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class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowel_harmony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowel_harmony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Vowel harmony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowel_harmony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Stress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Adjectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Degrees_of_comparison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Degrees_of_comparison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Degrees of comparison</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Degrees_of_comparison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comparative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Comparative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Superlative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Superlative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Superlative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Superlative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annotated_text_with_gloss" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annotated_text_with_gloss"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Annotated text with gloss</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annotated_text_with_gloss-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> 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<div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Kazakh language: Difference between revisions</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 141 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-141" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">141 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8A%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Къазахъыбзэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Къазахъыбзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasaks" title="Kasaks – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kasaks" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AB%E1%8B%9B%E1%8A%AD%E1%8A%9B" title="ካዛክኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ካዛክኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="कज़ाख भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कज़ाख भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%9F%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Аҟазах бызшәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аҟазах бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة القازاقية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة القازاقية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_cazaco" title="Idioma cazaco – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma cazaco" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_kazaquistan%C3%ADn" title="Idioma kazaquistanín – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma kazaquistanín" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D3%80" title="Хъазах мацӀ – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Хъазах мацӀ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qazax_dili" title="Qazax dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qazax dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AC%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="قازاق تورکجه‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قازاق تورکجه‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="কাজাখ ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কাজাখ ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh-g%C3%AD" title="Kazakh-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kazakh-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D2%99%D0%B0%D2%A1_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Ҡаҙаҡ теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡаҙаҡ теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Казахская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Казахская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Казаская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Казаская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="कजाक भाषा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कजाक भाषा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Казахски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Казахски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakeg" title="Kazakeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kazakeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Хасаг хэлэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хасаг хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh" title="Kazakh – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kazakh" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Казах чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Казах чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaza%C5%A1tina" title="Kazaština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kazaština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Quazak" title="Lingua Quazak – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Lingua Quazak" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casacheg" title="Casacheg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Casacheg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasakhisk_(sprog)" title="Kasakhisk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kasakhisk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasachische_Sprache" title="Kasachische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kasachische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasahhi_keel" title="Kasahhi keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kasahhi keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Καζακική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καζακική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_kazajo" title="Idioma kazajo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma kazajo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaza%C4%A5a_lingvo" title="Kazaĥa lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kazaĥa lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhera" title="Kazakhera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kazakhera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C" title="زبان قزاقی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان قزاقی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_bhasa" title="Kazakh bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Kazakh bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh" title="Kazakh – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kazakh" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazachsk" title="Kazachsk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kazachsk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Chasaicis" title="An Chasaicis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Chasaicis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazak_dili" title="Kazak dili – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Kazak dili" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_casaca" title="Lingua casaca – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua casaca" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="ГӀазакхой мотт – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ГӀазакхой мотт" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh-ng%C3%AE" title="Kazakh-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kazakh-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EC%9E%90%ED%9D%90%EC%96%B4" title="카자흐어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카자흐어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%82%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Ղազախերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ղազախերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="कज़ाख़ भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कज़ाख़ भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazach%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Kazachšćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Kazachšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaza%C5%A1ki_jezik" title="Kazaški jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kazaški jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Kazakh" title="Bahasa Kazakh – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Kazakh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Хъазахаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хъазахаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasakska" title="Kasakska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kasakska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_kazaka" title="Lingua kazaka – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua kazaka" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%96%D7%97%D7%99%D7%AA" title="קזחית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קזחית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ყაზახური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ყაზახური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazachsczi_j%C3%A3z%C3%ABk" title="Kazachsczi jãzëk – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Kazachsczi jãzëk" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D2%9B_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Қазақ тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қазақ тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igikazaki" title="Igikazaki – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Igikazaki" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikazakhi" title="Kikazakhi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kikazakhi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Казах кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Казах кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazaxava" title="Kazaxava – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Kazaxava" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_qazax%C3%AE" title="Zimanê qazaxî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê qazaxî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Казак тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Казак тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%B9%D3%B9%D0%BB%D0%BC%D3%B9" title="Казах йӹлмӹ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Казах йӹлмӹ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Казах маз – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Казах маз" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Kazachica" title="Lingua Kazachica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Kazachica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazahu_valoda" title="Kazahu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kazahu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazach%C5%B3_kalba" title="Kazachų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kazachų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazachs" title="Kazachs – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kazachs" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cazac_(lingua)" title="Cazac (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cazac (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazahan_kieli" title="Kazahan kieli – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kazahan kieli" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazak_nyelv" title="Kazak nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kazak nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Казашки јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Казашки јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_kaz%C3%A0ka" title="Fiteny kazàka – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny kazàka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="കസാക്ക് ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കസാക്ക് ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="कझाक भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कझाक भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ყაზახური ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ყაზახური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%87" title="لغه قازاقيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه قازاقيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C" title="قزاقی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="قزاقی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Kazakh" title="Bahasa Kazakh – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Kazakh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%93%EA%AF%88_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯀꯓꯈ ꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀꯓꯈ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Kazakh-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Kazakh-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Казах хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Казах хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazachs" title="Kazachs – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kazachs" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="कजाख भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कजाख भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B6%E3%83%95%E8%AA%9E" title="カザフ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カザフ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Кхазакхийн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Кхазакхийн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasachisk_spriak" title="Kasachisk spriak – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kasachisk spriak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasakhisk" title="Kasakhisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kasakhisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasakhisk" title="Kasakhisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kasakhisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cazac" title="Cazac – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cazac" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Казах йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Казах йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qozoq_tili" title="Qozoq tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qozoq tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%96_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਕਜ਼ਾਖ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਜ਼ਾਖ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%82_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="قازق بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="قازق بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazachs" title="Kazachs – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Kazachs" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="کزاخي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کزاخي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Казах кыв – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Казах кыв" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_kazaka" title="Lenga kazaka – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga kazaka" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasachsche_Spraak" title="Kasachsche Spraak – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kasachsche Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_kazachski" title="Język kazachski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język kazachski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_cazaque" title="Língua cazaque – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua cazaque" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qazaq_tili" title="Qazaq tili – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Qazaq tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qazah_tili" title="Qazah tili – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Qazah tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_kazah%C4%83" title="Limba kazahă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba kazahă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qasaq_simi" title="Qasaq simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qasaq simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Казахский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Казахский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Казах тыла – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Казах тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%CA%BBa_Kasaka" title="Faʻa Kasaka – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Faʻa Kasaka" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%B7_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱠᱟᱡᱟᱠᱷ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱟᱡᱟᱠᱷ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_leid" title="Kazakh leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Kazakh leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_kazake" title="Gjuha kazake – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha kazake" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kazakh language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaza%C5%A1tina" title="Kazaština – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kazaština" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaza%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Kazaščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kazaščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%EA%99%81%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D1%A9%EA%99%81%EA%99%91%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Каꙁачьскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Каꙁачьскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazachsko_godka" title="Kazachsko godka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kazachsko godka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AE%DB%8C" title="زمانی کازاخی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی کازاخی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Казашки језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Казашки језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaza%C5%A1ki_jezik" title="Kazaški jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kazaški jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakin_kieli" title="Kazakin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kazakin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakiska" title="Kazakiska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kazakiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Kasaho" title="Wikang Kasaho – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Kasaho" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="காசாக்கு மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காசாக்கு மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Казакъ теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Казакъ теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%BD%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%9E%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%81%B5%E1%82%82%E1%81%A2%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B5%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%81%B8%E1%81%A2%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88" title="ၽႃႇသႃႇၵႂၢမ်းၵႃႇၸၢၵ်ႈ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ၽႃႇသႃႇၵႂၢမ်းၵႃႇၸၢၵ်ႈ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%84" title="ภาษาคาซัค – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาคาซัค" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D2%9B%D3%A3" title="Забони қазоқӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони қазоқӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazak%C3%A7a" title="Kazakça – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kazakça" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazak_dili" title="Gazak dili – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Gazak dili" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Казах дыл – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Казах дыл" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Казах кыл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Казах кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Казахська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Казахська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%82_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قازق زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قازق زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="قازاق تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قازاق تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazahan_kel%27" title="Kazahan kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kazahan kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Kazakh" title="Tiếng Kazakh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Kazakh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="哈萨克语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="哈萨克语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_K%C3%A0s%C3%A1kh%C3%AC" title="Èdè Kàsákhì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Kàsákhì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E8%A9%B1" title="哈薩克話 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="哈薩克話" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qazaxki" title="Qazaxki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Qazaxki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazaku_kalba" title="Kazaku kalba – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kazaku kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="哈萨克语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="哈萨克语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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Kazakh builds words by adding suffixes one after another to the word stem, with each suffix expressing only one unique meaning and following a fixed sequence. ''[[Ethnologue]]'' recognizes three mutually intelligible dialect groups: Northeastern Kazakh—the most widely spoken variety, which also serves as the basis for the official language—Southern Kazakh, and Western Kazakh. The language shares a degree of mutual intelligibility with closely related [[Karakalpak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|Karakalpak]] while its Western dialects maintain limited mutual intelligibility with [[Altai languages]].</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Like other Turkic languages, Kazakh is an [[agglutinative language]] and employs [[vowel harmony]]. Kazakh builds words by adding suffixes one after another to the word stem, with each suffix expressing only one unique meaning and following a fixed sequence. ''[[Ethnologue]]'' recognizes three mutually intelligible dialect groups: Northeastern Kazakh—the most widely spoken variety, which also serves as the basis for the official language—Southern Kazakh, and Western Kazakh. The language shares a degree of mutual intelligibility with closely related [[Karakalpak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|Karakalpak]] while its Western dialects maintain limited mutual intelligibility with [[Altai languages]].