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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Biblical narrative</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biblical_narrative-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biblical narrative subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biblical_narrative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lot_and_Chedorlaomer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lot_and_Chedorlaomer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Lot and Chedorlaomer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lot_and_Chedorlaomer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Destruction_of_the_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Destruction_of_the_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Destruction of the cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Destruction_of_the_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_biblical_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_biblical_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Other biblical references</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_biblical_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other biblical references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_biblical_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hebrew_Bible" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hebrew_Bible"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Hebrew Bible</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hebrew_Bible-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deuterocanon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deuterocanon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Deuterocanon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deuterocanon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Testament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Testament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>New Testament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Testament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_sin_of_Sodom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_sin_of_Sodom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>The sin of Sodom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_sin_of_Sodom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Historicity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historicity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historicity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Possible_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Possible sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Religious views</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religious_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religious views subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gnosticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gnosticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Gnosticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gnosticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sodom and Gomorrah</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodom_en_Gomorra" title="Sodom en Gomorra – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sodom en Gomorra" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85_%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="سدوم وعمورة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سدوم وعمورة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodoma_et_Gomorra" title="Sodoma et Gomorra – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Sodoma et Gomorra" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodom_v%C9%99_Qomorra" title="Sodom və Qomorra – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sodom və Qomorra" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9" title="সদোম ও গোমোরাহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সদোম ও গোমোরাহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodoma_asin_Gomorra" title="Sodoma asin Gomorra – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Sodoma asin Gomorra" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%B8_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Содом и Гомора – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Содом и Гомора" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodom_ha_Gomorra" title="Sodom ha Gomorra – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sodom ha Gomorra" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B2doma_i_Gomorra" title="Sòdoma i Gomorra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sòdoma i Gomorra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodoma_a_Gomora" title="Sodoma a Gomora – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sodoma a Gomora" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodom_a_Gomorra" title="Sodom a Gomorra – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sodom a Gomorra" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodoma_og_Gomorra" title="Sodoma og Gomorra – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sodoma og Gomorra" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodom_und_Gomorra" title="Sodom und Gomorra – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sodom und Gomorra" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soodom_ja_Gomorra" title="Soodom ja Gomorra – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Soodom ja Gomorra" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%8C%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CE%93%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Σόδομα και Γόμορρα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σόδομα και Γόμορρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodoma_y_Gomorra" title="Sodoma y Gomorra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sodoma y Gomorra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodomo_kaj_Gomoro" title="Sodomo kaj Gomoro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sodomo kaj Gomoro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodoma_eta_Gomorra" title="Sodoma eta Gomorra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sodoma eta Gomorra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85_%D9%88_%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87" title="سدوم و عموره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سدوم و عموره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodome_et_Gomorrhe" title="Sodome et Gomorrhe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sodome et Gomorrhe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodom_en_Gomorra" title="Sodom en Gomorra – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sodom en Gomorra" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EB%8F%94%EA%B3%BC_%EA%B3%A0%EB%AA%A8%EB%9D%BC" title="소돔과 고모라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소돔과 고모라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%B4_%D6%87_%D4%B3%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Սոդոմ և Գոմոր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սոդոմ և Գոմոր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodoma_i_Gomora" title="Sodoma i Gomora – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sodoma i Gomora" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodom_dan_Gomora" title="Sodom dan Gomora – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sodom dan Gomora" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3d%C3%B3ma_og_G%C3%B3morra" title="Sódóma og Gómorra – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sódóma og Gómorra" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94" title="מהפכת סדום ועמורה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מהפכת סדום ועמורה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodom_lan_Gomora" title="Sodom lan Gomora – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sodom lan Gomora" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="სოდომი და გომორი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სოდომი და გომორი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodoma_un_Gomora" title="Sodoma un Gomora – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sodoma un Gomora" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodoma_ir_Gomora" title="Sodoma ir Gomora – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sodoma ir Gomora" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodoma_e_Gomorra" title="Sodoma e Gomorra – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sodoma e Gomorra" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szodoma_%C3%A9s_Gomora" title="Szodoma és Gomora – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szodoma és Gomora" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B4d%C3%B4ma_sy_G%C3%B4m%C3%B4ra" title="Sôdôma sy Gômôra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sôdôma sy Gômôra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodom_dan_Gomorrah" title="Sodom dan Gomorrah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sodom dan Gomorrah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodom_en_Gomorra" title="Sodom en Gomorra – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sodom en Gomorra" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%89%E3%83%A0%E3%81%A8%E3%82%B4%E3%83%A2%E3%83%A9" title="ソドムとゴモラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ソドムとゴモラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodoma_og_Gomorra" title="Sodoma og Gomorra – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sodoma og Gomorra" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sod%C3%B2ma_e_Gom%C3%B2rra" title="Sodòma e Gomòrra – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sodòma e Gomòrra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87" title="سدوم او عموره – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سدوم او عموره" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodoma_i_Gomora" title="Sodoma i Gomora – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sodoma i Gomora" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodoma_e_Gomorra" title="Sodoma e Gomorra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sodoma e Gomorra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodoma_%C8%99i_Gomora" title="Sodoma și Gomora – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sodoma și Gomora" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%B8_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Содом и Гоморра – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Содом и Гоморра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F" title="සොදොම් හා ගොමෝරා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සොදොම් හා ගොමෝරා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sodom and Gomorrah" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodoma_a_Gomora" title="Sodoma a Gomora – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sodoma a Gomora" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodoma_in_Gomora" title="Sodoma in Gomora – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sodoma in Gomora" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sod%C5%AFma_a_G%C5%AFmora" title="Sodůma a Gůmora – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Sodůma a Gůmora" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%AF%DB%86%D9%85_%D9%88_%D8%B9%DB%95%D9%85%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="سەدۆم و عەمۆرا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەدۆم و عەمۆرا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Содома и Гомора – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Содома и Гомора" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodoma_i_Gomora" title="Sodoma i Gomora – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sodoma i Gomora" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodoma_ja_Gomorra" title="Sodoma ja Gomorra – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sodoma ja Gomorra" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodom_och_Gomorra" title="Sodom och Gomorra – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sodom och Gomorra" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE" title="சொதோம் கொமோரா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சொதோம் கொமோரா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C" title="โสโดมและโกโมราห์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โสโดมและโกโมราห์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodom_ve_Gomora" title="Sodom ve Gomora – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sodom ve Gomora" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%96_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Содом і Гоморра – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Содом і Гоморра" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85_%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%81" title="سدوم وعمورہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سدوم وعمورہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodoma_ngan_Gomorra" title="Sodoma ngan Gomorra – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sodoma ngan Gomorra" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodom_u_Gomora" title="Sodom u Gomora – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Sodom u Gomora" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%80%E5%A4%9A%E7%91%AA%E8%88%87%E8%9B%BE%E6%91%A9%E6%8B%89" title="所多瑪與蛾摩拉 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="所多瑪與蛾摩拉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q180141#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Cities destroyed by God in the Book of Genesis</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the biblical cities. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sodom and Gomorrah (disambiguation)">Sodom and Gomorrah (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sdom" redirects here. For the standard deviation of the mean, see <a href="/wiki/Standard_error" title="Standard error">Standard error</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Martin_-_Sodom_and_Gomorrah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/John_Martin_-_Sodom_and_Gomorrah.jpg/260px-John_Martin_-_Sodom_and_Gomorrah.