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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Settling of discrete particles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settling_of_discrete_particles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Settlement_of_flocculent_particles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settlement_of_flocculent_particles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Settlement of flocculent particles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settlement_of_flocculent_particles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zone-settling_behaviour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zone-settling_behaviour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Zone-settling behaviour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zone-settling_behaviour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compression_settling" 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href="#Potable_water_treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Potable water treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potable_water_treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wastewater_treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wastewater_treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Wastewater treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wastewater_treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setitamine" title="Setitamine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Setitamine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="ته‌نشینی مقدماتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ته‌نشینی مقدماتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talo%C5%BEenje" title="Taloženje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Taloženje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentazione" title="Sedimentazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sedimentazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="დალექვა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დალექვა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Түзілімдену – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Түзілімдену" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" 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class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button 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applications in <a href="/wiki/Water_treatment" title="Water treatment">water treatment</a>, whereby <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a> acts to remove <a href="/wiki/Suspended_solids" title="Suspended solids">suspended solids</a> from water.<sup id="cite_ref-j1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Solid particles entrained by the <a href="/wiki/Turbulence" title="Turbulence">turbulence</a> of moving water may be removed naturally by sedimentation in the still water of lakes and oceans. <a href="/wiki/Settling_basin" title="Settling basin">Settling basins</a> are ponds constructed for the purpose of removing entrained solids by sedimentation.<sup id="cite_ref-b1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Clarifier" title="Clarifier">Clarifiers</a> are tanks built with mechanical means for continuous removal of solids being deposited by sedimentation;<sup id="cite_ref-b2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, clarification does not remove <a href="/wiki/Dissolved_solids" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolved solids">dissolved solids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-b3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basics">Basics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedimentation_(water_treatment)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Basics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Suspended_solids" title="Suspended solids">Suspended solids</a> (or SS), is the mass of dry solids retained by a <a href="/wiki/Water_filter" title="Water filter">filter</a> of a given <a href="/wiki/Porosity" title="Porosity">porosity</a> related to the volume of the water sample. This includes particles 10 μm and greater. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Colloid" title="Colloid">Colloids</a> are particles of a size between 1 nm (0.001 μm) and 1 μm depending on the method of quantification. Because of <a href="/wiki/Brownian_motion" title="Brownian motion">Brownian motion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electrostatics" title="Electrostatics">electrostatic</a> forces balancing the gravity, they are not likely to settle naturally. </p><p>The limit sedimentation velocity of a particle is its theoretical descending speed in clear and still water. In <a href="/wiki/Settling" title="Settling">settling</a> process theory, a particle will settle only if: </p> <ol><li>In a vertical ascending flow, the ascending water velocity is lower than the limit sedimentation velocity.</li> <li>In a longitudinal flow, the ratio of the length of the tank to the height of the tank is higher than the ratio of the water velocity to the limit sedimentation velocity.</li></ol> <p>Removal of suspended particles by sedimentation depends upon the size, <a href="/wiki/Zeta_potential" title="Zeta potential">zeta potential</a> and <a href="/wiki/Specific_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific gravity">specific gravity</a> of those particles. Suspended solids retained on a filter may remain in suspension if their specific gravity is similar to water while very dense particles passing through the filter may settle. <a href="/wiki/Settling#Settleable_solids_analysis" title="Settling">Settleable solids</a> are measured as the visible volume accumulated at the bottom of an Imhoff cone after water has settled for one hour.<sup id="cite_ref-Franson_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gravitational theory is employed, alongside the derivation from <a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_second_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Newton's second law">Newton's second law</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Navier%E2%80%93Stokes_equations" title="Navier–Stokes equations">Navier–Stokes equations</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Stokes%27_law" title="Stokes' law">Stokes' law</a> explains the relationship between the settling rate and the particle diameter. Under specific conditions, the particle settling rate is directly proportional to the square of particle diameter and inversely proportional to liquid viscosity.