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Electroextraction - Wikipedia

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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For electodeposition of metals, see <a href="/wiki/Electrowinning" title="Electrowinning">Electrowinning</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electroextraction_Diagram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Electroextraction_Diagram.jpg/220px-Electroextraction_Diagram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="481" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Electroextraction_Diagram.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="308" data-file-height="674" /></a><figcaption><b>Figure 1.</b> A diagram of the electroextraction process. Particles cross the phase barrier while any convective mixing is constrained to each phase</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electroextraction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Electroextraction.jpg/220px-Electroextraction.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Electroextraction.jpg/330px-Electroextraction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Electroextraction.jpg/440px-Electroextraction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption><b>Figure 2.</b> A diagram of an electroextraction apparatus</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capillary_Electroextraction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Capillary_Electroextraction.jpg/220px-Capillary_Electroextraction.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Capillary_Electroextraction.jpg/330px-Capillary_Electroextraction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Capillary_Electroextraction.jpg/440px-Capillary_Electroextraction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="521" /></a><figcaption><b>Figure 3.</b> A diagram of a capillary electroextraction apparatus</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Electroextraction</b> (EE) is a sample enrichment technique that focuses charged analytes from a large volume of one phase into a small volume of aqueous phase through the application of an electric current.<sup id="cite_ref-One_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-One-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The technique was originally developed as a separation technique for <a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">chemical engineering</a>, but has since been coupled to <a href="/wiki/Capillary_electrophoresis" title="Capillary electrophoresis">capillary electrophoresis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liquid_chromatography%E2%80%93mass_spectrometry" title="Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry">liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry</a> as a means of improving <a href="/wiki/Detection_limit" title="Detection limit">limits of detection</a>, analysis time, and <a href="/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity" title="Sensitivity and specificity">selectivity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-One_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-One-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Two_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Two-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Three_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Three-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The use of EE-CE has made capillary electrophoresis more applicable to use in the pharmaceutical industry. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electroextraction&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term electroextraction is used to describe multiple processes. In this article, electroextraction describes the extraction of charged particles through a liquid phase barrier.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The term can be used to describe <a href="/wiki/Electrowinning" title="Electrowinning">electrowinning</a>, which is the extraction of metals from their compounds via electrochemical processes. Electroextraction also describes a process of permeating <a href="/wiki/Bioproducts" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioproducts">bioproducts</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cell membrane</a> using an electric field.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electroextraction&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_engineering">Chemical engineering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electroextraction&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Chemical engineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Johann Stichlmair developed electroextraction at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Essen" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Essen">University of Essen</a> in Germany in 1987 as an improvement on <a href="/wiki/Liquid-liquid_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid-liquid extraction">liquid-liquid extraction</a> in an electric field. Electric fields are applied to enhance the demixing of a sample in a two-phase system. However, as current flows through the system, the resulting convective mixing disrupts separation. Electroextraction corrects for this. Two or three liquid phases that are <a href="/wiki/Electrically_conductive" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrically conductive">electrically conductive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immiscible" class="mw-redirect" title="Immiscible">immiscible</a> with one another are kept between electrodes, and upon addition of an electric field, charged particles travel from one phase to another separating <a href="/wiki/Anions" class="mw-redirect" title="Anions">anions and cations</a>. A two-phase system brings anions into one phase and cations into the other. A three phase system extracts anions and cations into the two outer phases while leaving uncharged particles in the middle phase.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20191542_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20191542-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Convective mixing is restricted to each phase and does not travel between phases. A diagram is given in figure 1. Organic phases that are used typically have small amounts of water added in order to be conductive. Other possible phases include mixtures of water and <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">highly polymerized substances</a>, or water with non-ionic surfactants.<sup id="cite_ref-Two_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Two-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Electroextraction has also influenced the development of similar electrophoretic separation techniques involving a <a href="/wiki/Membrane" title="Membrane">membrane</a> between the two-phase systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analytical_chemistry">Analytical chemistry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electroextraction&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Analytical chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The EE method was first applied to analytical chemistry by Van der Vlis in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A diagram of an electroextraction apparatus is shown in figure 2. The apparatus consists of a vial with a conical bottom, a grounded platinum electrode, a capillary to inject the aqueous solution, and an adjustable gold anode with a circular bottom that contacts the entire organic phase. </p><p>EE is also often performed in a <a href="/wiki/Capillary_electrophoresis" title="Capillary electrophoresis">capillary electrophoresis</a> capillary. This is referred to as capillary electroextraction, or cEE. In this set up, shown in figure 3, a capillary containing aqueous phase is placed in a vial of organic phase and surrounded by a hallow cathode. The outlet of the capillary is then grounded.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21064141_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21064141-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>When EE is coupled to <a href="/wiki/Isotachophoresis" title="Isotachophoresis">isotachophoresis</a> coupled to capillary electrophoresis, limits of detection decrease to the nanomolar range and isotachophoresis takes only a few minutes to complete. Similar limits of detections are obtained when EE is coupled to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.