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/John_Martin_-_Sodom_and_Gomorrah.jpg/390px-John_Martin_-_Sodom_and_Gomorrah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/John_Martin_-_Sodom_and_Gomorrah.jpg/520px-John_Martin_-_Sodom_and_Gomorrah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3597" data-file-height="2293" /></a><figcaption><i>Sodom and Gomorrah</i> by John Martin</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>, <b>Sodom</b> and <b>Gomorrah</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɒr/: 'or' in 'moral'">ɒr</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>) were two cities destroyed by <a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">God</a> for their wickedness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene2004294_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene2004294-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their story parallels the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Genesis flood narrative</a> in its theme of God's anger provoked by man's <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sin</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> 19:1–28).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz2007465-466_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz2007465-466-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are mentioned frequently in the <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">prophets</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> as symbols of human wickedness and divine retribution, and the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> also contains a version of the story about the two cities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2014119_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2014119-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodom_and_Gomorrah&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The etymology of the names <i>Sodom</i> and <i>Gomorrah</i> is uncertain, and scholars disagree about them.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are known in Hebrew as <span title="Biblical Hebrew-language text"><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">סְדֹם</span></span> (<span title="Biblical Hebrew-language text"><i lang="hbo-Latn">Səḏōm</i></span>) and <span title="Biblical Hebrew-language text"><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">עֲמֹרָה</span></span> (<span title="Biblical Hebrew-language text"><i lang="hbo-Latn">'Ămōrā</i></span>). In the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, these became <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Σόδομα</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Sódoma</i></span>) and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Γόμορρᾰ</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Gómorrha</i></span>); the Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Ghayn" title="Ghayn">ghayn</a> was absorbed by <a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">ayin</a> sometime after the Septuagint was transcribed.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Burton_MacDonald" title="Burton MacDonald">Burton MacDonald</a>, the Hebrew term for Gomorrah was based on the <a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">Semitic root</a> <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ʿ-m-r</i></span>, which means "be deep", "copious (water)".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biblical_narrative">Biblical narrative</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodom_and_Gomorrah&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Biblical narrative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lot_and_Chedorlaomer">Lot and Chedorlaomer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodom_and_Gomorrah&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Lot and Chedorlaomer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sodom and Gomorrah are two of the five "cities of the plain" referred to in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2013:12&version=nrsv">Genesis 13:12</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2019:29&version=nrsv">Genesis 19:29</a> that rebel against <a href="/wiki/Chedorlaomer" title="Chedorlaomer">Chedorlaomer</a> of <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a>, to whom they were subject. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Siddim" title="Battle of Siddim">Battle of Siddim</a>, Chedorlaomer defeats them and takes many captives, including <a href="/wiki/Lot_(biblical_person)" title="Lot (biblical person)">Lot</a>, the nephew of the Hebrew patriarch <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>. Abraham gathers his men, rescues Lot, and frees the cities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Destruction_of_the_cities">Destruction of the cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodom_and_Gomorrah&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Destruction of the cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuremberg_chronicles_f_21r.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_21r.png/220px-Nuremberg_chronicles_f_21r.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_21r.png/330px-Nuremberg_chronicles_f_21r.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_21r.png/440px-Nuremberg_chronicles_f_21r.png 2x" data-file-width="865" data-file-height="502" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lot_(biblical_person)" title="Lot (biblical person)">Lot</a> and his daughters flee Sodom. <a href="/wiki/Lot%27s_wife" title="Lot's wife">His wife</a> (center) is already a salt pillar. (<a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Chronicle" title="Nuremberg Chronicle">Nuremberg Chronicle</a>, 1493)</figcaption></figure> <p>Later, God gives advance notice to Abraham that Sodom had a reputation for wickedness. Abraham asks God "Will you sweep away the righteous with the wicked?" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2018:23&version=nrsv">Genesis 18:23</a>). Starting at 50 people, Abraham negotiates with God to spare Sodom if 10 righteous people could be found.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>God sends two angels to destroy Sodom. Lot welcomes them into his home, but all the men of the town surround the house and demand that he surrender the visitors that they may <a href="/wiki/Carnal_knowledge" title="Carnal knowledge">"know" them carnally</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Lot offers the mob <a href="/wiki/Lot%27s_daughters" title="Lot's daughters">his virgin daughters</a> to "do to them as you please", but they refuse and threaten to do worse to Lot. The angels strike the crowd blind. </p><p>The angels tell Lot "...the outcry against its people has become great before the Lord, and the Lord has sent us to destroy it" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2019:13&version=nrsv">Genesis 19:13</a>). The next morning, because Lot had lingered, the angels take Lot, <a href="/wiki/Lot%27s_wife" title="Lot's wife">Lot's wife</a>, and his two daughters by the hand and out of the city, and tell him to flee to the hills and <a href="/wiki/Looking_taboo" title="Looking taboo">not look back</a>. Lot says that the hills are too far away and asks to go to <a href="/wiki/Zoara" title="Zoara">Zoar</a> instead. Then God rains sulfur and fire on Sodom and Gomorrah and all the Plain, and all the inhabitants of the cities, and what grew on the ground (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2019:24–25&version=nrsv">Genesis 19:24–25</a>). Lot and his two daughters are saved, but his wife disregards the angels' warning, looks back, and is turned into a pillar of salt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz2007485-486_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz2007485-486-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_biblical_references">Other biblical references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodom_and_Gomorrah&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other biblical references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matthias_Stom_-_Flight_from_Sodom.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Matthias_Stom_-_Flight_from_Sodom.png/220px-Matthias_Stom_-_Flight_from_Sodom.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Matthias_Stom_-_Flight_from_Sodom.png/330px-Matthias_Stom_-_Flight_from_Sodom.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Matthias_Stom_-_Flight_from_Sodom.png/440px-Matthias_Stom_-_Flight_from_Sodom.png 2x" data-file-width="2394" data-file-height="2967" /></a><figcaption>Sodom's destruction in the background of <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Stom" title="Matthias Stom">Matthias Stom</a>'s <i>Flight from Sodom</i> (1630)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> contains several other references to Sodom and Gomorrah. The <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> also contains passages of parallels to the destruction and surrounding events that pertained to these cities and those who were involved. Later <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuterocanonical">deuterocanonical</a> texts attempt to glean additional insights about these cities of the Jordan Plain and their residents. Additionally, the sins which triggered the destruction are reminiscent of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Book of Judges</a>' account of the <a href="/wiki/Levite%27s_concubine" title="Levite's concubine">Levite's concubine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hebrew_Bible">Hebrew Bible</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodom_and_Gomorrah&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hebrew Bible"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Sodom and Gomorrah" becomes a byword for destruction and desolation. <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a> 29:21–23 refers to the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And the generation to come, your children that shall rise up after you, and the foreigner that shall come from a far land, shall say, when they see the plagues of that land, and the sicknesses wherewith the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span> hath made it sick; and that the whole land thereof is brimstone, and salt, and a burning, that it is not sown, nor beareth, nor any grass groweth therein, like the overthrow of Sodom and Gomorrah, Admah and Zeboiim, which the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span> overthrew in His anger, and in His wrath; even all the nations shall say 'Wherefore hath the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span> done thus unto this land? what meaneth the heat of this great anger?'</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Deuteronomy 29:21–23<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a> 1:9–10,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 3:9<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 13:19–22<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> address people as from Sodom and Gomorrah, associates Sodom with shameless sinning and tells <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> that it will end like those two cities. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a> 23:14,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 49:17–18,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 50:39–40<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Lamentations 4:6<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> associate Sodom and Gomorrah with <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a> and lies, prophesy the fate of <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a> (south of the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a>), predict the fate of Babylon and use Sodom as a comparison. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a> 16:48–50<sup id="cite_ref-Bibleverse|Ezekiel|16:48–50|HE_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bibleverse|Ezekiel|16:48–50|HE-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> compares <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> to Sodom, saying "As I live, saith the Lord G<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">OD</span>, Sodom thy sister hath not done, she nor her daughters, as thou hast done, thou and thy daughters. Behold, this was the iniquity of thy sister Sodom: pride, fulness of bread, and careless ease was in her and in her daughters; neither did she strengthen the hand of the poor and needy. And they were haughty, and committed abomination before Me; therefore I removed them when I saw it." </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Amos_(prophet)" title="Amos (prophet)">Amos</a> 4:1–11,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> God tells the Israelites that although he treated them like Sodom and Gomorrah, they still did not repent. </p><p>In Zephaniah 2:9,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Zephaniah" title="Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a> tells <a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammon</a> that they will end up like Sodom and Gomorrah. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deuterocanon">Deuterocanon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodom_and_Gomorrah&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Deuterocanon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanonical books</a></div> <p>Wisdom 10:6–8 refers to the <a href="/wiki/Pentapolis#Significant_historical_cases" title="Pentapolis">Five Cities</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Wisdom rescued a righteous man when the ungodly were perishing; he escaped the fire that descended on the Five Cities. Evidence of their wickedness still remains: a continually smoking wasteland, plants bearing fruit that does not ripen, and a pillar of salt standing as a monument to an unbelieving soul. For because they passed wisdom by, they not only were hindered from recognizing the good, but also left for mankind a reminder of their folly, so that their failures could never go unnoticed.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Wisdom 10:6–8<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Wisdom 19:17<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> says that the Egyptians who enslaved the Israelites were "struck with blindness, like the men of Sodom who came to the door of that righteous man Lot. They found themselves in total darkness, as each one groped around to find his own door." </p><p>Sirach 16:8<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> says "[God] did not spare the neighbors of Lot, whom he loathed on account of their insolence." </p><p>In 3 Maccabees 2:5,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the high priest Simon says that God "consumed with fire and sulfur the men of Sodom who acted arrogantly, who were notorious for their vices; and you made them an example to those who should come afterward". </p><p>2 Esdras 2:8–9<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> says "Woe to you, Assyria, who conceal the unrighteous in your midst! O wicked nation, remember what I did to Sodom and Gomor'rah, whose land lies in lumps of pitch and heaps of ashes. So will I do to those who have not listened to me, says the Lord Almighty." </p><p>2 Esdras 5:1–13<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> describes signs of the <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">end times</a>, one of which is that "the sea of Sodom shall cast up fish". </p><p>In 2 Esdras 7:106,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a> says that Abraham prayed for the people of Sodom. </p><p>Chapter 12 of <a href="/wiki/Meqabyan#First_Book_of_Ethiopian_Maccabees_(1_Meqabyan)" title="Meqabyan">1 Meqabyan</a>, a book considered <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">canonical</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a>, references "Gemorra an Sedom". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Testament">New Testament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodom_and_Gomorrah&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: New Testament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Matthew 10:14–15 (cf. Luke 10:11–12)<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jesus says: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And whosoever shall not receive you, nor hear your words, when ye depart out of that house or city, shake off the dust from your feet. Verily I say unto you, It shall be more tolerable for the land of Sodom and Gomorrah in the day of judgement, than for that city.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Matthew 10:14–15<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In Matthew 11:20–24,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jesus warns of the fate of some cities where he did some of his works: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And you, Capernaum, will you be exalted to heaven? No, you will be brought down to Hades. For if the deeds of power done in you had been done in Sodom, it would have remained until this day. But I tell you that on the day of judgment it will be more tolerable for the land of Sodom than for you.</p></blockquote><p> In Luke 17:28–30,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jesus says: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Likewise also as it was in the days of Lot; they did eat, they drank, they bought, they sold, they planted, they builded, but the same day that Lot went out of Sodom it rained fire and brimstone from heaven and destroyed them all. Even thus will it be in the day when the Son of man is revealed.</p></blockquote> <p>Romans 9:29<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> references Isaiah 1:9:<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "And as Isaiah predicted, "If the Lord of hosts had not left survivors to us, we would have fared like Sodom and been made like Gomorrah." </p><p>2 Peter 2:4–10<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> says that just as God destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah and saved Lot, he will deliver godly people from temptations and punish the wicked on <a href="/wiki/Judgement_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgement Day">Judgement Day</a>. </p><p>Jude 1:7<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> records that both Sodom and Gomorrah "indulged in sexual immorality and pursued unnatural lust, serve as an example by undergoing a punishment of eternal fire." </p><p>Revelation 11:7–8,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> regarding the <a href="/wiki/Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">two witnesses</a>, reads: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When they have finished their testimony, the beast that comes up from the bottomless pit will make war on them and conquer them and kill them, and their dead bodies will lie in the street of the great city that is prophetically called Sodom and Egypt, where also their Lord was crucified.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_sin_of_Sodom">The sin of Sodom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodom_and_Gomorrah&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The sin of Sodom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="homosexuality"></span> Sodom and Gomorrah, or the "cities of the plain", have been used historically and in modern discourse as <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphors</a> for <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a>, and are the origin of the English words <i>sodomite</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a> term for <a href="/wiki/Male_homosexuals" class="mw-redirect" title="Male homosexuals">male homosexuals</a>, "sod", a British vulgar slang term for <a href="/wiki/Male_homosexuals" class="mw-redirect" title="Male homosexuals">male homosexuals</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">sodomy</a></i>, which is used in a legal context under the label "<a href="/wiki/Crime_against_nature" title="Crime against nature">crimes against nature</a>" to describe <a href="/wiki/Anal_sex" title="Anal sex">anal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Oral_sex" title="Oral sex">oral sex</a> (particularly homosexual) and <a href="/wiki/Bestiality" class="mw-redirect" title="Bestiality">bestiality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Phelps_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phelps-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Scheb_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheb-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Newton_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newton-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is based upon Christian <a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">exegesis</a> of the biblical text interpreting <a href="/wiki/Divine_judgment" title="Divine judgment">divine judgment</a> upon Sodom and Gomorrah as punishment for the sin of homosexual sex.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of contemporary scholars dispute this interpretation in light of Ezekiel 16:49–50<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ("This was the guilt of your sister Sodom: she and her daughters had pride, excess of food, and prosperous ease, but did not aid the poor and needy. They were haughty, and did abominable things before me; therefore I removed them when I saw it."), interpreting the sin as arrogance and the lack of hospitality.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with Ezekiel, later prophetic reproaches of Sodom and Gomorrah do not condemn, implicate, or even mention homosexual conduct as the reason for the cities' destruction: instead assigning the blame to other sins, such as <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a>, dishonesty,<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and uncharitableness.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Islamic societies incorporate punishments associated with Sodom and Gomorrah into <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historicity">Historicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodom_and_Gomorrah&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Historicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It has been suggested that if the story does have a historical basis, the cities may have been destroyed by a <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disaster</a>. One such idea is that the Dead Sea was devastated by an earthquake between 2100 and 1900 BC. This might have unleashed showers of steaming tar.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible that the towns were destroyed by an earthquake, especially as they lay along a major fault such as the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Rift_Valley" title="Jordan Rift Valley">Jordan Rift Valley</a>; however, there are no known contemporary accounts of seismic activity that corroborate this theory, and this and the suggestion that they were destroyed by a volcano have been deemed unlikely.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possible_sites">Possible sites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodom_and_Gomorrah&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Possible sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Sayce" title="Archibald Sayce">Archibald Sayce</a> translated an <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> poem describing cities that were destroyed in a rain of fire and written from the view of a person who escaped the destruction; unfortunately, the names of the cities are not given in the work.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sayce later mentions that the story more closely resembles the doom of <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a>'s host.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ancient Greek historiographer <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> states that locals living near Moasada (as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Masada" title="Masada">Masada</a>) say that "there were once thirteen inhabited cities in that region of which Sodom was the metropolis".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strabo identifies <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sodom" title="Mount Sodom">a limestone and salt hill</a> at the southwestern tip of the Dead Sea, and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sodom" title="Mount Sodom">Kharbet Usdum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">הר סדום</span>, <i>Har Sedom</i> or <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">جبل السدوم</span>, <i>Jabal(u) 'ssudūm</i>) ruins nearby as the site of biblical Sodom.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Jewish historian <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> identifies the Dead Sea in geographic proximity to the ancient biblical city of Sodom. He refers to the lake by its Greek name, Asphaltites.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars believe that the locations of the two cities are currently flooded beneath the southern basin of the Dead Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1973, Walter E. Rast and R. Thomas Schaub discovered or visited a number of possible sites of the cities, including <a href="/wiki/Bab_edh-Dhra" title="Bab edh-Dhra">Bab edh-Dhra</a>, which was originally excavated in 1965 by archaeologist Paul Lapp, and later finished by Rast and Schaub following Lapp's death. Other possibilities include <a href="/wiki/Numeira" title="Numeira">Numeira</a>, al-Safi, Feifa (or Fifa, Feifah), and Khirbet al-Khanazir, which were also visited by Schaub and Rast.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> According to Schaub, Numeira was destroyed in 2600 BC at a different time period than Bab edh-Dhra (2350–2067 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1993 <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Lapp" title="Nancy Lapp">Nancy Lapp</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Theological_Seminary" title="Pittsburgh Theological Seminary">Pittsburgh Theological Seminary</a>, reported that Feifa had no <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Levant">Bronze Age</a> occupation and merely an Early Bronze Age cemetery with <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age#Ancient_Near_East" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> walls. She reports: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the final season of the present series of excavations of the Expedition to the Dead Sea Plain (1990–1991), the walled site of Feifa was investigated and the EB [Early Bronze Age] cemetery that stretched to its east was excavated. The most recent surveys suggested that the visible structures of the walled site belonged to the Iron Age or <a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel#Early_Roman_period_(64_BCE–2nd_century_AD)" title="History of Israel">Roman period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> At Khirbet al-Khanazir, the walls which Rast and Schaub had identified in 1973 as houses were in reality rectangular <a href="/wiki/Charnel_house" title="Charnel house">charnel houses</a> marking shaft tombs from near the end of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Bronze Age">Early Bronze Age</a> and not occupational structures.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1976, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pettinato" title="Giovanni Pettinato">Giovanni Pettinato</a> claimed that a <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> tablet that had been found in the newly discovered library at <a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a> contained the names of all five of the cities of the plain (Sodom, Gomorrah, <a href="/wiki/Admah" title="Admah">Admah</a>, Zeboim, and <a href="/wiki/Zoara" title="Zoara">Bela</a>), listed in the same order as in Genesis. The names <i>si-da-mu</i> [TM.76.G.524] and <i>ì-ma-ar</i> [TM.75.G.1570 and TM.75.G.2233] were identified as representing Sodom and Gomorrah, which gained some acceptance at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Alfonso Archi states that, judging from the surrounding city names in the cuneiform list, <i>si-da-mu</i> lies in northern Syria and not near the Dead Sea, and <i>ì-ma-ar</i> is a variant of <i>ì-mar</i>, known to represent <a href="/wiki/Emar" title="Emar">Emar</a>, an ancient city located near Ebla.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the scholarly consensus is that "Ebla has no bearing on ... Sodom and Gomorra."<sup id="cite_ref-Y_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Y-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_views">Religious views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodom_and_Gomorrah&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Religious views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodom_and_Gomorrah&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Later Hebrew prophets named the sins of Sodom and Gomorrah as <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pridefulness,<sup id="cite_ref-Bibleverse|Ezekiel|16:48–50|HE_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bibleverse|Ezekiel|16:48–50|HE-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and uncharitableness.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rictor_Norton" title="Rictor Norton">Rictor Norton</a> views classical Jewish texts as stressing the cruelty and lack of <a href="/wiki/Hospitality" title="Hospitality">hospitality</a> of the inhabitants of Sodom to the "stranger".