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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_upbringing_and_education_in_Paris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_upbringing_and_education_in_Paris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early upbringing and education in Paris</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_upbringing_and_education_in_Paris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Return to Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professor_and_Procurator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professor_and_Procurator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Professor 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id="toc-Humanist_in_exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arrest,_escape_and_relocation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrest,_escape_and_relocation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Arrest, escape and relocation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrest,_escape_and_relocation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Paris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Paris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Return to Paris</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Paris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coimbra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coimbra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Coimbra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coimbra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trial_and_imprisonment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trial_and_imprisonment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Trial and imprisonment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trial_and_imprisonment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Release" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Release"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Release</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Release-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Scotland_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Scotland_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Return to Scotland</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Return_to_Scotland_2-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Return to Scotland subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Scotland_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Espousal_of_Calvinism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Espousal_of_Calvinism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Espousal of Calvinism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Espousal_of_Calvinism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tutor_and_other_offices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tutor_and_other_offices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Tutor and other offices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tutor_and_other_offices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Final years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Latin_scholar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_scholar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Latin scholar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_scholar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prose_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prose_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Prose works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prose_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Late works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lasting_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lasting_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Lasting legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lasting_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_publications_and_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_publications_and_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Modern publications and influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_publications_and_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Memorials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">George Buchanan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جورج بيوكانان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جورج بيوكانان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Buchanan" title="George Buchanan – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="George Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Buchanan" title="George Buchanan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="George Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Buchanan_(humanist)" title="George Buchanan (humanist) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="George Buchanan (humanist)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Buchanan" title="George Buchanan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="George Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CF%89%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B6_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Τζωρτζ Μπιουκάναν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζωρτζ Μπιουκάναν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Buchanan" title="George Buchanan – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="George Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Buchanan" title="George Buchanan – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="George Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Buchanan_(humaniste)" title="George Buchanan (humaniste) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="George Buchanan (humaniste)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%B2ras_Bochanan" title="Seòras Bochanan – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Seòras Bochanan" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80_%EB%B7%B0%EC%BA%90%EB%84%8C" title="조지 뷰캐넌 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조지 뷰캐넌" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8" title="जॉर्ज बुकनैन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जॉर्ज बुकनैन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Buchanan" title="George Buchanan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="George Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Buchanan_(umanista)" title="George Buchanan (umanista) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="George Buchanan (umanista)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgius_Buchananus" title="Georgius Buchananus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Georgius Buchananus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Buchanan" title="George Buchanan – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="George Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جورج بيوكانان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جورج بيوكانان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Buchanan" title="George Buchanan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="George Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Buchanan" title="George Buchanan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="George Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Buchanan" title="George Buchanan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="George Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_(%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82)" title="Бьюкенен, Джордж (гуманист) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бьюкенен, Джордж (гуманист)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Buchanan" title="George Buchanan – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="George Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Buchanan" title="George Buchanan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="George Buchanan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Scottish historian and humanist scholar (1506–1582)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/George_Buchanan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="George Buchanan (disambiguation)">George Buchanan (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">George Buchanan</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Buchanan_by_Arnold_van_Brounckhorst.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/George_Buchanan_by_Arnold_van_Brounckhorst.jpg/220px-George_Buchanan_by_Arnold_van_Brounckhorst.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/George_Buchanan_by_Arnold_van_Brounckhorst.jpg/330px-George_Buchanan_by_Arnold_van_Brounckhorst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/George_Buchanan_by_Arnold_van_Brounckhorst.jpg/440px-George_Buchanan_by_Arnold_van_Brounckhorst.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3021" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">George Buchanan by <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Bronckorst" title="Arnold Bronckorst">A Bronckorst</a>, 1581 (<a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="National Gallery of Scotland">National Gallery of Scotland</a>).</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">February 1506<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Killearn" title="Killearn">Killearn</a>, Stirlingshire, Scotland</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">28 September 1582 (aged 76)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, Scotland</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">Scottish</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a> (B.A.)