</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>In October 2017, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[President of Kazakhstan|</del>Kazakh president<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</del> [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] decreed that the writing system would change from using [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] to [[Latin script]] by 2025. The proposed Latin alphabet has been revised several times and as of January 2021 is close to the inventory of the [[Turkish alphabet]], though lacking the letters C and Ç and having four additional letters: Ä, Ñ, Q and Ū (though other letters such as Y have different values in the two languages). Over one million Kazakh speakers in Xinjiang still rely on the [[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic script]] for writing. It is scheduled to be phased in from 2023 to 2031.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>In October 2017, Kazakh president [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] decreed that the writing system would change from using [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] to [[Latin script]] by 2025. The proposed Latin alphabet has been revised several times and as of January 2021 is close to the inventory of the [[Turkish alphabet]], though lacking the letters C and Ç and having four additional letters: Ä, Ñ, Q and Ū (though other letters such as Y have different values in the two languages). Over one million Kazakh speakers in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Xinjiang<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins> still rely on the [[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic script]] for writing. It is scheduled to be phased in from 2023 to 2031.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==Geographic distribution==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==Geographic distribution==</div></td> </tr>  </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Latest revision as of 12:46, 19 November 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Turkic language mostly spoken in Kazakhstan</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;">Kazakh</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;"><span title="Kazakh-language text"><span lang="kk">қазақша</span></span> or <span title="Kazakh-language text"><span lang="kk">қазақ тілі</span></span><br /><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">qazaqşa</i></span> or <span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">qazaq tılı</i></span><br /><span title="Kazakh-language text"><span lang="kk-Arab" dir="rtl">قازاقشا</span></span> or <span title="Kazakh-language text"><span lang="kk-Arab" dir="rtl">قازاق ٴتىلى</span></span><br /><span title="Kazakh-language text"><span lang="kk-Arab" dir="rtl">قزاقشا</span></span> or <span title="Kazakh-language text"><span lang="kk-Arab" dir="rtl">قزاق تلى</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazakh_language.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Kazakh_language.png/200px-Kazakh_language.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Kazakh_language.png/300px-Kazakh_language.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Kazakh_language.png/400px-Kazakh_language.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Kazakh in <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Arabic">Perso-Arabic</a> scripts</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="kk-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">[qɑzɑqˈʃɑ]</a></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="kk-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">[qɑˈzɑq<span class="wrap"> </span>tɘˈlɘ]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Central Asia<br />(<a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestan</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">16.7 million (2024 census)<sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Common_Turkic_languages" title="Common Turkic languages">Common Turkic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak–Nogai</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Kazakh</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh alphabets</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Braille" title="Kazakh Braille">Kazakh Braille</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Republic" title="Altai Republic">Altai Republic</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Kazakh_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture">Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bark%C3%B6l_Kazakh_Autonomous_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Barköl Kazakh Autonomous County">Barköl Kazakh Autonomous County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mori_Kazakh_Autonomous_County" title="Mori Kazakh Autonomous County">Mori Kazakh Autonomous County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksay_Kazakh_Autonomous_County" title="Aksay Kazakh Autonomous County">Aksay Kazakh Autonomous County</a></li></ul> <br /><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div>Organisations:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_and_Sports_(Kazakhstan)" title="Ministry of Culture and Sports (Kazakhstan)">Ministry of Culture and Sports</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_and_Science_(Kazakhstan)" title="Ministry of Education and Science (Kazakhstan)">Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=kk">kk</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=229">kaz</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/kaz" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:kaz">kaz</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kaza1248">kaza1248</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=44-AAB-cc">44-AAB-cc</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Idioma_kazajo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Idioma_kazajo.png/320px-Idioma_kazajo.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Idioma_kazajo.png/480px-Idioma_kazajo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Idioma_kazajo.png 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="364" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">The Kazakh-speaking world: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0080FF; color:black;"> </span> regions where Kazakh is the language of the majority</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#88C4FF; color:black;"> </span> regions where Kazakh is the language of a significant minority</div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/WIKITONGUES-_Yernur_speaking_Kazakh.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Yernur_speaking_Kazakh.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="123" data-durationhint="57" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Yernur_speaking_Kazakh.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Yernur_speaking_Kazakh.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/20/WIKITONGUES-_Yernur_speaking_Kazakh.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Yernur_speaking_Kazakh.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/WIKITONGUES-_Yernur_speaking_Kazakh.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1080" data-height="606" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/20/WIKITONGUES-_Yernur_speaking_Kazakh.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Yernur_speaking_Kazakh.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/20/WIKITONGUES-_Yernur_speaking_Kazakh.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Yernur_speaking_Kazakh.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/20/WIKITONGUES-_Yernur_speaking_Kazakh.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Yernur_speaking_Kazakh.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Yernur_speaking_Kazakh.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Yernur_speaking_Kazakh.webm&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Yernur_speaking_Kazakh.webm&lang=kk-kz&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="kk-KZ" label="қазақша (Қазақстан) ‪(kk-kz)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Yernur_speaking_Kazakh.webm&lang=kk-latn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="kk-Latn" label="qazaqşa (latın) ‪(kk-latn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>A Kazakh speaker, recorded in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/WIKITONGUES-_Mereinur_speaking_Kazakh.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Mereinur_speaking_Kazakh.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="129" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Mereinur_speaking_Kazakh.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Mereinur_speaking_Kazakh.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/51/WIKITONGUES-_Mereinur_speaking_Kazakh.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Mereinur_speaking_Kazakh.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/51/WIKITONGUES-_Mereinur_speaking_Kazakh.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Mereinur_speaking_Kazakh.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/WIKITONGUES-_Mereinur_speaking_Kazakh.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/51/WIKITONGUES-_Mereinur_speaking_Kazakh.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Mereinur_speaking_Kazakh.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/51/WIKITONGUES-_Mereinur_speaking_Kazakh.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Mereinur_speaking_Kazakh.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/51/WIKITONGUES-_Mereinur_speaking_Kazakh.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Mereinur_speaking_Kazakh.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Mereinur_speaking_Kazakh.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Mereinur_speaking_Kazakh.webm&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Mereinur_speaking_Kazakh.webm&lang=kk-kz&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="kk-KZ" label="қазақша (Қазақстан) ‪(kk-kz)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Mereinur_speaking_Kazakh.webm&lang=kk-latn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="kk-Latn" label="qazaqşa (latın) ‪(kk-latn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>A Kazakh speaker, recorded in <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Kazakh</b><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak</a> branch spoken in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> by <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a>. It is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karakalpak_language" title="Karakalpak language">Karakalpak</a>. It is the official language of <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, and has official status in the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Republic" title="Altai Republic">Altai Republic</a> of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. It is also a significant minority language in the <a href="/wiki/Ili_Kazakh_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture">Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture</a> in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Bayan-%C3%96lgii_Province" title="Bayan-Ölgii Province">Bayan-Ölgii Province</a> of western <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>. The language is also spoken by many ethnic Kazakhs throughout the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (some 472,000 in Russia according to the <a href="/wiki/2010_Russian_census" title="2010 Russian census">2010 Russian census</a>), <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. </p><p>Like other Turkic languages, Kazakh is an <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative_language" title="Agglutinative language">agglutinative language</a> and employs <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a>. Kazakh builds words by adding suffixes one after another to the word stem, with each suffix expressing only one unique meaning and following a fixed sequence. <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> recognizes three mutually intelligible dialect groups: Northeastern Kazakh—the most widely spoken variety, which also serves as the basis for the official language—Southern Kazakh, and Western Kazakh. The language shares a degree of mutual intelligibility with closely related <a href="/wiki/Karakalpak_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Karakalpak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Karakalpak</a> while its Western dialects maintain limited mutual intelligibility with <a href="/wiki/Altai_languages" title="Altai languages">Altai languages</a>. </p><p>In October 2017, Kazakh president <a href="/wiki/Nursultan_Nazarbayev" title="Nursultan Nazarbayev">Nursultan Nazarbayev</a> decreed that the writing system would change from using <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> to <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> by 2025. The proposed Latin alphabet has been revised several times and as of January 2021 is close to the inventory of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_alphabet" title="Turkish alphabet">Turkish alphabet</a>, though lacking the letters C and Ç and having four additional letters: Ä, Ñ, Q and Ū (though other letters such as Y have different values in the two languages). Over one million Kazakh speakers in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> still rely on the <a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Perso-Arabic script</a> for writing. It is scheduled to be phased in from 2023 to 2031. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakh_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Speakers of Kazakh (mainly Kazakhs) are spread over a vast territory from the <a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a> to the western shore of the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>. Kazakh is the official state language of Kazakhstan, with nearly 10 million speakers (based on information from the <a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on population and proportion of Kazakh speakers).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In China, nearly two million ethnic Kazakhs and Kazakh speakers reside in the <a href="/wiki/Ili_Kazakh_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture">Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture</a> of Xinjiang. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakh_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak</a> branch of Turkic languages, which Kazakh is borne out of, was mainly solidified during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>. The modern Kazakh language is said to have originated in approximately 1465 AD during the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Khanate" title="Kazakh Khanate">Kazakh Khanate</a>. Modern Kazakh is likely a descendant of both <a href="/wiki/Chagatay_Turkic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chagatay Turkic">Chagatay Turkic</a> as spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Timurids" class="mw-redirect" title="Timurids">Timurids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak Turkic</a> as spoken in the Golden Horde. </p><p>Kazakh uses a high volume of loanwords from <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> due to the frequent historical interactions between Kazakhs and <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian ethnic groups</a> to the south. Additionally, Persian was a <i>lingua franca</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Khanate" title="Kazakh Khanate">Kazakh Khanate</a>, which allowed Kazakhs to mix Persian words into their own spoken and written vernacular. Meanwhile, Arabic was used by Kazakhs in <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausoleums</a>, serving as a language exclusively for religious contexts, similar to how Latin served as a liturgical language in the Western European cultural sphere. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyrillic_alphabet_world_distribution.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Cyrillic_alphabet_world_distribution.svg/220px-Cyrillic_alphabet_world_distribution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Cyrillic_alphabet_world_distribution.svg/330px-Cyrillic_alphabet_world_distribution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Cyrillic_alphabet_world_distribution.svg/440px-Cyrillic_alphabet_world_distribution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1035" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>A geographical map of Cyrillic alphabet distribution.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Kazakhs used the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a> to write their language until approximately 1929. In the early 1900s, Kazakh activist <a href="/wiki/Akhmet_Baitursynov" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhmet Baitursynov">Akhmet Baitursynuly</a> reformed the Kazakh-Arabic alphabet, but his work was largely overshadowed by the Soviet presence in Central Asia. At that point, the new Soviet regime forced the Kazakhs to use a Latin script, and then a Cyrillic script in the 1940s. Today, Kazakhs use the Cyrillic and Latin scripts to write their language, although a presidential decree from 2017 ordered the <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">transition from Cyrillic to Latin</a> by 2031. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology_and_orthography">Phonology and orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakh_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phonology and orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kazakh exhibits <a href="/wiki/Retracted_tongue_root" class="mw-redirect" title="Retracted tongue root">tongue-root</a> <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a>, with some words of recent foreign origin (usually of Russian or Arabic origin) as exceptions. There is also a system of rounding harmony which resembles that of Kyrgyz, but which does not apply as strongly and is not reflected in the orthography. This system only applies to the open vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ɪ/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ʏ/</span> and not <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑ/</span>, and happens in the next syllables.<sup id="cite_ref-kaz-tili_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaz-tili-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, (in Latin script) <span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">jūldyz</i></span> 'star', <span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">bügın</i></span> 'today', and <span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">ülken</i></span> 'big' are actually pronounced as <span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">jūldūz</i></span>, <span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">bügün</i></span>, <span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">ülkön</i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakh_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following chart depicts the consonant inventory of standard Kazakh;<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many of the sounds, however, are allophones of other sounds or appear only in recent loanwords. The 18 consonant phonemes listed by Vajda are without parentheses—since these are phonemes, their listed place and manner of articulation are very general, and will vary from what is shown. (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡s/</span> rarely appears in normal speech.) Kazakh has 19 native consonant phonemes; these are the stops <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p,<span class="wrap"> </span>b,<span class="wrap"> </span>t,<span class="wrap"> </span>d,<span class="wrap"> </span>k,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡ,<span class="wrap"> </span>q/</span>, fricatives <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s,<span class="wrap"> </span>z,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɕ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʑ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʁ/</span>, nasals <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m,<span class="wrap"> </span>n,<span class="wrap"> </span>ŋ/</span>, liquids <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɾ,<span class="wrap"> </span>l/</span>, and two glides <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w,<span class="wrap"> </span>j/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ozcelik_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ozcelik-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sounds <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f,<span class="wrap"> </span>v,<span class="wrap"> </span>χ,<span class="wrap"> </span>h,<span class="wrap"> </span>t͡s,<span class="wrap"> </span>t͡ɕ/</span> are found only in loanwords. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʑ/</span> is heard as an alveolopalatal affricate <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d͡ʑ]</span> in the Kazakh dialects of Uzbekistan and Xinjiang, China. The sounds <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[q]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʁ]</span> may be analyzed as allophones of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> in words with back vowels, but exceptions occur in loanwords. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Kazakh consonant phonemes<sup id="cite_ref-Vajda_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vajda-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labials</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">(Alveolo-)<br />palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨м/m⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨н/n⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ң/ñ⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">voiceless</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨п/p⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨т/t⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨к/k⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨қ/q⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">voiced</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨б/b⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨д/d⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨г/g⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">voiceless</span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨с/s⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ш/ş⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a></span>) <span class="nowrap">⟨х/h⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">voiced</span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨з/z⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ж/j⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a></span>) <span class="nowrap">⟨ғ/ğ⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨л/l⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨й/i⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨у/u⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Tap consonant">Tap</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨р/r⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Voiced obstruents syllable-finally become devoiced.<sup id="cite_ref-kaz-tili_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaz-tili-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakh_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kazakh has a system of 12 phonemic vowels, 3 of which are diphthongs. The rounding contrast and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æ/</span> generally only occur as phonemes in the first syllable of a word, but do occur later allophonically; see the section on harmony below for more information. Moreover, the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æ/</span> sound has been included artificially due to the influence of Arabic, Persian and, later, Tatar languages during the Islamic period.<sup id="cite_ref-slaviccenters_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slaviccenters-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be found in some native words, however. </p><p>According to Vajda, the front/back quality of vowels is actually one of neutral versus <a href="/wiki/Retracted_tongue_root" class="mw-redirect" title="Retracted tongue root">retracted tongue root</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vajda_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vajda-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Phonetic values are paired with the corresponding character in Kazakh's Cyrillic and current Latin alphabets. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Kazakh vowel phonemes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Advanced_and_retracted_tongue_root" title="Advanced and retracted tongue root">Advanced tongue root</a>) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a><br />(Relaxed tongue root) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a><br />(Retracted tongue root) </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Relative_articulation#Raised_and_lowered" title="Relative articulation">ɪ̞</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨і/ı⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close central rounded vowel">ʉ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ү/ü⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Retracted_tongue_root" class="mw-redirect" title="Retracted tongue root">o̙</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ұ/ū⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">Diphthong</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">je̘</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨е/e⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">əj</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨и/i⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʊw</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨у/u⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨э/e⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ы/y⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o̞</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨о/o⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Relative_articulation#Raised_and_lowered" title="Relative articulation">æ̝</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ә/ä⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central rounded vowel">ɵ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ө/ö⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Relative_articulation#Raised_and_lowered" title="Relative articulation">ɑ̝</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨а/a⟩</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Kazakh vowels by their pronunciation </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">central</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Unrounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Unrounded vowel">unrounded</a></span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Rounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rounded vowel">rounded</a></span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">unrounded</span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">rounded</span> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Relative_articulation#Raised_and_lowered" title="Relative articulation">ɪ̞</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨і/ı⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Relative_articulation#Raised_and_lowered" title="Relative articulation">ʏ̞</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ү/ü⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ы/y⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Retracted_tongue_root" class="mw-redirect" title="Retracted tongue root">o̙</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ұ/ū⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">je̘</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨е/e⟩</span> / <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ә/ä⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central rounded vowel">ɵ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ө/ö⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Relative_articulation#Raised_and_lowered" title="Relative articulation">ɑ̝</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨а/a⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o̞</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨о/o⟩</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>There is significant debate over the Kazakh vowel phoneme chart, but all analysis agrees on an eight-vowel system with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[æ]</span> being artificially added due to influence from Arabic and Persian.</li> <li>The vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="kk-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e̞/</span> is often pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="kk-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/je̞/</span> at the beginning of the word, with exceptional root e-. Urban Kazakh tends to palatalize all <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="kk-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e̞/</span>, caused by Russian influence.<sup id="cite_ref-Muhamedowa_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muhamedowa-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowel_harmony">Vowel harmony</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakh_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vowel harmony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kazakh exhibits <a href="/wiki/Retracted_tongue_root" class="mw-redirect" title="Retracted tongue root">tongue-root</a> <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a> (also called soft-hard harmony), and arguably weakened rounding harmony which is implied in the first syllable of the word. All vowels after the first rounded syllable are the subject to this harmony with the exception of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑ/</span>, and in the following syllables, e.g. <span title="Kazakh-language text"><span lang="kk">өмір</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="kk-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ø̞mʏr]</span>, <span title="Kazakh-language text"><span lang="kk">қосы</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="kk-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[qɒso]</span>. Notably, urban Kazakh tends to violate rounding harmony, as well as pronouncing Russian borrowings against the rules.<sup id="cite_ref-Muhamedowa_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muhamedowa-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stress">Stress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakh_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Stress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most words in Kazakh are stressed in the last syllable, except:<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>When counting objects, numbers are stressed in the first syllable, but stressed in the last syllable in collective numbers suffixed by <span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">-eu</i></span> (<span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">bıreu</i></span>, <span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">altau</i></span> from <span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">bır</i></span>, <span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">alty</i></span>):</li></ul> <dl><dd><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">bır</i></span>, <span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn"><b>e</b>kı</i></span>, <span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">üş</i></span>, <span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">tört</i></span>, <span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">bes</i></span>, <span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn"><b>a</b>lty</i></span>, <span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">jetı</i></span>, ...</dd> <dd><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, ...</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span></dd></dl> <ul><li>Definite and negative pronouns are stressed in the first syllable:</li></ul> <dl><dd><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">bärıne</i></span> <span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn"><b>eş</b>kımge</i></span></dd> <dd><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">to everyone, to no one</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orthography">Orthography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakh_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh alphabets</a></div> <p>Nowadays, Kazakh is mostly written in the Cyrillic script, with an Arabic-based alphabet being used by minorities in China. Since 26 October 2017, via Presidential Decree 569, Kazakhstan will adopt the Latin script by 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-Decree569_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Decree569-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cyrillic script was created to better merge the Kazakh language with other languages of the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>, hence it has some controversial letter readings. </p><p>The letter У after a consonant represents a combination of sounds і <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="kk-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɘ/</span>, ү <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="kk-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʉ/</span>, ы <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="kk-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span>, ұ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="kk-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʊ/</span> with glide <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="kk-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e.g. <span title="Kazakh-language text"><span lang="kk">кіру</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="kk-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kɪ̞ˈrɪ̞w]</span>, <span title="Kazakh-language text"><span lang="kk">су</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="kk-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[so̙w]</span>, <span title="Kazakh-language text"><span lang="kk">көру</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="kk-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kɵˈrʏ̞w]</span>, <span title="Kazakh-language text"><span lang="kk">атысу</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="kk-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɑ̝təˈsəw]</span>. Ю undergoes the same process but with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> at the beginning. </p><p>The letter И represents a combination of sounds: i <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="kk-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɘ/</span> (in front-vowel contexts) or ы <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="kk-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> (in back vowel contexts) + glide <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="kk-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e.g. <span title="Kazakh-language text"><span lang="kk">тиіс</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="kk-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɪ̞ˈjɪ̞s]</span>, <span title="Kazakh-language text"><span lang="kk">оқиды</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="kk-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wo̞qəjˈdə]</span>. In Russian loanwords, it is realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="kk-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʲi/</span> (when stressed) or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="kk-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʲɪ/</span> (when unstressed), e.g. <span title="Kazakh-language text"><span lang="kk">изоморфизм</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="kk-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪzəmɐrˈfʲizm]</span>. </p><p>The letter Я represents either <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="kk-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jɑ/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="kk-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jæ/</span> depending on vowel harmony. </p><p>The letter Щ represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="kk-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃː/</span>, e.g. <span title="Kazakh-language text"><span lang="kk">ащы</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="kk-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɑ̝ʃ.ˈʃə]</span>. </p><p>Meanwhile, the letters В, Ё, Ф, Х, Һ, Ц, Ч, Ъ, Ь, Э are only used in loanwords—mostly those of Russian origin, but sometimes of Persian and Arabic origin. They are often substituted in spoken Kazakh. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakh_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kazakh is generally verb-final, though various permutations on <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">SOV</a> (subject–object–verb) word order can be used, for example, due to <a href="/wiki/Topicalization" title="Topicalization">topicalization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">Inflectional</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morphological_derivation" title="Morphological derivation">derivational</a> <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a>, both verbal and nominal, in Kazakh, exists almost exclusively in the form of <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative" class="mw-redirect" title="Agglutinative">agglutinative</a> suffixes. Kazakh is a nominative-accusative, head-final, left-branching, dependent-marking language.<sup id="cite_ref-mukh_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mukh-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakh_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kazakh has no <a href="/wiki/Noun_class" title="Noun class">noun class</a> or <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a> system. Nouns are declined for number (singular or plural) and one of seven cases: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">Nominative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">Accusative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">Genitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">Dative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">Locative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">Ablative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">Instrumental</a><sup id="cite_ref-slaviccenters_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slaviccenters-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The suffix for case is placed before the suffix for number. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Declension of nouns for case<sup id="cite_ref-mukh_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mukh-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Case </th> <th>Morpheme </th> <th>Possible forms </th> <th><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">keme</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">ship</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span></th> <th><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">aua</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">air</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span></th> <th><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">şelek</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">bucket</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span></th> <th><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">säbız</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">carrot</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span></th> <th><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">bas</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">head</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span></th> <th><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">tūz</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">salt</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span></th> <th><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">qan</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">blood</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span></th> <th><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">kün</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">day</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nom </th> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">keme</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">aua</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">şelek</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">säbız</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">bas</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">tūz</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">qan</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">kün</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Acc </th> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">-ny</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">-nı, -ny, -dı, -dy, -tı, -ty</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">keme<b>nı</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">aua<b>ny</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">şelek<b>tı</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">säbız<b>dı</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">bas<b>ty</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">tūz<b>dy</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">qan<b>dy</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">kün<b>dı</b></i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Gen </th> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">-nyñ</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">-nıñ, -nyñ, -dıñ, -dyñ, -tıñ, -tyñ</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">keme<b>nıñ</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">aua<b>nyñ</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">şelek<b>tıñ</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">säbız<b>dıñ</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">bas<b>tyñ</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">tūz<b>dyñ</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">qan<b>nyñ</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">kün<b>nıñ</b></i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dat </th> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">-ga</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">-ge, -ğa, -ke, -qa</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">keme<b>ge</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">aua<b>ğa</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">şelek<b>ke</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">säbız<b>ge</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">bas<b>qa</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">tūz<b>ğa</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">qan<b>ğa</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">kün<b>ge</b></i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Loc </th> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">-da</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">-de, -da, -te, -ta</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">keme<b>de</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">aua<b>da</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">şelek<b>te</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">säbız<b>de</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">bas<b>ta</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">tūz<b>da</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">qan<b>da</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">kün<b>de</b></i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Abl </th> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">-dan</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">-den, -dan, -ten, -tan, -nen, -nan</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">keme<b>den</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">aua<b>dan</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">şelek<b>ten</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">säbız<b>den</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">bas<b>tan</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">tūz<b>dan</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">qan<b>nan</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">kün<b>nen</b></i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Inst </th> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">-men</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">-men(en), -ben(en), -pen(en)</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">keme<b>men</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">aua<b>men</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">şelek<b>pen</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">säbız<b>ben</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">bas<b>pen</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">tūz<b>ben</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">qan<b>men</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">kün<b>men</b></i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Declension of nouns for number<sup id="cite_ref-slaviccenters_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slaviccenters-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Morpheme </th> <th>Possible <p>Forms </p> </th> <th><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">bala</i></span> <p><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">child</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </p> </th> <th><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">kirpi</i></span> <p><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">hedgehog</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </p> </th> <th><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">qazaq</i></span> <p><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Kazakh</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </p> </th> <th><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">mektep</i></span> <p><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">school</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </p> </th> <th><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">adam</i></span> <p><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">person</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </p> </th> <th><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">gül</i></span> <p><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">flower</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </p> </th> <th><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">söz</i></span> <p><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">word</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </p> </th></tr> <tr> <th>singular </th> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">bala</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">kirpi</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">qazaq</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">mektep</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">adam</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">gül</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">söz</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>plural </th> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">-lar</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">-lar, -ler, -ter, -tar, -der, -dar</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">bala<b>lar</b></i></span> </td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">kirpi<b>ler</b></i></span> </td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">qazaq<b>tar</b></i></span> </td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">mektep<b>ter</b></i></span> </td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">adam<b>dar</b></i></span> </td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">gül<b>der</b></i></span> </td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">söz<b>der</b></i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakh_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are eight personal pronouns in Kazakh: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Personal pronouns<sup id="cite_ref-mukh_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mukh-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">1st person </th> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">men</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">bız</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">2nd person </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">informal</span> </th> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">sen</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">sender</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">formal</span> </th> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">sız</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">sızder</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">3rd person </th> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">ol</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">olar</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The declension of the pronouns is outlined in the following chart. Singular pronouns exhibit irregularities, while plural pronouns do not. Irregular forms are highlighted in bold.<sup id="cite_ref-mukh_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mukh-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Number</th> <th colspan="4">Singular</th> <th colspan="4">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Person</th> <th rowspan="2">1st</th> <th colspan="2">2nd</th> <th rowspan="2">3rd</th> <th rowspan="2">1st</th> <th colspan="2">2nd</th> <th rowspan="2">3rd </th></tr> <tr> <th>Familiar</th> <th>Polite</th> <th>Familiar</th> <th>Polite </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">men</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">sen</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">sız</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">ol</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">bız</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">sender</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">sızder</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">olar</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td><b><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">menıñ</i></span></b></td> <td><b><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">senıñ</i></span></b></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">sızdıñ</i></span></td> <td><b><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">onyñ</i></span></b></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">bızdıñ</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">senderdıñ</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">sızderdıñ</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">olardyñ</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td><b><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">mağan</i></span></b></td> <td><b><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">sağan</i></span></b></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">sızge</i></span></td> <td><b><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">oğan</i></span></b></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">bızge</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">senderge</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">sızderge</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">olarğa</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td><b><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">menı</i></span></b></td> <td><b><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">senı</i></span></b></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">sızdı</i></span></td> <td><b><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">ony</i></span></b></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">bızdı</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">senderdı</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">sızderdı</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">olardy</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">mende</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">sende</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">sızde</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">onda</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">bızde</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">senderde</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">sızderde</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">olarda</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ablative </th> <td><b><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">menen</i></span></b></td> <td><b><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">senen</i></span></b></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">sızden</i></span></td> <td><b><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">odan</i></span></b></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">bızden</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">senderden</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">sızderden</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">olardan</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td><b><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">menımen</i></span></b></td> <td><b><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">senımen</i></span></b></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">sızben</i></span></td> <td><b><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">onymen</i></span></b></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">bızben</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">sendermen</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">sızdermen</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">olarmen</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In addition to the pronouns, there are several more sets of morphemes dealing with person.<sup id="cite_ref-mukh_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mukh-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Morphemes indicating person<sup id="cite_ref-mukh_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mukh-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Pronouns</th> <th>Copulas</th> <th>Possessive endings</th> <th>Past/Conditional </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st sg </th> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">men</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">-mın/-myn</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">-(ı)m/-(y)m</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">-(ı)m/-(y)m</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd sg </th> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">sen</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">-sıñ/-syñ</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">-(ı)ñ/-(y)ñ</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">-(ı)ñ</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd sg formal </th> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">sız</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">-sız/-syz</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">-(ı)ñız/-(y)ñyz</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">-(ı)ñız/-(y)ñyz</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd sg </th> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">ol</i></span></td> <td>–</td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">-(s)ı/-(s)y</i></span></td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>1st pl </th> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">bız</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">-mız/-myz</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">-(ı)mız/-(y)myz</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">-(ı)k/-(y)q</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd pl </th> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">sender</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">-sıñder/-syñdar</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">-laryñ/-lerıñ</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">-(ı)ñder/-(y)ñdar</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd pl formal </th> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">sızder</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">-sızder/-syzdar</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">-(ı)ñız/-(y)ñyz</i></span></td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">-(ı)ñızder/-(y)ñyzdar</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd pl </th> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">olar</i></span></td> <td>–</td> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">-lary/-lerı</i></span></td> <td>– </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adjectives">Adjectives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakh_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Adjectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">Adjectives</a> in Kazakh are not declined for any <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_category" title="Grammatical category">grammatical category</a> of the modified noun. Being a <a href="/wiki/Head-directionality_parameter" title="Head-directionality parameter">head-final</a> language, adjectives are always placed before the noun that they modify. Kazakh has two varieties of adjectives: </p> <ul><li><b>Qualitative</b> – used to describe properties of the noun, such as color</li> <li><b>Relational</b> – adjectives formed from words from other parts of speech<sup id="cite_ref-slaviccenters_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slaviccenters-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Degrees_of_comparison">Degrees of comparison</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakh_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Degrees of comparison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Comparative">Comparative</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakh_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Comparative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Comparison_(grammar)" title="Comparison (grammar)">comparative</a> form can be created by appending the suffix <span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">-(y)raq/-(ı)rek</i></span> or <span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">-tau/-teu/-dau/-dau</i></span> to an adjective. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Superlative">Superlative</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakh_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Superlative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Superlative" class="mw-redirect" title="Superlative">superlative</a> form can be created by placing the morpheme <span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">eñ</i></span> before the adjective.<sup id="cite_ref-slaviccenters_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slaviccenters-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The superlative form can also be expressed by reduplication.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakh_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kazakh may express different combinations of <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">mood</a> through the use of various verbal morphology or through a system of <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Auxiliary verbs">auxiliary verbs</a>, many of which might better be considered light verbs. The present tense is a prime example of this; progressive tense in Kazakh is formed with one of four possible auxiliaries. These auxiliaries <span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">otyr</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">sit</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, <span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">tūr</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">stand</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, <span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">jür</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">go</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> and <span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">jat</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">lie</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, encode various shades of meaning of how the action is carried out and also interact with the lexical semantics of the root verb: telic and non-telic actions, semelfactives, durative and non-durative, punctual, etc. There are selectional restrictions on auxiliaries: motion verbs, such as <span title="Kazakh-language text"><span lang="kk">бару</span></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">go</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> and <span title="Kazakh-language text"><span lang="kk">келу</span></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">come</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> may not combine with <span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">otyr</i></span>. Any verb, however, can combine with <span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">jat</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">lie</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> to get a progressive tense meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-mukh_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mukh-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Progressive aspect in the present tense<sup id="cite_ref-mukh_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mukh-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Kazakh</th> <th>Aspect</th> <th>English translation </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">Men jüzemın</i></span></td> <td>non-progressive</td> <td><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">I (will) swim [every day].</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">Men jüzıp jatyrmyn</i></span></td> <td>progressive</td> <td><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">I am swimming [right now].</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">Men jüzıp otyrmyn</i></span></td> <td>progressive/durative</td> <td><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">I am [sitting and] swimming. / I have been swimming.</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">Men jüzıp tūrmyn</i></span></td> <td>progressive/punctual</td> <td><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">I am [in the middle of] swimming [this very minute].</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">Men jüzıp jürmın</i></span></td> <td>habitual</td> <td><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">I swim [frequently/regularly]</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>While it is possible to think that different categories of aspect govern the choice of auxiliary, it is not so straightforward in Kazakh. Auxiliaries are internally sensitive to the lexical semantics of predicates, for example, verbs describing motion:<sup id="cite_ref-mukh_19-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mukh-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Selectional restrictions on Kazakh auxiliaries<sup id="cite_ref-mukh_19-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mukh-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th width="50%">Sentence </th> <th width="50%">Auxiliary Used </th></tr> <tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Suda</p><p style="margin: 0px;">water-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="locative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">LOC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">balyq</p><p style="margin: 0px;">fish</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">jüzedı</p><p style="margin: 0px;">swim-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="present tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRES</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Suda balyq jüzedı</p><p style="display: none;">water-LOC fish swim-PRES-3</p><p style="clear: left;">'Fish swim in water' (general statement)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td>∅ (present/future tense used) </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Suda</p><p style="margin: 0px;">water-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="locative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">LOC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">balyq</p><p style="margin: 0px;">fish</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">jüzıp</p><p style="margin: 0px;">swim-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="converb" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CVB</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">jatyr</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="auxiliary verb" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AUX</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Suda balyq jüzıp jatyr</p><p style="display: none;">water-LOC fish swim-CVB AUX.3</p><p style="clear: left;">'The/A fish is swimming in the water'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><b><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">jat</i></span></b>－ <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">to lie</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, general marker for progressive aspect. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Suda</p><p style="margin: 0px;">water-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="locative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">LOC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">balyq</p><p style="margin: 0px;">fish</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">jüzıp</p><p style="margin: 0px;">swim-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="converb" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CVB</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">jür</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="auxiliary verb" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AUX</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Suda balyq jüzıp jür</p><p style="display: none;">water-LOC fish swim-CVB AUX.3</p><p style="clear: left;">'The fish is swimming [as it always does] in the water'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><b><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">jür</i></span></b> – <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">go</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, dynamic/habitual/iterative </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Suda</p><p style="margin: 0px;">water-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="locative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">LOC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">balyq</p><p style="margin: 0px;">fish</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">jüzıp</p><p style="margin: 0px;">swim-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="converb" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CVB</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tūr</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="auxiliary verb" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AUX</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Suda balyq jüzıp tūr</p><p style="display: none;">water-LOC fish swim-CVB AUX.3</p><p style="clear: left;">'The fish is swimming in the water'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><b><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">tūr</i></span></b> – <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">stand</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, progressive marker to show the swimming is punctual </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">*</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Suda</p><p style="margin: 0px;">water-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="locative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">LOC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">balyq</p><p style="margin: 0px;">fish</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">jüzıp</p><p style="margin: 0px;">swim-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="converb" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CVB</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">otyr</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="auxiliary verb" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AUX</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">* Suda balyq jüzıp otyr</p><p style="display: none;">{} water-LOC fish swim-CVB AUX.3</p><p style="clear: left;">*The fish has been swimming</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p><i>Not a possible sentence in Kazakh</i> </p> </td> <td><b><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">otyr</i></span></b> – <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">sit</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, ungrammatical in this sentence; <span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">otyr</i></span> can only be used for verbs that are <a href="/wiki/Stative_verb" title="Stative verb">stative</a> in nature </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In addition to the complexities of the progressive tense, there are many auxiliary-converb pairs that encode a range of aspectual, modal, volitional, evidential and action- modificational meanings. For example, the pattern verb + <span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">köru</i></span>, with the auxiliary verb <span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">köru</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">see</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, indicates that the subject of the verb attempted or tried to do something (compare the Japanese <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">てみる</span></span> <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">temiru</i></span> construction).<sup id="cite_ref-mukh_19-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mukh-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Annotated_text_with_gloss">Annotated text with gloss</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakh_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Annotated text with gloss"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the first stanza and refrain of "<a href="/wiki/Men%C4%B1%C3%B1_Qazaqstanym" title="Menıñ Qazaqstanym">Menıñ Qazaqstanym</a>" ("My Kazakhstan"), the <a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">national anthem</a> of Kazakhstan: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><span title="Kazakh-language text"><span lang="kk">Менің Қазақстаным</span></span> </th> <th><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">Men-ıñ Qazaqstan-ym</i></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;">Алтын күн</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;">аспаны</p></div><p style="display: none;">{Алтын күн} аспаны</p><p style="clear: left;">[ɑ̝ɫ̪ˈt̪ə̃ŋ‿kʰʏ̞̃n̪ ɑ̝s̪pɑ̝̃ˈn̪ə]</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Altyn</p><p style="margin: 0px;">gold</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kün</p><p style="margin: 0px;">sun</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">aspan-y</p><p style="margin: 0px;">sky-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Altyn kün aspan-y</p><p style="display: none;">gold sun sky-3.POSS</p><p style="clear: left;">'Golden sun of the sky'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;">Алтын</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;">дән</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;">даласы</p></div><p style="display: none;">Алтын дән даласы</p><p style="clear: left;">[ɑ̝ɫ̪ˈt̪ə̃n̪‿d̪æ̝̃n̪ d̪ɑ̝ɫ̪ɑ̝ˈs̪ə |]</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Altyn</p><p style="margin: 0px;">gold</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dän</p><p style="margin: 0px;">grain</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dala-sy</p><p style="margin: 0px;">steppe-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Altyn dän dala-sy</p><p style="display: none;">gold grain steppe-3.POSS</p><p style="clear: left;">'Golden grain of the steppe'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;">Ерліктің</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;">дастаны</p></div><p style="display: none;">Ерліктің дастаны</p><p style="clear: left;">[je̘r̪l̪ɪ̞kˈt̪ɪ̞̃ŋ̟ d̪ɑ̝s̪t̪ɑ̝̃ˈn̪ə]</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Erlık-tıñ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">courage legend-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="genitive case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">GEN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dastan-y</p><p style="margin: 0px;">epic-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nominative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NOM</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Erlık-tıñ dastan-y</p><p style="display: none;">{courage legend-GEN} epic-3.POSS-NOM</p><p style="clear: left;">'The legend of courage'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;">Еліме</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;">қарашы!</p></div><p style="display: none;">Еліме қарашы!</p><p style="clear: left;">[je̘l̪ɪ̞̃ˈmʲe̘ qʰɑ̝r̪ɑ̝ˈʃə ‖]</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">El-ım-e</p><p style="margin: 0px;">country-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="dative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DAT</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">qara-şy</p><p style="margin: 0px;">look-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="imperative mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IMP</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">El-ım-e qara-şy</p><p style="display: none;">country-1SG.DAT look-IMP</p><p style="clear: left;">'Look at my country!'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;">Ежелден</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;">ер</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;">деген</p></div><p style="display: none;">Ежелден ер деген</p><p style="clear: left;">[je̘ʒʲe̘l̪ʲˈd̪ʲẽ̘n̪ je̘r̪ d̪ʲe̘ˈɡʲẽ̘n̪]</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Ejel-den</p><p style="margin: 0px;">antiquity-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="ablative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ABL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">er</p><p style="margin: 0px;">hero</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">de-gen</p><p style="margin: 0px;">say-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="participle" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PTCP</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PST</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Ejel-den er de-gen</p><p style="display: none;">antiquity-ABL hero say-PTCP.PST</p><p style="clear: left;">'Called heroes since ancient times'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;">Даңқымыз</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;">шықты</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;">ғой</p></div><p style="display: none;">Даңқымыз шықты ғой</p><p style="clear: left;">[d̪ɑ̝̃ɴqə̃ˈməz̪ ʃəqˈt̪ə ʁo̞j |]</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Dañq-ymyz</p><p style="margin: 0px;">glory-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1PL</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nominative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NOM</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">şyq-ty</p><p style="margin: 0px;">emerge-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PST</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ğoi</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="emphatic" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EMPH</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Dañq-ymyz şyq-ty ğoi</p><p style="display: none;">glory-1PL.POSS.NOM emerge-PST.3 EMPH</p><p style="clear: left;">'Our glory emerged!'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;">Намысын</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;">бермеген</p></div><p style="display: none;">Намысын бермеген</p><p style="clear: left;">[n̪ɑ̝̃məˈs̪ə̃m bʲe̘r̪mʲe̘ˈɡʲẽ̘n̪]</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Namys-yn</p><p style="margin: 0px;">honor-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="accusative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ACC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ber-me-gen</p><p style="margin: 0px;">give-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="participle" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PTCP</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PST</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Namys-yn ber-me-gen</p><p style="display: none;">honor-3.POSS-ACC give-NEG-PTCP.PST</p><p style="clear: left;">'They did not give up their honor'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;">Қазағым</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;">мықты</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;">ғой</p></div><p style="display: none;">Қазағым мықты ғой</p><p style="clear: left;">[qʰɑ̝z̪ɑ̝ˈʁə̃m məqˈt̪ə ʁo̞j ‖]</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Qazağ-ym</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Kazakh-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">myqty</p><p style="margin: 0px;">strong</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ğoi</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="emphatic" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EMPH</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Qazağ-ym myqty ğoi</p><p style="display: none;">Kazakh-1SG.POSS strong EMPH</p><p style="clear: left;">'My Kazakhs are mighty!'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;">Менің</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;">елім,</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;">менің</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;">елім</p></div><p style="display: none;">Менің елім, менің елім</p><p style="clear: left;">[mʲẽ̘ˈn̪ɪ̞̃ŋ̟ je̘ˈl̪ɪ̞̃m | mʲẽ̘ˈn̪ɪ̞̃ŋ̟ je̘ˈl̪ɪ̞̃m |]</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Men-ıñ</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="genitive case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">GEN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">el-ım,</p><p style="margin: 0px;">country-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nominative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NOM</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">menıñ</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="genitive case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">GEN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">el-ım</p><p style="margin: 0px;">country-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nominative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NOM</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Men-ıñ el-ım, menıñ el-ım</p><p style="display: none;">1SG.GEN country-1SG.NOM 1SG.GEN country-1SG.NOM</p><p style="clear: left;">'My country, my country'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;">Гүлің</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;">болып,</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;">егілемін</p></div><p style="display: none;">Гүлің болып, егілемін</p><p style="clear: left;">[ɡʏ̞ˈl̪ʏ̞̃m bo̞ˈɫ̪ɤp | je̘ɣɪ̞l̪ʲẽ̘ˈmɪ̞̃n̪ |]</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Gül-ıñ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">flower-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nominative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NOM</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bol-yp,</p><p style="margin: 0px;">be-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="converb" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CVB</abbr>,</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">eg-ıl-e-mın</p><p style="margin: 0px;">root-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="passive voice" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PASS</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="present tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRES</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Gül-ıñ bol-yp, eg-ıl-e-mın</p><p style="display: none;">flower-2SG.NOM be-CVB, root-PASS-PRES-1SG</p><p style="clear: left;">'As your flower, I am rooted in you'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;">Жырың</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;">болып</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;">төгілемін,</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;">елім</p></div><p style="display: none;">Жырың болып төгілемін, елім</p><p style="clear: left;">[ʒəˈr̪ə̃m bo̞ˈɫ̪ɤp | t̪ʰɵɣɪ̞l̪ʲẽ̘ˈmɪ̞̃n̪ je̘ˈl̪ɪ̞̃m |]</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Jyr-yñ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">song-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nominative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NOM</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bol-yp,</p><p style="margin: 0px;">be-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="converb" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CVB</abbr>,</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tög-ıl-e-mın,</p><p style="margin: 0px;">sing-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="passive voice" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PASS</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="present tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRES</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>,</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">el-ım</p><p style="margin: 0px;">country-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nominative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NOM</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Jyr-yñ bol-yp, tög-ıl-e-mın, el-ım</p><p style="display: none;">song-2SG.NOM be-CVB, sing-PASS-PRES-1SG, country-1SG.POSS.NOM</p><p style="clear: left;">'As your song, I shall be sung abound'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;">Туған</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;">жерім</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;">менің</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;">–</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;">Қазақстаным</p></div><p style="display: none;">Туған жерім менің – Қазақстаным</p><p style="clear: left;">[t̪ʰuˈʁɑ̝̃n̪ d͡ʒʲe̘ˈr̪ɪ̞̃m mʲẽ̘ˈn̪ɪ̞̃ŋ̟ | qʰɑ̝z̪ɑ̝q(χə)s̪t̪ɑ̝̃ˈn̪ə̃m ‖]</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Tu-ğan</p><p style="margin: 0px;">birth-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="participle" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PTCP</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PST</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">jer-ım</p><p style="margin: 0px;">place-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nominative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NOM</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">menıñ</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="genitive case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">GEN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">–</p><p style="margin: 0px;">–</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="kk" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Qazaqstan-ym</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Kazakhstan-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nominative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NOM</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Tu-ğan jer-ım menıñ – Qazaqstan-ym</p><p style="display: none;">birth-PTCP-PST place-1SG.POSS.NOM 1SG.GEN – Kazakhstan-1SG.POSS.NOM</p><p style="clear: left;">'My native land – My Kazakhstan'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakh_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Languages">Languages portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BGN/PCGN_romanization_of_Kazakh" title="BGN/PCGN romanization of Kazakh">BGN/PCGN romanization of Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_literature" title="Kazakh literature">Kazakh literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kazakhstan" title="Languages of Kazakhstan">Languages of Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Sign_Language" title="Kazakh Sign Language">Kazakh Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Kazakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:IPA for Kazakh">Help:IPA for Kazakh</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakh_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a>: <span title="Kazakh-language text"><span lang="kk">қазақша</span></span> or <span title="Kazakh-language text"><span lang="kk">қазақ тілі</span></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>: <span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">qazaqşa</i></span> or <span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">qazaq tılı</i></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a>: <span title="Kazakh-language text"><span lang="kk-Arab" dir="rtl">قازاقشا</span></span> or <span title="Kazakh-language text"><span lang="kk-Arab" dir="rtl">قازاق ٴتىلى</span></span></li><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="kk-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">[qɑzɑqˈʃɑ]</a></span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="kk-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">[qɑˈzɑq<span class="wrap"> </span>tɘˈlɘ]</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakh_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e27-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kaz">Kazakh</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (27th ed., 2024) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+2017+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Central+Asia%3A+Kazakhstan&rft.date=2017-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fkazakhstan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/didact/karten/turk/turklm.htm">"TITUS Didactica: Language Map: Turkic languages: Map frame"</a>. <i>titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de&rft.atitle=TITUS+Didactica%3A+Language+Map%3A+Turkic+languages%3A+Map+frame&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftitus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de%2Fdidact%2Fkarten%2Fturk%2Fturklm.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kaz-tili-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kaz-tili_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kaz-tili_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kaz-tili.kz/su_fonetika.htm">"Произношение букв | kaz-tili.kz"</a>. <i>kaz-tili.kz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kaz-tili.kz&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B2+%7C+kaz-tili.kz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkaz-tili.kz%2Fsu_fonetika.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some variations occur in the different regions where Kazakh is spoken, including outside Kazakhstan; e. g. ж / ج (where a Perso-Arabic script similar to the current <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language#Writing_system" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur alphabet</a> is used) is read <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʑ]</span> in standard Kazakh, but <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d͡ʑ]</span> in some places.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ozcelik-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ozcelik_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖner" class="citation thesis cs1">Öner, Özçelik. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oozcelik.pages.iu.edu/papers/Kazakh%20phonology.pdf"><i>Kazakh phonology</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Thesis). Cambridge University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Kazakh+phonology&rft.inst=Cambridge+University&rft.aulast=%C3%96ner&rft.aufirst=%C3%96z%C3%A7elik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foozcelik.pages.iu.edu%2Fpapers%2FKazakh%2520phonology.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vajda-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vajda_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vajda_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVajda1994" class="citation cs2">Vajda, Edward (1994), "Kazakh phonology", in Kaplan, E.; Whisenhunt, D. (eds.), <i>Essays presented in honor of Henry Schwarz</i>, Washington: Western Washington, pp. 603–650</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kazakh+phonology&rft.btitle=Essays+presented+in+honor+of+Henry+Schwarz&rft.place=Washington&rft.pages=603-650&rft.pub=Western+Washington&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Vajda&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-slaviccenters-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-slaviccenters_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slaviccenters_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slaviccenters_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slaviccenters_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slaviccenters_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagnerDotton" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, John Doyle; Dotton, Zura. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326024834/https://slaviccenters.duke.edu/sites/slaviccenters.duke.edu/files/file-attachments/kazakh-grammar.pdf"><i>A Grammar of Kazakh</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slaviccenters.duke.edu/sites/slaviccenters.duke.edu/files/file-attachments/kazakh-grammar.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Kazakh&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=John+Doyle&rft.au=Dotton%2C+Zura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslaviccenters.duke.edu%2Fsites%2Fslaviccenters.duke.edu%2Ffiles%2Ffile-attachments%2Fkazakh-grammar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muhamedowa-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Muhamedowa_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muhamedowa_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuhamedowa2016" class="citation book cs1">Muhamedowa, Raihan (24 September 2016). <i>Kazakh: A Comprehensive Grammar</i> (1st ed.). London New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-82863-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-82863-6"><bdi>978-1-138-82863-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kazakh%3A+A+Comprehensive+Grammar&rft.place=London+New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-09-24&rft.isbn=978-1-138-82863-6&rft.aulast=Muhamedowa&rft.aufirst=Raihan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kaz-tili.kz/gl05.htm">"Ударение"</a>. <i>Казахский ясык</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BA&rft.atitle=%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkaz-tili.kz%2Fgl05.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Decree569-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Decree569_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.akorda.kz/ru/legal_acts/decrees/o-perevode-alfavita-kazahskogo-yazyka-s-kirillicy-na-latinskuyu-grafiku"><bdi lang="ru">О переводе алфавита казахского языка с кириллицы на латинскую графику</bdi></a> [On the change of the alphabet of the Kazakh language from the Cyrillic to the Latin script] (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Republic of Kazakhstan">President of the Republic of Kazakhstan</a>. 26 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171027180526/http://www.akorda.kz/ru/legal_acts/decrees/o-perevode-alfavita-kazahskogo-yazyka-s-kirillicy-na-latinskuyu-grafiku">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9E+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5+%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D1%81+%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8E+%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83&rft.pub=President+of+the+Republic+of+Kazakhstan&rft.date=2017-10-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.akorda.kz%2Fru%2Flegal_acts%2Fdecrees%2Fo-perevode-alfavita-kazahskogo-yazyka-s-kirillicy-na-latinskuyu-grafiku&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIllmerDaniyarovRakhimov2017" class="citation news cs1">Illmer, Andreas; Daniyarov, Elbek; Rakhimov, Azim (31 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41800186">"Kazakhstan to Qazaqstan: Why would a country switch its alphabet?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171031100824/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41800186">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Kazakhstan+to+Qazaqstan%3A+Why+would+a+country+switch+its+alphabet%3F&rft.date=2017-10-31&rft.aulast=Illmer&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft.au=Daniyarov%2C+Elbek&rft.au=Rakhimov%2C+Azim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-41800186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kaz-tili.kz/su_fonetika.htm">"Произношение букв | kaz-tili.kz"</a>. <i>kaz-tili.kz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kaz-tili.kz&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B2+%7C+kaz-tili.kz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkaz-tili.kz%2Fsu_fonetika.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beltranslations.com/Languages/Kaz-EN.html">"Центр"</a>. <i>www.beltranslations.com</i> (in Russian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.beltranslations.com&rft.atitle=%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beltranslations.com%2FLanguages%2FKaz-EN.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mukh-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mukh_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mukh_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mukh_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mukh_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mukh_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mukh_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mukh_19-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mukh_19-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mukh_19-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mukh_19-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mukh_19-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukhamedova2015" class="citation book cs1">Mukhamedova, Raikhangul (2015). <i>Kazakh: A Comprehensive Grammar</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317573081" title="Special:BookSources/9781317573081"><bdi>9781317573081</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kazakh%3A+A+Comprehensive+Grammar&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781317573081&rft.aulast=Mukhamedova&rft.aufirst=Raikhangul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDottonDoyle_Wagner" class="citation journal cs1">Dotton, Zura; Doyle Wagner, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slaviccenters.duke.edu/sites/slaviccenters.duke.edu/files/file-attachments/kazakh-grammar.pdf">"A Grammar of Kazakh"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Duke University</i>: 53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Duke+University&rft.atitle=A+Grammar+of+Kazakh&rft.pages=53&rft.aulast=Dotton&rft.aufirst=Zura&rft.au=Doyle+Wagner%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslaviccenters.duke.edu%2Fsites%2Fslaviccenters.duke.edu%2Ffiles%2Ffile-attachments%2Fkazakh-grammar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakh_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKara2002" class="citation cs2">Kara, Dävid Somfai (2002), <i>Kazak</i>, Lincom Europa, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783895864704" title="Special:BookSources/9783895864704"><bdi>9783895864704</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kazak&rft.pub=Lincom+Europa&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9783895864704&rft.aulast=Kara&rft.aufirst=D%C3%A4vid+Somfai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakh+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mark Kirchner: "Kazakh and Karakalpak". In: <i>The Turkic languages</i>. Ed. by Lars Johanson and É. Á. Csató. London [u.a.] : Routledge, 1998. (Routledge language family descriptions). S.318–332.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCollum,_Adam_G.Chen,_Si2021" class="citation journal cs1">McCollum, Adam G.; Chen, Si (2021). "Kazakh". Illustrations of the IPA. <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>. <b>51</b> (2): 276–298. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100319000185">10.1017/S0025100319000185</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Kazakh&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=276-298&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100319000185&rft.au=McCollum%2C+Adam+G.&rft.au=Chen%2C+Si&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakh+language" class="Z3988"></span>, with supplementary sound recordings.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakh_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="kk:"> Kazakh edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Kazakh_phrasebook#Q9252" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Kazakh phrasebook">Kazakh</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transliteration.kpr.eu/kk/kk-2017.php">Kazakh Cyrillic–Latin (new) converter</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transliteration.kpr.eu/kk/">Kazakh Cyrillic–Latin (old)–Arabic converter</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/kazakh.htm">Kazakh language, alphabet and pronunciation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110709223643/http://www.und.edu/dept/linguistics/theses/2003Kuzhabekova.PDF">Aliya S. Kuzhabekova, "Past, Present and Future of Language Policy in Kazakhstan"</a> (M.A. thesis, <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Dakota" title="University of North Dakota">University of North Dakota</a>, 2003)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cadensa.bl.uk/uhtbin/cgisirsi/?ps=vTGjtKlWAs/WORKS-FILE/156000023/5/0">Kazakh language recordings</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220623103547/http://cadensa.bl.uk/uhtbin/cgisirsi/?ps=vTGjtKlWAs/WORKS-FILE/156000023/5/0">Archived</a> 23 June 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, British Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.apertium.org/wiki/Kazakh">Kazakh – Apertium</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pauctle.com/kztr">Kazakh<>Turkish Dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kazakhstan/">Kazakhstan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highlandsun.com/hyc/Kazakh/">US Peace Corps Kazakh Language Courses</a> transcribed to HTML</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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Kazakhstan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_language" title="Dungan language">Dungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Russia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Russia" title="Template:Languages of Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Russia" title="Template talk:Languages of Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Languages of Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State languages<br />of federal subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaza_language" title="Abaza language">Abaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghul_language" title="Aghul language">Aghul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_languages" title="Altai languages">Altai</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Northern_Altai_language" title="Northern Altai language">Northern Altai</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Southern_Altai_language" title="Southern Altai language">Southern Altai</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avar_language" title="Avar language">Avar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryat_language" title="Buryat language">Buryat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargwa_language" title="Dargwa language">Dargwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Oirat" title="Kalmyk Oirat">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas_language" title="Khakas language">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_language" title="Komi language">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lak_language" title="Lak language">Lak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgian_language" title="Lezgian language">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_language" title="Mari language">Mari</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hill_Mari_language" title="Hill Mari language">Hill</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Meadow_Mari_language" title="Meadow Mari language">Meadow</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordvinic_languages" title="Mordvinic languages">Mordvin</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzya</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Moksha_language" title="Moksha language">Moksha</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutul_language" title="Rutul language">Rutul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_language" title="Yakut language">Yakut/Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasaran_language" title="Tabasaran language">Tabasaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakhur_language" title="Tsakhur language">Tsakhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages with official status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_language" title="Chukchi language">Chukchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgan_language" title="Dolgan language">Dolgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Even_language" title="Even language">Even</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_language" title="Evenki language">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanty_languages" title="Khanty languages">Khanty</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Khanty_language" title="Northern Khanty language">Northern Khanty</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Khanty_language" title="Southern Khanty language">Southern Khanty</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Khanty_language" title="Eastern Khanty language">Eastern Khanty</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi-Permyak_language" title="Komi-Permyak language">Komi-Permyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansi language">Mansi</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Mansi language">Northern Mansi</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Mansi_language" title="Western Mansi language">Western Mansi</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Mansi language">Eastern Mansi</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Mansi_language" title="Southern Mansi language">Southern Mansi</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenets_languages" title="Nenets languages">Nenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkup_language" title="Selkup language">Selkup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veps_language" title="Veps language">Veps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Tundra_Yukaghir_language" title="Tundra Yukaghir language">Northern Yukaghir</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Yukaghir_language" title="Southern Yukaghir language">Southern Yukaghir</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic Braille">Cyrillic Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian script</a> (<small><a href="/wiki/Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Buryat script</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Kalmyk script</a></small>)<sup>2</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><sup>1</sup> In Russia, the Cyrillic alphabet is officially supported. <sup>2</sup> For other, non-Cyrillic alphabets, separate federal laws are required. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Russia" title="Category:Languages of Russia">Languages of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_in_languages_of_Russia" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia in languages of Russia">Wikipedia in languages of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_by_language_of_Russia" title="Category:Mass media by language of Russia">Mass media by language of Russia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_China" title="Template:Languages of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_China" title="Template talk:Languages of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_China" title="Languages of China">Languages of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_China" title="Autonomous regions of China">ARs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">SARs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a><sup><b><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Cantonese" title="Hong Kong Cantonese">HK</a>/MC</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_English" title="Hong Kong English">English</a><sup><b>HK</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language_in_Inner_Mongolia" title="Mongolian language in Inner Mongolia">Mongolian</a><sup><b>NM</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_Portuguese" title="Macanese Portuguese">Portuguese</a><sup><b>MC</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a><sup><b>XZ</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a><sup><b>XJ</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Zhuang" title="Standard Zhuang">Zhuang</a><sup><b>GX</b></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_prefectures_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous prefectures of China">Prefecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_language" title="Hmong language">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kam_language" title="Kam language">Kam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouyei_language" title="Bouyei language">Bouyei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tujia_language" title="Tujia language">Tujia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language_in_China" title="Korean language in China">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiangic_languages" title="Qiangic languages">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_people#Language" title="Yi people">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Nuea_language" title="Tai Nuea language">Tai Nüa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Lue_language" title="Tai Lue language">Tai Lü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaiwa_language" title="Zaiwa language">Zaiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hani_language" title="Hani language">Hani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Zhuang" title="Standard Zhuang">Zhuang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_counties_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous counties of China">Counties</a>/<a href="/wiki/Banners_of_Inner_Mongolia#Autonomous_banner" title="Banners of Inner Mongolia">Banners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">numerous</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sino-Tibetan_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lolo-Burmese_languages" title="Lolo-Burmese languages">Lolo-<br />Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mondzish_languages" title="Mondzish languages">Mondzish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kathu_language" title="Kathu language">Kathu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maang_language" title="Maang language">Maang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga_language_(China)" title="Manga language (China)">Manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_language_(China)" title="Mango language (China)">Mango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maza_language" title="Maza language">Maza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantsi_language" title="Mantsi language">Mondzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muangphe_language" title="Muangphe language">Muangphe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burmish_languages" title="Burmish languages">Burmish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achang_language" title="Achang language">Achang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiandao_dialect" title="Xiandao dialect">Xiandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pela_language" title="Pela language">Pela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashi_language" title="Lashi language">Lashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chashan_language" title="Chashan language">Chashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhao_Vo_language" title="Lhao Vo language">Lhao Vo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaiwa_language" title="Zaiwa language">Zaiwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Loloish_languages" title="Loloish languages">Loloish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Loloish_languages" title="Southern Loloish languages">Hanoish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akeu_language" title="Akeu language">Akeu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akha_language" title="Akha language">Akha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amu_language" title="Amu language">Amu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angluo_language" title="Angluo language">Angluo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asuo_language" title="Asuo language">Asuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baihong_language" title="Baihong language">Baihong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisu_language" title="Bisu language">Bisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budu_language_(China)" title="Budu language (China)">Budu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukong_language" title="Bukong language">Bukong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosao_language" title="Cosao language">Cosao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duoni_language" title="Duoni language">Duoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duota_language" title="Duota language">Duota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enu_language" title="Enu language">Enu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habei_language" title="Habei language">Habei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hani_language" title="Hani language">Hani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honi_language" title="Honi language">Honi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jino_language" title="Jino language">Jino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khabi_language" title="Khabi language">Kabie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaduo_language" title="Kaduo language">Kaduo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lami_language" title="Lami language">Lami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laomian_language" title="Laomian language">Laomian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laopin_language" title="Laopin language">Laopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpi_language" title="Mpi language">Mpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muda_language" title="Muda language">Muda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuobi_language" title="Nuobi language">Nuobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuomei_language" title="Nuomei language">Nuomei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phana%CA%BC_language" title="Phanaʼ language">Phana’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piyo_language" title="Piyo language">Piyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qidi_language" title="Qidi language">Qidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadu_language" title="Sadu language">Sadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangkong_language" title="Sangkong