<sup id="cite_ref-The_Inhospitable_Sodomites_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Inhospitable_Sodomites-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rabbinic writings affirm that the Sodomites also committed economic crimes, blasphemy, and bloodshed.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other extrabiblical crimes committed by Sodom and Gomorrah included <a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">extortion</a> on crossing a river, harshly punishing victims for crimes that the perpetrator committed, forcing an assault victim to pay for the perpetrator's "bleeding"<sup id="cite_ref-Chabad.com_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chabad.com-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and forcing a woman to marry a man who intentionally caused her miscarriage to compensate for the lost child. Because of this, the judges of the two cities were referred to as Shakrai ("Liar"), Shakurai ("Awful Liar"), Zayyafi ("Forger") and Mazle Dina ("Perverter of Justice"). <a href="/wiki/Eliezer" title="Eliezer">Eliezer</a> was reported to be a victim of such legally unjust conduct, after Sarah sent him to Sodom to report on Lot's welfare. The citizens also regularly <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">tortured</a> foreigners who sought lodging. They did this by providing the foreigners a standard-sized bed and if they saw that the foreigners were too short for the beds, they would forcibly <a href="/wiki/Rack_(torture)" title="Rack (torture)">stretch their limbs</a> but if the foreigners were too tall, they would <a href="/wiki/Dismemberment" title="Dismemberment">cut off their legs</a> (the Greek myth of <a href="/wiki/Procrustes" title="Procrustes">Procrustes</a> tells a similar story).<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, many people refrained from visiting Sodom and Gomorrah. Beggars who settled into the two cities for refuge were similarly mistreated. The citizens would give them marked coins (presumably used to purchase food) but were nonetheless forbidden, by proclamation, to provide these necessary services. Once the beggar died of starvation, citizens who initially gave the beggar the coins were permitted to retrieve them, provided that they could recognize it. The beggar's clothing was also provided as a reward for any citizen who could successfully overcome his opponent in a street fight.<sup id="cite_ref-Book_of_Jasher._Chapter_19_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Book_of_Jasher._Chapter_19-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chabad.com_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chabad.com-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The provision of bread and water to the poor was also a capital offense (Yalḳ., Gen. 83). Two girls, one poor and the other rich, went to a well, and the former gave the latter her jug of water, receiving in return a vessel containing bread. When this became known, both were burned alive (ib.).<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Sefer_haYashar_(midrash)" title="Sefer haYashar (midrash)">Book of Jasher</a>, Paltith, one of Lot's daughters, was burnt alive (in some versions, on a pyre) for giving a poor man bread.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her cries went to the heavens.<sup id="cite_ref-Chabad.com_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chabad.com-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another woman was similarly executed in Admah for giving a traveler, who intended to leave the town the next day, water. When the scandal was revealed, the woman was stripped naked and covered with honey. This attracted bees as the woman was slowly stung to death. Her cries then went up into the heavens, the turning point that was revealed to have provoked God to enact judgement upon Sodom and Gomorrah in the first place in Genesis 18:20.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Book_of_Jasher._Chapter_19_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Book_of_Jasher._Chapter_19-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lot's wife (who came from Sodom) had disapproved of her husband welcoming the strangers into their home; her asking for salt from neighbors had alerted the mob which came to Lot's door. As punishment she was turned into a pillar of salt.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jon_D._Levenson" title="Jon D. Levenson">Jon D. Levenson</a> views a rabbinic tradition described in the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> as postulating that the sin of Sodom was a violation of conventional hospitality in addition to homosexual conduct, describing Sodom's lack of generosity with the saying, "What is mine is mine; what is yours is yours" (<i>m. Avot</i> 5.10).<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jay_Michaelson" title="Jay Michaelson">Jay Michaelson</a> proposes a reading of the story of Sodom that emphasizes the violation of hospitality as well as the violence of the Sodomites. "Homosexual rape is the way in which they violate hospitality—not the essence of their transgression. Reading the story of Sodom as being about homosexuality is like reading the story of an ax murderer as being about an ax."<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michaelson places the story of Sodom in context with other Genesis stories regarding Abraham's hospitality to strangers, and argues that when other texts in the Hebrew Bible mention Sodom, they do so without commentary on homosexuality. The verses cited by Michaelson include Jeremiah 23:14,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the sins of Jerusalem are compared to Sodom and are listed as adultery, lying, and strengthening the hands of evildoers; Amos 4:1–11 (oppressing the poor and crushing the needy);<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Ezekiel 16:49–50,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which defines the sins of Sodom as "pride, fullness of bread, and abundance of idleness was in her and in her daughters, neither did she strengthen the hand of the poor and needy. And they were haughty, and did <i>toevah</i> before me, and I took them away as I saw fit." Michaelson uses <i>toevah</i> in place of <i>abomination</i> to emphasize the original Hebrew, which he explains as being more correctly translated as "taboo".<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rabbi Basil Herring, who served as head of the <a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_Council_of_America" title="Rabbinical Council of America">Rabbinical Council of America</a> from 2003 to 2012, writes that both the <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">rabbinic literature</a> and modern <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> position consider the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> to condemn homosexuality as an abomination. Moreover, that it "conveys its abhorrence of homosexuality through a variety of narrative settings", God's judgment of Sodom and Gomorrah being a "<a href="/wiki/Paradigm" title="Paradigm">paradigmatic</a>" instance of such condemnation.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodom_and_Gomorrah&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two areas of contention have arisen in modern Christian scholarship concerning the story of Sodom and Gomorrah:<sup id="cite_ref-Wenham_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wenham-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boswell_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boswell-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Whether or not the violent mob surrounding Lot's house were demanding to engage in sexual violence against Lot's guests.</li> <li>Whether it was homosexuality or another transgression, such as the act of inhospitable behavior towards visitors, the act of sexual assault, murder, theft, adultery, idolatry, power abuses, or prideful and mocking behavior,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that was the principal reason for God's destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah.</li></ul> <p>The first contention focuses primarily upon the meaning of the Hebrew verb <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">ידע</span> (<i>yada</i>), translated as <i>know</i> in the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And they called unto Lot, and said unto him, Where are the men which came in to thee this night? bring them out unto us, that we may know them.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Genesis 19:5<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p><i>Yada</i> is used to refer to sexual intercourse in various instances, such as in Genesis 4:1 between Adam and Eve: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And Adam knew Eve his wife; and she conceived, and bare Cain, and said, I have gotten a man from the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span>.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Genesis 4:1<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Some Hebrew scholars believe that <i>yada</i>, unlike the English word "know", requires the existence of a "personal and intimate relationship".<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, many of the most popular of the 20th century translations, including the <a href="/wiki/New_International_Version" title="New International Version">New International Version</a>, the <a href="/wiki/New_King_James_Version" title="New King James Version">New King James Version</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/New_Living_Translation" title="New Living Translation">New Living Translation</a>, translate <i>yada</i> as "have sex with" or "know ... carnally" in Genesis 19:5.<sup id="cite_ref-CBA_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBA-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Those who favor the non-sexual interpretation argue against a denotation of sexual behavior in this context, noting that while the Hebrew word for "know" appears over 900 times in the Hebrew Bible, only 1% (13–14 times)<sup id="cite_ref-The_Inhospitable_Sodomites_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Inhospitable_Sodomites-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of those references are clearly used as a <a href="/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">euphemism</a> for realizing sexual intimacy.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, those who hold to this interpretation see the demand to know as demanding the right to interrogate the strangers.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Countering this is the observation that one of the examples of "know" meaning to know sexually occurs when Lot responds to the Genesis 19:5 request, by offering his daughters for <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a>, only three verses later in the same narrative: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Behold now, I have two daughters which have not known man; let me, I pray you, bring them out unto you, and do ye to them as is good in your eyes: only unto these men do nothing; for therefore came they under the shadow of my roof.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Genesis 19:8<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Epistle of Jude</a> is a major text in regard to these conflicting opinions: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Even as Sodom and Gomorrha, and the cities about them in like manner, giving themselves over to fornication, and going after strange flesh, are set forth for an example, suffering the vengeance of eternal fire.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Jude 1:7<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Many who interpret the stories in a non-sexual context contend that as the word for "strange" is akin to "another", "other", "altered" or even "next", the meaning is unclear, and if the condemnation of Sodom was the result of sexual activities perceived to be perverse, then it is likely that it was because women sought to commit fornication with "other than human" angels,<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> perhaps referring to Genesis 6:1–4<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the apocryphal <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a>. Countering this, it is pointed out that Genesis 6 refers to angels seeking women, not men seeking angels, and that both Sodom and Gomorrah were engaged in the sin Jude describes before the angelic visitation, and that, regardless, it is doubtful that the Sodomites knew they were angels. In addition, it is argued the word used in the King James Version of the Bible for "strange", can mean unlawful or corrupted (e.g. in Romans 7:3, Galatians 1:6), and that the apocryphal <a href="/wiki/Second_Book_of_Enoch" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Book of Enoch">Second Book of Enoch</a> condemns "sodomitic" sex (2 Enoch 10:3; 34:1),<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus indicating that homosexual relations was the prevalent <i>physical</i> sin of Sodom.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both the non-sexual and the <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a> view invoke certain classical writings as well as other portions of the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Now this was the sin of Sodom: She and her daughters were arrogant, overfed and unconcerned; they did not help the poor and needy. They were haughty and did detestable things before me. Therefore I did away with them as you have seen.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Ezekiel 16:49–50<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Here the nonsexual view focuses on the inhospitality aspect, while the other notes the description <i>detestable</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Abomination_(Bible)" title="Abomination (Bible)">abomination</a></i>, the Hebrew word for which often denotes moral sins, including those of a sexual nature.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nonsexual view focuses on the cultural importance of hospitality, which this biblical story shares with other ancient civilizations, such as <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Hospitality" title="Hospitality">hospitality</a> was of singular importance and strangers were under the protection of the gods.