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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> 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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">War in Heaven</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1lka_v_nebi" title="Válka v nebi – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Válka v nebi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_en_el_cielo" title="Guerra en el cielo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra en el cielo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%B4%D8%AA" title="جنگ در بهشت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ در بهشت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_des_anges" title="Guerre des anges – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre des anges" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EB%8A%98%EC%9D%98_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="하늘의 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하늘의 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_di_Surga" title="Perang di Surga – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang di Surga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ady_tany_an-danitra" title="Ady tany an-danitra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ady tany an-danitra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E3%81%AE%E6%88%A6%E3%81%84" title="天の戦い – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="天の戦い" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_no_c%C3%A9u" title="Guerra no céu – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra no céu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zboi_%C3%AEn_Rai" title="Război în Rai – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Război în Rai" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C" title="สงครามบนสวรรค์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สงครามบนสวรรค์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_tranh_tr%C3%AAn_Thi%C3%AAn_%C4%91%C3%A0ng" title="Chiến tranh trên 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data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>uses <a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">texts from within a religion or faith system</a></b> without referring to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PSTS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PSTS">secondary sources</a> that critically analyze them.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Heaven&action=edit">improve this article</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paradise_Lost_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Paradise_Lost_1.jpg/280px-Paradise_Lost_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Paradise_Lost_1.jpg/420px-Paradise_Lost_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Paradise_Lost_1.jpg/560px-Paradise_Lost_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="1210" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Archangel_Michael" class="mw-redirect" title="Archangel Michael">Archangel Michael</a> casts the rebels out of <a href="/wiki/Christian_Heaven" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Heaven">Heaven</a>. 1866 Illustration by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a> for <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hieronymus_Bosch_073.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Hieronymus_Bosch_073.jpg/280px-Hieronymus_Bosch_073.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Hieronymus_Bosch_073.jpg/420px-Hieronymus_Bosch_073.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Hieronymus_Bosch_073.jpg/560px-Hieronymus_Bosch_073.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2437" /></a><figcaption>The Fall of the Rebel Angels; left hand panel of <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Bosch" title="Hieronymus Bosch">Hieronymus Bosch</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Haywain_Triptych" title="The Haywain Triptych">The Haywain Triptych</a></i>, c. 1500</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian eschatology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Contrasting beliefs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicist_interpretations_of_the_Book_of_Revelation" title="Historicist interpretations of the Book of Revelation">Interpretations of <i>Revelation</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)">Idealism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">The Millennium</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">Amillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Postmillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Premillennialism</a> <ul><li>Prewrath rapture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-tribulation_rapture" title="Post-tribulation rapture">Post-tribulation rapture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Biblical texts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy_of_Seventy_Weeks" title="Prophecy of Seventy Weeks">Seventy Weeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_13" title="Mark 13">Mark 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_24" title="Matthew 24">Matthew 24</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sheep_and_the_Goats" title="The Sheep and the Goats">Sheep and Goats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline Epistles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_literature" title="Johannine literature">Johannine literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a> <a href="/wiki/Events_of_Revelation" title="Events of Revelation">(Events)</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Pseudepigrapha</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">1 Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Key terms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abomination_of_desolation" title="Abomination of desolation">Abomination of desolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocatastasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocatastasis">Apocatastasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">The Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_prophet" title="False prophet">False prophet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">Great Tribulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katechon" title="Katechon">Katechon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingdom of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_of_fire" title="Lake of fire">Lake of fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_of_sin" title="Man of sin">Man of sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Earth_(Christianity)" title="New Earth (Christianity)">New Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">Number of the Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapture" title="Rapture">Rapture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of the dead">Resurrection of the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_bowls" title="Seven bowls">Seven bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_seals" title="Seven seals">Seven seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_perdition" title="Son of perdition">Son of perdition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">Two witnesses</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">War in Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Woman of the Apocalypse">Woman of the Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_to_come" title="World to come">World to come</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christian_eschatology" title="Template:Christian eschatology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christian_eschatology" title="Template talk:Christian eschatology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christian_eschatology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christian eschatology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>War in Heaven</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Mythical" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythical">mythical</a> conflict between supernatural forces in traditional <a href="/wiki/Christian_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian cosmology">Christian cosmology</a>, attested in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> alongside proposed parallels in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a>. It is described as the result of the Archangel <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> rebelling against <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> and leading to a war between his followers and those still loyal to God, led by the Archangel <a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, the War in Heaven provides basis for the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">fallen angels</a> and for Satan's banishment to <a href="/wiki/Christian_Hell" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Hell">Christian Hell</a>. The War is frequently featured in works of <a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian art</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>'s epic poem <i><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a></i>, which describes it as occurring over the course of three days as a result of <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a> announcing <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> as <a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">His Son</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revelation_12:7–10"><span id="Revelation_12:7.E2.80.9310"></span>Revelation 12:7–10</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Revelation_12" title="Revelation 12">Revelation 12</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serpents_in_the_Bible#Ancient_serpent" title="Serpents in the Bible">Serpents in the Bible § Ancient serpent</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>7 Then war broke out in heaven. Michael and his angels fought against the dragon, and the dragon and his angels fought back. 8 But he was not strong enough, and they lost their place in heaven. 9 The great dragon was hurled down—that ancient serpent called the devil, or Satan, who leads the whole world astray. He was hurled to the earth, and his angels with him.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Revelation 12:7–10 (NIV)</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretations">Interpretations</h2></div> <p>The Christian tradition has stories about angelic beings cast down from heaven by God, often presenting the punishment as inflicted in particular on <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>. As a result of linking this motif with the cited passage of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>, the casting of Satan down from heaven, which other versions of the motif present as an action of God himself, has become attributed to the archangel Michael at the conclusion of a war between two groups of angels, of whom (because of the mention of the dragon's tail casting a third of the stars of heaven to the earth) one third are supposed to have been on the side of Satan, in spite of the fact that the casting down of the stars (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Revelation+12:4">Revelation 12:4</a>)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PSTS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PSTS"><span title="WP:PSTS (February 2024)">non-scripture source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> is recounted as occurring before the start of the "war in heaven" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Revelation+12:7">Revelation 12:7</a>)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PSTS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PSTS"><span title="WP:PSTS (February 2024)">non-scripture source needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>Commentators have attributed Satan's rebellion to a number of motives, all of which stem from his great pride. These motives include: </p> <ul><li>a refusal to bow down to mankind on the occasion of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_first_men_or_women_in_mythology_and_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="List of first men or women in mythology and religion">creation of man</a>—as in the <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> versions of the <i><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Adam_and_Eve" title="Life of Adam and Eve">Life of Adam and Eve</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> tradition holds a similar view: <a href="/wiki/Devil_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Devil (Islam)">Iblis</a> refuses to bow down to <a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_Adam" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic views on Adam">Adam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the culmination of a gradual distancing from God through rebellion (an idea of <a href="/wiki/Origen_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Origen of Alexandria">Origen of Alexandria</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>a declaration by God that all were to be subject to his Son, the <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a> (as in Milton's <i><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a> states in his sermon <i>Wisdom Displayed in Salvation</i>: </p> <blockquote><p>Satan and his angels rebelled against God in heaven, and proudly presumed to try their strength with his. And when God, by his almighty power, overcame the strength of Satan, and sent him like lightning from heaven to hell with all his army; Satan still hoped to get the victory by subtlety[.]