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there are already 313 articles in the <a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_translation_from_Chinese_Wikipedia" title="Category:Articles needing translation from Chinese Wikipedia">main category</a>, and specifying<code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|topic=</code> will aid in categorization.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You <b>must</b> provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing Chinese Wikipedia article at [[:zh:中國朝鮮語]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|zh|中國朝鮮語}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Korean_language_in_China" title="Talk:Korean language in China">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Chinese Korean language</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">中国朝鲜语</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">中國朝鮮語</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">China <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> Language</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Zhōngguó Cháoxiǎnyǔ</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chinese Korean</a> name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Chosŏn'gŭl</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko" style="font-size: 1rem;">중국조선말</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hancha</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko" style="font-size: 1rem;">中國朝鮮말</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ko-Latn">Jungguk Joseonmal</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ko-Latn">Chungguk Chosŏnmal</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Chinese Korean language</b> (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">중국조선말</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hancha</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">中國朝鮮말</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">RR</a>: <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">Jungguk Joseonmal</i></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">China <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> language</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) is the variety of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean language</a> spoken by <a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_China" title="Koreans in China">Koreans in China</a> who have Chinese nationality, primarily located in <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jilin" title="Jilin">Jilin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a>. </p><p>All <a href="/wiki/Korean_dialects" title="Korean dialects">varieties of Korean</a> except the <a href="/wiki/Jeju_language" title="Jeju language">Jeju language</a> are spoken by members of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_diaspora" title="Korean diaspora">Korean diaspora</a> who settled in China before 1949. The educational standard is the <a href="/wiki/North_Korean_standard_language" title="North Korean standard language">North Korean standard language</a>. </p><p>Chinese Korean vocabulary is very similar to the North Korean standard, as is orthography; a major exception of orthography is that the spelling of some Chinese cities is different (for example, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> is referred to by the Sino-Korean name of <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">香港</span></span>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">향항</span></span>, <i>Hyanghang</i>, rather than the North and South Korean transcription of English <i>Hongk'ong</i>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">홍콩</span></span>); exceptions of vocabulary are all related to China. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_language_in_China&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_standardization">Language standardization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_language_in_China&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Language standardization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The text used in the Korean language of Yanbian was originally in <a href="/wiki/Korean_mixed_script" title="Korean mixed script">Korean mixed script</a>, which made it difficult for a large number of grassroots Korean people to read articles. In 1949, the local newspaper <i>Northeast Korean People's Daily</i> in Yanbian published the "workers and peasants version" which used all-hangul in text, in addition to the existing "cadre version" that had mixed script for the convenience of grassroots Korean people. Starting April 20, 1952, the newspaper abolished the "cadre version" and published in hangul only, soon the entire publishing industry adopted the hangul-only style. On June 28, 1963, <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> instructed that the Korean language of Yanbian should be based on the Pyongyang standard of North Korea. Subsequently, the Yanbian Language and History Research Committee standardized the Korean language of Yanbian on the basis of <a href="/wiki/North_Korean_standard_language" title="North Korean standard language">North Korean standard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, the standardized dialect of Korean amongst Chinese-Koreans is similar to that of North Korea due to China's favorable relations with North Korea, and also the proximity of the two nations. </p><p>In 1989, the <a href="/wiki/GB_12052" title="GB 12052">GB 12052</a> character set standard was established for text processing on computers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_variations">Regional variations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_language_in_China&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Regional variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Yanbian_Korean_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture">Yanbian</a> Koreans primarily use <a href="/wiki/Hamgy%C5%8Fng_dialect" title="Hamgyŏng dialect">Hamgyŏng dialect</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pyongan_dialect" title="Pyongan dialect">Pyongan dialect</a> is spoken by ethnic Korean communities in <a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Gyeongsang_dialect" title="Gyeongsang dialect">Kyŏngsang dialect</a> is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_language_in_China&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonetics">Phonetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_language_in_China&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Phonetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The