<sup id="cite_ref-seven_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seven-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The settling velocity, defined as the residence time taken for the particles to settle in the tank, enables the calculation of tank volume. Precise design and operation of a sedimentation tank is of high importance in order to keep the amount of sediment entering the diversion system to a minimum threshold by maintaining the transport system and stream stability to remove the sediment diverted from the system. This is achieved by reducing stream velocity as low as possible for the longest period of time possible. This is feasible by widening the approach channel and lowering its floor to reduce flow velocity thus allowing sediment to settle out of suspension due to gravity. The settling behavior of heavier particulates is also affected by the turbulence.<sup id="cite_ref-eight_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eight-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Designs">Designs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedimentation_(water_treatment)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Designs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fig1SB.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Fig1SB.png/220px-Fig1SB.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Fig1SB.png/330px-Fig1SB.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Fig1SB.png/440px-Fig1SB.png 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Figure 1. Different clarifier designs</figcaption></figure> <p>Although sedimentation might occur in tanks of other shapes, removal of accumulated solids is easiest with <a href="/wiki/Conveyor_belt" title="Conveyor belt">conveyor belts</a> in rectangular tanks or with scrapers rotating around the central axis of circular tanks.<sup id="cite_ref-Metcalf_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metcalf-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Settling basins and clarifiers should be designed based on the settling velocity (v<sub>s</sub>) of the smallest particle to be theoretically 100% removed. The overflow rate is defined as:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <dl><dd>Overflow rate (v<sub>o</sub> ) = Flow of water (Q (m<sup>3</sup>/s)) /(Surface area of settling basin (A(m<sup>2</sup>))</dd></dl> <p>In many countries this value is named as surface loading in m<sup>3</sup>/h per m<sup>2</sup>. Overflow rate is often used for flow over an edge (for example a weir) in the unit m<sup>3</sup>/h per m. </p><p>The unit of overflow rate is usually meters (or feet) per second, a velocity. Any particle with settling velocity (<i>v<sub>s</sub></i>) greater than the overflow rate will settle out, while other particles will settle in the ratio <i>v<sub>s</sub></i>/<i>v<sub>o</sub></i>. There are recommendations on the overflow rates for each design that ideally take into account the change in particle size as the solids move through the operation: </p> <ul><li>Quiescent zones: 9.4 mm (0.031 ft) per second</li> <li>Full-flow basins: 4.0 mm (0.013 ft) per second</li> <li>Off-line basins: 0.46 mm (0.0015 ft) per second<sup id="cite_ref-two_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-two-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>However, factors such as flow surges, wind shear, scour, and turbulence reduce the effectiveness of settling. To compensate for these less than ideal conditions, it is recommended doubling the area calculated by the previous equation.<sup id="cite_ref-two_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-two-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also important to equalize flow distribution at each point across the cross-section of the basin. Poor inlet and outlet designs can produce extremely poor flow characteristics for sedimentation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Settling basins and clarifiers can be designed as long rectangles (Figure 1.a), that are hydraulically more stable and easier to control for large volumes. Circular clarifiers (Fig. 1.b) work as a common thickener (without the usage of rakes), or as upflow tanks (Fig. 1.c).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Sedimentation efficiency does not depend on the tank depth. If the forward velocity is low enough so that the settled material does not re-suspend from the tank floor, the area is still the main parameter when designing a settling basin or clarifier, taking care that the depth is not too low.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assessment_of_main_process_characteristics">Assessment of main process characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedimentation_(water_treatment)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Assessment of main process characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Settling basins and clarifiers are designed to retain water so that suspended solids can settle. By sedimentation principles, the suitable treatment technologies should be chosen depending on the specific gravity, size and shear resistance of particles. Depending on the size and density of particles, and physical properties of the solids, there are four types of sedimentation processes: </p> <ul><li>Type 1 – Dilutes, non-<a href="/wiki/Flocculation" title="Flocculation">flocculent</a>, free-settling (every particle settles independently.)</li> <li>Type 2 – Dilute, flocculent (particles can flocculate as they settle).</li> <li>Type 3 – Concentrated suspensions, zone settling, hindered settling (sludge thickening).</li> <li>Type 4 – Concentrated suspensions, compression (sludge thickening).</li></ul> <p>Different factors control the sedimentation rate in each.<sup id="cite_ref-seventeen_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seventeen-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Settling_of_discrete_particles">Settling of discrete particles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedimentation_(water_treatment)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Settling of discrete particles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fig2SB.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Fig2SB.png/220px-Fig2SB.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Fig2SB.png/330px-Fig2SB.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Fig2SB.png/440px-Fig2SB.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="222" /></a><figcaption>Figure 2. The four functional zones of a continuous flow settling basin</figcaption></figure> <p>Unhindered settling is a process that removes the discrete particles in a very low concentration without interference from nearby particles. In general, if the concentration of the solutions is lower than 500 mg/L total suspended solids, sedimentation will be considered discrete.