat peribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alat peribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms"><span>Derma</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Jerman+Barat" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buka akaun</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Jerman+Barat" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log masuk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Laman untuk penyunting log keluar <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengenalan" aria-label="Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>Ketahui lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumbangan_saya" title="Senarai suntingan yang dibuat daripada alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Sumbangan</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perbincangan_saya" title="Perbincangan mengenai penyuntingan daripada alamat IP anda [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kandungan" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kandungan</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Catatan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pautan_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pautan_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pautan luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pautan_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jerman Barat</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 113 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-113" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">113 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wes-Duitsland" title="Wes-Duitsland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wes-Duitsland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ألمانيا الغربية – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألمانيا الغربية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya_Occidental" title="Alemanya Occidental – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alemanya Occidental" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_d%27Alema%C3%B1a_(1949-1990)" title="República Federal d'Alemaña (1949-1990) – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="República Federal d'Alemaña (1949-1990)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaniya_Federativ_Respublikas%C4%B1_(1949%E2%80%931990)" title="Almaniya Federativ Respublikası (1949–1990) – Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Almaniya Federativ Respublikası (1949–1990)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="باتی آلمان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="باتی آلمان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman_Barat" title="Jerman Barat – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jerman Barat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman_Kauh" title="Jerman Kauh – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Jerman Kauh" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="পশ্চিম জার্মানি – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পশ্চিম জার্মানি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sai-tek" title="Sai-tek – Cina Min Nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sai-tek" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Cina Min Nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96_(1949%E2%80%941990)" title="Федэратыўная Рэспубліка Германіі (1949—1990) – Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Федэратыўная Рэспубліка Германіі (1949—1990)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%9D%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Заходняя Нямеччына – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Заходняя Нямеччына" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapadna_Njema%C4%8Dka" title="Zapadna Njemačka – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zapadna Njemačka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Kevreadel_Alamagn_(1949-1990)" title="Republik Kevreadel Alamagn (1949-1990) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Republik Kevreadel Alamagn (1949-1990)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Западна Германия – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Западна Германия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya_Occidental" title="Alemanya Occidental – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alemanya Occidental" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1padn%C3%AD_N%C4%9Bmecko" title="Západní Německo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Západní Německo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorllewin_yr_Almaen" title="Gorllewin yr Almaen – Wales" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gorllewin yr Almaen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wales" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesttyskland" title="Vesttyskland – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vesttyskland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ألمانيا لغربية – Arab Maghribi" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ألمانيا لغربية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maghribi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_der_Bundesrepublik_Deutschland_(bis_1990)" title="Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (bis 1990) – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (bis 1990)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne-Saksamaa" title="Lääne-Saksamaa – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lääne-Saksamaa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Δυτική Γερμανία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δυτική Γερμανία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="West Germany" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemania_Occidental" title="Alemania Occidental – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alemania Occidental" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okcidenta_Germanio" title="Okcidenta Germanio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Okcidenta Germanio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendebaldeko_Alemania" title="Mendebaldeko Alemania – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mendebaldeko Alemania" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="آلمان غربی – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلمان غربی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesturt%C3%BDskland" title="Vesturtýskland – Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Vesturtýskland" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allemagne_de_l%27Ouest" title="Allemagne