<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i> (1911) article "St. Michael the Archangel", <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Holweck" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Holweck">Frederick Holweck</a> wrote: "St. John speaks of the great conflict at the <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">end of time</a>, which reflects also the battle in heaven at the beginning of time." He added that Michael's name "was the war-cry of the good angels in the battle fought in heaven against the enemy and his followers".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several modern Bible-commentators view the "war in heaven" in Revelation 12:7–13 as an <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatological</a> vision of the end of time or as a reference to <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_warfare" title="Spiritual warfare">spiritual warfare</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">church</a>, rather than (as in <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a></i>) "the story of the origin of Satan/Lucifer as an angel who rebelled against God in primeval times."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some commentators have seen the <i>war in heaven</i> as "not literal" but symbolic of events on earth.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church) teaches that Revelation 12 concerns an actual event in the <a href="/wiki/Pre-existence#Mormonism" title="Pre-existence">pre-mortal existence of man</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Moses" title="Book of Moses">Book of Moses</a>, included in the LDS <a href="/wiki/Standard_works" title="Standard works">standard works</a> canon, references the war in heaven and Satan's origin as a fallen angel of light.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of a war in heaven at the end of time became an addendum to the story of Satan's fall at the genesis of time—a narrative which included Satan and a third of all of heaven's angels. Evidence for this interpretation comes from the phrase "the devil and his angels";<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this specific phrasing became paramount to the reinforcement of the notion that people associated angels with the <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">devil</a> preceding the writing of Revelation. </p><p>The LDS Church believes that the war in heaven started in the premortal existence when Heavenly Father (<a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Elohim</a>) created the <a href="/wiki/Plan_of_salvation_in_Mormonism" title="Plan of salvation in Mormonism">Plan of salvation</a> to enable humanity to become like him. Jesus Christ as per the plan was the Savior and those who followed the plan would come to Earth to experience mortality and progress toward eternal life. Lucifer, another spirit son of God, rebelled against the plan's reliance on <a href="/wiki/Agency_(LDS_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Agency (LDS Church)">agency</a> and proposed an altered plan that negated agency. Thus he became Satan, and he and his followers were cast out of heaven. This denied them participating in God's plan, the privileges of receiving a physical body, and experiencing mortality.<sup id="cite_ref-lds-war-heaven-manual_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lds-war-heaven-manual-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seventh-day_Adventists">Seventh-day Adventists</h3></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a> <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_theology" title="Seventh-day Adventist theology">theology</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Controversy_theme" title="Great Controversy theme">Great Controversy theme</a> refers to the <a href="/wiki/Cosmos" title="Cosmos">cosmic</a> battle between <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>, also played out on earth. One of the <a href="/wiki/28_fundamental_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="28 fundamental beliefs">28 fundamental beliefs</a> of Seventh-day Adventists states: </p> <dl><dd>8. <b>Great Controversy</b>:</dd> <dd>"All humanity is now involved in a great controversy between Christ and Satan regarding the character of God, His law, and His sovereignty over the universe. This conflict originated in heaven when a created being, endowed with freedom of choice, in self-exaltation became Satan, God's adversary. He led into rebellion a portion of the angels. He introduced the spirit of rebellion into this world when he led Adam and Eve into sin. This human sin resulted in the distortion of the image of God in humanity, the disordering of the created world, and its eventual devastation at the time of the worldwide flood. Observed by the whole creation, this world became the arena of the universal conflict, out of which the God of love will ultimately be vindicated. To assist His people in this controversy, Christ sends the Holy Spirit and the loyal angels to guide, protect, and sustain them in the way of salvation. (Rev. 12:4-9; Isa. 14:12-14; Eze. 28:12-18; Gen. 3; Rom. 1:19-32; 5:12-21; 8:19-22; Gen. 6-8; 2 Peter 3:6; 1 Cor. 4:9; Heb. 1:14.)"<sup id="cite_ref-28F_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28F-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The chief proponent of the "war in heaven" among SDAs was Ellen G. White, who expanded the concept in her book, Great Controversy between Christ and Satan (1884), where she reinterprets and extends Milton's portrayal in Paradise Lost as a metaphor for religious conflict throughout the Christian age. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bible_parallels">Bible parallels</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ezekiel%27s_cherub_in_Eden" title="Ezekiel's cherub in Eden">Ezekiel's cherub in Eden</a></div> <p>Parallels are drawn to the passage in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Isaiah%2014:4–17">Isaiah 14:4–17</a> that mentions the "son of the morning" who had "fallen from heaven" and was "cast down to the earth". In verse 12 of this passage, the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> word that referred to the <a href="/wiki/Venus_in_culture#Canaanite_mythology" title="Venus in culture">morning star</a> was translated into Latin as <i>lucifer</i>. With the application to the Devil of the morning-star story, "Lucifer" was then popularly applied to him as a proper name. The term <i>lucifer</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> name (literally "Light-Bearer" or "Light-Bringer") for the morning star (the planet <a href="/wiki/Venus_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venus (astronomy)">Venus</a> in its morning appearances), is often given to the Devil in popular stories. The brilliancy of the morning star—which appears brighter than all other stars, but is not seen during the night proper—may have given rise to myths such as the <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> story of Ethana and Zu, who was led by his pride to strive for the highest seat among the star-gods on the northern mountain of the gods (an image present also in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezekiel%2028:14&version=nrsv">Ezekiel 28:14</a>), but was hurled down by the supreme ruler of the Babylonian Olympus.<sup id="cite_ref-JE-L_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE-L-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stars were then regarded as living celestial beings.<sup id="cite_ref-JE-L_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE-L-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i> states that the myth concerning the morning star was transferred to Satan by the first century before the <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a>, citing in support of this view the <i><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Adam_and_Eve" title="Life of Adam and Eve">Life of Adam and Eve</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/2_Enoch" title="2 Enoch">Slavonic Book of Enoch</a> 29:4, 31:4, where Satan-<a href="/wiki/Sataniel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sataniel">Sataniel</a> is described as having been one of the archangels. Because he contrived "to make his throne higher than the clouds over the earth and resemble 'My power' on high", Satan-Sataniel was hurled down, with his angels, and since then he has been flying in the air continually above the <a href="/wiki/Abyss_(religion)" title="Abyss (religion)">abyss</a>. According to Jewish thought, the passage in <i>Isaiah</i> was used to prophesy the fate of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Kings_of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Kings of Babylon">King of Babylon</a>, who is described as aiming to rival God.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dead_Sea_Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</h2></div> <p>Some scholars discern the concept of a war in heaven in certain <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a>: namely, the <i><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sons_of_Light_Against_the_Sons_of_Darkness" title="War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness">War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness</a></i> (also known as the War Scroll; 1QM and 4Q491–497), Song 5 of the <a href="/wiki/Songs_of_the_Sabbath_Sacrifice" title="Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice">Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice</a> (4Q402), and the <a href="/wiki/Melchizedek_document" class="mw-redirect" title="Melchizedek document">Melchizedek document</a> (11Q13). </p><p>In the War Scroll, according to Menahem Mansoor, the angels of light, who are identified with Michael, the prince of light, will fight in heaven against the angels of darkness, who are identified with <a href="/wiki/Belial" title="Belial">Belial</a>, while the Sons of Light fight the Sons of Darkness on earth, and during the last of the seven battles described in the scroll will come and help the Sons of Light win the final victory.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/James_R._Davila" title="James R. Davila">James R. Davila</a> speaks of Song 5 of the Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice as describing "an eschatological war in heaven similar to that found in <a href="/wiki/11Q13" title="11Q13">11Q13</a> and to traditions about the archangel Michael in the War Rule and the book of Revelation".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He suggests that <a href="/wiki/Melchizedek" title="Melchizedek">Melchizedek</a>, who is mentioned both in the Melchizedek document and the fifth song of the Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice, may be a divine warrior who is involved in the conflict with the archangel Michael in the <a href="/wiki/Futurist" title="Futurist">futurist</a> sense. </p><p>That the Melchizedek document (11Q13) concerns a war in heaven is denied by Fred L. Horton, who remarks that "there is no hint in the extant portion of the 11Q Melchizedek of a revolt of heavenly beings against the heavenly council, and the only dissenting spirit is the traditional Belial";<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the view of Davila, however, is that the document originally was about an eschatological war in heaven, with Melchizedek as angelic high priest and military redeemer.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Depiction">Depiction</h2></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Motif_(narrative)" title="Motif (narrative)">motif</a> of the fall of Satan and his angels can be found in Christian <a href="/wiki/Angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Angelology">angelology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian art</a>, and the concept of fallen angels (who, for rebelling against God, were downgraded and condemned to being earthbound) is widespread.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Anatole_France" title="Anatole France">Anatole France</a> in the 1914 novel <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Angels" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt of the Angels">La Révolte des Anges</a></i></span></i> adapted the Christian references to make a parable about revolts and revolutionary movements. </p><p>In Milton's <i>Paradise Lost</i> (1674), the angel Lucifer leads a rebellion against God before the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Man">Fall of Man</a>. A third of the angels, including <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan gods</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Moloch" title="Moloch">Moloch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belial" title="Belial">Belial</a>, are hurled by <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> from Heaven.