<sup id="cite_ref-eighteen_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eighteen-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concentrations of raceway effluent total suspended solids (TSS) in the west are usually less than 5 mg/L net. TSS concentrations of off-line settling basin effluent are less than 100 mg/L net.<sup id="cite_ref-nineteen_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nineteen-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The particles keep their size and shape during discrete settling, with an independent velocity. With such low concentrations of suspended particles, the probability of particle collisions is very low and consequently the rate of flocculation is small enough to be neglected for most calculations. Thus the surface area of the settling basin becomes the main factor of sedimentation rate. All continuous flow settling basins are divided into four parts: inlet zone, settling zone, sludge zone and outlet zone (Figure 2). </p><p>In the inlet zone, flow is established in a same forward direction. Sedimentation occurs in the settling zone as the water flow towards to outlet zone. The clarified liquid is then flow out from outlet zone. Sludge zone: settled will be collected here and usually we assume that it is removed from water flow once the particles arrives the sludge zone.<sup id="cite_ref-two_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-two-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an ideal rectangular sedimentation tank, in the settling zone, the critical particle enters at the top of the settling zone, and the settle velocity would be the smallest value to reach the sludge zone, and at the end of outlet zone, the velocity component of this critical particle are the settling velocity in vertical direction (v<sub>s</sub>) and in horizontal direction (v<sub>h</sub>). </p><p>From Figure 1, the time needed for the particle to settle; </p> <dl><dd>t<sub>o</sub> =H/v<sub>h</sub>=L/v<sub>s</sub> (3)</dd></dl> <p>Since the surface area of the tank is WL, and v<sub>s</sub> = Q/WL, v<sub>h</sub> = Q/WH, where Q is the flow rate and W, L, H is the width, length, depth of the tank. </p><p>According to Eq. 1, this also is a basic factor that can control the sedimentation tank performance which called overflow rate.<sup id="cite_ref-twenty_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twenty-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eq. 2 also shows that the depth of sedimentation tank is independent to the sedimentation efficiency, only if the forward velocity is low enough to make sure the settled mass would not suspended again from the tank floor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Settlement_of_flocculent_particles">Settlement of flocculent particles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedimentation_(water_treatment)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Settlement of flocculent particles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a horizontal sedimentation tank, some particles may not follow the diagonal line in Fig. 1, while settling faster as they grow. So this says that particles can grow and develop a higher settling velocity if a greater depth with longer retention time. However, the collision chance would be even greater if the same retention time were spread over a longer, shallower tank. In fact, in order to avoid hydraulic short-circuiting, tanks usually are made 3–6 m deep with retention times of a few hours. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zone-settling_behaviour">Zone-settling behaviour</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedimentation_(water_treatment)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Zone-settling behaviour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the concentration of particles in a suspension is increased, a point is reached where particles are so close together that they no longer settle independently of one another and the velocity fields of the fluid displaced by adjacent particles, overlap. There is also a net upward flow of liquid displaced by the settling particles. This results in a reduced particle-settling velocity and the effect is known as hindered settling. </p><p>There is a common case for hindered settling occurs. the whole suspension tends to settle as a ‘blanket’ due to its extremely high particle concentration. This is known as zone settling, because it is easy to make a distinction between several different zones which separated by concentration discontinuities. Fig. 3 represents a typical batch-settling column tests on a suspension exhibiting zone-settling characteristics. There is a clear interface near the top of the column would be formed to separating the settling sludge mass from the clarified supernatant as long as leaving such a suspension to stand in a settling column. As the suspension settles, this interface will move down at the same speed. At the same time, there is an interface near the bottom between that settled suspension and the suspended blanket. After settling of suspension is complete, the bottom interface would move upwards and meet the top interface which moves downwards. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compression_settling">Compression settling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedimentation_(water_treatment)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Compression settling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fig3SB.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Fig3SB.png/220px-Fig3SB.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Fig3SB.png/330px-Fig3SB.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Fig3SB.png/440px-Fig3SB.png 2x" data-file-width="866" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption>Figure3: Typical batch-settling column test on a suspension exhibiting zone-settling characteristics</figcaption></figure> <p>The settling particles can contact each other and arise when approaching the floor of the sedimentation tanks at very high particle concentration. So that further settling will only occur in adjust matrix as the sedimentation rate decreasing. This is can be illustrated by the lower region of the zone-settling diagram (Figure 3). In Compression zone, the settled solids are compressed by gravity (the weight of solids), as the settled solids are compressed under the weight of overlying solids, and water is squeezed out while the space gets smaller. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedimentation_(water_treatment)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potable_water_treatment">Potable water treatment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedimentation_(water_treatment)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Potable water treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sedimentation in <a href="/wiki/Water_purification" title="Water purification">potable water treatment</a> generally follows a step of chemical coagulation and <a href="/wiki/Flocculation" title="Flocculation">flocculation</a>, which allows grouping particles together into flocs of a bigger size. This increases the settling speed of suspended solids and allows settling colloids. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wastewater_treatment">Wastewater treatment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedimentation_(water_treatment)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Wastewater treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wastewater_treatment" title="Wastewater treatment">Wastewater treatment</a></div> <p>Sedimentation has been used to treat wastewater for millennia.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment#Primary_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">Primary treatment</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a> is removal of floating and settleable solids through sedimentation.<sup id="cite_ref-Steel_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steel-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Primary clarifiers</i> reduce the content of suspended solids as well as the pollutant embedded in the suspended solids.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_Primer_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA_Primer-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5–9">: 5–9 </span></sup> Because of the large amount of <a href="/wiki/Reagent" title="Reagent">reagent</a> necessary to treat domestic wastewater, preliminary chemical coagulation and flocculation are generally not used, remaining suspended solids being reduced by following stages of the system. However, coagulation and flocculation can be used for building a compact treatment plant (also called a "package treatment plant"), or for further polishing of the treated water.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_Package_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA_Package-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sedimentation tanks called "secondary clarifiers" remove flocs of biological growth created in some methods of <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment#Secondary_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">secondary treatment</a> including <a href="/wiki/Activated_sludge" title="Activated sludge">activated sludge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trickling_filter" title="Trickling filter">trickling filters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rotating_biological_contactor" title="Rotating biological contactor">rotating biological contactors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_Primer_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA_Primer-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 13">: 13 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedimentation_(water_treatment)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/API_oil-water_separator" class="mw-redirect" title="API oil-water separator">API oil-water separator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolved_air_flotation" title="Dissolved air flotation">Dissolved air flotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waste-water_treatment_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of waste-water treatment technologies">List of waste-water treatment technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">Sewage treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_suspended_solids" title="Total suspended solids">Total suspended solids</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedimentation_(water_treatment)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-j1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-j1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOmelia1998" class="citation journal cs1">Omelia, C (1998). "Coagulation and sedimentation in lakes, reservoirs and water treatment plants". <i>Water Science and Technology</i>. <b>37</b> (2): 129. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0273-1223%2898%2900018-3">10.1016/S0273-1223(98)00018-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Water+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Coagulation+and+sedimentation+in+lakes%2C+reservoirs+and+water+treatment+plants&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=129&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0273-1223%2898%2900018-3&rft.aulast=Omelia&rft.aufirst=C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASedimentation+%28water+treatment%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-b1_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldman, Steven J., Jackson, Katharine & Bursztynsky, Taras A. <i>Erosion & Sediment Control Handbook.</i> McGraw-Hill (1986). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-023655-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-023655-0">0-07-023655-0</a>. pp. 8.2, 8.12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-b2_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hammer, Mark J. <i>Water and Waste-Water Technology.</i> John Wiley & Sons (1975). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-34726-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-34726-4">0-471-34726-4</a>. pp. 223–225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-b3_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reinsel, M., Apex Engineering. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wateronline.com/doc/industrial-water-treatment-for-inorganic-contaminants-physical-treatment-processes-0001">'Industrial Water Treatment For Inorganic Contaminants: Physical Treatment Processes'</a> Water Online; Accessed 15 October 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Franson-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Franson_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franson, Mary Ann. <i>Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater.</i> 14th ed. (1975) APHA, AWWA & WPCF. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87553-078-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87553-078-8">0-87553-078-8</a>. pp. 89–98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-seven-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-seven_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beatop (Zhuhai) Instruments Ltd., Zhuhai, China. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beatop.com/Articles/principle_sedimentation_PSA.pdf">"The Technology and Application of Sedimentation Particle Size Measurement."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185205/http://www.beatop.com/Articles/principle_sedimentation_PSA.