<br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a> (M.A.)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">historian, scholar</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_George_Buchanan,_Scottish_National_Portrait_Gallery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statue_of_George_Buchanan%2C_Scottish_National_Portrait_Gallery.jpg/220px-Statue_of_George_Buchanan%2C_Scottish_National_Portrait_Gallery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statue_of_George_Buchanan%2C_Scottish_National_Portrait_Gallery.jpg/330px-Statue_of_George_Buchanan%2C_Scottish_National_Portrait_Gallery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statue_of_George_Buchanan%2C_Scottish_National_Portrait_Gallery.jpg/440px-Statue_of_George_Buchanan%2C_Scottish_National_Portrait_Gallery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="3088" /></a><figcaption>Statue of George Buchanan, Scottish National Portrait Gallery</figcaption></figure> <p><b>George Buchanan</b> (<a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Scottish Gaelic</a>: <i lang="gd">Seòras Bochanan</i>; February 1506 – 28 September 1582) was a Scottish historian and <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">humanist</a> scholar. According to historian Keith Brown, Buchanan was "the most profound intellectual sixteenth century Scotland produced." His ideology of resistance to royal usurpation gained widespread acceptance during the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scottish Reformation</a>. Brown says the ease with which King <a href="/wiki/James_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="James VII">James VII</a> was deposed in 1689 shows the power of Buchananite ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buchanan_Obelisk,_Killearn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buchanan_Obelisk%2C_Killearn.jpg/220px-Buchanan_Obelisk%2C_Killearn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buchanan_Obelisk%2C_Killearn.jpg/330px-Buchanan_Obelisk%2C_Killearn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buchanan_Obelisk%2C_Killearn.jpg/440px-Buchanan_Obelisk%2C_Killearn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1523" data-file-height="2401" /></a><figcaption>The 31-metre-high (101 ft 8 in) Buchanan Monument in <a href="/wiki/Killearn" title="Killearn">Killearn</a> commemorates his nearby birthplace.</figcaption></figure> <p>His treatise <i>De Jure Regni apud Scotos</i>, published in 1579, discussed the doctrine that the source of all political power is the people, and that the king is bound by those conditions under which the supreme power was first committed to his hands, and that it is lawful to resist, even to punish, <a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">tyrants</a>. The importance of Buchanan's writings is shown by the suppression of his work by <a href="/wiki/James_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="James VI">James VI</a> and the British legislatures in the century following their publication. It was condemned by <a href="/wiki/Act_of_parliament" title="Act of parliament">act of parliament</a> in 1584, and burned by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> in 1664 and 1683.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Buchanan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_upbringing_and_education_in_Paris">Early upbringing and education in Paris</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Buchanan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early upbringing and education in Paris"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His father, a Highlander<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a younger son of the old Buchanan family of Drumakill, owned the farm of Moss, in the parish of <a href="/wiki/Killearn" title="Killearn">Killearn</a>, Stirlingshire, but he died young, leaving his widow, five sons, and three daughters in poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> George's mother, Agnes Heriot, was of the family of the Heriots of Trabroun, <a href="/wiki/East_Lothian" title="East Lothian">East Lothian</a>, of which <a href="/wiki/George_Heriot" title="George Heriot">George Heriot</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Heriot%27s_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Heriot's Hospital">Heriot's Hospital</a>, was also a member. Buchanan, a native speaker of <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>, is said to have attended Killearn school, but not much is known of his early education. His brother, Patrick Buchanan, was also a scholar.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1520, he was sent by his uncle, James Heriot, to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a>, where he first came in contact with the two great influences of the age, <a href="/wiki/The_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="The Renaissance">the Renaissance</a> and the Reformation. There, according to him, he devoted himself to the writing of verses "partly by liking, partly by compulsion (that being then the one task prescribed to youth)".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911714_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911714-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_Scotland">Return to Scotland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Buchanan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Return to Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1522 his uncle died, and George Buchanan, who was at that time severely ill,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was unable to stay in <a href="/wiki/Paris,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris, France">Paris</a> and returned to Scotland. After recovering from his illness, he joined the French auxiliaries who had been brought over to Scotland by <a href="/wiki/John_Stewart,_Duke_of_Albany" title="John Stewart, Duke of Albany">John Stewart, Duke of Albany</a>, and took part in an unsuccessful siege of <a href="/wiki/Wark_on_Tweed" title="Wark on Tweed">Wark Castle</a> on the border with England in late 1523.<sup id="cite_ref-DNB_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNB-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following year he entered the <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a>, where he graduated B.A. in 1525. He had gone there mainly to attend the lectures of <a href="/wiki/John_Major_(philosopher)" title="John Major (philosopher)">John Mair</a> on <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a>; and when Mair moved to Paris, Buchanan followed him in 1526.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911714_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911714-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Professor_and_Procurator">Professor and Procurator</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Buchanan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Professor and Procurator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1528 Buchanan graduated M.A. at <a href="/wiki/Scots_College_(Paris)" title="Scots College (Paris)">Scots College</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a>. The next year he was appointed <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a>, or professor, in the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Sainte-Barbe" class="mw-redirect" title="College of Sainte-Barbe">College of Sainte-Barbe</a>, and taught there for over three years. Sainte-Barbe was one of the most prestigious and advanced colleges at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> George added to that prestige by creating new reforms in teaching Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1529 he was elected "Procurator of the German <a href="/wiki/Nation_(university)" title="Nation (university)">Nation</a>" in the University of Paris, and was re-elected four times in four successive months. He resigned his regentship in 1531, and in 1532 became tutor to <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Kennedy,_3rd_Earl_of_Cassilis" title="Gilbert Kennedy, 3rd Earl of Cassilis">Gilbert Kennedy, 3rd Earl of Cassilis</a>, with whom he returned to Scotland early in 1537<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911714_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911714-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> having acquired a great reputation for learning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theological_stance">Theological stance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Buchanan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Theological stance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At this period Buchanan assumed the same attitude toward the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> as <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a>: he did not repudiate its doctrines, but considered himself free to criticise its practice. Though he listened to the arguments of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformers" title="Protestant Reformers">Protestant Reformers</a>, he did not join their ranks until 1553. His first literary production in Scotland, when he was in Lord Cassilis's household in the west country, was the poem <i>Somnium</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Satirical" class="mw-redirect" title="Satirical">satirical</a> attack on the <a href="/wiki/Franciscan_friars" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan friars">Franciscan friars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Monastic_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastic life">monastic life</a> generally. This assault on the monks was not displeasing to <a href="/wiki/James_V_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="James V of Scotland">James V</a>, who engaged Buchanan as tutor to one of his natural sons, <a href="/wiki/James_Stewart,_Commendator_of_Kelso_and_Melrose" title="James Stewart, Commendator of Kelso and Melrose">James Stewart</a> (not the son who was afterwards regent),<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and encouraged him in a more daring effort. The poems <i>Palinodia</i> and <i>Franciscanus et Fratres</i> remained unpublished for many years, but made the author hated by the Franciscan order.