southwestern variant of Chinese Korean retains the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ø]</span> pronunciation for ㅚ and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[y]</span> for (ㅟ), which have been simplified into <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[we]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wi]</span> respectively in standard Korean. The southeastern variant of Chinese Korean does not differentiate the respective pronunciations for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ]</span> (ㅐ) and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e]</span> (ㅔ). </p><p>Additionally, in the northeast and the southeast regions of this dialect, <a href="/wiki/Pitch_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch accent">pitch accent</a> is used. </p><p>Chinese Korean also <a href="/wiki/Monophthongization" title="Monophthongization">simplifies diphthongs in loanwords into single vowels</a>, such as in the word 땐노 (<i>ttaenno</i>, "computer"; from Chinese 电脑 <i>diànnǎo</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grammar">Grammar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_language_in_China&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">copula</a> "-ㅂ니까/-습니까" in Standard Korean is rendered as "-ㅁ둥/-슴둥" in dialects of Korean spoken in Northeastern Jilin, and "-ㅁ니꺼/-심니꺼" in dialects spoken in Southwestern Heilongjiang. </p><p>At the same time, there are grammatical influences from <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a>, for example: </p> <ul><li>전화 치다 "make a phone call" (Standard Korean: 전화 걸다). In Chinese, the same sentence <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%89%93" class="extiw" title="wikt:打">打</a>电话 literally means to physically "hit" a telephone, hence the word 치다, "to hit", is used to describe making a phone call.</li> <li>뭘 주면 뭘 먹는다 "eat whatever is given" (Standard Korean: 주는 건 다 먹는다)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_language_in_China&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vocabulary is another differentiating factor in comparison with other varieties of Korean, with usage of words such as <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-CN">개구리</span></span> and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-CN">개구락지</span></span> (frog). As a result of Chinese influence, there are many words that arise from Modern Standard Chinese. </p><p>Some words arise from the <i><a href="/wiki/Hanja#Eumhun" title="Hanja">eum</a></i> pronunciation of <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">hanja</a>, for example <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-CN">공인</span></span> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">工人</span></span>, worker, Standard Korean: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">노동자</span></span>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">勞動者</span></span>) and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-CN">판공실</span></span> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">辦公室</span></span>, office, Standard Korean: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">사무실</span></span>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">事務室</span></span>). </p><p>There are also some loanwords that are phonetically transliterated from Japanese that standard Korean doesn't have (probably due to influence of <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>'s rule):<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English</th> <th>Japanese</th> <th>Yanbian Korean</th> <th>Standard Korean </th></tr> <tr> <td>Onion</td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">たまねぎ</span></span> <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tamanegi</i></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-CN">다마네기</span></span> <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">tamanegi</i></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">양파</span></span> <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">yangpa</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Radio</td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ラジオ</span></span> <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">rajio</i></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-CN">라지오</span></span> <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">rajio</i></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">라디오</span></span> <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">radio</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_language_in_China&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ybzx.gov.cn/wenshitiandi/2019-07-30/3662.html">"我国朝鲜语言文字发展的缘由"</a>. 中国人民政治协商会议延边朝鲜族自治州委员会. 2019-07-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E6%88%91%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E7%9A%84%E7%BC%98%E7%94%B1&rft.date=2019-07-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ybzx.gov.cn%2Fwenshitiandi%2F2019-07-30%2F3662.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPark2003" class="citation journal cs1">Park, Youngmae (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/87836/1/kgn00022_001.pdf">"A preliminary study on the language of ethnic Koreans in China – toward a sociolinguistic understanding"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Kyoto University Linguistic Research</i> (22): 1–21<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="http://repository.tufs.ac.jp/bitstream/10108/90375/1/Piao.pdf">"延辺朝鮮語における借用語について - 語彙の借用を中心に -"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>東京外国語大学記述言語学論集</i> (in Japanese). <b>13</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E5%A4%96%E5%9B%BD%E8%AA%9E%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E8%A8%98%E8%BF%B0%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E%E5%AD%A6%E8%AB%96%E9%9B%86&rft.atitle=%E5%BB%B6%E8%BE%BA%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E8%AA%9E%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E5%80%9F%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A4%E3%81%84%E3%81%A6+-+%E8%AA%9E%E5%BD%99%E3%81%AE%E5%80%9F%E7%94%A8%E3%82%92%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E3%81%AB+-&rft.volume=13&rft.date=2017&rft.au=%E6%9C%B4%E7%BE%8E%E8%8A%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.tufs.ac.jp%2Fbitstream%2F10108%2F90375%2F1%2FPiao.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style 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