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-10-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Accessed 13 October 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eight-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eight_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boeriu, P., Roelvink, J. A., Simanjuntak, T. D., "Consideration on The Sedimentation Process in a Settling Basin." <i>J. Hydrol. Hydromech.</i> 2009, pp. 16-25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Metcalf-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Metcalf_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Metcalf & Eddy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filecrop.com/wastewater-engineering-metcalf-eddy.html"><i>Wastewater Engineering.</i></a> McGraw-Hill (1972). pp. 449–453.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-two-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-two_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-two_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-two_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Western Regional Aquaculture Center, University of Washington. Seattle, WA (2001). "Settling Basin Design". WRAC Publication No. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-seventeen-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-seventeen_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks. (1997): Guidelines for Assessing the Design, Size and Operation of Sediment Ponds Used in Mining; Pollution Prevention Branch.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eighteen-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eighteen_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Department of Planning and Local Government, Adelaide, Australia (2010). "Water Sensitive Urban Design." <i>Technical Manual for the Greater Adelaide Region.</i> Government of South Australia, Adelaide.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nineteen-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nineteen_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sewerage and Water Board of New Orleans, Louisiana (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swbno.org/history_water_purification.asp">"The Water Purification Process at the Carrollton Plant."</a> Accessed 14 October 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-twenty-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-twenty_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-KANPUR/wasteWater/Lecture%206.htm">"Sedimentation Tank Design."</a> Lecture notes from <i>Waste & Wastewater Engineering 2006,</i> National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning, Chennai, India. Accessed 14 October 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chatzakis, M. K., Lyrintzis, A. G., Mara, D. D., and <a href="/wiki/Andreas_N._Angelakis" title="Andreas N. Angelakis">Angelakis, A. N.</a> (2006). "Sedimentation Tanks through the Ages." Proceedings of the 1st IWA International Symposium on Water and Wastewater Technologies in Ancient Civilizations, Iraklio, Greece, 28–30 October 2006, pp. 757–762.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steel-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Steel_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steel, E.W. & McGhee, Terence J. <i>Water Supply and Sewerage.</i> (5th ed.) McGraw-Hill (1979). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-060929-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-060929-2">0-07-060929-2</a>. pp. 469–475</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EPA_Primer-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EPA_Primer_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPA_Primer_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Washington, DC (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/owm/primer.pdf">"Primer for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Systems."</a> Document no. EPA 832-R-04-001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EPA_Package-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EPA_Package_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">EPA. Washington, DC (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/owm/mtb/package_plant.pdf">"Package Plants."</a> Wastewater Technology Fact Sheet. Document no. EPA 832-F-00-016.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedimentation_(water_treatment)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Weber, Walter J., Jr. <i>Physicochemical Processes for Water Quality Control.</i> John Wiley & Sons (1972). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-92435-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-92435-0">0-471-92435-0</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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extraction">Acid–base extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adsorption" title="Adsorption">Adsorption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">Chromatography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-flow_filtration" title="Cross-flow filtration">Cross-flow filtration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystallization" title="Crystallization">Crystallization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclonic_separation" title="Cyclonic separation">Cyclonic separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decantation" title="Decantation">Decantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialysis_(chemistry)" title="Dialysis (chemistry)">Dialysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolved_air_flotation" title="Dissolved air flotation">Dissolved air flotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">Distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drying" title="Drying">Drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrochromatography" title="Electrochromatography">Electrochromatography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrofiltration" title="Electrofiltration">Electrofiltration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraction_(chemistry)" title="Extraction (chemistry)">Extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filtration" title="Filtration">Filtration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flocculation" title="Flocculation">Flocculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Froth_flotation" title="Froth flotation">Froth flotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_separation" title="Gravity separation">Gravity separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaching_(chemistry)" title="Leaching (chemistry)">Leaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid%E2%80%93liquid_extraction" title="Liquid–liquid