de l'Ouest – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Allemagne de l'Ouest" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/West-D%C3%BAtsl%C3%A2n" title="West-Dútslân – Frisian Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="West-Dútslân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ghearm%C3%A1in_Thiar" title="An Ghearmáin Thiar – Ireland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Ghearmáin Thiar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Ireland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Ghermaan_Heear" title="Yn Ghermaan Heear – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Ghermaan Heear" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%27_Ghearmailt_an_Iar" title="A' Ghearmailt an Iar – Scots Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="A' Ghearmailt an Iar" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scots Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_Alem%C3%A1_(1949%E2%80%931990)" title="República Federal Alemá (1949–1990) – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="República Federal Alemá (1949–1990)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7" title="西德 – Cina Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="西德" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Cina Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EB%8F%85" title="서독 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="서독" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yammacin_Jamus" title="Yammacin Jamus – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yammacin Jamus" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D6%86%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BE_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գերմանիայի ֆեդերատիվ հանրապետություն – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գերմանիայի ֆեդերատիվ հանրապետություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="पश्चिम जर्मनी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पश्चिम जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapadna_Njema%C4%8Dka" title="Zapadna Njemačka – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zapadna Njemačka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/West-Germania" title="West-Germania – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="West-Germania" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_Occidental" title="Germania Occidental – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Germania Occidental" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%BB%C3%A6%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ныгуылæн Герман – Ossete" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ныгуылæн Герман" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossete" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestur-%C3%9E%C3%BDskaland" title="Vestur-Þýskaland – Iceland" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vestur-Þýskaland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Iceland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_Ovest" title="Germania Ovest – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Germania Ovest" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA" title="גרמניה המערבית – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרמניה המערבית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman_Kulon" title="Jerman Kulon – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Jerman Kulon" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90_(1990_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%93%E1%83%94)" title="გერმანიის ფედერაციული რესპუბლიკა (1990 წლამდე) – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გერმანიის ფედერაციული რესპუბლიკა (1990 წლამდე)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujerumani_ya_Magharibi" title="Ujerumani ya Magharibi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ujerumani ya Magharibi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanyaya_Rojava" title="Almanyaya Rojava – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Almanyaya Rojava" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_dl_Vest" title="Germania dl Vest – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Germania dl Vest" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res_publica_foederata_Germaniae_(1949-1990)" title="Res publica foederata Germaniae (1949-1990) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Res publica foederata Germaniae (1949-1990)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rietumv%C4%81cija" title="Rietumvācija – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rietumvācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakar%C5%B3_Vokietija" title="Vakarų Vokietija – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vakarų Vokietija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubbrica_Feder%C3%A2_de_Germania" title="Repubbrica Federâ de Germania – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Repubbrica Federâ de Germania" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boondsrippubliek_Duitsland_(1949-1990)" title="Boondsrippubliek Duitsland (1949-1990) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Boondsrippubliek Duitsland (1949-1990)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_Ovest" title="Germania Ovest – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Germania Ovest" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyugat-N%C3%A9metorsz%C3%A1g" title="Nyugat-Németország – Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nyugat-Németország" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Западна Германија – Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Западна Германија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF" title="പശ്ചിമ ജർമ്മനി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പശ്ചിമ ജർമ്മനി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="पश्चिम जर्मनी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पश्चिम जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90_(1949-1990)" title="გერმანიაშ ფედერაციული რესპუბლიკა (1949-1990) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გერმანიაშ ფედერაციული რესპუბლიკა (1949-1990)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%87" title="المانيا الغربيه – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المانيا الغربيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Баруун Герман – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Баруун Герман" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="အနောက်ဂျာမနီနိုင်ငံ – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အနောက်ဂျာမနီနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bondsrepubliek_Duitsland_(1949-1990)" title="Bondsrepubliek Duitsland (1949-1990) – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bondsrepubliek Duitsland (1949-1990)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/West-Duutslaand" title="West-Duutslaand – Saxon Rendah" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="West-Duutslaand" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Saxon Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="पश्चिम जर्मनी – Nepal" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पश्चिम जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84" title="西ドイツ – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="西ドイツ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vest-Tyskland" title="Vest-Tyskland – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vest-Tyskland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vest-Tyskland" title="Vest-Tyskland – Nynorsk Norway" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vest-Tyskland" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanha_de_l%27O%C3%A8st" title="Alemanha de l'Oèst – Occitania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alemanha de l'Oèst" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniya_Federativ_Respublikasi_(1949%E2%80%941990)" title="Germaniya Federativ Respublikasi (1949—1990) – Uzbekistan" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Germaniya Federativ Respublikasi (1949—1990)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbekistan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9B%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80" title="ਪੱਛਮੀ ਜਰਮਨੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੱਛਮੀ ਜਰਮਨੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%90%D8%AF%D9%8A%DA%81_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A" title="لوېديځ جرمني – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لوېديځ جرمني" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Federalna_Niemiec_(1949%E2%80%931990)" title="Republika Federalna Niemiec (1949–1990) – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Republika Federalna Niemiec (1949–1990)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanha_Ocidental" title="Alemanha Ocidental – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alemanha Ocidental" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_de_Vest" title="Germania de Vest – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Germania de Vest" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunti_Alimanya" title="Kunti Alimanya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kunti Alimanya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D1%97%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE_(1949%E2%80%941990)" title="Сполкова републіка Нїмецько (1949—1990) – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Сполкова републіка Нїмецько (1949—1990)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_(1949%E2%80%941990)" title="Федеративная Республика Германии (1949—1990) – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Федеративная Республика Германии (1949—1990)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%B9blica_Federale_Tedesca" title="Repùblica Federale Tedesca – Sardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Repùblica Federale Tedesca" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A4%C3%A4st-D%C3%BC%C3%BCtsklound" title="Wääst-Düütsklound – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Wääst-Düütsklound" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjermania_Per%C3%ABndimore" title="Gjermania Perëndimore – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjermania Perëndimore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girmania_Ovest" title="Girmania Ovest – Sicili" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Girmania Ovest" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="West Germany" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1padn%C3%A9_Nemecko_(1949_%E2%80%93_1990)" title="Západné Nemecko (1949 – 1990) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Západné Nemecko (1949 – 1990)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvezna_republika_Nem%C4%8Dija_(1949%E2%80%931990)" title="Zvezna republika Nemčija (1949–1990) – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zvezna republika Nemčija (1949–1990)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%DA%B5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%95%DB%86%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7" title="ئەڵمانیای ڕۆژاوا – Kurdi Tengah" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەڵمانیای ڕۆژاوا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Tengah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Западна Немачка – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Западна Немачка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapadna_Njema%C4%8Dka" title="Zapadna Njemačka – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zapadna Njemačka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4nsi-Saksa" title="Länsi-Saksa – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Länsi-Saksa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4sttyskland" title="Västtyskland – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Västtyskland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanlurang_Alemanya" title="Kanlurang Alemanya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kanlurang Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="மேற்கு செருமனி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மேற்கு செருமனி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B_(1949-1990)" title="Германия Федератив Республикасы (1949-1990) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Германия Федератив Республикасы (1949-1990)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81" title="ประเทศเยอรมนีตะวันตก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศเยอรมนีตะวันตก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2y_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Tây Đức – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tây Đức" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D1%83%D0%BC%D2%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD_(1949%E2%80%941990)" title="Ҷумҳурии Федеролии Олмон (1949—1990) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷумҳурии Федеролии Олмон (1949—1990)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat%C4%B1_Almanya" title="Batı Almanya – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Batı