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James L. Kugel, Starr Professor of Hebrew Literature at Harvard University suggests the story encompasses the sexual and non-sexual: the Sodomites were guilty of stinginess, inhospitality and sexual license, homo- and heterosexual in contrast to the generosity of Abraham, and Lot whose behavior in protecting the visitors but offering his daughters suggests he was "scarcely better than his neighbors" according to some ancient commentators, The Bible As It Was, 1997, pp. 179–197. </p><p>Within the Christian churches that agree on the possible sexual interpretation of "know" (<i>yada</i>) in this context, there is still a difference of opinion on whether homosexuality is important. On its website, the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a> presents the argument that the story is "not even vaguely about homosexual love or relationships", but is instead "about dominance and rape, by definition an act of violence, not of sex or love". This argument that the violence and the threat of violence towards foreign visitors is the true ethical downfall of Sodom (and not homosexuality), also observes the similarity between the Sodom and Gomorrah and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gibeah" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gibeah">Battle of Gibeah</a> Bible stories. In both stories, an inhospitable mob demands the homosexual rape of a foreigner or foreigners. As the mob instead settles for the rape and murder of the foreigner's female concubine in the Battle of Gibeah story, the homosexual aspect is generally seen as inconsequential, and the ethical downfall is understood to be the violence and the threat of violence towards foreigners by the mob. This Exodus 22:21–24 lesson<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is viewed by Anglicans as a more historically accurate way to interpret the Sodom and Gomorrah story.<sup id="cite_ref-Wenham_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wenham-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholar in history and gender studies Lisa McClain has claimed that the association between Sodom and Gomorrah with homosexuality emerged from the writings of 1st century Jewish philosopher <a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a>, and that no prior <a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">exegesis</a> of the text suggested such a linkage.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodom_and_Gomorrah&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lot_in_Islam" title="Lot in Islam">Lot in Islam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lot_BnF_Persan_54_fol._40.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Lot_BnF_Persan_54_fol._40.jpg/170px-Lot_BnF_Persan_54_fol._40.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Lot_BnF_Persan_54_fol._40.jpg/255px-Lot_BnF_Persan_54_fol._40.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Lot_BnF_Persan_54_fol._40.jpg/340px-Lot_BnF_Persan_54_fol._40.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1923" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lot_in_Islam" title="Lot in Islam">Lut</a> fleeing the city with his <a href="/wiki/Lot%27s_daughters" title="Lot's daughters">daughters</a>; his <a href="/wiki/Lot%27s_wife#Islamic_view" title="Lot's wife">wife</a> is killed by a rock.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Quran contains twelve references to "the people of Lut", the biblical Lot, the residents of Sodom and Gomorrah presumably, and their destruction by <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">God</a> which is associated primarily with their <a href="/wiki/Homosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexual">homosexual</a> practices, which the Quran states they were the first creatures to commit such a deed.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MC_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MC-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, certain contemporary western scholars assert that the reason for the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah was a combination of sexual assault, breaking the hospitality law and engaging in robbery.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "people of Lut" <a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_sin" title="Islamic views on sin">transgressed</a> consciously against the bounds of God. Lot only prayed to God to be saved from doing as they did. Then <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel in Islam">Gabriel</a> met Lot and said that he must leave the city quickly, as God had given this command to Lot to save his life. In the Quran it was written that Lot's wife stayed behind, as she had transgressed. She met her fate in the disaster, and only Lot and his family were saved during the destruction of their city,<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the understanding that the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah are identified in Genesis, but "the location remains unnamed in the Qur'an"<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Quran, <a href="/wiki/Al_Hejr" title="Al Hejr">chapter 15 (The Stoneland)</a> – </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>So the (mighty) Blast overtook them before morning, And We turned the cities ˹of Sodom and Gomorrah˺ upside down and rained upon them stones of baked clay. Surely in this are signs for those who contemplate. Their ruins still lie along a known route.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Al_Hejr#Summary" title="Al Hejr">Quran 15:73</a><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In the Quran, <a href="/wiki/Quran_26" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran 26">chapter 26 (The Poets)</a> – </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>So, We saved him and his family, all. Except an old woman among those who remained behind.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Quran_26:170" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran 26:170">Quran 26:170</a><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Commentary: This was his wife, who was a bad old woman. She stayed behind and was destroyed with whoever else was left. This is similar to what Allah says about them in Surat Al-A`raf and Surat Hud, and in Surat Al-Hijr, where Allah commanded him to take his family at night, except for his wife, and not to turn around when they heard the Sayhah as it came upon his people. So they patiently obeyed the command of Allah and persevered, and Allah sent upon the people a punishment which struck them all, and rained upon them stones of baked clay, piled up.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Tafsir ibn Kathir (Commentary by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodom_and_Gomorrah&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Gnosticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A different idea is found in the <a href="/wiki/Paraphrase_of_Shem" title="Paraphrase of Shem">Paraphrase of Shem</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic</a> text from the literature of the <a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library" title="Nag Hammadi library">Nag Hammadi library</a>. In this narrative, the figure <a href="/wiki/Shem" title="Shem">Shem</a>, who is guided by a spiritual savior named Derdekeas, brings his universal teaching of secret knowledge (<a href="/wiki/Gnosis#Gnosticism" title="Gnosis">gnosis</a>) to the citizens of Sodom before the city is unjustly destroyed by the base nature of the <a href="/wiki/Demiurge#Gnosticism" title="Demiurge">demon of human form</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodom_and_Gomorrah&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Cities of the plain</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admah" title="Admah">Admah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeboim_(Hebrew_Bible)" title="Zeboim (Hebrew Bible)">Zeboim (Hebrew Bible)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoara" title="Zoara">Zoara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Siddim" title="Battle of Siddim">Battle of Siddim</a> from the vale of Siddim ("the plain")</li></ul> <p><b>Related topics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bab_edh-Dhra" title="Bab edh-Dhra">Bab edh-Dhra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Numeira" title="Numeira">Numeira</a>, two adjacent archeological sites said by some to be the two cities' locations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_homosexuality" title="Christianity and homosexuality">Christianity and homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_sexual_orientation" title="Christianity and sexual orientation">Christianity and sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitium" title="Hospitium">Hospitium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexuality and Judaism">Homosexuality and Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Homosexuality in the Hebrew Bible">Homosexuality in the Hebrew Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT in Islam">LGBT in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levite%27s_concubine" title="Levite's concubine">Levite's concubine</a> – similar biblical narrative</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_LGBT_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and LGBT people">Religion and LGBT people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_homosexuality" title="The Bible and homosexuality">The Bible and homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_(mythology)" title="Tripura (mythology)">Tripura</a>, cities likewise destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Divine_providence" title="Divine providence">divine intervention</a> as described in Hindu mythology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayeira" title="Vayeira">Vayeira</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Parsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsha">Torah portion</a> concerning Sodom and Gomorrah</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenia_(Greek)" title="Xenia (Greek)">Xenia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodom_and_Gomorrah&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0532.htm#32">Deuteronomy 32:32–33</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodom_and_Gomorrah&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodom_and_Gomorrah&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene2004294-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene2004294_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreene2004">Greene 2004</a>, p. 294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2019:1&version=nrsv">Genesis 19:1·28</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz2007465-466-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz2007465-466_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2007">Schwartz 2007</a>, p. 465-466.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2014119-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2014119_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson2014">Jackson 2014</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBotterweckRinggrenFabry2000" class="citation book cs1">Botterweck, G. Johannes; Ringgren, Helmer; Fabry, Heinz-Josef, eds. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_eJiX4seBxgC&pg=PA155"><i>Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, Volume 10</i></a>. Wm Eeerdmans. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2334-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2334-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-2334-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theological+Dictionary+of+the+Old+Testament%2C+Volume+10&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Wm+Eeerdmans&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2334-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_eJiX4seBxgC%26pg%3DPA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldingay2018" class="citation book cs1">Goldingay, John (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xshyDwAAQBAJ&q=amorah+gomorrah&pg=PA649"><i>The First Testament: A New Translation</i></a>. InterVarsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780830887965" title="Special:BookSources/9780830887965"><bdi>9780830887965</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Testament%3A+A+New+Translation&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780830887965&rft.aulast=Goldingay&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxshyDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Damorah%2Bgomorrah%26pg%3DPA649&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacdonald,_Bob2000" class="citation book cs1">Macdonald, Bob (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bu.edu/asor/pubs/books-monographs/macdonald.pdf"><i>"East of the Jordan": Territories and Sites of the Hebrew Scriptures</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. American Schools of Oriental Research. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89757-031-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-89757-031-6"><bdi>0-89757-031-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22East+of+the+Jordan%22%3A+Territories+and+Sites+of+the+Hebrew+Scriptures&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-89757-031-6&rft.au=Macdonald%2C+Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bu.edu%2Fasor%2Fpubs%2Fbooks-monographs%2Fmacdonald.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/552322">Sodom and Gomorrah</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz2007485-486-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz2007485-486_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2007">Schwartz 2007</a>, p. 485-486.