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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Liturgy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liturgy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_on_homosexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_homosexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Views on homosexuality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_homosexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opinion_on_sexual_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opinion_on_sexual_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Opinion on sexual abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opinion_on_sexual_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Immigration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_appointments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_appointments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other appointments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_appointments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resignation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resignation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Resignation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resignation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Selected writings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distinctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distinctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Distinctions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distinctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Robert Sarah</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="روبرت سارة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روبرت سارة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Рабер Сара – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рабер Сара" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sarah" title="Robert Sarah – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Robert Sarah" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sarah" title="Robert Sarah – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Robert Sarah" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sarah" title="Robert Sarah – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Robert Sarah" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sarah" title="Robert Sarah – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Robert Sarah" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sarah" title="Robert Sarah – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Robert Sarah" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sarah" title="Robert Sarah – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Robert Sarah" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sarah" title="Robert Sarah – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Robert Sarah" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sarah" title="Robert Sarah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Robert Sarah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sarah" title="Robert Sarah – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Robert Sarah" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0" title="ರಾಬರ್ಟ್ ಕಾರ್ಡಿನಲ್ ಸಾರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರಾಬರ್ಟ್ ಕಾರ್ಡಿನಲ್ ಸಾರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robertus_Sarah" title="Robertus Sarah – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Robertus Sarah" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sarah" title="Robert Sarah – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Robert Sarah" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="روبرت ساره – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روبرت ساره" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sarah" title="Robert Sarah – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Robert Sarah" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sarah" title="Robert Sarah – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Robert Sarah" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sarah" title="Robert Sarah – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Robert Sarah" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sarah" title="Robert Sarah – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Robert Sarah" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0,_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Сара, Робер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сара, Робер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sarah" title="Robert Sarah – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Robert Sarah" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sarah" title="Robert Sarah – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Robert Sarah" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sarah" title="Robert Sarah – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Robert Sarah" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sarah" title="Robert Sarah – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Robert Sarah" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sarah" title="Robert Sarah – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Robert Sarah" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E5%8B%83%C2%B7%E8%96%A9%E6%8B%89" title="羅勃·薩拉 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="羅勃·薩拉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q550079#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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searchaux" style="display:none">Guinean prelate of the Catholic Church (born 1945)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;color: #202122; background-color: #FFA4A4;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline;"><a href="/wiki/His_Eminence" class="mw-redirect" title="His Eminence">His Eminence</a></div><br /><div style="display:inline" class="fn">Robert Sarah</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader role"><a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_Divine_Worship_and_the_Discipline_of_the_Sacraments" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments">Prefect Emeritus of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardinal_Robert_Sarah_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Cardinal_Robert_Sarah_%28cropped%29.JPG/220px-Cardinal_Robert_Sarah_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Cardinal_Robert_Sarah_%28cropped%29.JPG/330px-Cardinal_Robert_Sarah_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Cardinal_Robert_Sarah_%28cropped%29.JPG/440px-Cardinal_Robert_Sarah_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2783" data-file-height="3302" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Sarah in 2015</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Church</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointed</th><td class="infobox-data">23 November 2014</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Term ended</th><td class="infobox-data">20 February 2021</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ca%C3%B1izares_Llovera" title="Antonio Cañizares Llovera">Antonio Cañizares Llovera</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Roche" title="Arthur Roche">Arthur Roche</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other post(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/San_Giovanni_Bosco_in_Via_Tuscolana" title="San Giovanni Bosco in Via Tuscolana">Cardinal-Priest 'pro hac vice' of San Giovanni Bosco in Via Tuscolana</a> (2021–present)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Previous post(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Conakry" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Conakry">Archbishop of Conakry</a> (1979–2001)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Kankan" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Kankan">Apostolic Administrator of Kankan</a> (1979–93)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Conference_of_Guinea" title="Episcopal Conference of Guinea">President of the Guinean Episcopal Conference</a> (1985–2001)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Evangelization_of_Peoples" title="Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples">Secretary of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples</a> (2001–10)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Urbaniana_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Urbaniana University">Vice-Grand Chancellor of the Pontifical Urbaniana University</a> (2001–10)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Council_Cor_Unum" title="Pontifical Council Cor Unum">President of the Pontifical Council <i>Cor Unum</i></a> (2010–14)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Orders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ordination</th><td class="infobox-data">20 July 1969<br />by <a href="/wiki/Raymond-Maria_Tchidimbo" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond-Maria Tchidimbo">Raymond-Maria Tchidimbo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consecration</th><td class="infobox-data">8 December 1979<br />by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Benelli" title="Giovanni Benelli">Giovanni Benelli</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created cardinal</th><td class="infobox-data">20 November 2010<br />by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cardinal-Deacon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal-Deacon">Cardinal-Deacon</a> (2010–21)<br /><a href="/wiki/Cardinal-Priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal-Priest">Cardinal-Priest</a> (2021–present)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Robert Sarah</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1945-06-15</span>) </span>15 June 1945<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 79)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">Ourous, <a href="/wiki/French_Guinea" title="French Guinea">French Guinea</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinean</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Denomination</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Gregorian_University" title="Pontifical Gregorian University">Pontifical Gregorian University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Studium_Biblicum_Franciscanum" title="Studium Biblicum Franciscanum">Studium Biblicum Franciscanum</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Sufficit tibi gratia mea</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'My grace is sufficient for thee'<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coat of arms</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Robert_Sarah.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Robert Sarah's coat of arms"><img alt="Robert Sarah's coat of arms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Coat_of_arms_of_Robert_Sarah.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Robert_Sarah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Coat_of_arms_of_Robert_Sarah.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Robert_Sarah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Coat_of_arms_of_Robert_Sarah.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Robert_Sarah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="1226" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-weight: normal; background-color: #ffa4a4;"><span style="font-size:80%">Styles of</span><br /><b><span class="fn">Robert Sarah</span></b></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Robert_Sarah.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Coat_of_arms_of_Robert_Sarah.