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href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-概念" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#概念"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>概念</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-概念-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-主權概念的歷史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#主權概念的歷史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>主權概念的歷史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-主權概念的歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-對主權的不同觀點" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#對主權的不同觀點"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>對主權的不同觀點</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-對主權的不同觀點-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-主權於國際法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#主權於國際法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>主權於國際法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-主權於國際法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-主權和聯邦制" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#主權和聯邦制"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>主權和聯邦制</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-主權和聯邦制-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-其他" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#其他"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>其他</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-其他-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">主權</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。99种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-99" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">99种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soewereiniteit" title="Soewereiniteit – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Soewereiniteit" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souver%C3%A4nit%C3%A4t" title="Souveränität – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Souveränität" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="سيادة – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سيادة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87" title="سياده – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سياده" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soberan%C3%ADa" title="Soberanía – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Soberanía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Суверенитет – 阿瓦尔语" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Суверенитет" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="阿瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suverenlik" title="Suverenlik – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Suverenlik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="حاکیمیت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="حاکیمیت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Суверэнітэт – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Суверэнітэт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Сувэрэнітэт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сувэрэнітэт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Суверенитет – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Суверенитет" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95" title="परमाधिपत्यक – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="परमाधिपत्यक" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="সার্বভৌমত্ব – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সার্বভৌমত্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riegezh" title="Riegezh – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Riegezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobirania" title="Sobirania – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sobirania" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8E%B2_%E1%8F%97%E1%8E%AB%E1%8E%AA%E1%8F%94%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97" title="ᎠᎲ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ – 切罗基语" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᎲ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="切罗基语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="سەروەری – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەروەری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svrchovanost" title="Svrchovanost – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Svrchovanost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofraniaeth" title="Sofraniaeth – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sofraniaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suver%C3%A6nitet" title="Suverænitet – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Suverænitet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souver%C3%A4nit%C3%A4t" title="Souveränität – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Souveränität" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Κυριαρχία – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κυριαρχία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Sovereignty" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suvereneco" title="Suvereneco – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Suvereneco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soberan%C3%ADa" title="Soberanía – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Soberanía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suver%C3%A4%C3%A4nsus" title="Suveräänsus – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Suveräänsus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burujabetza" title="Burujabetza – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Burujabetza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="حاکمیت – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حاکمیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suvereniteetti" title="Suvereniteetti – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Suvereniteetti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullveldi" title="Fullveldi – 法罗语" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Fullveldi" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souverainet%C3%A9" title="Souveraineté – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Souveraineté" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soevereiniteit" title="Soevereiniteit – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Soevereiniteit" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soberan%C3%ADa" title="Soberanía – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Soberanía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%AD%E0%AB%8C%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5" title="સાર્વભૌમત્વ – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સાર્વભૌમત્વ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA" title="ריבונות – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ריבונות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="सम्प्रभुता – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सम्प्रभुता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suverenitet" title="Suverenitet – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Suverenitet" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szuverenit%C3%A1s" title="Szuverenitás – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szuverenitás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ինքնիշխանություն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ինքնիշխանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedaulatan" title="Kedaulatan – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kedaulatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suvereneso" title="Suvereneso – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Suvereneso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullveldi" title="Fullveldi – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fullveldi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovranit%C3%A0" title="Sovranità – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sovranità" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%A8%A9" title="主権 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="主権" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="სუვერენიტეტი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სუვერენიტეტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Егемендік – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Егемендік" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%AD%E0%B3%8C%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5" title="ಸಾರ್ವಭೌಮತ್ವ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಾರ್ವಭೌಮತ್ವ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A3%BC%EA%B6%8C" title="주권 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="주권" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Суверенитет – 卡拉恰伊巴尔卡尔语" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Суверенитет" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="卡拉恰伊巴尔卡尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiestas_(ius_constitutionale)" title="Maiestas (ius constitutionale) – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Maiestas (ius constitutionale)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staatsgewalt" title="Staatsgewalt – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Staatsgewalt" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soevereniteit" title="Soevereniteit – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Soevereniteit" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovranit%C3%A0" title="Sovranità – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sovranità" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suverenitetas" title="Suverenitetas – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Suverenitetas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suverenit%C4%81te" title="Suverenitāte – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Suverenitāte" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiandrianana" title="Fiandrianana – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiandrianana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Сувереност – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сувереност" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Суверенитет – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Суверенитет" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedaulatan" title="Kedaulatan – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kedaulatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AC%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%8F%E1%80%AC" title="အချုပ်အခြာအာဏာ – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အချုပ်အခြာအာဏာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="सार्वभौमसत्ता – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सार्वभौमसत्ता" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soevereiniteit" title="Soevereiniteit – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Soevereiniteit" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suverenitet" title="Suverenitet – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Suverenitet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suverenitet" title="Suverenitet – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Suverenitet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobeiranetat" title="Sobeiranetat – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sobeiranetat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80" title="ਖ਼ੁਦਮੁਖ਼ਤਿਆਰੀ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖ਼ੁਦਮੁਖ਼ਤਿਆਰੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suwerenno%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Suwerenność – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Suwerenność" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="حاکميت – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="حاکميت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soberania" title="Soberania – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Soberania" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suveranitad" title="Suveranitad – 罗曼什语" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Suveranitad" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="罗曼什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suveranitate" title="Suveranitate – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Suveranitate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Суверенитет – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Суверенитет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Суверенитет – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Суверенитет" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soberania" title="Soberania – 萨丁语" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Soberania" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="萨丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sovereignty" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suverenitet" title="Suverenitet – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Suverenitet" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BA" title="ස්වාධිපත්‍යය – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ස්වාධිපත්‍යය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sovereignty" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suverenita_(pr%C3%A1vo)" title="Suverenita (právo) – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Suverenita (právo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suverenost" title="Suverenost – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Suverenost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovraniteti" title="Sovraniteti – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sovraniteti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Суверенитет – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Суверенитет" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suver%C3%A4nitet" title="Suveränitet – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Suveränitet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="இறைமை – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இறைமை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D2%9B%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Ҳокимияти соҳибистиқлол – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳокимияти соҳибистиқлол" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2" title="อำนาจอธิปไตย – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อำนาจอธิปไตย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soberanya" title="Soberanya – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Soberanya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egemenlik" title="Egemenlik – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Egemenlik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Державний суверенітет – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Державний суверенітет" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81%DB%8C" title="بادشاہی – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بادشاہی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suverenitet" title="Suverenitet – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Suverenitet" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovranit%C3%A0" title="Sovranità – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sovranità" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A7_quy%E1%BB%81n" title="Chủ quyền – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chủ quyền" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soberanya" title="Soberanya – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Soberanya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%9D%83" title="主权 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="主权" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="სუვერენიტეტი – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სუვერენიტეტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%98" title="אויבערשאפט – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אויבערשאפט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BA-kho%C3%A2n" title="Chú-khoân – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chú-khoân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A" title="主權 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="主權" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q42008#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div 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href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%B1%BA_(%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A)" title="自決 (人權)">自決</a>」的最高<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%8A%E5%A8%81" class="mw-redirect" title="權威">權威</a>。擁有這種權力的個體，包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%8B%E4%BA%BA" title="個人">個人</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%8F" title="國族">國族</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="政府">政府</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="國家">國家</a>，乃是<a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="獨立">獨立</a>自主的個體，可依<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97" title="自由意志">自身意志</a>行動，不受其他個體控制。對於<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="國家">國家</a>來說，主權體現在在其領土管轄範圍內擁有的獨立<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E6%9D%83" class="mw-redirect" title="自治权">自治</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B1%BA" title="民族自決">自決權</a>，是<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="行政">行政</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="立法">立法</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="司法">司法</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%9D%83%E5%8A%9B" title="公权力">公權力</a>的來源，以及對外推動自主<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4" title="外交">外交</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="戰爭">軍事行動</a>的權力來源<sup id="cite_ref-葉明德2006_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-葉明德2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-呂炳寬項程華2007_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-呂炳寬項程華2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。