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3></div> <p>The subject of the War in Heaven has been depicted by many noted artists, both in paintings and in sculptures, including works by <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Paul_Rubens" class="mw-redirect" title="Pieter Paul Rubens">Pieter Paul Rubens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guido_Reni" title="Guido Reni">Guido Reni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Epstein" title="Jacob Epstein">Jacob Epstein</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerycaption">War in Heaven</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubens-H%C3%B6llensturz.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="War in Heaven by Pieter Paul Rubens, 1619"><img alt="War in Heaven by Pieter Paul Rubens, 1619" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Rubens-H%C3%B6llensturz.jpg/133px-Rubens-H%C3%B6llensturz.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Rubens-H%C3%B6llensturz.jpg/199px-Rubens-H%C3%B6llensturz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Rubens-H%C3%B6llensturz.jpg/265px-Rubens-H%C3%B6llensturz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="666" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">War in Heaven by <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Paul_Rubens" class="mw-redirect" title="Pieter Paul Rubens">Pieter Paul Rubens</a>, 1619</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GuidoReni_MichaelDefeatsSatan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Michael and Satan, by Guido Reni, c. 1636"><img alt="Michael and Satan, by Guido Reni, c. 1636" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/GuidoReni_MichaelDefeatsSatan.jpg/136px-GuidoReni_MichaelDefeatsSatan.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/GuidoReni_MichaelDefeatsSatan.jpg/203px-GuidoReni_MichaelDefeatsSatan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/GuidoReni_MichaelDefeatsSatan.jpg/271px-GuidoReni_MichaelDefeatsSatan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1657" data-file-height="2441" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Michael and Satan, by <a href="/wiki/Guido_Reni" title="Guido Reni">Guido Reni</a>, c. 1636</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cathedral_St_Michaels_Victory.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St Michael's Victory over the Devil, by Jacob Epstein at Coventry Cathedral"><img alt="St Michael's Victory over the Devil, by Jacob Epstein at Coventry Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Cathedral_St_Michaels_Victory.jpg/99px-Cathedral_St_Michaels_Victory.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Cathedral_St_Michaels_Victory.jpg/148px-Cathedral_St_Michaels_Victory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Cathedral_St_Michaels_Victory.jpg/198px-Cathedral_St_Michaels_Victory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>St Michael's Victory over the Devil</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Epstein" title="Jacob Epstein">Jacob Epstein</a> at <a href="/wiki/Coventry_Cathedral" title="Coventry Cathedral">Coventry Cathedral</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Le-Brun-Chute-Dijon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The fall of the rebel angels, by Charles Le Brun, after 1680"><img alt="The fall of the rebel angels, by Charles Le Brun, after 1680" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Le-Brun-Chute-Dijon.jpg/160px-Le-Brun-Chute-Dijon.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Le-Brun-Chute-Dijon.jpg/240px-Le-Brun-Chute-Dijon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Le-Brun-Chute-Dijon.jpg/320px-Le-Brun-Chute-Dijon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="548" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The fall of the rebel angels</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Le_Brun" title="Charles Le Brun">Charles Le Brun</a>, after 1680</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sebastiano_Ricci_058.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Michael battles the rebel angels, by Sebastiano Ricci, c. 1720"><img alt="Michael battles the rebel angels, by Sebastiano Ricci, c. 1720" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Sebastiano_Ricci_058.jpg/163px-Sebastiano_Ricci_058.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Sebastiano_Ricci_058.jpg/245px-Sebastiano_Ricci_058.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Sebastiano_Ricci_058.jpg/326px-Sebastiano_Ricci_058.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2482" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Michael battles the rebel angels, by <a href="/wiki/Sebastiano_Ricci" title="Sebastiano Ricci">Sebastiano Ricci</a>, c. 1720</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St.Michael_-_Hochaltar_1_Bild.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Michael battles the rebel angels, by Johann Georg Unruhe 1793"><img alt="Michael battles the rebel angels, by Johann Georg Unruhe 1793" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/St.Michael_-_Hochaltar_1_Bild.jpg/150px-St.Michael_-_Hochaltar_1_Bild.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/St.Michael_-_Hochaltar_1_Bild.jpg/225px-St.Michael_-_Hochaltar_1_Bild.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/St.Michael_-_Hochaltar_1_Bild.jpg/300px-St.Michael_-_Hochaltar_1_Bild.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Michael battles the rebel angels, by <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Georg_Unruhe" class="extiw" title="de:Johann Georg Unruhe">Johann Georg Unruhe</a> 1793</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St.Michael_-_Hochaltar_3_Bild.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail, Georg Unruhe"><img alt="Detail, Georg Unruhe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/St.Michael_-_Hochaltar_3_Bild.jpg/150px-St.Michael_-_Hochaltar_3_Bild.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/St.Michael_-_Hochaltar_3_Bild.jpg/225px-St.Michael_-_Hochaltar_3_Bild.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/St.Michael_-_Hochaltar_3_Bild.jpg/300px-St.Michael_-_Hochaltar_3_Bild.