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Robert_Sarah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Coat_of_arms_of_Robert_Sarah.svg/300px-Coat_of_arms_of_Robert_Sarah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Coat_of_arms_of_Robert_Sarah.svg/400px-Coat_of_arms_of_Robert_Sarah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="1226" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (manner of address)">Reference style</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/His_Eminence" class="mw-redirect" title="His Eminence">His Eminence</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spoken style</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/His_Eminence" class="mw-redirect" title="His Eminence">Your Eminence</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Informal style</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinal</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Robert Sarah</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ʁɔbɛʁ<span class="wrap"> </span>saʁa]</a></span>; born 15 June 1945) is a Guinean <a href="/wiki/Prelate" title="Prelate">prelate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">cardinal</a> since 20 November 2010, he was <a href="/wiki/Prefect" title="Prefect">prefect</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_Divine_Worship_and_the_Discipline_of_the_Sacraments" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments">Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments</a> from 23 November 2014 to 20 February 2021, and is currently a Cardinal. Sarah previously served as secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Evangelization_of_Peoples" title="Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples">Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples</a> under <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> and president of the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Council_Cor_Unum" title="Pontifical Council Cor Unum">Pontifical Council <i>Cor Unum</i></a> under <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a>. </p><p>Sarah has been a vocal advocate for the defense of <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">traditional Catholic teaching</a> on questions of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_morality" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual morality">sexual morality</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">right to life</a>, and in denouncing <a href="/wiki/Islamic_radicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic radicalism">Islamic radicalism</a>. He has called <a href="/wiki/Gender_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender ideology">gender ideology</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> (ISIS) the "two radicalizations" that threaten the <a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">family</a>, the former through <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a>, and the latter with <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">child marriage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a>, and the subjugation of women.<sup id="cite_ref-pentinbeasts_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pentinbeasts-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sarah has been described as largely sympathetic to liturgical practices prior to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> but also proposed that partisans of different liturgies learn from each other and seek a middle ground. In 2016, Sarah called for priests to face the same direction as the congregation while celebrating <a href="/wiki/Mass_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass (Catholic Church)">Mass</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ad_orientem" title="Ad orientem">ad orientem</a></i>), although facing the congregation had become the prevailing practice since the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>. His advice was seen by some as a direct challenge to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a>, a claim that Sarah rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An advocate of traditional <a href="/wiki/Catholic_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic marriage">Catholic marriage</a> doctrine in opposition to same-sex marriage, Sarah has denounced "Western homosexual and abortion ideologies", suggesting that both are of "demonic origin", and he has compared them to <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Sarah has been mentioned as <i><a href="/wiki/Papabile" title="Papabile">papabile</a></i>, a possible candidate for the <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">papacy</a>, by international media outlets such as <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a></i> and by Catholic publications including <i><a href="/wiki/Crux_(online_newspaper)" title="Crux (online newspaper)">Crux</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Herald" title="Catholic Herald">Catholic Herald</a></i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Sarah&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sarah was born in Ourous, a rural village in then <a href="/wiki/French_Guinea" title="French Guinea">French Guinea</a>, on 15 June 1945, the son of cultivators and converts to Christianity from <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a>. He is a member of the Coniaguis ethnic group in northern Guinea.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1957, at age 12, he entered Saint Augustine Minor Seminary in <a href="/wiki/Bingerville" title="Bingerville">Bingerville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>, where he studied for three years. Because in 1960 relations between newly independent <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> and the Ivory Coast were strained, he continued his studies briefly in <a href="/wiki/Conakry" title="Conakry">Conakry</a>, Guinea, at Saint Mary of Dixinn Seminary run by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Ghost_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Ghost Fathers">Holy Ghost Fathers</a>, until the radical government of Guinea expropriated Church property in August 1961. After independent study at home, the Church negotiated a place for Sarah and some fellow seminarians at a government-run school in <a href="/wiki/Kindia" title="Kindia">Kindia</a> in March 1962 and then won the right to open a seminary, where Sarah earned his <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">baccalaureate</a> in 1964. In September of that year he was sent to study at the Grand Seminary in <a href="/wiki/Nancy,_France" title="Nancy, France">Nancy</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. Again deteriorating international relations, this time between Guinea and France, forced him to interrupt his studies, and he completed his theological studies in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bikotane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sébikotane">Sébikotane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, between October 1967 and June 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1969 to 1974 he studied at the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Gregorian_University" title="Pontifical Gregorian University">Pontifical Gregorian University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, where he obtained a <a href="/wiki/Licentiate_(degree)" title="Licentiate (degree)">licentiate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>, except for the year 1971 which he spent at the <a href="/wiki/Studium_Biblicum_Franciscanum" title="Studium Biblicum Franciscanum">Studium Biblicum Franciscanum</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, where he obtained a licentiate in <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Scriptures">Sacred Scriptures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mcelwee_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcelwee-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sarah speaks <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> fluently.<sup id="cite_ref-mcelwee_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcelwee-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presbyterate_and_episcopate">Presbyterate and episcopate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Sarah&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Presbyterate and episcopate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="font-weight:bold; background-color: #FFCF00 ;"> <span style="font-size:100%">Ordination history of</span><br /><span style="font-size:125%;">Robert Sarah</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%; padding-left:2em; background-color:#eee"><span style="font-size:100%;">History</span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#f2f2f2;"><div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #333; border-top: 3px solid #333">Priestly ordination</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Ordained by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Raymond-Maria_Tchidimbo" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond-Maria Tchidimbo">Raymond-Maria Tchidimbo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Conakry" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Conakry">Conakry</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">20 July 1969</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#f2f2f2;"><div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #800080; border-top: 3px solid #800080">Episcopal consecration</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consecrated by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Benelli" title="Giovanni Benelli">Giovanni Benelli</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Florence" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Florence">Florence</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">8 December 1979</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#f2f2f2;"><div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #FF2400; border-top: 3px solid #FF2400">Cardinalate</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Elevated by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Benedict_XVI" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">20 November 2010</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Aquino_with_Robert_Cardinal_Sarah_during_the_courtesy_call_at_the_Music_Room_of_Malaca%C3%B1an_Palace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/President_Aquino_with_Robert_Cardinal_Sarah_during_the_courtesy_call_at_the_Music_Room_of_Malaca%C3%B1an_Palace.jpg/220px-President_Aquino_with_Robert_Cardinal_Sarah_during_the_courtesy_call_at_the_Music_Room_of_Malaca%C3%B1an_Palace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/President_Aquino_with_Robert_Cardinal_Sarah_during_the_courtesy_call_at_the_Music_Room_of_Malaca%C3%B1an_Palace.jpg/330px-President_Aquino_with_Robert_Cardinal_Sarah_during_the_courtesy_call_at_the_Music_Room_of_Malaca%C3%B1an_Palace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/President_Aquino_with_Robert_Cardinal_Sarah_during_the_courtesy_call_at_the_Music_Room_of_Malaca%C3%B1an_Palace.jpg/440px-President_Aquino_with_Robert_Cardinal_Sarah_during_the_courtesy_call_at_the_Music_Room_of_Malaca%C3%B1an_Palace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2318" /></a><figcaption>Cardinal Robert Sarah with President <a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III" title="Benigno Aquino III">Benigno Aquino III</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> during courtesy call at <a href="/wiki/Malaca%C3%B1an_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Malacañan Palace">Malacañan