Almanya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_(1949%E2%80%941990)" title="Федеративна Республіка Німеччина (1949—1990) – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Федеративна Республіка Німеччина (1949—1990)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C" title="مغربی جرمنی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مغربی جرمنی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerm%C3%A0nia_%C3%92vest" title="Zermània Òvest – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Zermània Òvest" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almagne_do_Co%C3%BBtchant" title="Almagne do Coûtchant – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Almagne do Coûtchant" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7" title="西德 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="西德" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katundan_Alemanya" title="Katundan Alemanya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Katundan Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7" title="西德 – Cina Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="西德" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Cina Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%93%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93" title="מערב דייטשלאנד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מערב דייטשלאנד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cw%E1%BB%8D%CC%80or%C3%B9n_J%E1%BA%B9%CC%81m%C3%A1n%C3%AC" title="Ìwọ̀orùn Jẹ́mánì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìwọ̀orùn Jẹ́mánì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7" title="西德 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="西德" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7" title="西德 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="西德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%99%C5%A1iny%C5%A1t%C9%99_Almanij%C9%99" title="Həšinyštə Almanijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Həšinyštə Almanijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q713750#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Jerman_Barat" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Rencana</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan:Jerman_Barat" rel="discussion" title="Perbincangan mengenai laman kandungan [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tukar kelainan bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Melayu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Rupa"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Jerman_Barat"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman_Barat&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman_Barat&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman_Barat&action=history" title="Semakan terdahulu bagi laman ini [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Peralatan" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Peralatan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Peralatan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Lagi pilihan" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Jerman_Barat"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman_Barat&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman_Barat&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman_Barat&action=history"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_ke_sini/Jerman_Barat" title="Senarai semua laman wiki yang mengandungi pautan ke laman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pautan ke laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_berkaitan/Jerman_Barat" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terkini bagi laman yang dipaut dari laman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan berkaitan</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms" title="Muat naik fail [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Muat naik fail</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_khas" title="Senarai semua laman khas [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Laman khas</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman_Barat&oldid=5951698" title="Pautan kekal ke semakan laman ini"><span>Pautan kekal</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman_Barat&action=info" title="Maklumat lanjut mengenai laman ini"><span>Maklumat laman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Petik_laman_ini&page=Jerman_Barat&id=5951698&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Maklumat tentang cara memetik laman ini"><span>Petik laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJerman_Barat"><span>Dapatkan URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJerman_Barat"><span>Muat turun kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/eksport </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Jerman+Barat"><span>Cipta buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:DownloadAsPdf&page=Jerman_Barat&action=show-download-screen"><span>Muat turun sebagai PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman_Barat&printable=yes" title="Versi boleh cetak bagi laman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi boleh cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam projek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:West_Germany" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q713750" title="Pautan ke item repositori data yang bersambung [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5657302">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6373584">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-b{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Picto_infobox_map.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name"><span style="line-height:1.33em;">Republik Persekutuan Jerman</span></div><div class="ib-country-names"><span style="line-height:1.33em;">[<i>Bundesrepublik Deutschland</i>] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Lang}}: teks mempunyai penanda italik (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Ralat_templat_Lang_dan_lang-xx&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Ralat templat Lang dan lang-xx (laman tidak wujud)">bantuan</a>)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1949–1990</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;padding:0.5em 0;"><table class="maptable" style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:{{{width1}}};text-align:center;"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Flag_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bendera Jerman"><img alt="Bendera