<sup id="cite_ref-One_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-One-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Similar limits of detections are obtained when EE is coupled to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.<sup id="cite_ref-Three_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Three-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biomedical">Biomedical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electroextraction&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Biomedical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>EE is ideal for <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceuticals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceuticals">pharmaceuticals</a> with low concentrations of active ingredient, such as those containing <a href="/wiki/Proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteins">proteins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peptides" class="mw-redirect" title="Peptides">peptides</a>, because of its ability to lower limits of detection for liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In addition, sample enrichment by EE helps overcome the low injection volumes and short <a href="/wiki/Optical_path_length" title="Optical path length">optical path length</a> of UV-Vis detectors that accompany CE.<sup id="cite_ref-One_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-One-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> EE coupled to CE has been used to separate and analyze <a href="/wiki/Antisense_oligonucleotide" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisense oligonucleotide">antisense oligonucleotides</a>. Antisense oligonucleotides inhibit protein expression from their complementary base pair sequence and can treat certain diseases and genetic disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15137967_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15137967-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> EE coupled to liquid chromatography also successfully detects low concentration <a href="/wiki/Metabolites" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolites">metabolites</a> in <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a> for the purpose of studying metabolic processes.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23001993_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23001993-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In addition, EE-ITP-CE has been used in the determination of the drugs <a href="/wiki/Clenbuterol" title="Clenbuterol">clenbuterol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salbutamol" title="Salbutamol">salbutamol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terbutaline" title="Terbutaline">terbutaline</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fenoterol" title="Fenoterol">fenoterol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dyestuffs">Dyestuffs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electroextraction&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Dyestuffs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Electroextraction has been successfully employed in the separation of <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dyestuffs</a> from <a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">wastewater</a>. Electroextraction is better suited over other techniques for its ability to extract small amounts of dye from very dilute solutions. EE has also been effectively used in the separation of <a href="/wiki/Amino_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Amino acids">amino acids</a>. This separation was done using an <a href="/wiki/Aqueous_two-phase_system" title="Aqueous two-phase system">aqueous two-phase system</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dextran" title="Dextran">dextran</a>-<a href="/wiki/Polyethylene_glycol" title="Polyethylene glycol">polyethylene glycol</a>-water to stabilize the amino acids.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The velocity of a particle crossing the phase barrier is directly proportional to the strength of the applied electric field, so 100% separation is achieved with a strong enough field.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electroextraction&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-One-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-One_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-One_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-One_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-One_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_VlisMazereeuwTjadenIrth1994" class="citation journal cs1">Van der Vlis E, Mazereeuw M, Tjaden UR, Irth H, Van der Greef J (December 1994). "Combined liquid-liquid electroextraction and isotachophoresis as a fast on-line focusing step in capillary electrophoresis". <i>Journal of Chromatography A</i>. <b>687</b> (2): 333–341. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0021-9673%2894%2900776-4">10.1016/0021-9673(94)00776-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chromatography+A&amp;rft.atitle=Combined+liquid-liquid+electroextraction+and+isotachophoresis+as+a+fast+on-line+focusing+step+in+capillary+electrophoresis.&amp;rft.volume=687&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=333-341&amp;rft.date=1994-12&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0021-9673%2894%2900776-4&amp;rft.aulast=Van+der+Vlis&amp;rft.aufirst=E&amp;rft.au=Mazereeuw%2C+M&amp;rft.au=Tjaden%2C+UR&amp;rft.au=Irth%2C+H&amp;rft.au=Van+der+Greef%2C+J&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroextraction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Two-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Two_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Two_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStichlmairSchmidtProplesch1992" class="citation journal cs1">Stichlmair J, Schmidt J, Proplesch R (August 1992). "Electroextraction: A novel separation technique". <i>Chemical Engineering Science</i>. <b>47</b> (12): 3015–3022. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992ChEnS..47.3015S">1992ChEnS..47.3015S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0009-2509%2892%2987003-9">10.1016/0009-2509(92)87003-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Chemical+Engineering+Science&amp;rft.atitle=Electroextraction%3A+A+novel+separation+technique.&amp;rft.volume=47&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.pages=3015-3022&amp;rft.date=1992-08&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0009-2509%2892%2987003-9&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992ChEnS..47.3015S&amp;rft.aulast=Stichlmair&amp;rft.aufirst=J&amp;rft.au=Schmidt%2C+J&amp;rft.au=Proplesch%2C+R&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroextraction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Three-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Three_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Three_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindenburgTempelsTjadenvan_der_Greef2012" class="citation journal cs1">Lindenburg PW, Tempels FW, Tjaden UR, van der Greef J, Hankemeier T (August 2012). "On-line large-volume electroextraction coupled to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to improve detection of peptides". <i>Journal of Chromatography A</i>. <b>1249</b>: 17–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chroma.2012.06.016">10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.016</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22749583">22749583</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chromatography+A&amp;rft.atitle=On-line+large-volume+electroextraction+coupled+to+liquid+chromatography-mass+spectrometry+to+improve+detection+of+peptides&amp;rft.volume=1249&amp;rft.pages=17-24&amp;rft.date=2012-08&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.chroma.2012.06.016&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22749583&amp;rft.aulast=Lindenburg&amp;rft.aufirst=PW&amp;rft.au=Tempels%2C+FW&amp;rft.au=Tjaden%2C+UR&amp;rft.au=van+der+Greef%2C+J&amp;rft.au=Hankemeier%2C+T&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroextraction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFVecitis_CD,_Moore_CJ,_Jennings_EW,_O&#39;Connor_M2022"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US20220389601A1/en">US 20220389601</a>,&#32;Vecitis CD, Moore CJ, Jennings EW, O'Connor M,&#32;"Electrochemical metal deposition system and method",&#32;published 8 December 2022,&#32; assigned to Nth Cycle.