Palace</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoogeerwaarde_Kanunnik_Vanhoutten_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Hoogeerwaarde_Kanunnik_Vanhoutten_2009.jpg/220px-Hoogeerwaarde_Kanunnik_Vanhoutten_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Hoogeerwaarde_Kanunnik_Vanhoutten_2009.jpg/330px-Hoogeerwaarde_Kanunnik_Vanhoutten_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Hoogeerwaarde_Kanunnik_Vanhoutten_2009.jpg/440px-Hoogeerwaarde_Kanunnik_Vanhoutten_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="782" /></a><figcaption>Sarah during the <a href="/wiki/Procession_of_the_Holy_Blood" title="Procession of the Holy Blood">Procession of the Holy Blood</a> in Bruges, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, in 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>Sarah was <a href="/wiki/Holy_Orders_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Orders (Catholic Church)">ordained</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Priesthood (Catholic Church)">priesthood</a> on 20 July 1969, and <a href="/wiki/Incardination_and_excardination" title="Incardination and excardination">incardinated</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Conakry" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Conakry">Diocese of Conakry</a>. On 13 August 1979, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> appointed him <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Conakry" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Conakry">Metropolitan Archbishop of Conakry</a>. He was consecrated <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a> on 8 December 1979 by Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Benelli" title="Giovanni Benelli">Giovanni Benelli</a>. He served as Conakry's bishop for more than twenty years and during that tenure filled terms as president of the Guinean bishops' conference and of the Episcopal Conference of West Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-mcelwee_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcelwee-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archbishop_under_dictatorship_of_Sékou_Touré"><span id="Archbishop_under_dictatorship_of_S.C3.A9kou_Tour.C3.A9"></span>Archbishop under dictatorship of Sékou Touré</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Sarah&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Archbishop under dictatorship of Sékou Touré"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sarah served as archbishop under the dictatorship of <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_S%C3%A9kou_Tour%C3%A9" title="Ahmed Sékou Touré">Ahmed Sékou Touré</a>, who put Sarah on a death-list before dying in 1984. However, despite the persecutions of priests and laymen, Sarah worked to maintain the Church as the one institution that was independent of the dictatorship. In his book <i>God or Nothing</i>, Sarah rebuked the <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> dictatorship as a <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopian</a> scheme that brought misery and death.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French daily newspaper <a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro_Magazine" title="Le Figaro Magazine"><i>Le Figaro</i></a> reports that Sarah "did not hesitate to oppose the all-powerful Sékou Touré, then 'supreme leader of the revolution' but also a commander of violent repressions. He made the celebrated public statement: 'power wears man out [le pouvoir use l'homme]!<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Historical Dictionary of Guinea</i> commented on Sarah's role in resisting Sékou Touré's dictatorship, writing that the Church "managed to play a remarkable role under former Archbishop Robert Sarah in Guinea's public life... Monsignor Robert Sarah is one of the most respected leaders among Guineans, who expressed their strong desire to see him lead the country's political transition on various occasions between 2006 and 2010. He arguably earned much of this popular trust by speaking truth to power during the stormiest years of president Ahmed Sékou Touré's regime, while other spiritual leaders endeavored to cater to the regime."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cardinalate">Cardinalate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Sarah&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cardinalate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 20 November 2010, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> made him <a href="/wiki/Cardinal-Deacon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal-Deacon">Cardinal-Deacon</a> of <a href="/wiki/San_Giovanni_Bosco_in_Via_Tuscolana" title="San Giovanni Bosco in Via Tuscolana">San Giovanni Bosco in Via Tuscolana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has the right to vote in <a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave" title="Papal conclave">papal conclaves</a> until his 80th birthday. He was a <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_electors_in_Papal_conclave,_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal electors in Papal conclave, 2013">cardinal elector</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave,_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal conclave, 2013">2013 papal conclave</a> that elected <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was mentioned in the press as a possible candidate for the papacy, <i><a href="/wiki/Papabile" title="Papabile">papabile</a></i>, both in 2013 and in future conclaves.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roman_Curia">Roman Curia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Sarah&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Roman Curia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 1 October 2001, John Paul II named him secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Evangelization_of_Peoples" title="Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples">Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples</a>, a post he held for ten years. He used the occasion of his departure from Guinea, when he was awarded the country's highest honor,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (September 2021)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> to condemn the government of <a href="/wiki/Lansana_Cont%C3%A9" title="Lansana Conté">Lansana Conté</a>. He said that Guinean society was "built on the oppression of the insignificant by the powerful, on contempt for the poor and the weak, on the cleverness of poor stewards of the public good, on the bribery and corruption of the administration and the institutions of the republic".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2010 he was appointed president of the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Council_Cor_Unum" title="Pontifical Council Cor Unum">Pontifical Council <i>Cor Unum</i></a>, which carries responsibility for organising Catholic relief efforts worldwide. He was the second African appointed by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> to lead a Vatican <a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">dicastery</a>. The first was <a href="/wiki/Peter_Turkson" title="Peter Turkson">Peter Cardinal Turkson</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> who was appointed president of the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Justice_and_Peace" title="Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace">Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace</a> in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 23 November 2014, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> appointed Sarah as Prefect of the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_Divine_Worship_and_the_Discipline_of_the_Sacraments" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments">Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 21 January 2016, Sarah announced that participation in the Holy Thursday <a href="/wiki/Maundy_(foot_washing)" title="Maundy (foot washing)">foot-washing rite</a> (the <i>mandatum</i>) was no longer limited to men, following instructions from Pope Francis who had included women since the beginning of his papacy.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in March, Sarah said that there was no obligation to include women in the ceremony.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liturgy">Liturgy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Sarah&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Liturgy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 27 May 2015 (the memorial of Saint <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a>), while Cardinal Sarah was serving as Prefect of the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_Divine_Worship_and_the_Discipline_of_the_Sacraments" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments">Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Divine_Worship:_The_Missal" title="Divine Worship: The Missal">Divine Worship: The Missal</a></i>, "a legitimate adaptation of the Roman Rite, drawn up in the English Language,"<sup id="cite_ref-DWTMp5_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DWTMp5-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a new form of the Catholic Mass using the traditional language of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a>, was promulgated over his signature.<sup id="cite_ref-DWTMp5_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DWTMp5-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: importance of silence in liturgy. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Sarah&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Late in May 2016, Cardinal Sarah told an interviewer that the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> did not require priests to celebrate Mass <i><a href="/wiki/Versus_populum" title="Versus populum">versus populum</a></i>, that is, facing the congregation. This way of celebrating Mass, he said, was "a possibility, but not an obligation". Readers and listeners should face each other during the Liturgy of the Word, he said. "But as soon as we reach the moment when one addresses God – from the <a href="/wiki/Offertory" title="Offertory">Offertory</a> onwards – it is essential that the priest and faithful look together towards the east. This corresponds exactly to what the Council Fathers wanted." Cardinal Sarah rejected the argument that priests celebrating Mass facing the East, or <i><a href="/wiki/Ad_orientem" title="Ad orientem">ad orientem</a></i>, are turning their backs on the faithful or "against them".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Speaking at a London conference on 5 July 2016, Cardinal Sarah asked all bishops and priests to begin celebrating the Mass <i>ad orientem</i> "wherever possible", "perhaps" by 27 November 2016, the start of <a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a>. He encouraged Catholics to receive Communion kneeling and said that Pope Francis had asked him to "continue the liturgical work Pope Benedict began".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sarah then met privately with Francis and on 11 July the Holy See Press Office issued a statement that said that Sarah's London remarks had been "incorrectly interpreted, as if they were intended to announce new indications different to those given so far in the liturgical rules and in the words of the Pope regarding celebration facing the people and the ordinary rite of the Mass", that celebrating Mass facing the congregation (<i>versus populum</i>) was "desirable wherever possible" and not to be superseded by <i>ad orientem</i>. It reported that the Pope and the Cardinal were in complete agreement on these points.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: reactions to this July 2017 proposal. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Sarah&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>He once wrote: "I refuse to waste our time pitting one liturgy against another or the rite of Saint Pius V against that of Blessed Paul VI."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2017, he wrote in the French magazine <i>La Nef</i> that he wanted the two forms of the Roman-Rite liturgy whose use is authorized by the 2007 papal document <i><a href="/wiki/Summorum_Pontificum" title="Summorum Pontificum">Summorum Pontificum</a></i> to have the same calendar of feasts and the same Scripture readings, but that the work of a committee formed for that purpose had been unsuccessful. He still proposed that the newer form should restore certain practices that had been abandoned: that the faithful receive communion only on the tongue and while kneeling, that the <a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass#Prayers_at_the_foot_of_the_altar" title="Tridentine Mass">prayers at the foot of the altar</a> be included in the Mass, and that from the consecration of the host to the ablutions at the end of Mass the priest should keep thumb and index finger of each hand joined. In the older form, in which use of the vernacular language in the Scripture readings instead of Latin has only been made optional, he wished that the Scripture readings should be understood by the people. Earlier that year, Vatican spokesman <a href="/wiki/Federico_Lombardi" title="Federico Lombardi">Federico Lombardi</a> criticised the expression "reform of the reform", which Sarah had used in the previous year; in his <i>La Nef</i> article Sarah said that the expression was best avoided and that he preferred to speak of "liturgical reconciliation".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On a related note, on 24 August 2017, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> insisted that the liturgical reforms following the Second Vatican Council were "irreversible". Some perceived this as having part of a declaration invoked in his "<a href="/wiki/Magisterial_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Magisterial authority">magisterial authority</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2017, Pope Francis transferred primary responsibility "to faithfully prepare … approve and publish" translations of liturgical books into vernacular languages from the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_Divine_Worship_and_the_Discipline_of_the_Sacraments" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments">Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments</a> to <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">conferences of bishops</a>, ordering the congregation to "help the Episcopal Conferences to fulfil their task."<sup id="cite_ref-magnum_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magnum-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An explanatory note, attributed to Cardinal Sarah, soon appeared, specifying that the congregation's approval would not be a mere formality but would involve a detailed review that could lead to binding rejections of unsatisfactory translations.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 22 October 2017, the Holy See released a letter that Pope Francis had sent to Cardinal Sarah, clarifying that the Holy See and its departments would have only limited authority to confirm liturgical translations recognized by a local episcopal conference.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Sarah&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sarah grew up and began studying for the priesthood in countries with Islamic majorities. He was impressed by the depth of Islamic religious observance in Guinea and has praised relations between Christians and Muslims there – "the Islam in my country is a fraternal, peaceful religion". He has condemned <a href="/wiki/Military_intervention" class="mw-redirect" title="Military intervention">military intervention</a> by Western powers in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, which has resulted in the near extermination of Christian communities: "I say emphatically that some Western powers will have perpetrated, directly or symbolically, a crime against humanity." He believes that there is little possibility of theological dialogue between Christians and Muslims given their essential differences (the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a>), but anticipates collaboration at the national or international level on resistance to <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">euthanasia</a>, and "the new <a href="/wiki/Gender_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender ideology">gender ideology</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sarah has criticized the "pseudo-family of ideologized Islam which legitimizes polygamy, female subservience, sexual slavery, child marriage."<sup id="cite_ref-pentinbeasts_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pentinbeasts-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_on_homosexuality">Views on homosexuality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Sarah&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Views on homosexuality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sarah has opposed various attempts to provide legal recognition to gays and lesbians, often casting his remarks in terms of a defense of traditional Catholic and African values against contemporary secular Western culture. On 28 January 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General of the United Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon" title="Ban Ki-moon">Ban Ki-moon</a>, called on African nations to repeal laws that place sanctions on <a href="/wiki/Homosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexual">homosexual</a> conduct. Sarah called the speech "stupid". When a journalist asked if Ban Ki-moon was "overstepping his responsibilities", Sarah replied: "Sure, you cannot impose something stupid like that. Poor countries like Africa just accept it because it's imposed upon them through money, through being tied to aid." He said that, "It's not possible to impose on the poor this kind of European mentality," and added that African bishops must react to this move against African culture.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an interview in September 2015, Sarah described <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Same-sex unions">same-sex unions</a> as "retrogressive for culture and civilisation" and a problem for all of humanity. He said that despite the fact that such unions were increasingly recognized in Europe, they were not approved of in Africa. He blamed "Western ideological colonialism" for promoting the idea of gay marriage, which he warned would "destroy Catholic doctrine".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>, Sarah's "outspoken remarks underlined deep rifts within the Church over the Pope's softer, more compassionate attitude towards homosexuality".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the first session of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Extraordinary_General_Assembly_of_the_Synod_of_Bishops" title="Third Extraordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops">Synod on the Family</a> in October 2014, Sarah objected to press coverage of the synod's discussion: "what has been published by the media about homosexual unions is an attempt to push the Church [to change] her doctrine". He said the synod's interim report or <i>relatio</i> appropriately objected to international agencies and governments that condition foreign aid on "the introduction of regulations based on gender ideology", but needed to underscore objections to same-sex marriage. He suggested that advocacy on behalf of same-sex unions formed "part of a new ideology of evil".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2015, he played a leading role in the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Ordinary_General_Assembly_of_the_Synod_of_Bishops" title="Fourteenth Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops">Synod on the Family</a>'s rejection of attempts to ensure more welcoming language toward people who are gay or divorced and remarried.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Addressing the Synod on perceived threats to marriage and the family, he said, "We need to be inclusive and welcoming to all that is human; but what comes from the Enemy cannot and must not be assimilated. You cannot join Christ and <a href="/wiki/Belial" title="Belial">Belial</a>! What Nazi-Fascism and Communism were in the 20th century, Western homosexual and abortion Ideologies and Islamic Fanaticism are today."<sup id="cite_ref-pentinbeasts_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pentinbeasts-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He said that "Western homosexual and abortion ideologies and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fanaticism</a>" could be seen as "almost like two <a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_beast" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocalyptic beast">apocalyptic beasts</a>" with demonic origins, drew parallels between them and <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a>, and noted that <a href="/wiki/Terrorist_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist attacks">terrorist attacks</a> in France and Tunisia had taken place on the same day that the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> issued a ruling in <i><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></i> that made same-sex civil marriage legal nationwide.<sup id="cite_ref-pentinbeasts_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pentinbeasts-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Johan_Bonny" title="Johan Bonny">Johan Bonny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Antwerp" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Antwerp">Bishop of Antwerp</a>, complained that Sarah tried to silence any discussion of the pastoral care of <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexuality and Roman Catholicism">gay Catholics</a> in the discussion group he led at the Synod: "There was no way of discussing it in a peaceful way." Bonny said the Belgian participants found that the growing influence of the Africans prevented the pastoral solutions they favored from getting a hearing.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Charamsa" title="Krzysztof Charamsa">Krzysztof Charamsa</a>, a theologian who lost his position at the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith">Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith</a> when he revealed that he was in a homosexual relationship on the eve of the Synod,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> assessed the Synod's work, he singled out Sarah's language to challenge all the participants: "No one publicly said a word against those defamatory sentences. What kind of respect does that show to us all?"<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Addressing the U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Catholic_Prayer_Breakfast" title="National Catholic Prayer Breakfast">National Catholic Prayer Breakfast</a> on 17 May 2016, Sarah said that "God is being eroded, eclipsed, [and] liquidated" in the United States because of legal changes being adopted "in the name of 'tolerance<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>". He cited "the legalization of same-sex marriage, the obligation to accept contraception within health care programs, and even 'bathroom bills' that allow men to use the women's restrooms and locker rooms." He asked: "Should not a biological man use the men's restroom?"