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911714–715_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911714–715-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Humanist_in_exile">Humanist in exile</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Buchanan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Humanist in exile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrest,_escape_and_relocation"><span id="Arrest.2C_escape_and_relocation"></span>Arrest, escape and relocation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Buchanan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Arrest, escape and relocation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1539 there was persecution in Scotland of the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutherans</a>, and Buchanan among others was arrested. Although the King had withheld his protection, Buchanan managed to escape and made his way to London, and then Paris. In Paris, however, he found himself in danger when his main enemy, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/David_Beaton" title="David Beaton">David Beaton</a>, arrived there as ambassador, and on the invitation of <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_de_Gouveia" title="André de Gouveia">André de Gouveia</a>, he moved to <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>. Gouveia was then principal of the newly founded <a href="/wiki/College_of_Guienne" title="College of Guienne">College of Guienne</a>, and by his influence Buchanan was appointed professor of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>. During his time there several of his major works, the translations of <i><a href="/wiki/Medea_(play)" title="Medea (play)">Medea</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Alcestis_(play)" title="Alcestis (play)">Alcestis</a></i>, and the two dramas, <i><a href="/wiki/Jephthes,_sive_Votum" title="Jephthes, sive Votum">Jephthes, sive Votum</a></i> and <i>Baptistes (sive Calumnia)</i>, were completed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Buchanan_by_Jacobus_Houbraken.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George_Buchanan_by_Jacobus_Houbraken.jpg/220px-George_Buchanan_by_Jacobus_Houbraken.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/George_Buchanan_by_Jacobus_Houbraken.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="265" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>Buchanan, original engraving by <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Houbraken" title="Jacobus Houbraken">Jacobus Houbraken</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Michel de Montaigne</a> was Buchanan's pupil at Bordeaux<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and acted in his <a href="/wiki/Tragedies" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragedies">tragedies</a>. In the essay <i>Of Presumption</i> he classes Buchanan with Jean d'Aurat, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Beza" title="Theodore Beza">Theodore Beza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_de_l%27H%C3%B4pital" title="Michel de l'Hôpital">Michel de l'Hôpital</a>, Pierre de<span class="nowrap"> </span>Montdoré and <a href="/wiki/Adrianus_Turnebus" title="Adrianus Turnebus">Adrianus Turnebus</a>, as one of the foremost Latin poets of his time.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here also Buchanan formed a lasting friendship with <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar_Scaliger" title="Julius Caesar Scaliger">Julius Caesar Scaliger</a>; in later life he won the admiration of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Scaliger" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Scaliger">Joseph Scaliger</a>, who wrote an <a href="/wiki/Epigram" title="Epigram">epigram</a> on Buchanan which contains the <a href="/wiki/Couplet" title="Couplet">couplet</a>, famous in its day: "Imperii fuerat Romani Scotia limes; Romani eloquii Scotia limes erit?"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Austin Seal and Steve Philp translate this as: 'Just as Scotland was at the apex of the Roman Empire, so Scotland shall be at the apex of Roman eloquence'. (Not only is Buchanan's Latin scholarship extolled, a congratulatory reference to Scotland retaining Scottish law – quintessentially an improved version of Roman law – as the foundation of its legal system is also implied.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_Paris">Return to Paris</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Buchanan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Return to Paris"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1542 or 1543 he returned to Paris, and in 1544 he was appointed regent in the Collège du cardinal Lemoine. Among his colleagues were <a href="/wiki/Muretus" title="Muretus">Muretus</a> and Turnebus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although little is known about George during this time, we can gather that he probably once again fell ill according to an elegy<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he wrote to his comrades Tastaeus and Tevius.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coimbra">Coimbra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Buchanan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Coimbra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1547 Buchanan joined the band of French and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> humanists who had been invited by Gouveia to lecture in the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/University_of_Coimbra" title="University of Coimbra">University of Coimbra</a>. The French mathematician <a href="/wiki/Elie_Vinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Elie Vinet">Elie Vinet</a>, and the Portuguese historian, <a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Os%C3%B3rio" title="Jerónimo Osório">Jerónimo Osório</a>, were among his colleagues; Gouveia, called by Montaigne <i>le plus grand principal de France</i>, was rector of the university, which had reached the summit of its prosperity under the patronage of <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">King John III</a>. But the rectorship had been coveted by <a href="/wiki/Diogo_de_Gouveia" title="Diogo de Gouveia">Diogo de Gouveia</a>, uncle of André and formerly head of Sainte-Barbe. It is probable that before André's death at the end of 1547 Diogo had urged the <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a> to investigate him and his staff; up to 1906, when the records of the trial were first published in full, Buchanan's biographers generally attributed the attack to the influence of Cardinal Beaton, the <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscans</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuits</a>, and the whole history of Buchanan's residence in Portugal was extremely obscure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trial_and_imprisonment">Trial and imprisonment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Buchanan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Trial and imprisonment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustratedcatal00anna_orig_0262v2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Illustratedcatal00anna_orig_0262v2.png/170px-Illustratedcatal00anna_orig_0262v2.