language">Sangkong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suobi_language" title="Suobi language">Suobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsukong_language" title="Tsukong language">Tsukong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woni_language" title="Woni language">Woni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiche_language" title="Yiche language">Yiche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lisoish_languages" title="Lisoish languages">Lisoish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eka_language" title="Eka language">Eka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlersu_language" title="Hlersu language">Hlersu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kua-nsi_language" title="Kua-nsi language">Kua-nsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuamasi_language" title="Kuamasi language">Kuamasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laizisi_language" title="Laizisi language">Laizisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalo_language" title="Lalo language">Lalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamu_language" title="Lamu language">Lamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavu_language" title="Lavu language">Lavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawu_language" title="Lawu language">Lawu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limi_language" title="Limi language">Limi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipo_language" title="Lipo language">Lipo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolopo_language" title="Lolopo language">Lolopo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangdi_language" title="Mangdi language">Mangdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha_language" title="Micha language">Micha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mili_language" title="Mili language">Mili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonaga_language" title="Sonaga language">Sonaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholo_language" title="Tholo language">Toloza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuzhang_language" title="Xuzhang language">Xuzhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangliu_language" title="Yangliu language">Yangliu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zibusi_language" title="Zibusi language">Zibusi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nisoish_languages" title="Nisoish languages">Nisoish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alingpo_language" title="Alingpo language">Alingpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phupha_language" title="Phupha language">Alugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluo_language" title="Aluo language">Aluo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axi_language" title="Axi language">Axi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azha_language" title="Azha language">Azha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azhe_language" title="Azhe language">Azhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muji_language" title="Muji language">Bokha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepo_language" title="Gepo language">Gepo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khlula_language" title="Khlula language">Khlula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lope_language" title="Lope language">Lope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moji_language" title="Moji language">Moji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muji_language" title="Muji language">Muji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzi_language" title="Muzi language">Muzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasu_language" title="Nasu language">Nasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisu_language" title="Nisu language">Nisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuosu_language" title="Nuosu language">Nuosu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phola_language" title="Phola language">Phala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phola_language" title="Phola language">Phola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phowa_language" title="Phowa language">Phowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muji_language" title="Muji language">Phukha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phuma_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Phuma language">Phuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phupha_language" title="Phupha language">Phupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phupha_language" title="Phupha language">Phupha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phupha_language" title="Phupha language">Phuza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samei_language" title="Samei language">Samei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sani_language" title="Sani language">Sani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thopho_language" title="Thopho language">Thopho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zokhuo_language" title="Zokhuo language">Zokhuo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gokhy_language" title="Gokhy language">Gokhy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katso_language" title="Katso language">Katso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucong_language" title="Kucong language">Kucong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahu_language" title="Lahu language">Lahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naruo_language" title="Naruo language">Naruo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namuyi_language" title="Namuyi language">Namuyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxi_language" title="Naxi language">Naxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusu_language" title="Nusu language">Nusu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samu_language" title="Samu language">Samu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanie_language" title="Sanie language">Sanie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zauzou_language" title="Zauzou language">Zauzou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qiangic_languages" title="Qiangic languages">Qiangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baima_language" title="Baima language">Baima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choyo_language" title="Choyo language">Choyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersu_language" title="Ersu language">Ersu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiqiong_language" title="Guiqiong language">Guiqiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horpa_language" title="Horpa language">Horpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japhug_language" title="Japhug language">Japhug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khroskyabs_language" title="Khroskyabs language">Khroskyabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laze_language" title="Laze language">Laze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizu_language" title="Lizu language">Lizu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na_language" title="Na language">Na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muya_language" title="Muya language">Muya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namuyi_language" title="Namuyi language">Namuyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxi_language" title="Naxi language">Naxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumi_language" title="Pumi language">Pumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Qiang_language" title="Northern Qiang language">Northern Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Qiang_language" title="Southern Qiang language">Southern Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shixing_language" title="Shixing language">Shixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situ_language" title="Situ language">Situ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tshobdun_language" title="Tshobdun language">Tshobdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zbu_language" title="Zbu language">Zbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaba_language" title="Zhaba language">Zhaba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amdo_Tibetan" title="Amdo Tibetan">Amdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baima_language" title="Baima language">Baima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basum_language" title="Basum language">Basum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan" title="Central Tibetan">Central Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choni_language" title="Choni language">Choni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dao_language_(China)" title="Dao language (China)">Dao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongwang_Tibetan_language" title="Dongwang Tibetan language">Dongwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drugchu_language" title="Drugchu language">Drugchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groma_language" title="Groma language">Groma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gserpa_language" title="Gserpa language">Gserpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalong_Tibetan_language" title="Khalong Tibetan language">Khalong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khams_Tibetan" title="Khams Tibetan">Khams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyirong_language" title="Kyirong language">Kyirong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakhi_language" title="Ladakhi language">Ladakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tseku_language" title="Tseku language">Tseku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongu_Tibetan_language" title="Zhongu Tibetan language">Zhongu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zitsadegu_language" title="Zitsadegu language">Zitsadegu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caijia_language" title="Caijia language">Caijia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derung_language" title="Derung language">Derung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingpo_language" title="Jingpo language">Jingpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjia_language" title="Longjia language">Longjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nung_language_(Sino-Tibetan)" title="Nung language (Sino-Tibetan)">Nung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tujia_language" title="Tujia language">Tujia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxiang_Chinese" title="Waxiang Chinese">Waxianghua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other languages</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit_language" title="Bit language">Bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blang_language" title="Blang language">Blang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolyu_language" title="Bolyu language">Bolyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugan_language" title="Bugan language">Bugan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumang_language" title="Bumang language">Bumang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_language" title="Hu language">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuan_language" title="Kuan language">Kuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A3ng_language" title="Mảng language">Mang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Met_language" title="Man Met language">Man Met</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muak_language" title="Muak language">Muak Sa-aak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaung_language" title="Palaung language">Palaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riang_language" title="Riang language">Riang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_language" title="U language">U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Va_language" title="Va language">Va</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa_language" title="Wa language">Wa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hmong-Mien_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong-Mien languages">Hmong-Mien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hmongic_languages" title="Hmongic languages">Hmongic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-Hmao_language" title="A-Hmao language">A-Hmao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu-Nao_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Bu-Nao languages">Bu-Nao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gejia_language" title="Gejia language">Gejia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiyang_Miao_language" title="Guiyang Miao language">Guiyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hm_Nai_language" title="Hm Nai language">Hm Nai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_language" title="Hmong language">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmu_language" title="Hmu language">Hmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huishui_Miao_language" title="Huishui Miao language">Huishui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiong_Nai_language" title="Kiong Nai language">Kiong Nai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luobohe_Miao_language" title="Luobohe Miao language">Luobohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashan_Miao_language" title="Mashan Miao language">Mashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa-Hng_language" title="Pa-Hng language">Pa-Hng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa_Na_language" title="Pa Na language">Pa Na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingtang_Miao_language" title="Pingtang Miao language">Pingtang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xong_language" title="Xong language">Qo Xiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raojia_language" title="Raojia language">Raojia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/She_language" title="She language">She</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gha-Mu_language" title="Gha-Mu language">Small Flowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xixiu_Miao_language" title="Xixiu Miao language">Xixiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younuo_language" title="Younuo language">Younuo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mienic_languages" title="Mienic languages">Mienic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biao_Min_language" title="Biao Min language">Biao Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzao_Min_language" title="Dzao Min language">Dzao Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iu_Mien_language" title="Iu Mien language">Iu Mien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Mun_language" title="Kim Mun language">Kim Mun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonan_language" title="Bonan language">Bonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryat_language" title="Buryat language">Buryat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagur_language" title="Dagur language">Daur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yugur_language" title="Eastern Yugur language">Eastern Yugur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangjia_language" title="Kangjia language">Kangjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamnigan_Mongol" title="Khamnigan Mongol">Khamnigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monguor_language" title="Monguor language">Monguor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_language" title="Oirat language">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_Mongolian" title="Ordos Mongolian">Ordos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_language" title="Santa language">Santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torgut_Oirat" title="Torgut Oirat">Torgut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kra-Dai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kra-Dai languages">Kra-Dai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_languages" title="Zhuang languages">Zhuang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouyei_language" title="Bouyei language">Bouyei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Zhuang_language" title="Dai Zhuang language">Dai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Zhuang_language" title="Min Zhuang language">Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_languages" title="Zhuang languages">Ningming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nong_Zhuang_language" title="Nong Zhuang language">Nong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Dam_language" title="Tai Dam language">Tai Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_D%C3%B3n_language" title="Tai Dón language">Tai Dón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Ya_language" title="Tai Ya language">Tai Hongjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Lue_language" title="Tai Lue language">Tai Lü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Nuea_language" title="Tai Nuea language">Tai Nüa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Ya_language" title="Tai Ya language">Tai Ya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Zhuang_language" title="Yang Zhuang language">Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yei_Zhuang_language" title="Yei Zhuang language">Yei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Cham_language" title="Ai-Cham language">Ai-Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biao_language" title="Biao language">Biao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyang_language" title="Buyang language">Buyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Miao_language" title="Cao Miao language">Cao Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadong_language" title="Chadong language">Chadong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cun_language" title="Cun language">Cun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelao_languages" title="Gelao languages">Gelao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlai_languages" title="Hlai languages">Hlai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiamao_language" title="Jiamao language">Jiamao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kam_language" title="Kam language">Kam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakkia_language" title="Lakkia language">Lakkja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mak_language" title="Mak language">Mak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maonan_language" title="Maonan language">Maonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulam_language" title="Mulam language">Mulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuoxi_language" title="Nuoxi language">Naxi Yao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be_languages" title="Be languages">Ong Be</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paha_language" title="Paha language">Paha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qabiao_language" title="Qabiao language">Qabiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_language" title="Sui language">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Then_language" title="Then language">Then</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_language" title="Evenki language">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanai_language" title="Nanai language">Nanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroqen_language" title="Oroqen language">Oroqen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xibe_language" title="Xibe language">Xibe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ynu_language" title="Äynu language">Äynu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyu_Kyrgyz_language" title="Fuyu Kyrgyz language">Fuyu Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Turki_language" title="Ili Turki language">Ili Turki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lop_dialect" title="Lop dialect">Lop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_language" title="Salar language">Salar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yugur_language" title="Western Yugur language">Western Yugur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarikoli_language" title="Sarikoli language">Sarikoli</a> <small>(Indo-European)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsat_language" title="Tsat language">Tsat</a> <small>(Austronesian)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan languages</a> <small>(Austronesian)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_in_China" title="Esperanto in China">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> (Kinh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">Varieties of<br />Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Mandarin" title="Northeastern Mandarin">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Mandarin_(division_of_Mandarin)" title="Beijing Mandarin (division of Mandarin)">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilu_Mandarin" title="Jilu Mandarin">Ji-Lu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaoliao_Mandarin" title="Jiaoliao Mandarin">Jiao-Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Plains_Mandarin" title="Central Plains Mandarin">Zhongyuan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanyin_Mandarin" title="Lanyin Mandarin">Lan-Yin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_Chinese" title="Jin Chinese">Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Mandarin" title="Southwestern Mandarin">Southwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_dialects" title="Sichuanese dialects">Sichuanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Yangtze_Mandarin" title="Lower Yangtze Mandarin">Southeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_Chinese" title="Gan Chinese">Gan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_Chinese" title="Huizhou Chinese">Hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_Min" title="Teochew Min">Teoswa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E2%80%93Xian_Min" title="Pu–Xian Min">Puxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Min" title="Central Min">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Min" title="Northern Min">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shao%E2%80%93Jiang_Min" title="Shao–Jiang Min">Shaojiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taihu_Wu" title="Taihu Wu">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Auish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Xiang" title="New Xiang">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Xiang" title="Old