<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opinion_on_sexual_abuse">Opinion on sexual abuse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Sarah&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Opinion on sexual abuse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In response to Pope Benedict XVI's "Notes" on the sexual abuse crisis in the Church, Cardinal Sarah gave a talk published in <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Espresso" title="L'Espresso">L'Espresso</a></i> stating that the notes "proved to be a true source of light in the night of faith that touches the whole Church... The frightening multiplication of abuses has one and only one ultimate cause: the absence of God."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration">Immigration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Sarah&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Immigration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sarah is a critic of large-scale immigration. In a March 2019 interview, he said: "It is better to help people flourish in their culture than to encourage them to come to a Europe in full decadence. It is a false exegesis to use the word of God to promote migration." In the same interview, Sarah argued that immigrants in Europe often survived in poor conditions and lived "without work or dignity".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_appointments">Other appointments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Sarah&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other appointments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 6 January 2011, Sarah was appointed a member of the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Evangelization_of_Peoples" title="Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples">Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_the_Laity" title="Pontifical Council for the Laity">Pontifical Council for the Laity</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Justice_and_Peace" title="Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace">Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 10 March 2015, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> appointed Sarah to serve as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Committee_for_International_Eucharistic_Congresses" title="Pontifical Committee for International Eucharistic Congresses">Pontifical Committee for International Eucharistic Congresses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sarah is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Dignitatis_Humanae_Institute" title="Dignitatis Humanae Institute">Dignitatis Humanae Institute</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resignation">Resignation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Sarah&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Resignation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pope Francis accepted Sarah's resignation as prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship on 20 February 2021. This does not mean that Sarah is no longer a cardinal, just that he is no longer the head of the CDW. <sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cardinal Sarah was admitted to hospital on 12 July 2021 and underwent successful surgery on his prostate. He was released from hospital on 27 July 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_writings">Selected writings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Sarah&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Selected writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSarah2022" class="citation book cs1">Sarah, Robert (18 October 2022). <i>Catechism of the Spiritual Life</i>. EWTN Publishing, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1682782934" title="Special:BookSources/978-1682782934"><bdi>978-1682782934</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Spiritual+Life&rft.pub=EWTN+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2022-10-18&rft.isbn=978-1682782934&rft.aulast=Sarah&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Sarah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarah2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sarah, Robert (17 November 2021). <i>Pour l'éternité: Méditations sur la figure du prêtre (For Eternity: Meditations on the Figure of the Priest)</i> (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pour+l%27%C3%A9ternit%C3%A9%3A+M%C3%A9ditations+sur+la+figure+du+pr%C3%AAtre+%28For+Eternity%3A+Meditations+on+the+Figure+of+the+Priest%29&rft.date=2021-11-17&rft.aulast=Sarah&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Sarah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarah2021" class="citation book cs1">Sarah, Robert (3 September 2021). <i>Couples, Awaken Your Love</i> (Paperback ed.). Ignatius Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1621644828" title="Special:BookSources/978-1621644828"><bdi>978-1621644828</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Couples%2C+Awaken+Your+Love&rft.edition=Paperback&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=2021-09-03&rft.isbn=978-1621644828&rft.aulast=Sarah&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Sarah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenedict_XVISarah2020" class="citation book cs1">Benedict XVI; Sarah, Robert (2020). <i>From the Depths of Our Hearts: Priesthood, Celibacy and the Crisis of the Catholic Church</i>. Ignatius Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1621644149" title="Special:BookSources/978-1621644149"><bdi>978-1621644149</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Depths+of+Our+Hearts%3A+Priesthood%2C+Celibacy+and+the+Crisis+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1621644149&rft.au=Benedict+XVI&rft.au=Sarah%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Sarah" class="Z3988"></span> While Benedict XVI is listed as coauthor of the book, his aide suggests that his role was merely advisory.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarahDiat2019" class="citation book cs1">Sarah, Robert; Diat, Nicolas (22 September 2019). <i>The Day is Now Far Spent</i> (Paperback ed.). Ignatius Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1621643241" title="Special:BookSources/978-1621643241"><bdi>978-1621643241</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Day+is+Now+Far+Spent&rft.edition=Paperback&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=2019-09-22&rft.isbn=978-1621643241&rft.aulast=Sarah&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Diat%2C+Nicolas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Sarah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarahDiat2017" class="citation book cs1">Sarah, Robert; Diat, Nicolas (15 April 2017). <i>The Power of Silence: Against the Dictatorship of Noise</i> (Paperback ed.). Ignatius Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1621641919" title="Special:BookSources/978-1621641919"><bdi>978-1621641919</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+of+Silence%3A+Against+the+Dictatorship+of+Noise&rft.edition=Paperback&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=2017-04-15&rft.isbn=978-1621641919&rft.aulast=Sarah&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Diat%2C+Nicolas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Sarah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarahDiat2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sarah, Robert; Diat, Nicolas (5 October 2016). <i>La force du silence</i> (in French). Fayard.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+force+du+silence&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.date=2016-10-05&rft.aulast=Sarah&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Diat%2C+Nicolas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Sarah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarahDiat2015" class="citation book cs1">Sarah, Robert; Diat, Nicolas (1 September 2015). <i>God or Nothing: A Conversation on Faith</i> (Sew ed.). Ignatius Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1621640509" title="Special:BookSources/978-1621640509"><bdi>978-1621640509</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+or+Nothing%3A+A+Conversation+on+Faith&rft.edition=Sew&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=2015-09-01&rft.isbn=978-1621640509&rft.aulast=Sarah&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Diat%2C+Nicolas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Sarah" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distinctions">Distinctions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Sarah&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Distinctions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bailiff" title="Bailiff">Bailiff</a> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Cross" title="Grand Cross">Grand Cross</a> of Honour and Devotion (2016)<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>: <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">Knight</a> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Cross" title="Grand Cross">Grand Cross</a> in the <a href="/wiki/National_Order_of_Benin" title="National Order of Benin">National Order of Benin</a> (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>: <a href="/wiki/Commander_(order)" title="Commander (order)">Commander</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a> (2012)<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Sarah&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pope Francis ordered the change in a letter to Sarah 13 months earlier on 20 December 2014, which mentioned they had discussed the change previously.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Francis washed the feet of two women at his first Maundy Thursday liturgy as pope on 28 March 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charamsa was also immediately removed from his position at the <a href="/wiki/International_Theological_Commission" title="International Theological Commission">International Theological Commission</a> and from two teaching posts at pontifical universities.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was suspended from the priesthood on 21 October 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-faiola_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faiola-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Sarah&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Corinthians+12:9&version=dra">2 Corinthians 12:9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pentinbeasts-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pentinbeasts_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pentinbeasts_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pentinbeasts_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pentinbeasts_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPentin2015" class="citation web cs1">Pentin, Edward (12 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190126223248/http://www.ncregister.com/blog/edward-pentin/cardinal-sarahs-intervention-isis-and-gender-ideology-are-like-apocalyptic-">"Cardinal Sarah: ISIS and Gender Ideology Are Like 'Apocalyptic Beasts'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. National Catholic Register. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncregister.com/blog/edward-pentin/cardinal-sarahs-intervention-isis-and-gender-ideology-are-like-apocalyptic-/">the original</a> on 26 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cardinal+Sarah%3A+ISIS+and+Gender+Ideology+Are+Like+%27Apocalyptic+Beasts%27&rft.pub=National+Catholic+Register&rft.date=2015-10-12&rft.aulast=Pentin&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncregister.com%2Fblog%2Fedward-pentin%2Fcardinal-sarahs-intervention-isis-and-gender-ideology-are-like-apocalyptic-%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Sarah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGettlemanGoodstein2015" class="citation news cs1">Gettleman, Jeffrey; Goodstein, Laurie (25 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/25/world/africa/a-more-conservative-catholic-church-awaits-pope-francis-in-africa.html">"A More Conservative Catholic Church Awaits Pope Francis in Africa"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+More+Conservative+Catholic+Church+Awaits+Pope+Francis+in+Africa&rft.date=2015-11-25&rft.aulast=Gettleman&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft.au=Goodstein%2C+Laurie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F11%2F25%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fa-more-conservative-catholic-church-awaits-pope-francis-in-africa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Sarah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSan_Martín2016" class="citation news cs1">San Martín, Inés (6 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170227052652/https://cruxnow.com/global-church/2016/07/06/cardinals-call-eastward-stance-mass-stirs-debate/">"Cardinal's call for eastward stance at Mass stirs debate"</a>. Crux. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cruxnow.com/global-church/2016/07/06/cardinals-call-eastward-stance-mass-stirs-debate/">the original</a> on 27 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2017</span>. <q>Technically, Charamsa said, he remains ordained. In a statement, his bishop left the door open for Charamsa's return to the practicing priesthood should he repent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Not+all+gay+Catholics+are+pleased+about+how+Vatican+priest+came+out+of+the+closet&rft.date=2015-11-11&rft.aulast=Faiola&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fnot-all-gay-catholics-are-pleased-about-vatican-priests-coming-out%2F2015%2F11%2F11%2F50888b78-7c06-11e5-bfb6-65300a5ff562_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Sarah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPianigiani2015" class="citation news cs1">Pianigiani, Gaia (28 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/29/world/europe/gay-priest-who-lost-vatican-job-assails-the-church-in-letter-to-pope-francis.html">"Gay Priest Who Lost Vatican Job Assails the Church in Letter to Pope Francis"</a>. <i>New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orderofmalta.int/2016/06/10/cardinal-sarah-admitted-to-order-of-malta-with-the-rank-of-bailiff-knight-grand-cross-of-honour-and-devotion/">the original</a> on 20 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cardinal+Sarah+admitted+to+Order+of+Malta+with+the+rank+of+Bailiff+Grand+Cross+of+Honour+and+Devotion&rft.date=2016-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orderofmalta.int%2F2016%2F06%2F10%2Fcardinal-sarah-admitted-to-order-of-malta-with-the-rank-of-bailiff-knight-grand-cross-of-honour-and-devotion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Sarah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fr.radiovaticana.va/news/2015/08/28/b%C3%A9nin__a_dassa-zoum%C3%A8,_le_cardinal_sarah_re%C3%A7oit_le_titre_de_grand-croix/1168164">"Bénin: A Dassa-Zoumè, le Cardinal Sarah reçoit le titre de Grand-Croix"</a>. <i>Vatican Riadio</i> (in French). 28 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vatican+Riadio&rft.atitle=B%C3%A9nin%3A+A+Dassa-Zoum%C3%A8%2C+le+Cardinal+Sarah+re%C3%A7oit+le+titre+de+Grand-Croix&rft.date=2015-08-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffr.radiovaticana.va%2Fnews%2F2015%2F08%2F28%2Fb%25C3%25A9nin__a_dassa-zoum%25C3%25A8%2C_le_cardinal_sarah_re%25C3%25A7oit_le_titre_de_grand-croix%2F1168164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Sarah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190420162543/https://va.ambafrance.org/Remise-des-Insignes-de-Commandeur-428">"Remise des Insignes de Commandeur de la Légion d'Honneur à Son Eminence Révérendissime le Cardinal Robert Sarah"</a>. <i>Ambassade de France près le Saint-Siège</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://va.ambafrance.org/Remise-des-Insignes-de-Commandeur-428">the original</a> on 20 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ambassade+de+France+pr%C3%A8s+le+Saint-Si%C3%A8ge&rft.atitle=Remise+des+Insignes+de+Commandeur+de+la+L%C3%A9gion+d%27Honneur+%C3%A0+Son+Eminence+R%C3%A9v%C3%A9rendissime+le+Cardinal+Robert+Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fva.ambafrance.org%2FRemise-des-Insignes-de-Commandeur-428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Sarah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Sarah&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Robert_Sarah" class="extiw" title="q:Robert Sarah">Robert Sarah</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Robert_Sarah" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Robert Sarah"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Robert Sarah</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/documentation/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_sarah_r.html">"Sarah Card. Robert"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Holy See Press Office</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160919100621/http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/documentation/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_sarah_r.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sarah+Card.+Robert&rft.pub=Holy+See+Press+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fsalastampa%2Fen%2Fdocumentation%2Fcardinali_biografie%2Fcardinali_bio_sarah_r.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Sarah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cultodivino.va">Official website of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/issues/march-11th-2016/the-unstoppable-rise-of-cardinal-sarah/">"The unstoppable rise of Cardinal Sarah"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Herald" title="Catholic Herald">Catholic Herald</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncregister.com/blog/edward-pentin/cardinal-sarahs-intervention-isis-and-gender-ideology-are-like-apocalyptic-">Full text of remarks to the Synod of Bishops, 14 October 2015</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicworldreport.com/2019/06/21/cardinal-sarah-we-must-rebuild-the-cathedral-we-do-not-need-to-invent-a-new-church/">Cardinal Sarah: "We must rebuild the cathedral … We do not need to invent a new Church"</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church titles</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Raymond-Maria_Tchidimbo" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond-Maria Tchidimbo">Raymond-Maria Tchidimbo</a> C.S.Sp</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Conakry" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Conakry">Archbishop of Conakry</a> </b><br />13 August 1979 – 1 October 2001 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Vincent Coulibaly</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Raymond-Maria_Tchidimbo" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond-Maria Tchidimbo">Raymond-Maria Tchidimbo</a> C.S.Sp.</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Conference_of_Guinea" title="Episcopal Conference of Guinea">President of the Guinean Episcopal Conference</a> </b><br />1995 – 2001 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Kourouma" title="Philippe Kourouma">Philippe Kourouma</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Marcello Zago O.M.I.</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Evangelization_of_Peoples" title="Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples">Secretary of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples</a> </b><br />1 October 2001 – 7 October 2010 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Savio_Hon_Tai-Fai" class="mw-redirect" title="Savio Hon Tai-Fai">Savio Hon Tai-Fai</a> S.D.B.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Position created </b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Urbaniana_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Urbaniana University">Vice-Grand Chancellor of the Pontifical Urbaniana University</a> </b><br />1 October 2001 – 7 October 2010 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Cordes" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Cordes">Paul Cordes</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Council_Cor_Unum" title="Pontifical Council Cor Unum">President of the Pontifical Council <i>Cor Unum</i></a> </b><br />7 October 2010 – 23 November 2014 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Office abolished </b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Fumio_Hamao" title="Stephen Fumio Hamao">Stephen Fumio Hamao</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/San_Giovanni_Bosco_in_Via_Tuscolana" title="San Giovanni Bosco in Via Tuscolana">Cardinal-Deacon of San Giovanni Bosco in Via Tuscolana</a> </b><br />20 November 2010 – 2021 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself (as cardinal priest)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself (as cardinal deacon)</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/San_Giovanni_Bosco_in_Via_Tuscolana" title="San Giovanni Bosco in Via Tuscolana">Cardinal-Priest of San Giovanni Bosco in Via Tuscolana</a> </b><br />20 November 2021 – present </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Incumbent</b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ca%C3%B1izares_Llovera" title="Antonio Cañizares Llovera">Antonio Cañizares Llovera</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prefect_of_the_Congregation_for_Divine_Worship_and_the_Discipline_of_the_Sacraments" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments">Prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments</a> </b><br />23 November 2014 – 20 February 2021 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Roche" title="Arthur Roche">Arthur Roche</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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(Catholic Church)">Cardinals</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> under <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">order of precedence</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_bishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal bishop">Cardinal bishops</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Re" title="Giovanni Battista Re">Re</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Sandri" title="Leonardo Sandri">Sandri</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Francis_Arinze" title="Francis Arinze">Arinze</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Tarcisio_Bertone" title="Tarcisio Bertone">Bertone</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Saraiva_Martins" title="José Saraiva Martins">Saraiva Martins</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Parolin" title="Pietro Parolin">Parolin</a> (CC)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Marc_Ouellet" title="Marc Ouellet">Ouellet</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Filoni" title="Fernando Filoni">Filoni</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Beniamino_Stella" title="Beniamino Stella">Stella</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luis_Antonio_Tagle" title="Luis Antonio Tagle">Tagle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Bechara_Boutros_al-Rahi" title="Bechara Boutros al-Rahi">Raï</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Rapha%C3%ABl_I_Sako" title="Louis Raphaël I Sako">Sako</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal priest">Cardinal priests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Michai_Kitbunchu" title="Michael Michai Kitbunchu">Kitbunchu</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Paul_Poupard" title="Paul Poupard">Poupard</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wetter" title="Friedrich Wetter">Wetter</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Jes%C3%BAs_L%C3%B3pez_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Nicolás de Jesús López Rodríguez">López Rodríguez</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Roger_Mahony" title="Roger