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarden1999" class="citation journal cs1">Carden, Michael (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openjournals.library.sydney.edu.au/index.php/ARSR/article/view/8459">"Compulsory Heterosexuality in Biblical Narratives and their Interpretations: Reading Homophobia and Rape in Sodom and Gibeah"</a>. <i>Australian Religion Studies Review</i>. <b>12</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Religion+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=Compulsory+Heterosexuality+in+Biblical+Narratives+and+their+Interpretations%3A+Reading+Homophobia+and+Rape+in+Sodom+and+Gibeah&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Carden&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenjournals.library.sydney.edu.au%2Findex.php%2FARSR%2Farticle%2Fview%2F8459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0529.htm#21">Deuteronomy 29:21–23</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1001.htm#9">Isaiah 1:9–10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1003.htm#9">Isaiah 3:9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1013.htm#19">Isaiah 13:19–22</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1123.htm#14">Jeremiah 23:14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1149.htm#17">Jeremiah 49:17–18</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1150.htm#39">Jeremiah 50:39–40</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt3204.htm#6">Lamentations 4:6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bibleverse|Ezekiel|16:48–50|HE-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bibleverse|Ezekiel|16:48–50|HE_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bibleverse|Ezekiel|16:48–50|HE_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1216.htm#48">Ezekiel 16:48–50</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1504.htm#1">Amos 4:1–11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2102.htm#9">Zephaniah 2:9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Wisdom+of+Solomon+10:6–8&version=rsv">Wisdom 10:6–8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Wisdom+of+Solomon+19:17&version=gnt">Wisdom 19:17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ecclesiasticus+16:8&version=rsv">Sirach 16:8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=3+Maccabees+2:5&version=rsv">3 Maccabees 2:5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Esdras+2:8–9&version=rsv">2 Esdras 2:8–9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Esdras+5:1–13&version=rsv">2 Esdras 5:1–13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Esdras+7:106&version=rsv">2 Esdras 7:106</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2010:11–12&version=nrsv">Luke 10:11–12</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2010:14–15&version=nrsv">Matthew 10:14–15</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2011:20–24&version=nrsv">Matthew 11:20–24</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2017:28–30&version=nrsv">Luke 17:28–30</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%209:29&version=nrsv">Romans 9:29</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1001.htm#9">Isaiah 1:9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Peter%202:4–10&version=nrsv">2 Peter 2:4–10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Jude%201:7&version=nrsv">Jude 1:7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Revelation%2011:7–8&version=nrsv">Revelation 11:7–8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phelps-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Phelps_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirelle_Phelps2001" class="citation book cs1">Shirelle Phelps (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=izwvAQAAIAAJ"><i>World of Criminal Justice: N-Z</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Gale_(publisher)" title="Gale (publisher)">Gale Group</a>. p. 686. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0787650730" title="Special:BookSources/0787650730"><bdi>0787650730</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+of+Criminal+Justice%3A+N-Z&rft.pages=686&rft.pub=Gale+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0787650730&rft.au=Shirelle+Phelps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DizwvAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scheb-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scheb_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchebScheb_II2013" class="citation book cs1">Scheb, John; Scheb II, John (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VZoWAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA185"><i>Criminal Law and Procedure</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</a>. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1285546131" title="Special:BookSources/978-1285546131"><bdi>978-1285546131</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminal+Law+and+Procedure&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1285546131&rft.aulast=Scheb&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Scheb+II%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVZoWAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newton-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Newton_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Newton2009" class="citation book cs1">David Newton (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gjcUFK4RZNcC&pg=PA85"><i>Gay and Lesbian Rights: A Reference Handbook, Second Edition</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1598843071" title="Special:BookSources/978-1598843071"><bdi>978-1598843071</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gay+and+Lesbian+Rights%3A+A+Reference+Handbook%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1598843071&rft.au=David+Newton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgjcUFK4RZNcC%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan1999" class="citation book cs1">Jordan, Mark (1999). <i>The Invention of Sodomy in Christian Theology</i>. Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">89–</span>95.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+Sodomy+in+Christian+Theology&rft.place=Chicago+IL&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E89-%3C%2Fspan%3E95&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2018" class="citation web cs1">Staff (September 20, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zondervanacademic.com/blog/sodom-and-gomorrah/">"Sodom and Gomorrah: A Story about Sin and Judgment"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Zondervan" title="Zondervan">Zondervan</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 19,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zondervan&rft.atitle=Sodom+and+Gomorrah%3A+A+Story+about+Sin+and+Judgment&rft.date=2018-09-20&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzondervanacademic.com%2Fblog%2Fsodom-and-gomorrah%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClain2019" class="citation web cs1">McClain, Lisa (April 10, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/a-thousand-years-ago-the-catholic-church-paid-little-attention-to-homosexuality-112830">"A thousand years ago, the Catholic Church paid little attention to homosexuality"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Conversation_(website)" title="The Conversation (website)">The Conversation</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 19,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=A+thousand+years+ago%2C+the+Catholic+Church+paid+little+attention+to+homosexuality&rft.date=2019-04-10&rft.aulast=McClain&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fa-thousand-years-ago-the-catholic-church-paid-little-attention-to-homosexuality-112830&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezekiel%2016:49–50&version=nrsv">Ezekiel 16:49–50</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loader, J.A., A Tale of Two Cities (Contributions to Biblical Exegesis and Theology, 1; Kampen: J.H. Kok, 1990)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hospitality and Hostility: Reading Genesis 19 in Light of 2 Samuel 10 (And Vice Versa). Universalism and Particularism at Sodom and Gomorrah: Essays in Memory of Ron Pirson. Edited by Diana Lipton. Series: Ancient Israel and Its Literature. 2012. Society of Biblical Literature <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt32bz0d">https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt32bz0d</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kawashima, The Book of Genesis: Composition, Reception, and Interpretation (SVT 152), Brill, 2012. “The entire episode centers on the theme of hospitality, the very foundation of civilization… Lot in effect wins his family’s salvation by protecting the strangers who have come under his roof, even at grave risk to his household—arguably outdoing his uncle’s hospitality in the previous scene (Gen 18). 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Penrose (1 September 1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.2307/3209243">"Sodom and Gomorrah: The Destruction of the Cities of the Plain"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Biblical_Archaeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="The Biblical Archaeologist">The Biblical Archaeologist</a></i>. <b>6</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">41–</span>54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3209243">10.2307/3209243</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3209243">3209243</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:134315034">134315034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Biblical+Archaeologist&rft.atitle=Sodom+and+Gomorrah%3A+The+Destruction+of+the+Cities+of+the+Plain&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.date=1943-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A134315034%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3209243%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3209243&rft.aulast=Harland&rft.aufirst=J.+Penrose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.2307%2F3209243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmbraseys2009" class="citation book cs1">Ambraseys, Nicholas (22 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FzXSBgAAQBAJ&dq=Dead+Sea++earthquake+between+2100+and+1900+BCE+Sodom&pg=PT258">"2100-1700 BC Sodom, Judaea"</a>. <i>Earthquakes in the Mediterranean and Middle East: A Multidisciplinary Study of Seismicity up to 1900</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781316347850" title="Special:BookSources/9781316347850"><bdi>9781316347850</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2100-1700+BC+Sodom%2C+Judaea&rft.btitle=Earthquakes+in+the+Mediterranean+and+Middle+East%3A+A+Multidisciplinary+Study+of+Seismicity+up+to+1900&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009-10-22&rft.isbn=9781316347850&rft.aulast=Ambraseys&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFzXSBgAAQBAJ%26dq%3DDead%2BSea%2B%2Bearthquake%2Bbetween%2B2100%2Band%2B1900%2BBCE%2BSodom%26pg%3DPT258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSayce,_A._H." class="citation book cs1">Sayce, A. 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Lawson Younger, Jr. (eds.) <i>Mesopotamia and the Bible: Comparative Explorations</i>. 2003, p. 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Inhospitable_Sodomites-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Inhospitable_Sodomites_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Inhospitable_Sodomites_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rictornorton.co.uk/homopho2.htm">"The Inhospitable Sodomites"</a>. Rictornorton.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Peeters Publishers. p. 28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+tale+of+two+cities+%3A+Sodom+and+Gomorrah+in+the+Old+Testament%2C+early+Jewish+and+early+Christian+traditions&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=1990&rft.au=James+Alfred+Loader&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chabad.com-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chabad.com_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chabad.com_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chabad.com_71-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/parshah/article_cdo/aid/3930344/jewish/Sodom-and-Gomorrah-Cities-Destroyed-by-G-d.htm">"Sodom and Gomorrah: Cities Destroyed by G-d"</a>. <i>www.chabad.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chabad.org&rft.atitle=Sodom+and+Gomorrah%3A+Cities+Destroyed+by+G-d&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Fparshah%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F3930344%2Fjewish%2FSodom-and-Gomorrah-Cities-Destroyed-by-G-d.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGale2007" class="citation web cs1">Gale, Thomson (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/sodom-modern-sedom-and-gomorrah">"Sodom (Modern Sedom) And Gomorrah"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Sodom+%28Modern+Sedom%29+And+Gomorrah&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Gale&rft.aufirst=Thomson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Freligion%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fsodom-modern-sedom-and-gomorrah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarden2014" class="citation book cs1">Carden, Michael (18 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9bfBQAAQBAJ&q=Shakrai+%28%22liar%22%29%2C+Shakurai+%28%22awful+liar%22%29%2C+Zayyafi+%28%22forger%22%29%2C+and+Mazle+Dina+%28%22perverter+of+justice%22%29&pg=PA92"><i>Sodomy: A History of a Christian Biblical Myth</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317488996" title="Special:BookSources/9781317488996"><bdi>9781317488996</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sodomy%3A+A+History+of+a+Christian+Biblical+Myth&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-12-18&rft.isbn=9781317488996&rft.aulast=Carden&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ9bfBQAAQBAJ%26q%3DShakrai%2B%2528%2522liar%2522%2529%252C%2BShakurai%2B%2528%2522awful%2Bliar%2522%2529%252C%2BZayyafi%2B%2528%2522forger%2522%2529%252C%2Band%2BMazle%2BDina%2B%2528%2522perverter%2Bof%2Bjustice%2522%2529%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Book_of_Jasher._Chapter_19-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Book_of_Jasher._Chapter_19_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Book_of_Jasher._Chapter_19_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccel.org/a/anonymous/jasher/19.htm">"Book of Jasher 19"</a>. <i>www.ccel.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ccel.org&rft.atitle=Book+of+Jasher+19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fa%2Fanonymous%2Fjasher%2F19.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13827-sodom">"SODOM - JewishEncyclopedia.com"</a>. <i>jewishencyclopedia.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jewishencyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=SODOM+-+JewishEncyclopedia.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F13827-sodom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/10122-lot">"LOT - JewishEncyclopedia.com"</a>. <i>jewishencyclopedia.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jewishencyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=LOT+-+JewishEncyclopedia.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F10122-lot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/genesis/18-20.htm">"Genesis 18:20 – Abraham Begs for Sodom"</a>. <i>Bible Hub</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Hub&rft.atitle=Genesis+18%3A20+%E2%80%93+Abraham+Begs+for+Sodom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Fgenesis%2F18-20.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/parshah/article_cdo/aid/1686007/jewish/Why-Did-Lots-Wife-Turn-into-Salt.htm">"Why Did Lot's Wife Turn into Salt?"