擁有主權的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="主權國家">國家</a>，即為<a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="獨立">獨立</a>國家。主權的法律形式對內常規定於<a href="/wiki/%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="憲法">憲法</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%B3%95" title="基本法">基本法</a>中，對外則是國際的相互<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E6%89%BF%E8%AA%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="外交承認">承認</a>，因此它是<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="國家">國家</a>最基本的特徵之一。國家主權的喪失往往意味著國家的解體或滅亡<sup id="cite_ref-楚树龙唐虹2006_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-楚树龙唐虹2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-王逸舟1998_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王逸舟1998-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。若國家主權不受普遍承認，一般稱為<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E6%89%BF%E8%AA%8D%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="有限承認國家">有限承認國家</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AF%A6%E9%AB%94" title="政治實體">政治實體</a>，如<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B" title="中華民國">中華民國</a>。 </p><p>傳統社會有將主權來源歸給<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E" title="神">神</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%B8%9D" title="上帝">上帝</a>的說法，現代國家一般認為主權的基礎來自<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91" title="人民">人民</a>，即<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="人民主權">人民主權</a>。 </p><p>當今主權的概念，正因其至高無上的排他性，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E5%AE%98" title="外交官">外交官</a>不斷援引之；<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" class="mw-redirect" title="國際組織">跨國組織</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%A8%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="跨國公司">企業</a>設法規避之；諸如政治學家、憲法、國際法學家仍爭論之，討論<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%8C%96" title="全球化">全球化</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="國際">國際</a>及區域組織對主權概念的影响。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="概念"><span id=".E6.A6.82.E5.BF.B5"></span>概念</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：概念"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>政府（行政）部門權力、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E7%AE%A1%E8%BD%84%E6%AC%8A" title="司法管轄權">司法管轄權</a>及立法權的行使需要主權為依據。在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="民主">民主</a>制度裡，主權屬於國家的全體<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91" title="人民">人民</a>，稱為<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="人民主權">人民主權</a>。人民主權顯現在人民選舉代議士參與政府的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%AD%B0%E6%94%BF%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="代議政制">代議政制</a>，也是目前大多數國家所採取的形式。代議制度也能混合其他的行使方式，如被許多國家採用的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8" title="公民投票">公民投票</a>制度。 </p><p>在其他的形式，如<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E6%AC%8A%E7%A5%9E%E6%8E%88%E8%AA%AA" title="君權神授說">君權神授</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%B0%88%E5%88%B6" title="君主專制">君主專制</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E6%AC%8A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="神權政治">神權政治</a>下，主權則被定義為永恆的起源，為上帝或自然界所賜予的權力。 </p><p>另一個較正式的區別，則是法律與主權的關係，法律條文（如果立憲正確的話）是能夠在現實上應用並執法的，即使與人民的民意相違背也亦然，只有經過制憲程序才能正式更改。嚴格而言，任何違反這個原則的行動都構成了革命或政變的罪行，不管其動機為何。 </p><p>在憲法和國際法上，主權的概念也賦予了國家政府有權對其<a href="/wiki/%E7%96%86%E5%9F%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="疆域">疆域</a>和地理領域擁有徹底的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E6%B2%BB%E6%AC%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="統治權">統治權</a>，在他們掌控的各種機構（如法庭）下擁有司法的審判權，而不是透過他國的指令和管理。至於判定何種特定實體才屬於主權的問題，則不屬於精密科學，反而時常是外交上的爭論議題。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="主權概念的歷史"><span id=".E4.B8.BB.E6.AC.8A.E6.A6.82.E5.BF.B5.E7.9A.84.E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2"></span>主權概念的歷史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：主權概念的歷史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>古希臘「Βασιλεύς」一詞便代表了「主權」的概念，指的是那些擁有<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%8A%E5%A8%81" class="mw-redirect" title="權威">權威</a>（Auctoritas）的人，與直接的最高<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E6%B2%BB%E6%AC%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="統治權">統治權</a>不同，這個權力由<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%B7%E6%94%BF%E5%AE%98" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="執政官">執政官</a>（或「行政官員」）所保留。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E4%B8%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="博丹">讓·博丹</a>（1530年─1596年）被認為是現代主權概念的創始者，他在1576年所著的論《共和六书》裡形容，主權是一種超越了法律和國民的統治權，這種權力由神授或<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E6%B3%95" title="自然法">自然法</a>而來。從這裡他也先行定義了<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E6%AC%8A%E7%A5%9E%E6%8E%88%E8%AA%AA" title="君權神授說">君權神授說</a>，指出「主權是一個共和國所擁有的絕對和永恆的權利」。主權是絕對的，至高无上的，因此是無法被分割的，但也並非不受任何限制：它只在公共的領域行使權力，而不是在私人的領域。它也是永恆的，因為對它的擁有者而言，主權並沒有期限存在（而<i>掌權者</i>則有其期限）。換句話說，主權並非個人財產：在本質上，它是無法被割讓的。 </p><p>這些特色都決定了主權概念的形式，這些概念在<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%A5%91%E7%B4%84" title="社會契約">社會契約</a>論裡也可以找到，例如在<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A9-%E9%9B%85%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%8D%A2%E6%A2%AD" title="让-雅克·卢梭">让-雅克·卢梭</a>（1712年─1778年）對人民主權的定義中，都與這些概念相符合，差異僅在於盧梭認為只有人民才能正當的行使主權。同樣地，主權是無法割讓的—盧梭譴責對於主權的起源和行使間的區分，在這種區分上成立了<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E7%AB%8B%E5%AE%AA%E5%88%B6" title="君主立宪制">君主立宪制</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%AD%B0%E6%94%BF%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="代議政制">代議政制</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%AF%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%9A%E7%BB%B4%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="尼可罗·马基亚维利">尼可罗·马基亚维利</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF" title="托马斯·霍布斯">托马斯·霍布斯</a>、和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B" title="约翰·洛克">约翰·洛克</a>也是發展主權概念的重要人物。