Jerman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/125px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/188px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/250px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div></div></td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:auto;text-align:center;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jata Jerman"><img alt="Jata Jerman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="510" /></a></span></div></td> </tr><tr> <td style="font-size:85%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Bendera_Jerman" title="Bendera Jerman">Bendera</a></td> <td style="font-size:85%; text-align:center;">Jata</td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b><a href="/wiki/Cogan_kata" title="Cogan kata">Cogan kata</a>: </b>[<i><a href="/wiki/Das_Lied_der_Deutschen" title="Das Lied der Deutschen">Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit</a></i>] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Lang}}: teks mempunyai penanda italik (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Ralat_templat_Lang_dan_lang-xx&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Ralat templat Lang dan lang-xx (laman tidak wujud)">bantuan</a>)</span><br />(<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman" title="Bahasa Jerman">Bahasa Jerman</a> untuk "Perpaduan dan Keadilan dan Kebebasan")</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b><a href="/wiki/Lagu_kebangsaan" title="Lagu kebangsaan">Lagu kebangsaan</a>: </b>Das Lied der Deutschen</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fail:West_Germany_1956-1990.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lokasi Jerman"><img alt="Lokasi Jerman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/West_Germany_1956-1990.svg/250px-West_Germany_1956-1990.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/West_Germany_1956-1990.svg/375px-West_Germany_1956-1990.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/West_Germany_1956-1990.svg/500px-West_Germany_1956-1990.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ibu_negara" title="Ibu negara">Ibu negara</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bandar terbesar</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bahasa yang umum digunakan</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman" title="Bahasa Jerman">Bahasa Jerman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politik_Jerman" title="Politik Jerman">Kerajaan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Republik persekutuan</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5657302"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1949–1959 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Theodor Heuss</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1959–1969 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Heinrich Lübke</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1969–1974 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Gustav Heinemann</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1974–1979 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Walter Scheel</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1979–1984 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Karl Carstens</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1984–1994 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Richard von Weizsäcker</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Canselor_Jerman" title="Canselor Jerman">Canselor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5657302"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1949–1963 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Konrad Adenauer</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1963–1966 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Ludwig Erhard</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1966–1969 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Kurt Georg Kiesinger</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1969–1974 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Willy Brandt</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1974–1982 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Helmut Schmidt</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1982–1998 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Helmut Kohl</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era Sejarah</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Perang_Dingin" title="Perang Dingin">Perang Dingin</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5657302"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_Jerman_sejak_tahun_1945&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah Jerman sejak tahun 1945 (laman tidak wujud)">Diasaskan</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/23_Mei" title="23 Mei">23 Mei</a> 1949</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyatuan_Semula_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penyatuan Semula Jerman (laman tidak wujud)">Penyatuan Semula</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1990</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demografi_Jerman" title="Demografi Jerman">Penduduk</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5657302"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1990 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">63254000 <sup title="Teks ini perlu petikan" class="noprint">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sumber_petikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Sumber petikan"><i>perlu rujukan</i></a>]</sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mata_wang" title="Mata wang">Mata wang</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark Jerman (laman tidak wujud)">Mark Jerman</a> <br />(<code><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">DEM</a></code>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Zon_waktu" title="Zon waktu">Zon waktu</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Waktu_Universal_Selaras" title="Waktu Universal Selaras">UTC</a>+1</span> (<a href="/wiki/Waktu_Eropah_Tengah" title="Waktu Eropah Tengah">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Musim panas (<a href="/wiki/Waktu_Musim_Panas" class="mw-redirect" title="Waktu Musim Panas">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Waktu_Universal_Selaras" title="Waktu Universal Selaras">UTC</a>+2</span> (<a href="/wiki/Waktu_Eropah_Tengah_Musim_Panas" class="mw-redirect" title="Waktu Eropah Tengah Musim Panas">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Kod panggilan</th><td class="infobox-data">49</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">Kod ISO 