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Illustratedcatal00anna_orig_0262v2.png/255px-Illustratedcatal00anna_orig_0262v2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Illustratedcatal00anna_orig_0262v2.png/340px-Illustratedcatal00anna_orig_0262v2.png 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="1347" /></a><figcaption>George Buchanan, painter unknown<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A commission of inquiry was appointed in October 1549 and reported in June 1550. Buchanan and two Portuguese, <a href="/wiki/Diogo_de_Teive_(humanist)" title="Diogo de Teive (humanist)">Diogo de Teive</a> and João da Costa (who had succeeded to the rectorship), were committed for trial. Teive and Costa were found guilty of various offences against public order, and the evidence shows that there was ample reason for a judicial inquiry. Buchanan was accused of Lutheran and <a href="/wiki/Judaistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaistic">Judaistic</a> practices. He defended himself, admitting that some of the charges were true. About June 1551 he was sentenced to <a href="/wiki/Abjure" class="mw-redirect" title="Abjure">abjure</a> his errors, and to be imprisoned in the monastery of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Bento_Palace" title="São Bento Palace">São Bento</a> in Lisbon. Here he listened to edifying discourses from the monks, whom he found "not unkind but ignorant". In his leisure he began to translate the <i><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></i> into Latin verse, completing the greater part of the work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Release">Release</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Buchanan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Release"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After seven months, Buchanan was released on condition that he remain in Lisbon; and on 28 February 1552 this restriction was lifted. Buchanan then sailed for England, but soon made his way to Paris, where in 1553 he was appointed regent in the College of Boncourt. He remained in that post for two years, and then accepted the office of tutor to the son of the <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Coss%C3%A9,_Count_of_Brissac" title="Charles de Cossé, Count of Brissac">Maréchal de Brissac</a>. It was almost certainly during this last stay in France, where <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> was being repressed under King Henry II and his son Francis II, that Buchanan took the side of <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Return_to_Scotland_2">Return to Scotland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Buchanan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Return to Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Buchanan_memorial_detail,_Greyfriars_Kirkyard,_Edinburgh.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/George_Buchanan_memorial_detail%2C_Greyfriars_Kirkyard%2C_Edinburgh.JPG/140px-George_Buchanan_memorial_detail%2C_Greyfriars_Kirkyard%2C_Edinburgh.JPG" decoding="async" width="140" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/George_Buchanan_memorial_detail%2C_Greyfriars_Kirkyard%2C_Edinburgh.JPG/210px-George_Buchanan_memorial_detail%2C_Greyfriars_Kirkyard%2C_Edinburgh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/George_Buchanan_memorial_detail%2C_Greyfriars_Kirkyard%2C_Edinburgh.JPG/280px-George_Buchanan_memorial_detail%2C_Greyfriars_Kirkyard%2C_Edinburgh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Detail on the Buchanan memorial in Greyfriars Kirkyard, Edinburgh</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Espousal_of_Calvinism">Espousal of Calvinism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Buchanan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Espousal of Calvinism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>George Buchanan returned to Scotland in 1560 or 1561.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the English diplomat <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Randolph_(ambassador)" title="Thomas Randolph (ambassador)">Thomas Randolph</a>, in April 1562 <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a> read <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a> with him daily. She gave him a pension of £250 <a href="/wiki/Pound_Scots" title="Pound Scots">Scots</a> yearly, and an income from the lands of <a href="/wiki/Crossraguel_Abbey" title="Crossraguel Abbey">Crossraguel Abbey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buchanan wrote <a href="/wiki/Masque" title="Masque">masques</a> for performance at <a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Mary,_Queen_of_Scots,_and_Henry,_Lord_Darnley" title="Wedding of Mary, Queen of Scots, and Henry, Lord Darnley">her wedding to Lord Darnley</a>, known as the <i>Pompae</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buchanan, throughout his support for Renaissance humanism and his strident criticism the vices of them, had always remained a member of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Scotland" title="Catholic Church in Scotland">Catholic Church in Scotland</a>, but he now openly joined the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Reformed Church</a>. Even though he had recently received from the Queen the gift of the revenues of <a href="/wiki/Crossraguel_Abbey" title="Crossraguel Abbey">Crossraguel Abbey</a>, he sat in the <a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Church_of_Scotland" title="General Assembly of the Church of Scotland">General Assembly of the Church of Scotland</a> from 1563<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1566 was appointed principal of <a href="/wiki/St_Leonard%27s_College_(University_of_St_Andrews)" class="mw-redirect" title="St Leonard's College (University of St Andrews)">St Leonard's College</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Andrews" title="St Andrews">St Andrews</a>, by the Prince Regent, <a href="/wiki/James_Stewart,_1st_Earl_of_Moray" title="James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray">Earl of Moray</a>. Though a <a href="/wiki/Layman" class="mw-redirect" title="Layman">layman</a>, he was made <a href="/wiki/Moderator_of_the_General_Assembly_of_the_Church_of_Scotland" title="Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland">Moderator of the General Assembly</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> in 1567.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the last <a href="/wiki/Lay_person" class="mw-redirect" title="Lay person">lay person</a> to be elected Moderator<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until <a href="/wiki/Alison_Elliot" title="Alison Elliot">Alison Elliot</a> in 2004, the first female Moderator. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tutor_and_other_offices">Tutor and other offices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Buchanan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Tutor and other offices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Buchanan accompanied the Regent Moray to England, and his famous <i>Detectio Mariæ Reginæ</i>—a scathing exposure of the Queen's relations to <a href="/wiki/Henry_Darnley" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Darnley">Darnley</a> and the circumstances leading up to his death, published London: John Day, [1571]—was produced to the commissioners at <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Westminster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1570, after the assassination of Moray, he was appointed one of the <a href="/wiki/Preceptor" title="Preceptor">preceptors</a> of the young king, and it was through his strict <a href="/wiki/Tuition_payments" title="Tuition payments">tuition</a> that <a href="/wiki/James_VI_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="James VI of Scotland">James VI</a> acquired his scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the young king's senior tutor, Buchanan subjected James to regular beatings but also instilled in him a lifelong passion for literature and learning.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buchanan sought to turn James into a God-fearing, Protestant king who accepted the limitations of monarchy, as outlined in his <a href="/wiki/Treatise" title="Treatise">treatise</a> <i>De Jure Regni apud Scotos</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While royal tutor he also held other offices: he was for a short time <a href="/wiki/Director_of_chancery" class="mw-redirect" title="Director of chancery">director of chancery</a>, and then became <a href="/wiki/Keeper_of_the_Privy_Seal_of_Scotland" title="Keeper of the Privy Seal of Scotland">Keeper of the Privy Seal of Scotland</a>, a post which entitled him to a seat in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">parliament</a>. He appears to have continued in this office for some years, at least until 1579.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Geddie_(secretary)" title="John Geddie (secretary)">John Geddie</a> was his clerk and servant in this role, and copied some of Buchanan's manuscripts.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_years">Final years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Buchanan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Final years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His last years were occupied with completion and publication of two of his major works, <i>De Jure Regni apud Scotos</i> (1579) and <i>Rerum Scoticarum Historia</i> (1582).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He died in his first floor flat on Kennedy's Close (destroyed to build the <a href="/wiki/Tron_Kirk" title="Tron Kirk">Tron Kirk</a> in 1637 which was in turn curtailed by the building of modern Hunter Square) in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> on Friday 28 September 1582 and was buried in <a href="/wiki/Greyfriars_Kirkyard" title="Greyfriars Kirkyard">Greyfriars Kirkyard</a> on the following day. The grave was originally marked by a <i>through-stone</i> but this had sunk into the ground by 1701.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, two memorials in Greyfriars each claim to mark his burial: one just north-west of the church and a second, more modest memorial near the eastmost path. The smaller (later) one is correct.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Buchanan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_scholar">Latin scholar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Buchanan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Latin scholar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> Eleventh Edition</a>, "For mastery of the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> language, Buchanan has seldom been surpassed by any modern writer. His style is not rigidly modelled on that of any classical author, but has a freshness and elasticity of its own. He wrote Latin as if it were his <a href="/wiki/Mother_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother tongue">mother tongue</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hugh Trevor-Roper called him "by universal consent, the greatest Latin writer, whether in prose or in verse, in sixteenth century Europe".