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E7%B1%B3%E7%89%B9" title="卡尔·施米特">卡尔·施米特</a>（1888年─1985年）將主權定義為「決定國家進入<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A7%E6%80%A5%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81" title="紧急状态">緊急狀態</a>的權力」。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%A1%94%E8%80%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="乔治·巴塔耶">喬治·巴塔耶</a>所提出的非正統的主權概念也影響了如<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E8%BE%BE" title="雅克·德里达">雅克·德里达</a>等思想家。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="對主權的不同觀點"><span id=".E5.B0.8D.E4.B8.BB.E6.AC.8A.E7.9A.84.E4.B8.8D.E5.90.8C.E8.A7.80.E9.BB.9E"></span>對主權的不同觀點</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：對主權的不同觀點"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>對於主權的理論根基存在些不同觀點： </p> <dl><dt>國民主權說</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E6%9D%83%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="人民主权论">人民主权论</a></div> <p>人民主權（<span lang="en">popular sovereignty</span>）的例子，如美國<a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E5%AE%A3%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="獨立宣言">獨立宣言</a>宣示的「人民主權」及法國憲法主張的「主權」歸屬於全民族，而多元主權論（<span lang="en">pluralistic sovereignty</span>）動搖了固有主權之單一至高無上特徵，認為國家擁有主權之說不符實際，因為人隸屬於多個組織和團體，國家應順之多種不同的價值來進行統治。<sup id="cite_ref-葉明德2006_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-葉明德2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>法律主權說</dt> <dd>亦稱<b>國會主權說</b>。19世紀英國學者<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%81" title="約翰·奧斯丁">约翰·奥斯丁</a>認為「法律乃主權者之命令」，主權者可為一人，亦可為多數人。由於當時<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="英國國會">英國國會</a>至上，因此被其他學者引申，既然法律由國會制定，則主權者當是國會。19世紀末學者<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E9%9B%AA" title="戴雪">戴雪</a>集其大成，提出主權可分成「法律主權」和「政治主權」，法律主權決定法律上國家最高意志，政治主權為國家最高權力之所在，故具法律、政治最高權力的英國國會擁有主權，即「國會主權」。</dd></dl> <dl><dt>國家主權說</dt> <dd>又稱<b>國家法人說</b>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="法國大革命">法國大革命</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%9D%83%E5%92%8C%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E6%9D%83%E5%AE%A3%E8%A8%80" title="人权和公民权宣言">人權和公民權宣言</a>》：「主權本質上全屬於國家」為濫觴。盛行於19世紀、20世紀初的德國，蓋因那時國家統一之需要，將原<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF" title="德意志邦聯">德意志邦聯</a>各主權邦國統合為一個聯邦國家。在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="國家主義">國家主義</a>思潮下提出主權歸於國家，國家為法人、有人格意志、權利義務的主體之學說來凝聚向心力。日本著名憲法學者<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%BF%83%E9%83%A8%E9%81%94%E5%90%89" title="美濃部達吉">美濃部達吉</a>受其影響，提出「天皇機關說」，認為國家是法人，天皇為法人下的機構，但後來不見容於高舉皇國大纛的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="軍國主義">軍國主義</a>者而遭<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E8%BF%AB%E5%AE%B3" title="政治迫害">政治迫害</a>，直到<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="二戰">二戰</a>結束才平反。</dd></dl> <dl><dt>君主主權說</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E6%AC%8A%E7%A5%9E%E6%8E%88%E8%AA%AA" title="君權神授說">君權神授說</a>為典型。16世紀法國學者博丹認為理想制度是由君王總攬主權，向上帝負責。17世紀英國學者霍布斯則是在《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A8%E7%81%B5%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="巨灵论">巨靈論</a>》中表示，人在自然狀態下，避免傷害別人或被別人傷害，將所有的自然權力也就是主權，交付給一個絕對的威權、一個巨靈，即是君主，讓它來維持內部和平和進行外部防禦。</dd></dl> <dl><dt>團體主權說</dt> <dd>國家縱有主權也是由多方運用，關鍵在於人與人因利益結合為團體，去影響權力分配及運用。所謂主權，其實由多元競爭的團體掌握。</dd></dl> <dl><dt>主權否定說</dt> <dd>除<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="無政府主義">無政府主義</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-disambig" title="自由意志主義">自由意志主義</a>者否定國家的主權外，由於國際體系互動頻繁，使主權的最高及不可分割性遭到挑戰；例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="歐盟">歐盟</a>都是各成員讓渡部分主權組成單一國家或組織。因此主權不過是個概念，逐步被多元協商、妥協的共識，甚至由超強霸權取代（可參考<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="德意志帝國">德意志帝國</a>的形成）。</dd></dl> <p>這些不同的觀點闡述如下： </p> <ul><li>君權神授說的支持者主張，<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB" title="君主">君主</a>擁有神授的主權權力，而不是經由人民們的同意。這個理論成為了<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%B0%88%E5%88%B6" title="君主專制">君主專制</a>制度。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E6%A7%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9_(%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82)" title="建構主義 (國際關係)">建構主義</a>者認為，主權是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="三十年戰爭">三十年戰爭</a>結束後簽訂<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%92%8C%E7%B4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="威斯特伐利亞和約">威斯特伐利亞和約</a>時為了不讓<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%AE%97" title="教宗">教宗</a>干涉內政而提出來的理論。</li> <li>让-雅克·卢梭的第二本著作《<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%A5%91%E7%BA%A6%E8%AE%BA" title="社会契约论">社会契约论</a>》（1762年）裡講述主權和其權力。主張主權或民意是無法被割讓的，但如果民意無法被傳達，那麼主權將是可以被分割的，因為它在本質上必須與民意相符。如果它以公眾的利益為其權力限制，透過法律來採取行動，那它便是絕對可靠而且永遠正確的。法律是民意對於公眾利益事物的決定，但民意仍然永遠是正確的，法律的審判並非永遠是明智的、也因此並非永遠是對公眾利益有利的，也因此需要立法者的存在。但立法者本身也沒有權力，他只是人民用以設計和提議法律的代表者，只有人民本身（也就是主權或民意）才有權力制定和改變他們。</li> <li>民主是建立在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="人民主權">人民主權</a>的概念上。與盧梭的看法不同，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%AD%B0%E6%94%BF%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="代議政制">代議政制</a>允許將主權的行使過程從人民本身轉移至議會或政府上。<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A" title="議會主權">議會主權</a>（國會主權）指的便是在代議民主制裡，最終的主權屬議會所有，而不是行政的權力。</li></ul> <dl><dd>值得注意的是，在比較政治制度上議會主權乃英國國會特有類型，其他國家國會則是代表行使國民主權。英國及承襲體制的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%90%E8%A5%BF%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="紐西蘭">紐西蘭</a>採不成文憲法，由慣例與國會制定法律而定；其他成文憲法的國家需有特定修憲程序，且國會制定法律不能牴觸憲法，表示國會在憲法架構下非最高性而為國民之代表。</dd></dl> <ul><li>無政府主義和自由意志主義者否定國家或政府的主權，無政府主義者通常主張的是特定的個人主權，認為個人本身擁有他自己的主權，也就是<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AF%86" title="意识">意识</a>的形成基礎。如<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E9%87%87" class="mw-redirect" title="尼采">尼采</a>所證實的，一個人的意識超過了他自己的身體。</li> <li>一些支持民主全球化的人士則認為國家應該讓出一些權力給<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="世界政府">世界政府</a>（比<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="聯合國">聯合國</a>更具權力的全球性政府），由世界上的人民所控制，而不是依據國與國之間的準則。