3166</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:DE" title="ISO 3166-2:DE">DE</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Domain_peringkat_tinggi_kod_negara" title="Domain peringkat tinggi kod negara">DPT internet</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.de" title=".de">.de</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; background: transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Didahului oleh</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Diganti oleh</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; background: transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Merchant_flag_of_Germany_%281946%E2%80%931949%29.svg/20px-Merchant_flag_of_Germany_%281946%E2%80%931949%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Merchant_flag_of_Germany_%281946%E2%80%931949%29.svg/30px-Merchant_flag_of_Germany_%281946%E2%80%931949%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Merchant_flag_of_Germany_%281946%E2%80%931949%29.svg/40px-Merchant_flag_of_Germany_%281946%E2%80%931949%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zon_Pendudukan_Perikatan_di_Jerman" title="Zon Pendudukan Perikatan di Jerman">Zon Pendudukan Perikatan di Jerman</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; background:transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman">Jerman</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Jerman Barat</b> (dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman" title="Bahasa Jerman">Bahasa Jerman</a> <i><b>Westdeutschland</b></i>) merupakan nama biasa untuk <b><a href="/wiki/Republik_Persekutuan_Jerman" class="mw-disambig" title="Republik Persekutuan Jerman">Republik Persekutuan Jerman</a></b> (dalam Bahasa Jerman <i><b>Bundesrepublik Deutschland</b></i>), sejak penubuhannya pada <a href="/wiki/23_Mei" title="23 Mei">23 Mei</a> <a href="/wiki/1949" title="1949">1949</a> hingga <a href="/wiki/2_Oktober" title="2 Oktober">2 Oktober</a> <a href="/wiki/1990" title="1990">1990</a>, sebelum lima buah negeri bekas <a href="/wiki/Republik_Demokratik_Jerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Demokratik Jerman">Republik Demokratik Jerman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jerman_Timur" title="Jerman Timur">Jerman Timur</a>) bergabung dengannya sejak <a href="/wiki/3_Oktober" title="3 Oktober">3 Oktober</a> <a href="/wiki/1990" title="1990">1990</a>. Selepas itu, Republik Persekutuan Jerman, yang kini dianggotai oleh kesemua 16 negeri, hanya dipanggil <b><a href="/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman">Jerman</a></b>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Germany_divided_BRD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Germany_divided_BRD.png/220px-Germany_divided_BRD.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Germany_divided_BRD.png/330px-Germany_divided_BRD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Germany_divided_BRD.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>Jerman Barat dan Berlin Barat (hijau), selepas penyertaan Saarland pada tahun 1957, selepas penyertaan 5 buah negeri bekas Jerman Timur dan Berlin Timur pada tahun 1990</figcaption></figure> <p>Pada tahun <a href="/wiki/1957" title="1957">1957</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a> menyertai Jerman Barat. Jerman Barat, yang merupakan sebahagian daripada negara Bangsa Jerman kekal sama selepas proses <a href="/wiki/Penyatuan_semula_Jerman" title="Penyatuan semula Jerman">Penyatuan semula Jerman</a>, selain daripada keluasan dan bilangan penduduk menambah kira-kira 25%. Selepas penggabungan ini, Jerman meneruskan dasar-dasar pembangunan awalnya, mengekalkan keahliannya dalam pertubuhan antarabangsa termasuk pakatan Barat seperti <a href="/wiki/Kesatuan_Eropah" title="Kesatuan Eropah">Kesatuan Eropah</a> (EU) dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertubuhan_Perjajian_Atlantik_Utara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pertubuhan Perjajian Atlantik Utara (laman tidak wujud)">Pertubuhan Perjajian Atlantik Utara</a> (NATO). Semasa zaman <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dingin" title="Perang Dingin">Perang Dingin</a>, selepas tiga buah negeri Jerman yang berlainan didirikan di <a href="/wiki/Zon_Pendudukan_Perikatan_di_Jerman" title="Zon Pendudukan Perikatan di Jerman">Zon Pendudukan Perikatan</a>, Republik Persekutuan yang merupakan satu-satunya negeri Jerman yang merdeka dan demokratik menuntut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandat_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mandat Jerman (laman tidak wujud)">mandat eksklusif</a> terhadap seluruh Jerman, serta menganggapnya sebagai <i><a href="/wiki/Reich" title="Reich">Reich</a></i> Jerman baru yang diaturkan semula secara demokratik. Hal ini bermaksud, Jerman Barat mahu memikul tanggungjawab bagi kesan-kesan <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_Kedua" title="Perang Dunia Kedua">peperangan</a>, dan juga mengekalkan tradisi seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Senarai_kod_lesen_antarabangsa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senarai kod lesen antarabangsa (laman tidak wujud)">kod lesen kereta antarabangsa</a> <i>D</i> yang khusus untuk Jerman yang diperkenalkan pada tahun <a href="/wiki/1910" title="1910">1910</a>. </p><p>Asas kedudukan berpengaruh Jerman pada hari ini dibentuk sewaktu zaman <i><a href="/wiki/Wirtschaftswunder" title="Wirtschaftswunder">Wirtschaftswunder</a></i> atau Keajaiban Ekonomi sekitar <a href="/wiki/1950-an" title="1950-an">1950-an</a> ketika Jerman Barat bangkit daripada kemusnahan teruk akibat <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_Kedua" title="Perang Dunia Kedua">Perang Dunia Kedua</a> menjadi ekonomi keempat erbesar di dunia. Canselor pertamanya ialah <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> yang menerajui kerajaan sehingga <a href="/wiki/1963" title="1963">1963</a>, bukan sahaja memilih kampung halamannya <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a> sebagai ibu negara sementara (sebab itulah zaman itu dikenali sebagai <i>Bonner Republik</i> - Republik Bonn.