extraction">Liquid–liquid extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroextraction" title="Electroextraction">Electroextraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microfiltration" title="Microfiltration">Microfiltration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmosis" title="Osmosis">Osmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(chemistry)" title="Precipitation (chemistry)">Precipitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recrystallization_(chemistry)" title="Recrystallization (chemistry)">Recrystallization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_osmosis" title="Reverse osmosis">Reverse osmosis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sedimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-phase_extraction" title="Solid-phase extraction">Solid-phase extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition)">Sublimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrafiltration" title="Ultrafiltration">Ultrafiltration</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ChemSepProcDiagram.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Separation process schematic"><img alt="Separation process schematic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/ChemSepProcDiagram.svg/81px-ChemSepProcDiagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="81" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/ChemSepProcDiagram.svg/122px-ChemSepProcDiagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/ChemSepProcDiagram.svg/162px-ChemSepProcDiagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="510" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/API_oil%E2%80%93water_separator" title="API oil–water separator">API oil–water separator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_filter" title="Belt filter">Belt filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrifuge" title="Centrifuge">Centrifuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_filter" title="Depth filter">Depth filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_precipitator" title="Electrostatic precipitator">Electrostatic precipitator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporator" title="Evaporator">Evaporator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_press" title="Filter press">Filter press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractionating_column" title="Fractionating column">Fractionating column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leachate" title="Leachate">Leachate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixer-settler" title="Mixer-settler">Mixer-settler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_skimmer" title="Protein skimmer">Protein skimmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_sand_filter" title="Rapid sand filter">Rapid sand filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_vacuum-drum_filter" title="Rotary vacuum-drum filter">Rotary vacuum-drum filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrubber" title="Scrubber">Scrubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_cone" title="Spinning cone">Spinning cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still" title="Still">Still</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublimation_apparatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublimation apparatus">Sublimation apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_ceramic_filter" title="Vacuum ceramic filter">Vacuum ceramic filter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiphase<br /> systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqueous_two-phase_system" title="Aqueous two-phase system">Aqueous two-phase system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azeotrope" title="Azeotrope">Azeotrope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutectic_system" title="Eutectic system">Eutectic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unit_operation" title="Unit operation">Unit operation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wastewater" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wastewater" title="Template:Wastewater"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wastewater" title="Template talk:Wastewater"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wastewater" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wastewater"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wastewater" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">Wastewater</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources and types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_mine_drainage" title="Acid mine drainage">Acid mine drainage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballast_water_discharge_and_the_environment" title="Ballast water discharge and the environment">Ballast water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathroom" title="Bathroom">Bathroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackwater_(coal)" title="Blackwater (coal)">Blackwater (coal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackwater_(waste)" title="Blackwater (waste)">Blackwater (waste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiler_blowdown" title="Boiler blowdown">Boiler blowdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brine" title="Brine">Brine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_sewer" title="Combined sewer">Combined sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower#Wet_cooling_tower_material_balance" title="Cooling tower">Cooling tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_cooling" title="Water cooling">Cooling water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal_sludge_management" title="Fecal sludge management">Fecal sludge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greywater" title="Greywater">Greywater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration/Inflow" title="Infiltration/Inflow">Infiltration/Inflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment#Sources_of_industrial_wastewater" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_exchange#Regeneration_wastewater" title="Ion exchange">Ion exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leachate" title="Leachate">Leachate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentrated_animal_feeding_operation" title="Concentrated animal feeding operation">Manure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_paper#Water_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of paper">Papermaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Produced_water" title="Produced water">Produced water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_flow" title="Return flow">Return flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_osmosis#Waste_stream_considerations" title="Reverse osmosis">Reverse osmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">Sanitary sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septage" class="mw-redirect" title="Septage">Septage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_sludge" title="Sewage sludge">Sewage sludge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet" title="Toilet">Toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wastewater_quality_indicators" title="Wastewater quality indicators">Quality indicators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adsorbable_organic_halides" title="Adsorbable organic halides">Adsorbable organic halides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochemical_oxygen_demand" title="Biochemical oxygen demand">Biochemical oxygen demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_oxygen_demand" title="Chemical oxygen demand">Chemical oxygen demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coliform_index" title="Coliform index">Coliform index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_saturation" title="Oxygen saturation">Oxygen saturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">Salinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">Temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_dissolved_solids" title="Total dissolved solids">Total dissolved solids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_suspended_solids" title="Total suspended solids">Total suspended solids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">Turbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater_surveillance" title="Wastewater surveillance">Wastewater surveillance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wastewater_treatment" title="Wastewater treatment">Treatment options</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activated_sludge" title="Activated sludge">Activated sludge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerated_lagoon" title="Aerated lagoon">Aerated lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">Agricultural wastewater treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/API_oil%E2%80%93water_separator" title="API oil–water separator">API oil–water separator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_filtering" title="Carbon filtering">Carbon filtering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_chlorination" title="Water chlorination">Chlorination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarifier" title="Clarifier">Clarifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_wetland" title="Constructed wetland">Constructed wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_wastewater_system" title="Decentralized wastewater system">Decentralized wastewater system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_aeration" title="Extended aeration">Extended aeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facultative_lagoon" title="Facultative lagoon">Facultative lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal_sludge_management" title="Fecal sludge management">Fecal sludge management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filtration" title="Filtration">Filtration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imhoff_tank" title="Imhoff tank">Imhoff tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">Industrial wastewater treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_exchange" title="Ion exchange">Ion exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membrane_bioreactor" title="Membrane bioreactor">Membrane bioreactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_osmosis" title="Reverse osmosis">Reverse osmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotating_biological_contactor" title="Rotating biological contactor">Rotating biological contactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_treatment" title="Secondary treatment">Secondary treatment</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sedimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">Septic tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settling_basin" title="Settling basin">Settling basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_sludge_treatment" title="Sewage sludge treatment">Sewage sludge treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">Sewage treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewer_mining" title="Sewer mining">Sewer mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilization_pond" class="mw-redirect" title="Stabilization pond">Stabilization pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trickling_filter" title="Trickling filter">Trickling filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_germicidal_irradiation" title="Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation">Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upflow_anaerobic_sludge_blanket_digestion" title="Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket digestion">UASB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermifilter" title="Vermifilter">Vermifilter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater_treatment_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Wastewater treatment plant">Wastewater treatment plant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disposal options</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combined_sewer" title="Combined sewer">Combined sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporation_pond" title="Evaporation pond">Evaporation pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_recharge" title="Groundwater recharge">Groundwater recharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_basin" title="Infiltration basin">Infiltration basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injection_well" title="Injection well">Injection well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_dumping" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine dumping">Marine dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_outfall" title="Marine outfall">Marine outfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">Reclaimed water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">Sanitary sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septic_drain_field" title="Septic drain field">Septic drain field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_farm" title="Sewage farm">Sewage farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_drain" title="Storm drain">Storm drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_sewer" title="Vacuum sewer">Vacuum sewer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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