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrevor-Roper201433_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrevor-Roper201433-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buchanan also had a rich vein of poetical feeling, and much originality of thought. His translations of the <i>Psalms</i> and of the Greek plays are more than mere versions; his two tragedies, <i>Baptistes</i> and <i>Jephthes</i>, enjoyed a European reputation for academic excellence. His <i>Pompae</i> verses were written for performance at the court entertainments of Mary, including the <i>Offering of the Rustic Gods</i> sung during a masque devised by <a href="/wiki/Bastian_Pagez" title="Bastian Pagez">Bastian Pagez</a> for the baptism of <a href="/wiki/James_VI_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="James VI of Scotland">King James</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prose_works">Prose works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Buchanan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Prose works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to these works, Buchanan wrote in prose <i>Chamaeleon</i>, a satire in <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> against <a href="/wiki/Maitland_of_Lethington" class="mw-redirect" title="Maitland of Lethington">Maitland of Lethington</a>, first printed in 1711; a Latin translation of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Linacre" title="Thomas Linacre">Linacre</a>'s <i>Grammar</i> (Paris, 1533); <i>Libellus de Prosodia</i> (Edinburgh, 1640); and <i>Vita ab ipso scripta biennio ante mortem</i> (1608), edited by <a href="/wiki/R._Sibbald" class="mw-redirect" title="R. Sibbald">R. Sibbald</a> (1702). His other poems are <i>Fratres Fraterrimi</i>, <i>Elegiae</i>, <i>Silvae</i>, two sets of verses entitled <i>Hendecasyllabon Liber</i> and <i>Iambon Liber</i>; three books of <i><a href="/wiki/Epigram" title="Epigram">Epigrammata</a></i>; a book of miscellaneous <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">verse</a>; <i>De Sphaera</i> (in five books), suggested by the poem <i><a href="/wiki/De_sphaera_mundi" title="De sphaera mundi">De sphaera mundi</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Joannes_de_Sacrobosco" class="mw-redirect" title="Joannes de Sacrobosco">Joannes de Sacrobosco</a>, and intended as a defence of the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemaic</a> theory against the new <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Copernican</a> view.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two early editions of Buchanan's works: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ruddiman" title="Thomas Ruddiman">Thomas Ruddiman</a>'s<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Burman_the_Elder" title="Pieter Burman the Elder">Pieter Burman</a>'s.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_works">Late works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Buchanan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Late works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first of his important late works was the treatise <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Jure_Regni_apud_Scotos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De Jure Regni apud Scotos (page does not exist)">De Jure Regni apud Scotos</a></i>, published in 1579. In this famous work, composed in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Dialogue" title="Dialogue">dialogue</a>, and evidently intended to instil sound political principles into the mind of his pupil, Buchanan lays down the doctrine that the source of all political power is the people, that the king is bound by those conditions under which the supreme power was first committed to his hands, and that it is lawful to resist, even to punish, <a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">tyrants</a>. The importance of the work is proved by the persistent efforts of the legislature to suppress it during the century following its publication. It was condemned by <a href="/wiki/Act_of_parliament" title="Act of parliament">act of parliament</a> in 1584, and again in 1664; and in 1683 it was burned by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second of his larger works is the <i>History of Scotland</i>, <i>Rerum Scoticarum Historia</i>, completed shortly before his death, and published in 1582. It is remarkable for the power and richness of its style, and of great value for the period personally known to the author, which occupies the greater portion of the book. The earlier part is based, to a considerable extent, on the legendary history of <a href="/wiki/Boece" class="mw-redirect" title="Boece">Boece</a>. Buchanan's purpose was to "purge" the national history <i>"of sum Inglis lyis and Scottis vanite"</i> (Letter to Randolph). He said that it would "content few and displease many";<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in fact, its matter gave so much offence that a proclamation was issued calling in all copies of it, as well as of the <i>De Jure Regni</i>, that they might be purged of the "offensive and extraordinary matters" which they contained. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lasting_legacy">Lasting legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Buchanan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Lasting legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Buchanan holds his great and unique place in literature not so much for his own writings as for his strong and lasting influence on subsequent writers. His influence was notable by 1726 when <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Millar" title="Andrew Millar">Andrew Millar</a>, a prominent 18th-century bookseller, took over James McEuen's bookshop in London at the sign of 'Buchanan's Head, <a href="/wiki/Temple_Bar,_London" title="Temple Bar, London">Temple Bar</a>'. The sign for the shop depicted the face of George Buchanan, a testament to Buchanan's early place and reputation in Scottish letters.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The island of <a href="/wiki/Mainland,_Orkney" title="Mainland, Orkney">Mainland, Orkney</a> is sometimes referred to as <i>Pomona</i> (or <i>Pomonia</i>) from an attempted translation by Buchanan, though that name has rarely been used locally.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_publications_and_influence">Modern publications and influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Buchanan&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Modern publications and influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Polygon_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Polygon Books">Polygon Books</a> have published the poet <a href="/wiki/Robert_Crawford_(Scottish_poet)" title="Robert Crawford (Scottish poet)">Robert Crawford</a>'s selection of Buchanan's verse in <i>Apollos of the North: Selected Poems of George Buchanan and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Johnston_(poet)" title="Arthur Johnston (poet)">Arthur Johnston</a></i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904598-81-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-904598-81-1">1-904598-81-1</a>) in 2006, the 500th anniversary of Buchanan's birth. </p><p>In the lead-up to the anniversary Professor Roger Mason of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a> has published <i>A Dialogue on the Law of Kingship among the Scots, a critical edition and translation of George Buchanan's 'De Iure Regni apud Scotos Dialogus</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85928-408-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85928-408-6">1-85928-408-6</a>). </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Buchanan%27s_statue_on_the_Scott_Monument.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/George_Buchanan%27s_statue_on_the_Scott_Monument.jpg/250px-George_Buchanan%27s_statue_on_the_Scott_Monument.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/George_Buchanan%27s_statue_on_the_Scott_Monument.jpg/375px-George_Buchanan%27s_statue_on_the_Scott_Monument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/George_Buchanan%27s_statue_on_the_Scott_Monument.jpg/500px-George_Buchanan%27s_statue_on_the_Scott_Monument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="3088" /></a><figcaption>George Buchanan's statue on the <a href="/wiki/Scott_Monument" title="Scott Monument">Scott Monument</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memorials">Memorials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Buchanan&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Memorials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A statue of Buchanan stands on the west-facing side of the <a href="/wiki/Scott_Monument" title="Scott Monument">Scott Monument</a> on <a href="/wiki/Princes_Street" title="Princes Street">Princes Street</a>, Edinburgh. It was sculpted by <a href="/wiki/John_Rhind_(sculptor)" title="John Rhind (sculptor)">John Rhind</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A memorial stained glass window stands in the south wall of <a href="/wiki/Greyfriars_Kirk" title="Greyfriars Kirk">Greyfriars Kirk</a>. </p><p>A bust of Buchanan is in the Hall of Heroes of the <a href="/wiki/National_Wallace_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="National Wallace Monument">National Wallace Monument</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stirling" title="Stirling">Stirling</a>. </p><p>A monument was erected by public subscription in 1789 in the place of his birth, <a href="/wiki/Killearn" title="Killearn">Killearn</a>, Stirlingshire. It is attributed to the architect <a href="/wiki/James_Craig_(architect)" title="James Craig (architect)">James Craig</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Buchanan&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quill_and_ink.