</li></ul> <p>主權在法律上的主要基礎，便是對<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E7%AE%A1%E8%BD%84%E6%AC%8A" title="司法管轄權">司法管轄權</a>的獨占權力。它超乎国家法律之上。 </p><p>具體而言，經過主權實體所做出的決策，不可能被地位更高的權力機構所駁回。除此之外，通常認為主權的另一個法律基礎，便是在現實上對於其權力的行使，而不只是在法律上擁有那樣的權力。換句話說，僅宣稱擁有主權或是僅行使主權權力都是不夠的，主權要同時具備這兩個要件。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="主權於國際法"><span id=".E4.B8.BB.E6.AC.8A.E6.96.BC.E5.9C.8B.E9.9A.9B.E6.B3.95"></span>主權於國際法</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：主權於國際法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%B3%95" title="国际法">国际法</a>上，主權指的是<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="國家">國家</a>的權力，主權在國家本身，並以一個法定政權實體為代表行使主權。也可能因某些外力因素導致暫時無法行使主權，但這並非主權喪失。在原則上主權是合法行使權力的根據，在實際上則是擁有行使權力的實際能力。外國政府<i>承認</i>一國的領土也就承認了其主權，又或者也可能拒絕做出承認。 </p><p>例如，在理論上，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="中華人民共和國">中華人民共和國</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B" title="中華民國">中華民國</a>都宣稱其政府主權包含整個<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="中國大陸">中國大陸</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="台灣地區">台灣地區</a>，而兩岸政權相互不承認彼此的「國家」地位<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。就目前上一些國家承認中華民國的國家地位，而包含<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="聯合國">聯合國</a>在內的多數國家則承認中華人民共和國，這實際上緣於主權的不可分割性，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="中華人民共和國">中華人民共和國</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B" title="中華民國">中華民國</a>的主權是重疊的，區別在於他國承認哪一個政府為中國主權的代表<sup id="cite_ref-台灣主權論述論文集編輯小組2001_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-台灣主權論述論文集編輯小組2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。然而，主權重疊之認定實際已違反主權的排他性原則<sup id="cite_ref-陳春生2000_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-陳春生2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="主權和聯邦制"><span id=".E4.B8.BB.E6.AC.8A.E5.92.8C.E8.81.AF.E9.82.A6.E5.88.B6"></span>主權和聯邦制</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：主權和聯邦制"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="聯邦制">聯邦制</a>国家，例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美國</a>，主權也是州政府所特有的獨立於聯邦政府外的權力。 </p><p>問題在於個別的州—尤其是那些分離為<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%88%A9%E5%A0%85%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F%E5%9C%8B" title="美利堅聯盟國">美利堅聯盟國</a>的南部州是否擁有主權，美國國內對此引發許多爭論，尤其是在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="南北戰爭">南北戰爭</a>後的一個世紀裡。 </p> <ul><li>依據<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7C%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E9%9C%8D%E6%81%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="约翰·C·卡尔霍恩">约翰·C·卡尔霍恩</a>的理論，在地方州當初加入聯邦時所簽下的協議中，如果其他聯邦成員違反了這個協議，那麼州便能脫離聯邦而仍保有其主權。考宏的理論在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="南北战争">南北战争</a>爆發前夕提出，成為州脫離聯邦的理論基礎。不過，在考宏提出的「<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%9F%E6%AD%A2%E8%AE%BA" title="废止论">废止论</a>」（nullification）中，地方州有權拒絕接受任何他們認為違反了憲法的聯邦法律。但同樣的這些南方州也拒絕北方的非蓄奴州擁有類似的無效權力，他們堅持聯邦政府應該在所有州執行<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="逃亡奴隸法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fugitive slave laws"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%83%E4%BA%A1%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B8%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="逃亡奴隸法（页面不存在）">逃亡奴隸法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws" class="extiw" title="en:Fugitive slave laws"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fugitive slave laws</span></a></span>）</span></span>，拒絕讓非蓄奴州擁有收容逃亡奴隸的權力。無論如何，逃亡奴隸法是在憲法裡明定的，要求所有逃跑至其他州的奴隸和囚犯必須被遣返回原本的州。</li></ul> <ul><li>依據<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%85%9A%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E9%9B%86" title="联邦党人文集">联邦党人文集</a>的理論：「任何批准了憲法而加入聯邦的州，都被視為是一個主權形體，獨立與其他所有州之外，而且只有在出自其自願的行動下才會與聯邦連結。在這種關係下，新的憲法（原本）是一個聯邦體制，而不是一個國家體制。」接著文集的作者又檢查了憲法的其他觀點，其中一些則使聯合政府高出了地方州，並總結道「所提議的憲法，也因此嚴謹地，既不是一個國家的憲法也不是一個聯邦的憲法，而是兩者的綜合。」（Federalist No. 39）在各州批准憲法後的半個世紀，出現了幾次宣稱分離權力的情況，幾個州也曾考慮過分離聯邦（如<a href="/wiki/1812%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="1812年战争">1812年战争</a>中的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD" title="新英格蘭">新英格蘭</a>）。直到後來1840年左右，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E9%9F%8B%E4%BC%AF%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="丹尼爾·韋伯斯特">丹尼爾·韋伯斯特</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9" title="約瑟夫·斯多利">約瑟夫·斯多利</a>等人開始發表他們的理論，主張分離是非法的，並主張美國是一個擁有至上地位的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="主權國家">主權國家</a>，超越其下各州的地位。這些理論也影響了<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E4%BC%AF%E6%8B%89%E7%BD%95%C2%B7%E6%9E%97%E8%82%AF" title="亚伯拉罕·林肯">林肯</a>，他後來宣布「沒有州可以只因為他們各自的動機而合法地脫離聯邦」。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="其他"><span id=".E5.85.B6.E4.BB.96"></span>其他</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：其他"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E7%AC%AC%E5%AE%89%E4%BF%9D%E7%95%99%E5%9C%B0" title="印第安保留地">部落主權</a>指的是美國聯邦所承認的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E7%AC%AC%E5%AE%89%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="印第安人">印第安人</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A8%E8%90%BD" title="部落">部落</a>所擁有的權力，部落有權在其區域內（有時也在區域之外）行使有限的司法權力。</li></ul> <ul><li>在世界上的一些地區，如<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%81%E5%8C%97%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="魁北克">魁北克</a>和印度<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E4%BB%80%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94" title="克什米尔">克什米尔</a>，「主權」一詞成為了國家<a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="獨立">獨立</a>的同義詞（指的是在當地的「國家主權」或<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B1%BA" title="民族自決">民族自決</a>的權力，也就類似<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8D%E5%BE%B7%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94%E9%80%8A" title="伍德罗·威尔逊">伍德罗·威尔逊</a>1918年提出的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E9%BB%9E%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E5%8E%9F%E5%89%87" title="十四點和平原則">十四點和平原則</a>）可與之相較的還有<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%BA" title="毛利人">毛利人</a>用以形容主權的「Tino rangatiratanga」一詞。