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&amp;rft.number=20220389601&amp;rft.cc=US&amp;rft.title=Electrochemical+metal+deposition+system+and+method&amp;rft.inventor=Vecitis+CD%2C+Moore+CJ%2C+Jennings+EW%2C+O%27Connor+M&amp;rft.assignee=Nth+Cycle&amp;rft.pubdate=8 December 2022"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernandez-Lahore" class="citation web cs1">Fernandez-Lahore M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130326231812/http://www.electroextraction.org/">"Electroextraction"</a>. Bremen, Germany: Jacobs University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electroextraction.org/">the original</a> on 2013-03-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Electroextraction&amp;rft.place=Bremen%2C+Germany&amp;rft.pub=Jacobs+University&amp;rft.aulast=Fernandez-Lahore&amp;rft.aufirst=M&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.electroextraction.org%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectroextraction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid20191542-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid20191542_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKubánSlampováBocek2010" class="citation journal cs1">Kubán P, Slampová A, Bocek P (March 2010). 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sorption" title="Sorption">Absorption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base_extraction" title="Acid–base extraction">Acid–base extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adsorption" title="Adsorption">Adsorption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">Chromatography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-flow_filtration" title="Cross-flow filtration">Cross-flow filtration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystallization" title="Crystallization">Crystallization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclonic_separation" title="Cyclonic separation">Cyclonic separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decantation" title="Decantation">Decantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialysis_(chemistry)" title="Dialysis (chemistry)">Dialysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolved_air_flotation" title="Dissolved air flotation">Dissolved air flotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">Distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drying" title="Drying">Drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrochromatography" title="Electrochromatography">Electrochromatography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrofiltration" title="Electrofiltration">Electrofiltration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraction_(chemistry)" title="Extraction (chemistry)">Extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filtration" title="Filtration">Filtration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flocculation" title="Flocculation">Flocculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Froth_flotation" title="Froth flotation">Froth flotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_separation" title="Gravity separation">Gravity separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaching_(chemistry)" title="Leaching (chemistry)">Leaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid%E2%80%93liquid_extraction" title="Liquid–liquid extraction">Liquid–liquid extraction</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Electroextraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microfiltration" title="Microfiltration">Microfiltration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmosis" title="Osmosis">Osmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(chemistry)" title="Precipitation (chemistry)">Precipitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recrystallization_(chemistry)" title="Recrystallization (chemistry)">Recrystallization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_osmosis" title="Reverse osmosis">Reverse osmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentation_(water_treatment)" title="Sedimentation (water treatment)">Sedimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-phase_extraction" title="Solid-phase extraction">Solid-phase extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition)">Sublimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrafiltration" title="Ultrafiltration">Ultrafiltration</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ChemSepProcDiagram.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Separation process schematic"><img alt="Separation process schematic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/ChemSepProcDiagram.svg/81px-ChemSepProcDiagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="81" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/ChemSepProcDiagram.svg/122px-ChemSepProcDiagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/ChemSepProcDiagram.svg/162px-ChemSepProcDiagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="510" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/API_oil%E2%80%93water_separator" title="API oil–water separator">API oil–water separator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_filter" title="Belt filter">Belt filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrifuge" title="Centrifuge">Centrifuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_filter" title="Depth filter">Depth filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_precipitator" title="Electrostatic precipitator">Electrostatic precipitator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporator" title="Evaporator">Evaporator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_press" title="Filter press">Filter press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractionating_column" title="Fractionating column">Fractionating column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leachate" title="Leachate">Leachate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixer-settler" title="Mixer-settler">Mixer-settler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_skimmer" title="Protein skimmer">Protein skimmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_sand_filter" title="Rapid sand filter">Rapid sand filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_vacuum-drum_filter" title="Rotary vacuum-drum filter">Rotary vacuum-drum filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrubber" title="Scrubber">Scrubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_cone" title="Spinning cone">Spinning cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still" title="Still">Still</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublimation_apparatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublimation apparatus">Sublimation apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_ceramic_filter" title="Vacuum ceramic filter">Vacuum ceramic filter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiphase<br /> systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqueous_two-phase_system" title="Aqueous two-phase system">Aqueous two-phase system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azeotrope" title="Azeotrope">Azeotrope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutectic_system" title="Eutectic system">Eutectic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unit_operation" title="Unit operation">Unit operation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐66695f89d8‐gzhqx Cached time: 20241119181146 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.315 seconds Real time usage: 0.602 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1196/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 41768/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1300/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 60831/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.194/10.000 seconds Lua memory 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