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/28px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/42px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/56px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="152" data-file-height="152" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Poetry" title="Portal:Poetry">Poetry portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature" title="Scottish literature">Scottish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Latin_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="British Latin Literature">British Latin Literature</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Buchanan&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Buchanan&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keith M Brown, "Reformation to Union, 1560–1707," in R.A. Houston and W. W. J. Knox, eds., <i>The New Penguin History of Scotland</i> (2001) pp 182–275, quote at p 185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911715_2-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p. 715.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacmillan1906" class="citation book cs1">Macmillan, D. (1906). <i>George Buchanan, A Biography</i>. London: Simpkin, Marshall, & Co. Ltd. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Buchanan%2C+A+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Simpkin%2C+Marshall%2C+%26+Co.+Ltd.&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Macmillan&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacmillan1906" class="citation book cs1">Macmillan, D. (1906). <i>George Buchanan, A Biography</i>. London: Simpkin, Marshall, & Co. Ltd. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Buchanan%2C+A+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Simpkin%2C+Marshall%2C+%26+Co.+Ltd.&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Macmillan&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacmillan1906" class="citation book cs1">Macmillan, D. (1906). <i>George Buchanan, A Biography</i>. London: Simpkin, Marshall, & Co. Ltd. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Buchanan%2C+A+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Simpkin%2C+Marshall%2C+%26+Co.+Ltd.&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Macmillan&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911714-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911714_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911714_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911714_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p. 714.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacmillan1906" class="citation book cs1">Macmillan, D. (1906). <i>George Buchanan, A Biography</i>. London: Simpkin, Marshall, & Co. Ltd. p. 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Buchanan%2C+A+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Simpkin%2C+Marshall%2C+%26+Co.+Ltd.&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Macmillan&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DNB-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DNB_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Buchanan, George (1506-1582)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Buchanan,_George_(1506-1582)">"Buchanan, George (1506–1582)" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Buchanan%2C+George+%281506%E2%80%931582%29&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1885%2F1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacmillan1906" class="citation book cs1">Macmillan, D. (1906). <i>George Buchanan, A Biography</i>. London: Simpkin, Marshall, & Co. Ltd. p. 41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Buchanan%2C+A+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Simpkin%2C+Marshall%2C+%26+Co.+Ltd.&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Macmillan&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacmillan1906" class="citation book cs1">Macmillan, D. (1906). <i>George Buchanan, A Biography</i>. London: Simpkin, Marshall, & Co. Ltd. p. 47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Buchanan%2C+A+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Simpkin%2C+Marshall%2C+%26+Co.+Ltd.&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Macmillan&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger A. Mason, 'George Buchanan and Mary, Queen of Scots', <i>Scottish Church History</i>, 30:1 (2000), p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911714–715-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911714–715_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, pp. 714–715.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontaigne2009" class="citation book cs1">Montaigne, Michel (2009). Emmanuel Naya (ed.). <i>Essais I</i>. Delphine Reguig-Naya, Alexandre Tarrête (Folio ed.). Gallimard. p. 642. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-07-042381-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-07-042381-1"><bdi>978-2-07-042381-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essais+I&rft.pages=642&rft.edition=Folio&rft.pub=Gallimard&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-2-07-042381-1&rft.aulast=Montaigne&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontaigne2009" class="citation book cs1">Montaigne, Michel (2009). Emmanuel Naya (ed.). <i>Essais II</i>. Delphine Reguig-Naya, Alexandre Tarrête (Folio ed.). Gallimard. p. 480. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-07-042382-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-07-042382-8"><bdi>978-2-07-042382-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essais+II&rft.pages=480&rft.edition=Folio&rft.pub=Gallimard&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-2-07-042382-8&rft.aulast=Montaigne&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacmillan1906" class="citation book cs1">Macmillan, D. (1906). <i>George Buchanan, A Biography</i>. London: Simpkin, Marshall, & Co. Ltd. p. 89.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Buchanan%2C+A+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Simpkin%2C+Marshall%2C+%26+Co.+Ltd.&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Macmillan&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrving1807" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Irving_(librarian)" title="David Irving (librarian)">Irving, David</a> (1807). <i>Memoirs of the Life and Writings of George Buchanan</i>. London: Bell and Bradfute and A. Lawrie, and Longman, Hurst, and Rees, and Orme. p. 61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+the+Life+and+Writings+of+George+Buchanan&rft.place=London&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Bell+and+Bradfute+and+A.+Lawrie%2C+and+Longman%2C+Hurst%2C+and+Rees%2C+and+Orme&rft.date=1807&rft.aulast=Irving&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnnan1868" class="citation book cs1">Annan, Thomas (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/illustratedcatal00anna#page/104/mode/2up/"><i>Illustrated catalogue of the exhibition of portraits on loan in the new galleries of art, Corporation buildings, Sauchiehall Street</i></a>. Glasgow: Glasgow Art Gallery and Museum. p. 105<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illustrated+catalogue+of+the+exhibition+of+portraits+on+loan+in+the+new+galleries+of+art%2C+Corporation+buildings%2C+Sauchiehall+Street&rft.place=Glasgow&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Glasgow+Art+Gallery+and+Museum&rft.date=1868&rft.aulast=Annan&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fillustratedcatal00anna%23page%2F104%2Fmode%2F2up%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger A. Mason, "George Buchanan and Mary Queen of Scots", <i>Innes Review</i>, 30:1 (June 2000), p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Robertson, <i>Inventaires de la Royne Descosse</i> (Edinburgh, 1863), p. lxxxiv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Croft, Pauline (2003). King James. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, p.<span class="nowrap"> </span>12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Croft, Pauline (2003). King James. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp.<span class="nowrap"> </span>13, 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sebastiaan Verweij, <i>The Literary Culture of Early Modern Scotland</i> (Oxford, 2017), p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monuments and monumental inscriptions in Scotland: The Grampian Society, 1871</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrevor-Roper201433-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrevor-Roper201433_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrevor-Roper2014">Trevor-Roper 2014</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shire, Helena Mennie, <i>Song Dance and Poetry at the Court of James VI</i>, CUP (1969), 56: Buchanan, George, <i>Omnia Opera</i>, vol.