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)bahkan mengukuhkan hubungan dengan Kuasa-kuasa Barat yang lain. Beliau bukan sahaja berjaya mendapatkan keahlian di dalam NATO, bahkan mengasaskan kerjasama yang kini berkembang menjadi EU. Menjelang penubuhan <a href="/wiki/G8" class="mw-redirect" title="G8">Kumpulan Enam</a> (G6), keahlian Jerman di dalamnya tidak dapat dipertikaikan lagi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman_Barat&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman_Barat&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5614044">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_Jerman_sejak_tahun_1945&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah Jerman sejak tahun 1945 (laman tidak wujud)">Sejarah Jerman sejak tahun 1945</a></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catatan">Catatan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman_Barat&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Catatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman_Barat&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Catatan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6173370">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bpb.de/themen/XGTYH6,6,0,Probleme_der_inneren_Einigung.html">Bundeszentrale für Politische Bildung</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pautan_luar">Pautan luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman_Barat&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Pautan luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman_Barat&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pautan luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:85%;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td width="30%" align="center" rowspan="1">Didahului oleh<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Zon_Pendudukan_Perikatan_di_Jerman" title="Zon Pendudukan Perikatan di Jerman">Zon Pendudukan Perikatan di Jerman</a></b> </td> <td width="40%" style="text-align: center; padding:2px 12px;" rowspan="1"><b>Republik Persekutuan Jerman<br />1949–1956 10 negeri<br />1957–1990 11 negeri</b> <hr /> <p>Wujud pada masa yang sama dengan: </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saarland_(wilayah_perlindungan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saarland (wilayah perlindungan) (laman tidak wujud)">Saarland (wilayah perlindungan)</a><br />1949–1956 </p> <hr /> <p>Wujud pada masa yang sama dengan: </p><p><a href="/wiki/Republik_Demokratik_Jerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Demokratik Jerman">Republik Demokratik Jerman</a><br />1949–1990<b> </b> </p> </td> <td width="30%" align="center" rowspan="1" style="padding:2px 12px;">Diikuti oleh:<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman">Republik Persekutuan Jerman</a><br />16 negeri sejak 1990</b> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5868370">.mw-parser-output .asbox{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .asbox table{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .asbox p{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .asbox p+p{margin-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .asbox-body{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .asbox-note{font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .asbox .navbar{position:absolute;top:-0.75em;right:1em;display:none}</style><div role="note" class="metadata plainlinks asbox stub"><table role="presentation"><tbody><tr class="noresize"><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Flag_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ikon tunas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/60px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td><td><p class="asbox-body">Rencana berkaitan <a href="/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman">Jerman</a> ini ialah <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tunas" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Tunas">rencana tunas</a>. Anda boleh membantu Wikipedia dengan <a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerman_Barat&action=edit">mengembangkannya</a>.</p></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5375175">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Tunas-Jerman" title="Templat:Tunas-Jerman"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bincang"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan_templat:Tunas-Jerman" title="Perbincangan templat:Tunas-Jerman"><abbr title="Bincang templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Tunas-Jerman&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diambil daripada "<a dir="ltr" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerman_Barat&oldid=5951698">https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerman_Barat&oldid=5951698</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Kategori" title="Khas:Kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Ralat_templat_Lang_dan_lang-xx&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Ralat templat Lang dan lang-xx (laman tidak wujud)">Ralat templat Lang dan lang-xx</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Rencana_bekas_negara_yang_dikategorikan_mengikut_jenis_kerajaan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Rencana bekas negara yang dikategorikan mengikut jenis kerajaan (laman tidak wujud)">Rencana bekas negara yang dikategorikan mengikut jenis kerajaan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Tunas_Jerman" title="Kategori:Tunas Jerman">Tunas Jerman</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Bekas_negara_di_Eropah" title="Kategori:Bekas negara di Eropah">Bekas negara di Eropah</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori-kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Laman_yang_menggunakan_argumen_pendua_dalam_panggilan_templat" title="Kategori:Laman yang menggunakan argumen pendua dalam panggilan templat">Laman yang menggunakan argumen pendua dalam panggilan templat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Rencana_tanpa_sumber_rujukan" title="Kategori:Rencana tanpa sumber rujukan">Rencana tanpa sumber rujukan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pages_using_infobox_country_with_unknown_parameters" title="Kategori:Pages using infobox country with unknown parameters">Pages using infobox country with unknown parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Rencana_dengan_templat_hatnote_yang_menyasarkan_halaman_yang_tidak_wujud" title="Kategori:Rencana dengan templat hatnote yang menyasarkan halaman yang tidak wujud">Rencana dengan templat hatnote yang menyasarkan halaman yang tidak wujud</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Semua_rencana_tunas" title="Kategori:Semua rencana tunas">Semua rencana tunas</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Laman ini kali terakhir disunting pada 16:35, 25 Ogos 2023.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks disediakan di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ms">Lesen Creative Commons Pengiktirafan/Perkongsian Serupa</a>; terma tambahan mungkin digunapakai. 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