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail, Georg Unruhe</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_239.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Michael and the Dragon. Die Bibel in Bildern (Revelation) engraving by Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld, 1860."><img alt="Michael and the Dragon. Die Bibel in Bildern (Revelation) engraving by Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld, 1860." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_239.png/200px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_239.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_239.png/300px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_239.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_239.png/400px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_239.png 2x" data-file-width="1109" data-file-height="913" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Michael and the Dragon. <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Die_Bibel_in_Bildern#Revelation" class="extiw" title="c:Die Bibel in Bildern">Die Bibel in Bildern</a> (Revelation) engraving by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld" title="Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld">Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld</a>, 1860.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paradise_Lost_24.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1866 Gustave Doré illustration for Paradise Lost, depicting a melee between the angels."><img alt="1866 Gustave Doré illustration for Paradise Lost, depicting a melee between the angels." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Paradise_Lost_24.jpg/160px-Paradise_Lost_24.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Paradise_Lost_24.jpg/240px-Paradise_Lost_24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Paradise_Lost_24.jpg/321px-Paradise_Lost_24.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1866 <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a> illustration for <i><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a></i>, depicting a melee between the angels.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <p>A choral <a href="/wiki/Antiphon" title="Antiphon">antiphon</a> for the feast of <a href="/wiki/Michaelmas" title="Michaelmas">Michaelmas</a>, <i>Factum est Silentium</i>, paraphrases the events described in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Revelation#8:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Revelation">Revelation 8:1</a> and <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Revelation#12:7" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Revelation">Revelation 12:7–12</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1088965794">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .columns-start .column{float:left;min-width:20em}.mw-parser-output .columns-2 .column{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .columns-3 .column{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .columns-4 .column{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .columns-5 .column{width:20%}}</style><div class="columns-start columns-2"><div class="column"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1088965794"></div><div class="column"> <p><i>Factum est silentium in caelo,<br />Dum committeret bellum draco cum Michaele Archangelo.</i> </p><p><i>Audita est vox millia millium dicentium: <br />Salus, honor et virtus omnipotenti Deo.<br />Millia millium minestrabant ei et decies centena millia assistebant ei.<br />Alleluia.</i> </p><p><b>Variant 1:</b><br /> <i>Dum draco committeret bellum et Michael pugnavit cum eo et fecit victoriam.</i> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1088965794"></div><div class="column"> <p><i>There was silence in heaven<br />When the dragon fought with the Archangel Michael.</i> </p><p><i>The voice of a thousand thousand was heard saying:<br />Salvation, honour and power be to almighty God.<br />A thousand thousand ministered to him and ten hundreds of thousands stood before him.<br />Alleluia.</i> </p><p><b>Variant 1:</b><br /> <i>For a serpent was waging war; and Michael fought with him and emerged victorious.</i> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1088965794"></div><div class="column"> </div><div style="clear: both"></div></div> <p>The antiphon has been set as a choral <a href="/wiki/Motet" title="Motet">motet</a> by a number of composers including <a href="/wiki/Felice_Anerio" title="Felice Anerio">Felice Anerio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dering" title="Richard Dering">Richard Dering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melchior_Franck" title="Melchior Franck">Melchior Franck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Grandi" title="Alessandro Grandi">Alessandro Grandi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Costanzo_Porta" title="Costanzo Porta">Costanzo Porta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-shrock_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shrock-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gant_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gant-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymn</a> written by the German poet and <a href="/wiki/Hymnodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Hymnodist">hymnodist</a> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Spee" title="Friedrich Spee">Friedrich Spee</a> in 1621, <i>"<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un%C3%BCberwindlich_starker_Held" class="extiw" title="de:Unüberwindlich starker Held">Unüberwindlich starker Held</a>"</i> ("Invincible strong hero"), also makes reference to the Archangel Michael overcoming the dragon.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bach's cantata Es erhub sich ein Streit, BWV 19 is on this subject. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3></div> <p>Other pieces of media to have referenced the War in Heaven, either as direct depictions or textual allusions, include <i><a href="/wiki/Warhammer_40K" class="mw-redirect" title="Warhammer 40K">Warhammer 40K</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Babylon_5" title="Babylon 5">Babylon 5</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Doom_(franchise)" title="Doom (franchise)">Doom</a></i> series. <i><a href="/wiki/The_War_in_Heaven_(video_game)" title="The War in Heaven (video game)">The War in Heaven</a></i> is a 1999 Christian-themed <a href="/wiki/Doom_clone" class="mw-redirect" title="Doom clone"><i>Doom</i> clone</a> developed by Eternal Warriors and published by ValuSoft.