<span class="nowrap"> </span>2 (1725), pp.<span class="nowrap"> </span>399–405</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuddiman1715" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ruddiman" title="Thomas Ruddiman">Ruddiman, Thomas</a> (1715), <i>Georgii Buchanani Scoti, Poetarum sui seculi facile principis, Opera Omnia</i>, Edinburgh: Freebairn</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Georgii+Buchanani+Scoti%2C+Poetarum+sui+seculi+facile+principis%2C+Opera+Omnia&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Freebairn&rft.date=1715&rft.aulast=Ruddiman&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span>. <span class="languageicon">(in Latin)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRuddiman1725">Ruddiman (1725)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.millar-project.ed.ac.uk/manuscripts/html_output/5.html">"The manuscripts, Letter from Andrew Millar to Robert Woodrow, July 15, 1725. See footnote no. 1"</a>. <i>millar-project.ed.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=millar-project.ed.ac.uk&rft.atitle=The+manuscripts%2C+Letter+from+Andrew+Millar+to+Robert+Woodrow%2C+July+15%2C+1725.+See+footnote+no.+1.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.millar-project.ed.ac.uk%2Fmanuscripts%2Fhtml_output%2F5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buchanan, George (1582) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/scothist/"><i>Rerum Scoticarum Historia: The First Book</i></a> The University of California, Irvine. Revised 8 March 2003. Retrieved 4 October 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orkneyjar.com/placenames/pomona.htm">"Pomona or Mainland?"</a> Orkneyjar.com. Retrieved 4 October 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140710000132/http://www.edinburghmuseums.org.uk/CMSTemplates/ScottMonumentVirtualTour/pages/hisnovels/statues/george_buchanan.htm">"The Character Statues"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edinburghmuseums.org.uk/CMSTemplates/ScottMonumentVirtualTour/pages/hisnovels/statues/george_buchanan.htm">the original</a> on 10 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Character+Statues&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edinburghmuseums.org.uk%2FCMSTemplates%2FScottMonumentVirtualTour%2Fpages%2Fhisnovels%2Fstatues%2Fgeorge_buchanan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geographicus.com/P/ctgy&Category_Code=jcraig">"Craig, James (October 31, 1739 - June 23, 1795): Geographicus Rare Antique Maps"</a>. <i>www.geographicus.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.geographicus.com&rft.atitle=Craig%2C+James+%28October+31%2C+1739+-+June+23%2C+1795%29%3A+Geographicus+Rare+Antique+Maps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geographicus.com%2FP%2Fctgy%26Category_Code%3Djcraig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Buchanan&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Baptistes sive Calumnia</i> (written before 1544, not published until 1577)</li> <li><i>Jephthes sive Votum</i>, tragoedia, 1544</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuddiman1725" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ruddiman" title="Thomas Ruddiman">Ruddiman, Thomas [Thoma Ruddimannus]</a> (1725), <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Burman_the_Elder" title="Pieter Burman the Elder">Burman, Pieter [Petrus Burmannus]</a> (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sLCdww9osvcC"><i>Georgii Buchanani, Scoti, Poëtarum sui seculi facile Principis, Praeceptoris Jacobi VI Scotorum, & Primi Angl. Reg. Opera Omnia, Historica, Chronologica, Juridica, Politica, Satyrica & Poetica</i></a>, J. Arnold Langerak</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Georgii+Buchanani%2C+Scoti%2C+Po%C3%ABtarum+sui+seculi+facile+Principis%2C+Praeceptoris+Jacobi+VI+Scotorum%2C+%26+Primi+Angl.+Reg.+Opera+Omnia%2C+Historica%2C+Chronologica%2C+Juridica%2C+Politica%2C+Satyrica+%26+Poetica&rft.pub=J.+Arnold+Langerak&rft.date=1725&rft.aulast=Ruddiman&rft.aufirst=Thomas+%5BThoma+Ruddimannus%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsLCdww9osvcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span>. <span class="languageicon">(in Latin)</span></li> <li>Ford, Philip J. (1982), <i>George Buchanan: Prince of Poets</i>, <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_University_Press" title="Aberdeen University Press">Aberdeen University Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080284583" title="Special:BookSources/9780080284583">9780080284583</a></li> <li>Naiden, James R. (1951),<i>The Sphera of George Buchanan</i>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a></li> <li>MacNeill, Duncan H. (ed.) (1964), <i>The Art and Science of Government Among the Scots, being George Buchanan's De Jure Regni apud Scotos</i>. English translation and commentary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wallace_(Edinburgh_MP)" title="Robert Wallace (Edinburgh MP)">Wallace, Robert</a> (completed by Smith, J. Campbell) (1900), <i>George Buchanan</i>, <a href="/wiki/Oliphant,_Anderson_and_Ferrier" title="Oliphant, Anderson and Ferrier">Oliphant, Anderson and Ferrier</a>, Edinburgh, (<a href="/wiki/List_of_books_for_the_%22Famous_Scots_Series%22" title="List of books for the "Famous Scots Series"">"Famous Scots Series"</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAitken1939" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Macrae_Aitken" title="James Macrae Aitken">Aitken, James M.</a> (1939). <i>The Trial of George Buchanan Before the Lisbon Inquisition</i>. Edinburgh, London: Oliver and Boyd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trial+of+George+Buchanan+Before+the+Lisbon+Inquisition&rft.place=Edinburgh%2C+London&rft.pub=Oliver+and+Boyd&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Aitken&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacmillan1906" class="citation book cs1">Macmillan, D. (1906). <i>George Buchanan A Biography</i>. London: Simpkin, Marshall, & Co. Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Buchanan+A+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Simpkin%2C+Marshall%2C+%26+Co.+Ltd.&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Macmillan&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Murison, David, <i>George Buchanan</i>, in <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Lindsay_(broadcaster)" title="Maurice Lindsay (broadcaster)">Lindsay, Maurice</a> (ed.), <i>The Scottish Review: Arts and Environment</i> 27, August 1982, pp. 30 – 35, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0140-0894">0140-0894</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrevor-Roper2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Trevor-Roper" title="Hugh Trevor-Roper">Trevor-Roper, H. R.</a> (2014). <i>The Invention of Scotland: Myth and History</i> (Revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300136869" title="Special:BookSources/9780300136869"><bdi>9780300136869</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+Scotland%3A+Myth+and+History&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780300136869&rft.aulast=Trevor-Roper&rft.aufirst=H.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Buchanan&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philological.cal.bham.ac.uk/library.html#b">Works by George Buchanan</a> in Latin with English translations, at The Philological Museum</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.contra-mundum.org/books/jure/jure.html"><i>De Jure Regni Apud Scotos</i>, online text</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121107001424/http://www.contra-mundum.org/books/jure/jure.html">Archived</a> 7 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portagepub.com/products/caa/buchanan.html"><i>De Jure Regni Apud Scotos</i></a>, <i>The Rights of the Crown in Scotland</i>, translated from Latin to English by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Macfarlan_(schoolmaster)" title="Robert Macfarlan (schoolmaster)">Robert MacFarlan</a>, in its entirety (free PDF download)</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:George_Buchanan_(scholar)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:George Buchanan (scholar)">George Buchanan (scholar)</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <p><b>Attribution:</b> <span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Buchanan,_George" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Buchanan, George">Buchanan, George</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">714–</span>716.