Xiang">Old</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinghua" title="Pinghua">Ping</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Creole/Mixed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E_language" title="E language">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezhou_language" title="Hezhou language">Hezhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linglinghua" title="Linglinghua">Lingling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_Patois" title="Macanese Patois">Macanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maojia_dialect" title="Maojia dialect">Maojia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qoqmon%C4%8Daq_language" title="Qoqmončaq language">Qoqmončaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanqiao_language" title="Sanqiao language">Sanqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangwang_language" title="Tangwang language">Tangwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wutun_language" title="Wutun language">Wutun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extinct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%E2%80%93Shu_Chinese" title="Ba–Shu Chinese">Ba–Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jie_language" title="Jie language">Jie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_language" title="Khitan language">Khitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yue_language" title="Old Yue language">Old Yue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_language" title="Rouran language">Rouran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka_language" title="Saka language">Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_language" title="Tangut language">Tangut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_language" title="Tuoba language">Tuoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuyuhun_language" title="Tuyuhun language">Tuyuhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei#Language" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang-Zhung_language" title="Zhang-Zhung language">Zhangzhung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese Sign</a> <ul><li>Northern (Beijing) Sign</li> <li>Southern (Shanghai) Sign <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Sign_Language" title="Hong Kong Sign Language">Hong Kong Sign</a><b><sup>HK/MC</sup></b></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Sign_Language" title="Tibetan Sign Language">Tibetan Sign</a><b><sup>XZ</sup></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li>GX = Guangxi</li> <li>HK = Hong Kong</li> <li>MC = Macau</li> <li>NM = Inner Mongolia</li> <li>XJ = Xinjiang</li> <li>XZ = Tibet</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Mongolia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Mongolia" title="Template:Languages of Mongolia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Mongolia" title="Template talk:Languages of Mongolia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Mongolia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Mongolia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Mongolia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Mongolia">Languages of Mongolia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buryat_language" title="Buryat language">Buryat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkhad_dialect" title="Darkhad dialect">Darkhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukhan_language" title="Dukhan language">Dukhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_language" title="Evenki language">Evenki</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_language" title="Oirat language">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandarin language">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic Language">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Sign_Language" title="Mongolian Sign Language">Mongolian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Turkic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkic_languages" title="Template:Turkic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turkic_languages" title="Template talk:Turkic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Turkic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Turkic_language" title="Proto-Turkic language"><i>Proto-Turkic</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_Turkic_languages" title="Common Turkic languages">Common Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Argu_languages" title="Argu languages">Argu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argu_languages" title="Argu languages"><i>Argu</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalaj_language" title="Khalaj language">Khalaj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Karluk_languages" title="Karluk languages">Karluk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Northern Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Uzbek_language" title="Southern Uzbek language">Southern Uzbek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Turki_language" title="Ili Turki language">Ili Turki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khoton_language" title="Khoton language">Khoton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lop_dialect" title="Lop dialect">Lop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ynu_language" title="Äynu language">Äynu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Old</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language"><i>Chagatai</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakhanid_language" title="Karakhanid language"><i>Karakhanid</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorezmian_Turkic" title="Khorezmian Turkic"><i>Khorezmian</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bulgar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishar_Tatar_dialect" title="Mishar Tatar dialect">Mishar Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaibak_dialect" title="Nagaibak dialect">Nagaibak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Tatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Tatar"><i>Old Tatar</i></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cuman</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Kipchak_language" title="Armeno-Kipchak language"><i>Armeno-Kipchak</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuman_language" title="Cuman language"><i>Cuman</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk-Kipchak_language" title="Mamluk-Kipchak language"><i>Mamluk-Kipchak</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urum_language" title="Urum language">Urum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kyrgyz</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fergana_Kipchak_language" title="Fergana Kipchak language"><i>Fergana Kipchak</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatar_language" title="Siberian Tatar language">Siberian Tatar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baraba_dialect" title="Baraba dialect">Baraba</a></li> <li>Tom</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Altai_language" title="Southern Altai language">Southern Altai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telengit_language" title="Telengit language">Telengit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleut_language" title="Teleut language">Teleut</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nogai</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dobrujan_Tatar" title="Dobrujan Tatar">Dobrujan Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpak_language" title="Karakalpak language">Karakalpak</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatar_language" title="Siberian Tatar language">Siberian Tatar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobol-Irtysh_dialect" title="Tobol-Irtysh dialect">Tobol-Irtysh</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_languages" title="Oghuz languages">Oghuz</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salar_language" title="Salar language">Salar</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turkic" title="Khorasani Turkic">Khorasani Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trukhmen_dialect" title="Trukhmen dialect">Trukhmen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_dialect" title="Afshar dialect">Afshari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaharmahali_Turkic" title="Chaharmahali Turkic">Chaharmahali Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashqai_language" title="Qashqai language">Qashqai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonqori_dialect" title="Sonqori dialect">Sonqori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language#North_Azerbaijani" title="Azerbaijani language">North Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language#South_Azerbaijani" title="Azerbaijani language">South Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajem-Turkic" title="Ajem-Turkic"><i>Ajem-Turkic</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Gagauz_language" title="Balkan Gagauz language">Balkan Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karapapakhs#Language" title="Karapapakhs"><i>Karapapakh</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karamanli_Turkish" title="Karamanli Turkish"><i>Karamanli Turkish</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Anatolian_Turkish" title="Old Anatolian Turkish"><i>Old Anatolian Turkish</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish" title="Ottoman Turkish"><i>Ottoman Turkish</i></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Turkic_languages" title="Siberian Turkic languages">Siberian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolgan_language" title="Dolgan language">Dolgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_language" title="Yakut language">Yakut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chulym_language" title="Chulym language">Chulym</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sayan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Steppe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Taiga</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dukhan_language" title="Dukhan language">Dukhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyot_language" title="Soyot language">Soyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofa_language" title="Tofa language">Tofa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yenisei</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuyu_Kyrgyz_language" title="Fuyu Kyrgyz language">Fuyu Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas_language" title="Khakas language">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Altai_language" title="Northern Altai language">Northern Altai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chelkan_language" title="Chelkan language">Chelkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumandin_language" title="Kumandin language">Kumandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubalar_language" title="Tubalar language">Tuba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shor_language" title="Shor language">Shor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yugur_language" title="Western Yugur language">Western Yugur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic" title="Old Turkic">Old</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur" title="Old Uyghur"><i>Old Uyghur</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkhon_Turkic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Orkhon Turkic language"><i>Orkhon Turkic</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oghur_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Oghur languages">Oghur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgar_language" title="Bulgar language"><i>Bulgar</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disputed classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_language" title="Khazar language"><i>Khazar</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecheneg_language" title="Pecheneg language"><i>Pecheneg</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Potentially Turkic languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Di_(Five_Barbarians)" title="Di (Five Barbarians)"><i>Di</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunnic_language" title="Hunnic language"><i>Hunnic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jie_language" title="Jie language"><i>Jie</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars#Language" title="Pannonian Avars"><i>Pannonian Avar</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_language" title="Tuoba language"><i>Tuoba</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wusun#Language" title="Wusun"><i>Wusun</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu_language" title="Xiongnu language"><i>Xiongnu</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hezhou_language" title="Hezhou language">Hezhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurbet_language" title="Kurbet language">Kurbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qoqmon%C4%8Daq_language" title="Qoqmončaq language">Qoqmončaq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kazakhstan_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kazakhstan_topics" title="Template:Kazakhstan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kazakhstan_topics" title="Template talk:Kazakhstan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kazakhstan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kazakhstan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kazakhstan_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Kazakhstan-related_articles" title="Index of Kazakhstan-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan" title="History of Kazakhstan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangju" title="Kangju">Kangju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiele_people" title="Tiele people">Tele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangar_union" title="Kangar union">Kangar union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimek_Khanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimek Khanate">Kimek Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Yabgu_State" title="Oghuz Yabgu State">Oghuz Yabgu State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueyantuo" title="Xueyantuo">Xueyantuo Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kirghiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisei Kirghiz">Kyrgyz Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wings_of_the_Golden_Horde" title="Wings of the Golden Horde">White Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Khanate" title="Uzbek Khanate">Uzbek Khanate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Since 1465</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Khanate" title="Kazakh Khanate">Kazakh Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kazakh_khans" title="List of Kazakh khans">List of Kazakh khans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCz" title="Jüz">Jüz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Turkestan" title="Russian Turkestan">Russian Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alash_Autonomy" title="Alash Autonomy">Alash Autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Autonomous_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic">Kazakh ASSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakh SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan#Republic_of_Kazakhstan_(1991–present)" title="History of Kazakhstan">Republic of Kazakhstan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Kazakhstan" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Kazakhstan">Postal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Kazakhstan" title="Coat of arms of Kazakhstan"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg/120px-Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg/180px-Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg/240px-Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kazakhstan" title="Geography of Kazakhstan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aktogay_Canyon" title="Aktogay Canyon">Aktogay Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altay (Altai) Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Karakum_Desert" title="Aral Karakum Desert">Aral Karakum Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Kazakhstan" title="Template:Borders of Kazakhstan">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Steppe" title="Kazakh Steppe">Kazakh Steppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Tengri" title="Khan Tengri">Khan Tangiri Shyngy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyzylkum_Desert" title="Kyzylkum Desert">Kyzylkum Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Balkhash" title="Lake Balkhash">Lake Balkhash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharyn_Canyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharyn Canyon">Sharyn Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syr_Darya" title="Syr Darya">Syr Darya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tien (Tian) Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ural River">Ural River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jetisu" title="Jetisu">Zhetysu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Kazakhstan">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Kazakhstan" title="List of cities in Kazakhstan">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Kazakhstan" title="Districts of Kazakhstan">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Kazakhstan" title="Regions of Kazakhstan">Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kazakhstan" title="Politics of Kazakhstan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kazakhstan" title="Constitution of Kazakhstan">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Kazakhstan" title="Elections in Kazakhstan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Kazakhstan" title="Foreign relations of Kazakhstan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kazakhstan" title="Government of Kazakhstan">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Kazakhstan" title="President of Kazakhstan">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kazakhstan" title="Prime Minister of Kazakhstan">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Kazakhstan" title="Human rights in Kazakhstan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_Kazakhstan" title="Freedom of speech in Kazakhstan">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Kazakhstan">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Kazakhstan" title="Law enforcement in Kazakhstan">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Republic_of_Kazakhstan" title="Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Kazakhstan" title="Parliament of Kazakhstan">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Kazakhstan" title="List of political parties in Kazakhstan">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kazakhstan" title="Economy of Kazakhstan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Kazakhstan" title="Agriculture in Kazakhstan">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Kazakhstan">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Kazakhstan" title="National Bank of Kazakhstan">National Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan_Stock_Exchange" title="Kazakhstan Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Kazakhstan" title="Science and technology in Kazakhstan">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kazakhstan" title="Telecommunications in Kazakhstan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstani_tenge" title="Kazakhstani tenge">Tenge <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Kazakhstan" title="Transport in Kazakhstan">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Kazakhstan" title="Waste management in Kazakhstan">Waste management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kazakhstan" title="Culture of Kazakhstan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meni%C3%B1_Qazaqstan%C4%B1m" class="mw-redirect" title="Meniñ Qazaqstanım">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Central_Asia" title="Architecture of Central Asia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_clothing" title="Kazakh clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Kazakhstan" title="Emblem of Kazakhstan">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_cuisine" title="Kazakh cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kazakh_wine" title="Kazakh wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Kazakhstan" title="Flag of Kazakhstan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Kazakhstan" title="Internet in Kazakhstan">Kaznet <span style="font-size:85%;">(Internet)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kazakhs" title="List of Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Kazakhstan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kazakhstan" title="Music of Kazakhstan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Kazakhstan" title="Sport in Kazakhstan">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Kazakhstan" title="Squatting in Kazakhstan">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Kazakhstan" title="Television in Kazakhstan">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_wedding_ceremony" title="Kazakh wedding ceremony">Wedding ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y-DNA_haplogroups_in_Kazakh_tribes" title="Y-DNA haplogroups in Kazakh tribes">Y-DNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakh tribes">Kazakh tribes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kazakhstan" title="Demographics of Kazakhstan">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kazakhstan" title="Education in Kazakhstan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Health in Kazakhstan">Health</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kazakhstan" title="Women in Kazakhstan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Kazakhstan">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Kazakhstan" title="Azerbaijanis in Kazakhstan">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_people" title="Dungan people">Dungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_of_Kazakhstan" title="Germans of Kazakhstan">Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Kazakhstan" title="Greeks in Kazakhstan">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Kazakhstan">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koryo-saram" title="Koryo-saram">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Kazakhstan" title="Poles in Kazakhstan">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Kazakhstan" title="Russians in Kazakhstan">Russians</a></li> <li><a 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