</li></ul> <ul><li>在國際法下，<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%BA%A7" title="聖座">聖座</a>被承認為一個主權的形體（與國際法的實體<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%92%82%E5%B2%A1%E5%9F%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="梵蒂岡城國">梵蒂岡城國</a>是分離的），雖然土地面積極小，但也擁有一小塊在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利">義大利</a>首都<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬">羅馬</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E9%A3%9B%E5%9C%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="內飛地">內飛地</a>。</li></ul> <ul><li>一個相當獨特而經常引起爭議的問題，在於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E9%99%A2%E9%AA%91%E5%A3%AB%E5%9B%A2" title="医院骑士团">医院骑士团</a>也是擁有內飛地的<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AF%A6%E9%AB%94" title="政治實體">政治實體</a>；也就是<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%80%B3%E4%BB%96%E9%AA%91%E5%A3%AB%E5%9B%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="马耳他骑士团">马耳他骑士团</a>（自從1869年兩名騎士獲得<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%BB%E5%A4%96%E6%B3%95%E6%9D%83" title="治外法权">治外法权</a>，也就成為了「主權」的領域），但<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E5%9E%8B%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="微型國家">微型國家</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%80%B3%E4%BB%96%E9%AA%91%E5%A3%AB%E5%9B%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="马耳他骑士团">马耳他骑士团</a>主權的權利從未受過宣告，幾個現代國家仍然與騎士團維持完整的外交關係（也就是最有名望的騎士團部），聯合國也給予其觀察員實體的資格。</li></ul> <ul><li>如同<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%83%E9%A6%96" title="國家元首">國家元首</a>（無論主權是否在其手上）能被國內的幾個重要人士同時擔任一樣，主權的司法權在一個政治區域裡可以被兩個或更多的既定權力所分擔，尤其是在如<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E7%AE%A1%E9%A0%98" class="mw-redirect" title="共同管領">共同管領</a>的形式，或者如<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E9%81%93%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="安道爾">安道爾</a>的多重<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%8B" title="公國">公國</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%BB%E9%82%A6%E8%81%94" class="mw-redirect" title="共主邦联">共主邦联</a>）。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="Portal:政治">政治主题</a></span></li> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="Portal:国际关系">国际关系主题</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="主權國家">主權國家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%9D%83%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="主权主义">主权主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B8%BB%E6%9D%83" class="mw-redirect" title="网络主权">网络主权</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%93%E6%94%BF" class="mw-disambig" title="专政">专政</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%9D%83" title="政权">政权</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E4%B8%BB%E6%9D%83" title="宗主权">宗主权</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E6%AC%8A%E7%A5%9E%E6%8E%88%E8%AA%AA" title="君權神授說">君權神授說</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B1%BA" title="民族自決">民族自決</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%88%91%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E6%AC%8A" title="自我所有權">自我所有權</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%A5%91%E7%B4%84%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="社會契約論">社會契約論</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-葉明德2006-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-葉明德2006_1-0"><sup><b>1.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-葉明德2006_1-1"><sup><b>1.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">葉明德. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=UncrMHcc_2gC&pg=PA44">政治學</a>. 五南圖書出版股份有限公司. 2006: 44– <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-11-15</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-957-11-4540-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-957-11-4540-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-957-11-4540-2</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150321213012/http://books.google.com/books?id=UncrMHcc_2gC&pg=PA44">存档</a>于2015-03-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A&rft.au=%E8%91%89%E6%98%8E%E5%BE%B7&rft.btitle=%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%B8&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-957-11-4540-2&rft.pages=44-&rft.pub=%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%97%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E8%82%A1%E4%BB%BD%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUncrMHcc_2gC%26pg%3DPA44&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-呂炳寬項程華2007-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-呂炳寬項程華2007_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">呂炳寬; 項程華; 楊智傑. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=xPEPox5iT-IC&pg=PA65">中華民國憲法精義</a>. 五南圖書出版股份有限公司. 2007: 65– <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-11-15</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-957-11-4651-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-957-11-4651-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-957-11-4651-5</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150321205251/http://books.google.com/books?id=xPEPox5iT-IC&pg=PA65">存档</a>于2015-03-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A&rft.au=%E5%91%82%E7%82%B3%E5%AF%AC&rft.au=%E6%A5%8A%E6%99%BA%E5%82%91&rft.au=%E9%A0%85%E7%A8%8B%E8%8F%AF&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E7%B2%BE%E7%BE%A9&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-957-11-4651-5&rft.pages=65-&rft.pub=%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%97%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E8%82%A1%E4%BB%BD%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxPEPox5iT-IC%26pg%3DPA65&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-楚树龙唐虹2006-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-楚树龙唐虹2006_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">楚树龙; 唐虹. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=zVim3oTzeAoC&pg=PA41">政治学概论</a>. 清华大学出版社有限公司. 2006: 41– <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-11-15</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-302-12118-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-302-12118-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-7-302-12118-3</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150321203503/http://books.google.com/books?id=zVim3oTzeAoC&pg=PA41">存档</a>于2015-03-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A&rft.au=%E5%94%90%E8%99%B9&rft.au=%E6%A5%9A%E6%A0%91%E9%BE%99&rft.btitle=%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%A6%E6%A6%82%E8%AE%BA&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-7-302-12118-3&rft.pages=41-&rft.pub=%E6%B8%85%E5%8D%8E%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzVim3oTzeAoC%26pg%3DPA41&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-王逸舟1998-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-王逸舟1998_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">王逸舟. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=cr9FjMJp2rgC&pg=PA39">國際政治析論</a>. 五南圖書出版股份有限公司. 1998: 39– <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-11-15</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-957-11-1566-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-957-11-1566-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-957-11-1566-5</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150321221306/http://books.google.com/books?id=cr9FjMJp2rgC&pg=PA39">存档</a>于2015-03-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A&rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E9%80%B8%E8%88%9F&rft.btitle=%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E6%9E%90%E8%AB%96&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-957-11-1566-5&rft.pages=39-&rft.pub=%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%97%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E8%82%A1%E4%BB%BD%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcr9FjMJp2rgC%26pg%3DPA39&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=uGDnh6YAwR8C&pg=PA508">新戰略論</a>. 五南圖書出版股份有限公司. 2007: 508– <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-11-15</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-957-11-4795-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-957-11-4795-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-957-11-4795-6</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150321203006/http://books.google.com/books?id=uGDnh6YAwR8C&pg=PA508">存档</a>于2015-03-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A&rft.btitle=%E6%96%B0%E6%88%B0%E7%95%A5%E8%AB%96&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-957-11-4795-6&rft.pages=508-&rft.pub=%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%97%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E8%82%A1%E4%BB%BD%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuGDnh6YAwR8C%26pg%3DPA508&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-台灣主權論述論文集編輯小組2001-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-台灣主權論述論文集編輯小組2001_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">台灣主權論述論文集編輯小組. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=JVq6AAAAIAAJ">台灣主權論述論文集</a>. 國史館. 2001 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-11-15</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150321222158/http://books.google.com/books?id=JVq6AAAAIAAJ">存档</a>于2015-03-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A&rft.au=%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A%E8%AB%96%E8%BF%B0%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87%E9%9B%86%E7%B7%A8%E8%BC%AF%E5%B0%8F%E7%B5%84&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A%E8%AB%96%E8%BF%B0%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87%E9%9B%86&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2%E9%A4%A8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJVq6AAAAIAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-陳春生2000-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-陳春生2000_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">陳春生. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=AGp9AAAAIAAJ">台灣主權舆兩岸關係</a>. 翰蘆圖書出版有限公司. 2000 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-11-15</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-957-8639-55-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-957-8639-55-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-957-8639-55-3</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150321203838/http://books.google.com/books?id=AGp9AAAAIAAJ">存档</a>于2015-03-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A&rft.au=%E9%99%B3%E6%98%A5%E7%94%9F&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A%E8%88%86%E5%85%A9%E5%B2%B8%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-957-8639-55-3&rft.pub=%E7%BF%B0%E8%98%86%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAGp9AAAAIAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=sovereign&searchmode=none">Etymology OnLine</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20151229210421/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=sovereign&searchmode=none">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/sovereignty/">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201218223356/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/sovereignty/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060629012855/http://kennedy.byu.edu/partners/WFPC/alrfouh.html">Protection of national sovereign rights under international law</a> - by Dr Faisal Al-Rfouh，associate professor, political science, University of Jordan，President of the Gandhi Center for Strategic Studies (GCSS), NGO</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldstatesmen.org/">WorldStatesmen</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110226114437/http://www.worldstatesmen.org/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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