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Buchanan%2C+George&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E714-%3C%2Fspan%3E716&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Buchanan" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Maitland,_1st_Lord_Maitland_of_Thirlestane" title="John Maitland, 1st Lord Maitland of Thirlestane">John Maitland</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Keeper_of_the_Privy_Seal_of_Scotland" title="Keeper of the Privy Seal of Scotland">Keeper of the Privy Seal of Scotland</a> </b><br />1571–1583 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Stewart,_1st_Lord_Blantyre" title="Walter Stewart, 1st Lord Blantyre">Walter Stewart</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_philosophy103" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_philosophy" title="Template talk:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_philosophy103" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">Anomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identity_formation" title="Identity formation">Formation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_character" title="National character">National character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personhood" title="Personhood">Personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Sittlichkeit</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Social norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksgeist" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksgeist">Volksgeist</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_School" title="Budapest School">Budapest School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byung-Chul_Han" title="Byung-Chul Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Officiis" title="De Officiis">De Officiis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(44 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oration_on_the_Dignity_of_Man" title="Oration on the Dignity of Man">Oration on the Dignity of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1486)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Society" title="A Vindication of Natural Society">A Vindication of Natural Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1756)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civilization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Civilization and Its Discontents">Civilization and Its Discontents</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex">The Second Sex</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1949)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1967)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Sexuality" title="The History of Sexuality">The History of Sexuality</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1976)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Narcissism" title="The Culture of Narcissism">The Culture of Narcissism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1979)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble">Gender Trouble</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Malaise_of_Modernity" title="The Malaise of Modernity">The Malaise of Modernity</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1991)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Intellectuals_and_Society" title="Intellectuals and Society">Intellectuals and Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnotology" title="Agnotology">Agnotology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">Philosophy of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy of history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">Social criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">Social theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_philosophy" title="Category:Social philosophy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q715169#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3545" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q715169#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3545" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q715169#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/105874857">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/14076/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwdfTQ7jwxxyV3pxRtxjC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/117638498">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50041144">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11983633v">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11983633v">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Buchanan, George <1506-1582>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/BVEV019530">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35023305">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2009531374&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1498007">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/17901">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02140940?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/797271">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/117638498.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/117638498">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027891917">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w65x2744">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/30026136">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Scots_Worthies42" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scots_Worthies" title="Template:Scots Worthies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scots_Worthies" title="Template talk:Scots Worthies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scots_Worthies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scots Worthies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Scots_Worthies42" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/John_Howie_(biographer)" title="John Howie (biographer)">Scots Worthies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Baillie" title="Robert Baillie">Robert Baillie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Balfour_of_Kinloch" title="John Balfour of Kinloch">John Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Binning" title="Hugh Binning">Hugh Binning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Black_(minister)" title="David Black (minister)">David Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Blackadder_(preacher)" title="John Blackadder (preacher)">John Blackadder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyd_(university_principal)" title="Robert Boyd (university principal)">Robert Boyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_of_Wamphray" title="John Brown of Wamphray">John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bruce_(moderator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Bruce (moderator)">Robert Bruce</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Calderwood" title="David Calderwood">David Calderwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cameron_(Covenanter)" title="Richard Cameron (Covenanter)">Richard Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Campbell,_1st_Marquess_of_Argyll" title="Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll">Archibald Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_Earl_of_Loudon" class="mw-redirect" title="John Campbell, Earl of Loudon">John Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Cargill" title="Donald Cargill">Donald Cargill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Craig_(reformer)" title="John Craig (reformer)">John Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cunningham_(minister)" title="Robert Cunningham (minister)">Robert Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davidson_(reformer)" title="John Davidson (reformer)">John Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dickson_(minister)" title="David Dickson (minister)">David Dickson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dickson_(minister)" title="John Dickson (minister)">John Dickson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Duncan_(minister,_died_1626)" title="Andrew Duncan (minister, died 1626)">Andrew Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Durham_(minister)" title="James Durham (minister)">James Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fleming_(minister)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Fleming (minister)">Robert Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Garnock" title="Robert Garnock">Robert Garnock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gillespie" title="George Gillespie">George Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gordon,_Viscount_Kenmuir" class="mw-redirect" title="John Gordon, Viscount Kenmuir">John Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gordon_of_Earlston" title="William Gordon of Earlston">William Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gray_(17th-century_divine)" title="Andrew Gray (17th-century divine)">Andrew Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Guthrie_(minister)" title="James Guthrie (minister)">James Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Guthrie_(Puritan)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Guthrie (Puritan)">William Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hackston_of_Rathillet" class="mw-redirect" title="David Hackston of Rathillet">David Hackston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hall_(Covenanter)" title="Henry Hall (Covenanter)">Henry Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Hamilton_(martyr)" title="Patrick Hamilton (martyr)">Patrick Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hamilton_of_Preston" title="Robert Hamilton of Preston">Robert Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Henderson_(theologian)" title="Alexander Henderson (theologian)">Alexander Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hog" title="Thomas Hog">Thomas Hog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Johnston,_Lord_Warriston" class="mw-redirect" title="Archibald Johnston, Lord Warriston">Archibald Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ker_of_Kersland" title="Robert Ker of Kersland">Robert Ker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kid" title="John Kid">John Kid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_King_(Covenanter)" title="John King (Covenanter)">John King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a></li> 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