Mahony">Mahony</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Ruini" title="Camillo Ruini">Ruini</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Julius_Darmaatmadja" title="Julius Darmaatmadja">Darmaatmadja</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Wamala" title="Emmanuel Wamala">Wamala</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Adam_Maida" title="Adam Maida">Maida</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vinko_Pulji%C4%87" title="Vinko Puljić">Puljić</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Juan_Sandoval_%C3%8D%C3%B1iguez" title="Juan Sandoval Íñiguez">Sandoval Íñiguez</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/James_Stafford" title="James Stafford">Stafford</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Salvatore_De_Giorgi" title="Salvatore De Giorgi">De Giorgi</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Mar%C3%ADa_Rouco_Varela" title="Antonio María Rouco Varela">Rouco Varela</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Polycarp_Pengo" title="Polycarp Pengo">Pengo</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Sch%C3%B6nborn" title="Christoph Schönborn">Schönborn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Norberto_Rivera_Carrera" title="Norberto Rivera Carrera">Rivera Carrera</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81nis_Pujats" title="Jānis Pujats">Pujats</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Crescenzio_Sepe" title="Crescenzio Sepe">Sepe</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kasper" title="Walter Kasper">Kasper</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Audrys_Ba%C4%8Dkis" title="Audrys Bačkis">Bačkis</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Javier_Err%C3%A1zuriz_Ossa" title="Francisco Javier Errázuriz Ossa">Errázuriz Ossa</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Napier" title="Wilfrid Napier">Napier</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Maradiaga" title="Óscar Rodríguez Maradiaga">Rodríguez Maradiaga</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Juan_Luis_Cipriani_Thorne" title="Juan Luis Cipriani Thorne">Cipriani Thorne</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_Herranz_Casado" title="Julián Herranz Casado">Herranz Casado</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Scola" title="Angelo Scola">Scola</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Olubunmi_Okogie" title="Anthony Olubunmi Okogie">Okogie</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Zubeir_Wako" title="Gabriel Zubeir Wako">Zubeir Wako</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Justin_Rigali" title="Justin Rigali">Rigali</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ennio_Antonelli" title="Ennio Antonelli">Antonelli</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Turkson" title="Peter Turkson">Turkson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Josip_Bozani%C4%87" title="Josip Bozanić">Bozanić</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Minh_M%E1%BA%ABn" title="Phạm Minh Mẫn">Mẫn</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Barbarin" title="Philippe Barbarin">Barbarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_Erd%C5%91" title="Péter Erdő">Erdő</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Franc_Rode" title="Franc Rode">Rodé</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Agostino_Vallini" title="Agostino Vallini">Vallini</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Gaudencio_Rosales" title="Gaudencio Rosales">Rosales</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Ricard" title="Jean-Pierre Ricard">Ricard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ca%C3%B1izares_Llovera" title="Antonio Cañizares Llovera">Cañizares Llovera</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Patrick_O%27Malley" title="Seán Patrick O'Malley">O'Malley</a></i> (CC)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Dziwisz" title="Stanisław Dziwisz">Dziwisz</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Zen" title="Joseph Zen">Zen</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Lajolo" title="Giovanni Lajolo">Lajolo</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Comastri" title="Angelo Comastri">Comastri</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ry%C5%82ko" title="Stanisław Ryłko">Ryłko</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Raffaele_Farina" title="Raffaele Farina">Farina</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Brady_(cardinal)" title="Seán Brady (cardinal)">Brady</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Llu%C3%ADs_Mart%C3%ADnez_i_Sistach" title="Lluís Martínez i Sistach">Martínez Sistach</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Vingt-Trois" title="André Vingt-Trois">Vingt-Trois</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Bagnasco" title="Angelo Bagnasco">Bagnasco</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore-Adrien_Sarr" title="Théodore-Adrien Sarr">Sarr</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Gracias" title="Oswald Gracias">Gracias</a> (CC)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Robles_Ortega" title="Francisco Robles Ortega">Robles Ortega</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_DiNardo" title="Daniel DiNardo">DiNardo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odilo_Scherer" title="Odilo Scherer">Scherer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Njue" title="John Njue">Njue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Estanislao_Esteban_Karlic" title="Estanislao Esteban Karlic">Karlic</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Amato" title="Angelo Amato">Amato</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sarah</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Monterisi" title="Francesco Monterisi">Monterisi</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Leo_Burke" title="Raymond Leo Burke">Burke</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Koch" title="Kurt Koch">Koch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Piacenza" title="Mauro Piacenza">Piacenza</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Gianfranco_Ravasi" title="Gianfranco Ravasi">Ravasi</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Romeo" title="Paolo Romeo">Romeo</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Donald_Wuerl" title="Donald Wuerl">Wuerl</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Raymundo_Damasceno_Assis" title="Raymundo Damasceno Assis">Assis</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Nycz" title="Kazimierz Nycz">Nycz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Ranjith" title="Malcolm Ranjith">Patabendige Don</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Marx" title="Reinhard Marx">Marx</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Walter_Brandm%C3%BCller" title="Walter Brandmüller">Brandmüller</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Monteiro_de_Castro" title="Manuel Monteiro de Castro">Monteiro de Castro</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Santos_Abril_y_Castell%C3%B3" title="Santos Abril y Castelló">Abril y Castelló</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Maria_Vegli%C3%B2" title="Antonio Maria Vegliò">Vegliò</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Bertello" title="Giuseppe Bertello">Bertello</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Coccopalmerio" title="Francesco Coccopalmerio">Coccopalmerio</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Braz_de_Aviz" title="João Braz de Aviz">Aviz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Frederick_O%27Brien" title="Edwin Frederick O'Brien">O'Brien</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Calcagno" title="Domenico Calcagno">Calcagno</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Versaldi" title="Giuseppe Versaldi">Versaldi</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Alencherry" title="George Alencherry">Alencherry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Collins_(cardinal)" title="Thomas Collins (cardinal)">Collins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Dominik_Duka" title="Dominik Duka">Duka</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wim_Eijk" title="Wim Eijk">Eijk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Betori" title="Giuseppe Betori">Betori</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_M._Dolan" title="Timothy M. Dolan">Dolan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Woelki" title="Rainer Woelki">Woelki</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/John_Tong_Hon" title="John Tong Hon">Tong</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Mure%C8%99an" title="Lucian Mureșan">Mureșan</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Michael_Harvey" title="James Michael Harvey">Harvey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Baselios_Cleemis" title="Baselios Cleemis">Thottunkal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/John_Onaiyekan" title="John Onaiyekan">Onaiyekan</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Salazar_G%C3%B3mez" title="Rubén Salazar Gómez">Salazar Gómez</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Baldisseri" title="Lorenzo Baldisseri">Baldisseri</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ludwig_M%C3%BCller" title="Gerhard Ludwig Müller">Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Nichols" title="Vincent Nichols">Nichols</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Brenes" title="Leopoldo Brenes">Brenes Solórzano</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rald_Lacroix" title="Gérald Lacroix">Lacroix</a> (CC)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Kutwa" title="Jean-Pierre Kutwa">Kutwa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orani_Jo%C3%A3o_Tempesta" title="Orani João Tempesta">Tempesta</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Gualtiero_Bassetti" title="Gualtiero Bassetti">Bassetti</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mario_Aurelio_Poli" title="Mario Aurelio Poli">Poli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Yeom_Soo-jung" title="Andrew Yeom Soo-jung">Yeom</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Ezzati" title="Ricardo Ezzati">Ezzati Andrello</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Ou%C3%A9draogo_(cardinal)" title="Philippe Ouédraogo (cardinal)">Ouédraogo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Quevedo" title="Orlando Quevedo">Quevedo</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chibly_Langlois" title="Chibly Langlois">Langlois</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Clemente" title="Manuel Clemente">Clemente</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Berhaneyesus_Demerew_Souraphiel" title="Berhaneyesus Demerew Souraphiel">Souraphiel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Dew_(cardinal)" title="John Dew (cardinal)">Dew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Edoardo_Menichelli" title="Edoardo Menichelli">Menichelli</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Nh%C6%A1n" title="Pierre Nguyễn Văn Nhơn">Nhơn</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Su%C3%A1rez_Inda" title="Alberto Suárez Inda">Suárez Inda</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maung_Bo" title="Charles Maung Bo">Bo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kriengsak_Kovitvanit" title="Kriengsak Kovitvanit">Kovithavanij</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Montenegro" title="Francesco Montenegro">Montenegro</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sturla" title="Daniel Sturla">Sturla Berhouet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Bl%C3%A1zquez" title="Ricardo Blázquez">Blázquez Pérez</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Lacunza_Maestroju%C3%A1n" title="José Luis Lacunza Maestrojuán">Lacunza