</a>. <i>www.chabad.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chabad.org&rft.atitle=Why+Did+Lot%27s+Wife+Turn+into+Salt%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Fparshah%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F1686007%2Fjewish%2FWhy-Did-Lots-Wife-Turn-into-Salt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerlinBrettlerFishbane2004" class="citation book cs1">Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Fishbane, Michael, eds. (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195297515"><i>The Jewish Study Bible</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195297515/page/41">41</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195297515" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195297515"><bdi>978-0195297515</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Study+Bible&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0195297515&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780195297515&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichaelson2011" class="citation book cs1">Michaelson, Jay (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godvsgayreligiou00mich/page/68"><i>God Vs. Gay? The Religious Case for Equality</i></a>. Boston: Beacon Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godvsgayreligiou00mich/page/68">68–69</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807001592" title="Special:BookSources/9780807001592"><bdi>9780807001592</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+Vs.+Gay%3F+The+Religious+Case+for+Equality&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=68-69&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780807001592&rft.aulast=Michaelson&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgodvsgayreligiou00mich%2Fpage%2F68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jeremiah+23:14&version=kj21">Jeremiah 23:14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Amos+4:1–11&version=kj21">Amos 4:1–11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ezekiel+16:49–50&version=kj21">Ezekiel 16:49–50</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichaelson" class="citation book cs1">Michaelson, Jay. <i>God vs. Gay</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">69–</span>70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+vs.+Gay&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.aulast=Michaelson&rft.aufirst=Jay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090723185911/https://www.jonahweb.org/sections.php?secId=183">"Jewish Ethics and Halakhah For Our Time"</a>. JONAH (Jews Offering New Alternatives to Homosexuality). 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jonahweb.org/sections.php?secId=183">the original</a> on 2009-07-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jewish+Ethics+and+Halakhah+For+Our+Time&rft.pub=JONAH+%28Jews+Offering+New+Alternatives+to+Homosexuality%29&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jonahweb.org%2Fsections.php%3FsecId%3D183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"></span><br />*Cf. Genesis Rabbah 50:5, on Gen. 9:22 ff.<br /> *More generally see <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Kasher" title="Menachem Mendel Kasher">Menachem Mendel Kasher</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WVDYAAAAMAAJ&q=two+angels">Torah Shelemah</a></i>, vol. 3 to Gen 19:5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wenham-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wenham_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wenham_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWenham1991" class="citation journal cs1">Wenham, G.J. (September 1991). "The Old Testament Attitude to Homosexuality". <i>The Expository Times</i>. <b>102</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">359–</span>363. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F001452469110201203">10.1177/001452469110201203</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144864329">144864329</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Expository+Times&rft.atitle=The+Old+Testament+Attitude+to+Homosexuality&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E359-%3C%2Fspan%3E363&rft.date=1991-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F001452469110201203&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144864329%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wenham&rft.aufirst=G.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boswell-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boswell_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoswell1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Boswell" title="John Boswell">Boswell, John</a> (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christianitysoci00bosw"><i>Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality</i></a></span>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christianitysoci00bosw/page/94">94</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity%2C+Social+Tolerance%2C+and+Homosexuality&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Boswell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchristianitysoci00bosw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reformationproject.org/case/sodom-and-gomorrah/">"Sodom and Gomorrah addresses gang rape, not a loving relationship"</a>. <i>The Reformation Project</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Reformation+Project&rft.atitle=Sodom+and+Gomorrah+addresses+gang+rape%2C+not+a+loving+relationship.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freformationproject.org%2Fcase%2Fsodom-and-gomorrah%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#19:5" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Genesis">Genesis 19:5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#4:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Genesis">Genesis 4:1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225000445/https://www.ancient-hebrew.org/emagazine/029.html">"Ancient Hebrew Research Center Biblical Hebrew E-Magazine July, 2006, Issue #029"</a>. Ancient Hebrew Research Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancient-hebrew.org/emagazine/029.html">the original</a> on February 25, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+Hebrew+Research+Center+Biblical+Hebrew+E-Magazine+July%2C+2006%2C+Issue+%23029&rft.pub=Ancient+Hebrew+Research+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancient-hebrew.org%2Femagazine%2F029.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBA-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CBA_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120712211132/http://www.cbaonline.org/nm/documents/bsls/bible_translations.pdf">"August 2009 CBA Best Sellers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Christian Business Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbaonline.org/nm/documents/BSLs/Bible_Translations.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-07-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=August+2009+CBA+Best+Sellers&rft.pub=Christian+Business+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbaonline.org%2Fnm%2Fdocuments%2FBSLs%2FBible_Translations.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers2006" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Jack Bartlet (2006). <i>Jesus, the Bible, and Homosexuality: Explode the myths, heal the church</i>. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664229399" title="Special:BookSources/9780664229399"><bdi>9780664229399</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%2C+the+Bible%2C+and+Homosexuality%3A+Explode+the+myths%2C+heal+the+church&rft.place=Louisville%2C+Kentucky&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780664229399&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Jack+Bartlet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward,_Kevin_L." class="citation web cs1">Howard, Kevin L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928154135/http://www.neednotfret.com/content/view/124/89">"The Old Testament and Homosexuality"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neednotfret.com/content/view/124/89/">the original</a> on September 28, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Old+Testament+and+Homosexuality&rft.au=Howard%2C+Kevin+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.neednotfret.com%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F124%2F89%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#19:8" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Genesis">Genesis 19:8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Jude#1:7" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Jude">Jude 1:7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bailey, <i>Homosexuality and the Western Christian Tradition</i>, pp. 11–16; Boswell, <i>Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality</i>, p.97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%206:1–4&version=nrsv">Genesis 6:1–4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050424200238/http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/enoch/2enoch01-68.htm">"The Book of the Secrets of Enoch, Chapters 1–68"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/enoch/2enoch01-68">the original</a> on 2005-04-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+the+Secrets+of+Enoch%2C+Chapters+1%E2%80%9368&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bibliotecapleyades.net%2Fenoch%2F2enoch01-68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGagnon,_Robert_A.J.1989" class="citation web cs1">Gagnon, Robert A.J. (1989-10-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.robgagnon.net/RevCountryman.htm">"response to prof. l. William Countryman's review in Anglican theological review; On Careless Exegesis and Jude 7"</a>. Robgagnon.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=response+to+prof.+l.+William+Countryman%27s+review+in+Anglican+theological+review%3B+On+Careless+Exegesis+and+Jude+7&rft.pub=Robgagnon.net&rft.date=1989-10-11&rft.au=Gagnon%2C+Robert+A.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.robgagnon.net%2FRevCountryman.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bailey, Homosexuality and Western Tradition, pp. 1–28; McNeil, Church and the Homosexual, pp. 42–50; Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality, pp. 92–97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.robgagnon.net/articles/homoBalchHBTReview2.pdf">"A Comprehensive and Critical Review Essay of Homosexuality, Science, and the "Plain Sense" of Scripture, Part 2"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+and+Critical+Review+Essay+of+Homosexuality%2C+Science%2C+and+the+%22Plain+Sense%22+of+Scripture%2C+Part+2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.robgagnon.net%2Farticles%2FhomoBalchHBTReview2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Ezekiel#16:49" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Ezekiel">Ezekiel 16:49–50</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lv.18:22; 26–27,29,30; 20:13; Dt. 23:18; 24:4 1Ki. 14:24; Ezek. 22:11; 33:26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">cf. Straight & Narrow?: Compassion and Clarity in the Homosexuality Debate, Thomas E. Schmidt</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeck1898" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Thurston_Peck" title="Harry Thurston Peck">Peck, Harry Thurston</a> (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin//ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0062;query=id%3D%238285;layout=;loc=hospitium-1"><i>Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities</i></a>. New York: Harper and Brothers<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-03-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harpers+Dictionary+of+Classical+Antiquities&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+and+Brothers&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Peck&rft.aufirst=Harry+Thurston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2F%2Fptext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0062%3Bquery%3Did%253D%25238285%3Blayout%3D%3Bloc%3Dhospitium-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Exodus%2022:21–24&version=nrsv">Exodus 22:21–24</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills" class="citation web cs1">Mills, Rev. Edward J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140116104351/https://www.anglicancommunion.org/listening/book_resources/docs/Mills_Listening_Process.pdf">"The Bible and Homosexuality—Introduction and Overview"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anglicancommunion.org/listening/book_resources/docs/Mills_Listening_Process.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bible+and+Homosexuality%E2%80%94Introduction+and+Overview&rft.pub=Anglican+Communion&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=Rev.+Edward+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anglicancommunion.org%2Flistening%2Fbook_resources%2Fdocs%2FMills_Listening_Process.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D7%3Averse%3D80.81">7:80.81</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D29%3Averse%3D28">29:28</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duran (1993) p. 179</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MC-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MC_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kligerman (2007) pp. 53–54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKugle2010" class="citation book cs1">Kugle, Scott Siraj al-Haqq (2010). <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_Islam:_Critical_Reflection_on_Gay,_Lesbian,_and_Transgender_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexuality in Islam: Critical Reflection on Gay, Lesbian, and Transgender Muslims"><i>Homosexuality in Islam: Critical Reflections on Gay, Lesbian, and Transgender Muslims</i></a>. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">51–</span>53. <q>The story is really about infidelity and how the Tribe of Lot schemed for ways to reject his <a href="/wiki/Prophet_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophet of Islam">Prophethood</a> and his public standing in the community [...] They rejected him in a variety of ways, and their sexual assault of his guests was only one expression of their inner intention to deny Lot the dignity of being a Prophet and drive him from their cities</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homosexuality+in+Islam%3A+Critical+Reflections+on+Gay%2C+Lesbian%2C+and+Transgender+Muslims&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Kugle&rft.aufirst=Scott+Siraj+al-Haqq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoegelWheeler2010" class="citation book cs1">Noegel, Scott B.; Wheeler, Brannon M. (2010). "Lot". <i>The A to Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism</i>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Incorporated. pp. <span class="nowrap">118–</span>126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810876033" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810876033"><bdi>978-0810876033</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lot&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+Prophets+in+Islam+and+Judaism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E118-%3C%2Fspan%3E126&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0810876033&rft.aulast=Noegel&rft.aufirst=Scott+B.&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+Brannon+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWunibald1986" class="citation book cs1">Wunibald, Müller (1986). <i>Homosexualität – eine Herausforderung für Theologie und Seelsorge</i>. Mainz. pp. <span class="nowrap">64–</span>65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homosexualit%C3%A4t+%E2%80%93+eine+Herausforderung+f%C3%BCr+Theologie+und+Seelsorge&rft.place=Mainz&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E64-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Wunibald&rft.aufirst=M%C3%BCller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D26%3Averse%3D168">26:168</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaltner1999" class="citation book cs1">Kaltner, John (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cGqy_OgxNU4C&pg=PA97"><i>Ishmael Instructs Isaac: An Introduction to the Qurʼan for Bible Readers</i></a>. Liturgical Press. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5882-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5882-6"><bdi>978-0-8146-5882-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ishmael+Instructs+Isaac%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Qur%CA%BCan+for+Bible+Readers&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-5882-6&rft.aulast=Kaltner&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcGqy_OgxNU4C%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0004%3Asura%3D15%3Averse%3D73">15:73–76</a> <sup>(<a href="/wiki/Quran_translations" title="Quran translations">Translated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Yusuf_Ali" title="Abdullah Yusuf Ali">Yusuf Ali</a>)</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D26%3Averse%3D170">26:170–171</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qtafsir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2260&Itemid=82">"Tafsir Ibn Kathir"</a>. <i>Quran 26:170–171</i>. qtafsir.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quran+26%3A170%E2%80%93171&rft.atitle=Tafsir+Ibn+Kathir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qtafsir.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D2260%26Itemid%3D82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarvin_MeyerWillis_Barnstone2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Meyer" title="Marvin Meyer">Marvin Meyer</a>; <a href="/wiki/Willis_Barnstone" title="Willis Barnstone">Willis Barnstone</a> (June 30, 2009). "The Paraphrase of Shem". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1SEFmwEACAAJ"><i>The Gnostic Bible</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Shambhala_Publications" title="Shambhala Publications">Shambhala</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781590306314" title="Special:BookSources/9781590306314"><bdi>9781590306314</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Paraphrase+of+Shem&rft.btitle=The+Gnostic+Bible&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=2009-06-30&rft.isbn=9781590306314&rft.au=Marvin+Meyer&rft.au=Willis+Barnstone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1SEFmwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodom_and_Gomorrah&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene2004" class="citation book cs1">Greene, Joseph A. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=amlXOOaSuLMC&pg=PA294">"Sodom and Gomorrah"</a>. In Metzger, Bruce Manning; Coogan, Michael D. (eds.). <i>The Oxford Guide To People And Places Of The Bible</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517610-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517610-0"><bdi>978-0-19-517610-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sodom+and+Gomorrah&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Guide+To+People+And+Places+Of+The+Bible&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517610-0&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=Joseph+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DamlXOOaSuLMC%26pg%3DPA294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2014" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Roy (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5XPMAgAAQBAJ&pg=119"><i>What is Islamic Philosophy?</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317814047" title="Special:BookSources/9781317814047"><bdi>9781317814047</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+Islamic+Philosophy%3F&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781317814047&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5XPMAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3D119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnecht1910" class="citation book cs1">Knecht, Friedrich Justus (1910). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture/XII. Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrha"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Practical_Commentary_on_Holy_Scripture/XII._Destruction_of_Sodom_and_Gomorrha">"Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrha" </a></span>. <i>A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture</i>. B. Herder.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Destruction+of+Sodom+and+Gomorrha&rft.btitle=A+Practical+Commentary+on+Holy+Scripture&rft.pub=B.+Herder&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Knecht&rft.aufirst=Friedrich+Justus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReagan1912" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Reagan, Nicholas (1912). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Sodom and Gomorrha"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Sodom_and_Gomorrha">"Sodom and Gomorrha" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sodom+and+Gomorrha&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Reagan&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2007" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Howard (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=60iVk1p8Y9IC&pg=PA465"><i>Tree of Souls</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535870-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535870-4"><bdi>978-0-19-535870-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tree+of+Souls&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-535870-4&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D60iVk1p8Y9IC%26pg%3DPA465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodom_and_Gomorrah&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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of the Dead Sea from a book by <a href="/wiki/Christian_van_Adrichem" title="Christian van Adrichem">Christian van Adrichem</a>, 1590, depicting Sodom and Gomorrah going on flames in the sea, called (in Latin) 'Dead Sea, Salt Lake, Sea of Asphalt', Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, The <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Book_of_Genesis251" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Book_of_Genesis" title="Template:Book of Genesis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Book_of_Genesis" title="Template talk:Book of Genesis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Book_of_Genesis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Book of Genesis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Book_of_Genesis251" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a></b></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Primeval_history" title="Primeval history">Primeval history</a> (1–11)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Genesis creation narratives</a> (1:1–2:3, 2:4–25)</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">Fall of man</a> (3) </span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Serpents_in_the_Bible" title="Serpents in the Bible">Serpents in the Bible</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">Cain and Abel</a> (4)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genealogies_of_Genesis" title="Genealogies of Genesis">Genealogies of Genesis</a> (5:1–6:8, 11:10–26)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Genesis flood narrative</a> (6:1–9:28)</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_God" title="Sons of God">Sons of God</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Curse_of_Ham" title="Curse of Ham">Curse of Ham</a> (9:20–27)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Generations_of_Noah" title="Generations of Noah">Generations of Noah</a> and the origin of nations (10:1–11:9)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Babel" title="Tower of Babel">Tower of Babel</a> (11:1–9)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_age" title="Patriarchal age">Patriarchal age</a> (12–50)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> (12–23)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_and_Lot%27s_conflict" title="Abraham and Lot's conflict">Abraham and Lot's conflict</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Siddim" title="Battle of Siddim">Battle of Siddim</a> (14:1–17)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_the_pieces" title="Covenant of the pieces">Covenant of the pieces</a> (15)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sodom and Gomorrah</a> (19:1–28)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a> (21–35)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Binding_of_Isaac" title="Binding of Isaac">Binding of Isaac</a> (22)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Jacob" class="mw-redirect" title="Sons of Jacob">his sons</a> (25–50)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jacob%27s_Ladder" title="Jacob's Ladder">Jacob's Ladder</a> (28)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_wrestling_with_the_angel" title="Jacob wrestling with the angel">Jacob wrestling with the angel</a> (32:22–32)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_many_colors" title="Coat of many colors">coat of many colors</a> (37–50)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blessing_of_Jacob" title="Blessing of Jacob">Blessing of Jacob</a> (49)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable verses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genesis_1:1" title="Genesis 1:1">1:1</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/In_the_beginning_(phrase)" title="In the beginning (phrase)">In the beginning</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genesis_1:2" title="Genesis 1:2">1:2</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genesis_1:3" title="Genesis 1:3">1:3</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genesis_1:4" title="Genesis 1:4">1:4</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genesis_1:5" title="Genesis 1:5">1:5</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Torah_portion" title="Weekly Torah portion">Torah readings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bereshit_(parashah)" title="Bereshit (parashah)">Bereshit</a> (1:1–6:8)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Noach_(parashah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Noach (parashah)">Noach</a> (6:9–11:32)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lech-Lecha" title="Lech-Lecha">Lech-Lecha</a> (12:1–17:27)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vayeira" title="Vayeira">Vayeira</a> (18:1–22:24)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chayei_Sarah" title="Chayei Sarah">Chayei Sarah</a> (23:1–25:18)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Toledot" title="Toledot">Toledot</a> (25:19–28:9)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vayetze" title="Vayetze">Vayetze</a> (28:10–32:3)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vayishlach" title="Vayishlach">Vayishlach</a> (32:4–36:43)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vayeshev" title="Vayeshev">Vayeshev</a> (37:1–40:23)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Miketz" title="Miketz">Miketz</a> (41:1–44:17)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vayigash" title="Vayigash">Vayigash</a> (44:18–47:27)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vaychi" title="Vaychi">Vayechi</a> (47:28–50:26)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Priestly_source" title="Priestly source">Priestly</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jahwist" title="Jahwist">Jahwist</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elohist" title="Elohist">Elohist</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Framework_interpretation_(Genesis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Framework interpretation (Genesis)">Framework interpretation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretations_of_Genesis" title="Allegorical interpretations of Genesis">Allegorical interpretations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wife%E2%80%93sister_narratives_in_the_Book_of_Genesis" title="Wife–sister narratives in the Book of Genesis">Wife–sister narratives</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Arcana_C%C5%93lestia" title="Arcana Cœlestia">Arcana Cœlestia</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pesher_on_Genesis" title="Pesher on Genesis">Pesher on Genesis</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Berlin_17213" title="Papyrus Berlin 17213">Papyrus Berlin 17213</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_656" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 656">Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 656</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_1007" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 1007">Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 1007</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Text</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Book_of_Genesis" title="Textual variants in the Book of Genesis">Textual variations</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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