Maestrojuán</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arlindo_Gomes_Furtado" title="Arlindo Gomes Furtado">Gomes Furtado</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soane_Patita_Paini_Mafi" title="Soane Patita Paini Mafi">Mafi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Luis_H%C3%A9ctor_Villalba" title="Luis Héctor Villalba">Villalba</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_Duarte_Langa" title="Júlio Duarte Langa">Langa</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dieudonn%C3%A9_Nzapalainga" title="Dieudonné Nzapalainga">Nzapalainga</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Osoro_Sierra" title="Carlos Osoro Sierra">Osoro Sierra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9rgio_da_Rocha" title="Sérgio da Rocha">Rocha</a> (CC)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blase_J._Cupich" title="Blase J. Cupich">Cupich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Patrick_D%27Rozario" title="Patrick D'Rozario">D'Rozario</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Baltazar_Enrique_Porras_Cardozo" title="Baltazar Enrique Porras Cardozo">Porras Cardozo</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jozef_De_Kesel" title="Jozef De Kesel">De Kesel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Piat" title="Maurice Piat">Piat</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Aguiar_Retes" title="Carlos Aguiar Retes">Aguiar Retes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Ribat" title="John Ribat">Ribat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Tobin" title="Joseph W. Tobin">Tobin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Jean_Zerbo" title="Jean Zerbo">Zerbo</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Omella" title="Juan José Omella">Omella Omella</a> (CC)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anders_Arborelius" title="Anders Arborelius">Arborelius</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Louis-Marie_Ling_Mangkhanekhoun" title="Louis-Marie Ling Mangkhanekhoun">Mangkhanekhoun</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Rosa_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Gregorio Rosa Chávez">Rosa Chávez</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Angelo_De_Donatis" title="Angelo De Donatis">De Donatis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Coutts" title="Joseph Coutts">Coutts</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Marto" title="António Marto">Santos Marto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Barreto" title="Pedro Barreto">Barreto Jimeno</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Tsarahazana" title="Désiré Tsarahazana">Tsarahazana</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Petrocchi" title="Giuseppe Petrocchi">Petrocchi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquino_Manyo_Maeda" title="Thomas Aquino Manyo Maeda">Maeda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Toribio_Ticona_Porco" title="Toribio Ticona Porco">Ticona Porco</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Suharyo_Hardjoatmodjo" title="Ignatius Suharyo Hardjoatmodjo">Suharyo Hardjoatmodjo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Garc%C3%ADa_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Juan García Rodríguez">García Rodríguez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fridolin_Ambongo_Besungu" title="Fridolin Ambongo Besungu">Ambongo Besungu</a> (CC)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Hollerich" title="Jean-Claude Hollerich">Hollerich</a> (CC)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Leonel_Ramazzini_Imeri" title="Álvaro Leonel Ramazzini Imeri">Ramazzini Imeri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Matteo_Zuppi" title="Matteo Zuppi">Zuppi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_L%C3%B3pez_Romero" title="Cristóbal López Romero">López Romero</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Sigitas_Tamkevi%C4%8Dius" title="Sigitas Tamkevičius">Tamkevičius</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Kambanda" title="Antoine Kambanda">Kambanda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wilton_Daniel_Gregory" title="Wilton Daniel Gregory">Gregory</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jose_Advincula" title="Jose Advincula">Advincula</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Celestino_A%C3%B3s_Braco" title="Celestino Aós Braco">Aós Braco</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Paolo_Lojudice" title="Augusto Paolo Lojudice">Lojudice</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Arizmendi_Esquivel" title="Felipe Arizmendi Esquivel">Arizmendi Esquivel</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marc_Aveline" title="Jean-Marc Aveline">Aveline</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Okpaleke" title="Peter Okpaleke">Okpaleke</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Ulrich_Steiner" title="Leonardo Ulrich Steiner">Steiner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Filipe_Neri_Ferr%C3%A3o" title="Filipe Neri Ferrão">Ferrão</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._McElroy" title="Robert W. McElroy">McElroy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virg%C3%ADlio_do_Carmo_da_Silva" title="Virgílio do Carmo da Silva">Silva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Cantoni" title="Oscar Cantoni">Cantoni</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Poola" title="Anthony Poola">Poola</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Cezar_Costa" title="Paulo Cezar Costa">Costa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Goh" title="William Goh">Goh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adalberto_Mart%C3%ADnez_Flores" title="Adalberto Martínez Flores">Martínez Flores</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Marengo" title="Giorgio Marengo">Marengo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Enrique_Jim%C3%A9nez_Carvajal" title="Jorge Enrique Jiménez Carvajal">Jiménez Carvajal</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Arrigo_Miglio" title="Arrigo Miglio">Miglio</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierbattista_Pizzaballa" title="Pierbattista Pizzaballa">Pizzaballa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Brislin" title="Stephen Brislin">Brislin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Sixto_Rossi" title="Ángel Sixto Rossi">Rossi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luis_Jos%C3%A9_Rueda_Aparicio" title="Luis José Rueda Aparicio">Aparicio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grzegorz_Ry%C5%9B" title="Grzegorz Ryś">Ryś</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Ameyu_Martin_Mulla" title="Stephen Ameyu Martin Mulla">Mulla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Cobo_Cano" title="José Cobo Cano">Cano</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Protase_Rugambwa" title="Protase Rugambwa">Rugambwa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Francis" title="Sebastian Francis">Francis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Chow_(bishop)" title="Stephen Chow (bishop)">Chow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier_Bustillo" title="François-Xavier Bustillo">Bustillo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9rico_Aguiar" title="Américo Aguiar">Aguiar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Diego_Padr%C3%B3n" title="Diego Padrón">Sánchez</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_deacon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal deacon">Cardinal deacons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Mamberti" title="Dominique Mamberti">Mamberti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mario_Zenari" title="Mario Zenari">Zenari</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Farrell" title="Kevin Farrell">Farrell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Simoni" title="Ernest Simoni">Simoni</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Luis_Ladaria_Ferrer" title="Luis Ladaria Ferrer">Ladaria Ferrer</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Angelo_Becciu" title="Giovanni Angelo Becciu">Becciu</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Krajewski" title="Konrad Krajewski">Krajewski</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilino_Bocos_Merino" title="Aquilino Bocos Merino">Bocos Merino</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Ayuso_Guixot" title="Miguel Ángel Ayuso Guixot">Ayuso Guixot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Tolentino_de_Mendon%C3%A7a" title="José Tolentino de Mendonça">Mendonça</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Czerny" title="Michael Czerny">Czerny</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Fitzgerald_(cardinal)" title="Michael Fitzgerald (cardinal)">Fitzgerald</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mario_Grech" title="Mario Grech">Grech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcello_Semeraro" title="Marcello Semeraro">Semeraro</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Gambetti" title="Mauro Gambetti">Gambetti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Silvano_Maria_Tomasi" title="Silvano Maria Tomasi">Tomasi</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Raniero_Cantalamessa" title="Raniero Cantalamessa">Cantalamessa</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Feroci" title="Enrico Feroci">Feroci</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Roche" title="Arthur Roche">Roche</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_You_Heung-sik" title="Lazarus You Heung-sik">You</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fernando_V%C3%A9rgez_Alzaga" title="Fernando Vérgez Alzaga">Vérgez Alzaga</a> (CC)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Gianfranco_Ghirlanda" title="Gianfranco Ghirlanda">Ghirlanda</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Fortunato_Frezza" title="Fortunato Frezza">Frezza</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Francis_Prevost" title="Robert Francis Prevost">Prevost</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Gugerotti" title="Claudio Gugerotti">Gugerotti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Manuel_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Víctor Manuel Fernández">Fernández</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emil_Paul_Tscherrig" title="Emil Paul Tscherrig">Tscherrig</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christophe_Pierre" title="Christophe Pierre">Pierre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Artime" title="Ángel Fernández Artime">Artime</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Agostino_Marchetto" title="Agostino Marchetto">Marchetto</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Luis_Pascual_Dri" title="Luis Pascual Dri">Dri</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Cardinals ineligible to participate in a <a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave" title="Papal conclave">papal conclave</a> in <i>italics</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">(CC): member of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Cardinals" title="Council of Cardinals">Council of Cardinals</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">See also: <a href="/wiki/Titular_(Catholic_Church)" title="Titular (Catholic Church)">Titular</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Titular_church" title="Titular church">Titular church</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_titular_churches" title="List of titular churches">List of titular churches</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_creations_of_cardinals" title="List of creations of cardinals">List of creations of cardinals</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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