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:War_in_Heaven" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:War in Heaven">War in Heaven</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir%E2%80%93Vanir_War" title="Æsir–Vanir War">Æsir–Vanir War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">Asura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigantomachy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigantomachy">Gigantomachy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jann_(legendary_creature)#Pre-Adamite_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Jann (legendary creature)">War between angels and jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theomachy" title="Theomachy">Theomachy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanomachy" title="Titanomachy">Titanomachy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Revelation#12:7" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Revelation">Revelation 12:7–9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJoan_Young_Gregg1997" class="citation book cs1">Joan Young Gregg (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Gregg+%22lengthiest+of+these%22"><i>Devils, Women, and Jews: Reflections of the Other in Medieval Sermon Stories</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York" title="State University of New York">State University of New York</a>. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-3417-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-3417-6"><bdi>0-7914-3417-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Devils%2C+Women%2C+and+Jews%3A+Reflections+of+the+Other+in+Medieval+Sermon+Stories&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7914-3417-6&rft.au=Joan+Young+Gregg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DGregg%2B%2522lengthiest%2Bof%2Bthese%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Heaven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sections 14–15 of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://micro5.mscc.huji.ac.il/~armenia/website/">Armenian</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201002162616/http://micro5.mscc.huji.ac.il/~armenia/website/">Archived</a> 2 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pseudepigrapha.com/pseudepigrapha/TheBookOfAdam.htm">Georgian</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/c/charles/otpseudepig/adamnev.htm">Latin</a> versions of the <i>Life of Adam and Eve</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmje.org/religious-texts/quran/verses/007-qmt.php#007.011">7:11–12</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120222085904/http://www.cmje.org/religious-texts/quran/verses/007-qmt.php#007.011">Archived</a> 22 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</i> (Oxford University Press 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3">978-0-19-280290-3</a>), article <i>Origen</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Book 5, lines 654–668 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516062603/http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~rbear/lost/pl5.html">"Paradise Lost: Book V (1667)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~rbear/lost/pl5.html">the original</a> on 16 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2008</span>. <q>[...] but not so wak'd / Satan, so call him now, his former name / Is heard no more [in] Heav'n; he of the first, / If not the first Arch-Angel, great in Power, / In favour and præeminence, yet fraught / With envie against the Son of God, that day / Honourd by his great Father, and proclaimd / Messiah King anointed, could not beare / Through pride that sight, and thought himself impaird. / Deep malice thence conceiving & disdain, / Soon as midnight brought on the duskie houre / Friendliest to sleep and silence, he resolv'd / With all his Legions to dislodge, and leave / Unworshipt, unobey'd the Throne supream / Contemptuous [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paradise+Lost%3A+Book+V+%281667%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarkwing.uoregon.edu%2F~rbear%2Flost%2Fpl5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Heaven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_EdwardsSereno_Edwards_DwightDavid_Brainerd1830" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan Edwards; Sereno Edwards Dwight; David Brainerd (1830). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m3EAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA87"><i>The Works of President Edwards: With a Memoir of His Life ...</i></a> G. & C. & H. Carvill. p. 87.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+President+Edwards%3A+With+a+Memoir+of+His+Life+...&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=G.+%26+C.+%26+H.+Carvill&rft.date=1830&rft.au=Jonathan+Edwards&rft.au=Sereno+Edwards+Dwight&rft.au=David+Brainerd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm3EAAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Heaven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolweck,_Frederick1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Holweck, Frederick (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10275b.htm">"St. Michael the Archangel"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Catholic_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Catholic Encyclopedia">The Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 10. New York<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=St.+Michael+the+Archangel&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=1911&rft.au=Holweck%2C+Frederick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F10275b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Heaven" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Eugene_BoringFred_B._Craddock2004" class="citation book cs1">M. Eugene Boring; Fred B. Craddock (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0VC1rzAtgFsC"><i>The People's New Testament Commentary</i></a>. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 799–800. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-22754-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-22754-6"><bdi>0-664-22754-6</bdi></a>. <q>The ejection of the Accuser from heaven is not (as in Milton's <i>Paradise Lost</i>) the story of the origin of Satan as an angel who rebelled against God in primeval times. Neither here nor elsewhere do biblical authors give speculative 'explanations' about the origin of Satan or evil. Such a myth had developed in pre-Christian Judaism (1–2 En.), and there are fragmentary echoes of it in the New Testament (Jude 6; 2 Pet. 2:4). That is not the picture in this story, which does not take place in primeval times but at the eschatological time of the establishment of God's kingdom by the life, death, and exaltation of Jesus [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+People%27s+New+Testament+Commentary&rft.place=Louisville%2C+Kentucky&rft.pages=799-800&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-664-22754-6&rft.au=M.+Eugene+Boring&rft.au=Fred+B.+Craddock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0VC1rzAtgFsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Heaven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080521001234/http://mhcw.biblecommenter.com/revelation/12.htm">"Revelation 12 Matthew Henry's Commentary on the Whole Bible"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mhcw.biblecommenter.com/revelation/12.htm">the original</a> on 21 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2008</span>. <q>It is generally agreed by the most learned expositors that the narrative we have in this and the two following chapters, from the sounding of the seventh trumpet to the opening of the vials, is not a prediction of things to come, but rather a recapitulation and representation of things past [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Revelation+12+Matthew+Henry%27s+Commentary+on+the+Whole+Bible&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmhcw.biblecommenter.com%2Frevelation%2F12.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Heaven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080521000820/http://jfb.biblecommenter.com/revelation/12.htm">"Revelation 12 Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jfb.biblecommenter.com/revelation/12.htm">the original</a> on 21 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2008</span>. <q>It is generally agreed by the most learned expositors that the narrative we have in this and the two following chapters, from the sounding of the seventh trumpet to the opening of the vials, is not a prediction of things to come, but rather a recapitulation and representation of things past, which, as God would have the apostle to foresee while future, he would have him to review now that they were passed, that he might have a more perfect idea of them in his mind, and might observe the agreement between the prophecy and that Providence that is always fulfilling the scriptures.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Revelation+12+Jamieson-Fausset-Brown+Bible+Commentary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjfb.biblecommenter.com%2Frevelation%2F12.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Heaven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mhc.biblecommenter.com/revelation/12.htm">"Revelation 12 Matthew Henry's Commentary"</a>. <i>Mhc.biblecommenter.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2016</span>. <q>12:7–11 The attempts of the dragon proved unsuccessful against the church, and fatal to his own interests. The seat of this war was in heaven; in the church of Christ, the kingdom of heaven on earth. The parties were Christ, the great Angel of the covenant, and his faithful followers; and Satan and his instruments. The strength of the church is in having the Lord Jesus for the Captain of their salvation. Pagan idolatry, which was the worship of devils, was cast out of the empire by the spreading of Christianity. [...] The servants of God overcame Satan by the blood of the Lamb, as the cause. By the word of their testimony: the powerful preaching of the gospel is mighty, through God, to pull down strongholds. By their courage and patience in suffering: they loved not their lives so well but they could lay them down in Christ's cause. These were the warriors and the weapons by which Christianity overthrew the power of pagan idolatry; and if Christians had continued to fight with these weapons, and such as these, their victories would have been more numerous and glorious, and the effects more lasting. The redeemed overcame by a simple reliance on the blood of Christ, as the only ground of their hopes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mhc.biblecommenter.com&rft.atitle=Revelation+12+Matthew+Henry%27s+Commentary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmhc.biblecommenter.com%2Frevelation%2F12.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Heaven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>One hundred and seventy-three sermons on several subjects</i>: Volume 1, p. 137 <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Clarke" title="Samuel Clarke">Samuel Clarke</a>, John Clarke, J. Leathley ((Dublin)), 1751 "7. that X. there was War in Heaven; Michael and his Angels *- fought against the Dragon, and the Dragon fought and his Angels ... But the Meaning of this Passage is not literal, as if the Devil had the power to fight against the Angels or Ministers of God's government"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1890" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Smith_(Baptist)" title="Charles Edward Smith (Baptist)">Smith, Charles Edward</a> (1890). "The Church and the Dragon". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MxJFAAAAYAAJ"><i>The World Lighted: A Study of the Apocalypse</i></a>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. pp. 128–129. <q>What, now, is the war in heaven? Of course not literal war, nor literally in heaven; not the actual clash of arms between Michael and his angels, and Satan and his wicked cohorts. But something on earth worthy to be represented by such a Titanic contest. What can that be, if not the contest in the visible church concerning true and false doctrine?</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Church+and+the+Dragon&rft.btitle=The+World+Lighted%3A+A+Study+of+the+Apocalypse&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=128-129&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Charles+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMxJFAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Heaven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTop1992" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brent_L._Top" title="Brent L. Top">Top, Brent L.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/EoM/id/4327">"War in Heaven"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Daniel_H._Ludlow" title="Daniel H. Ludlow">Ludlow, Daniel H</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Mormonism" title="Encyclopedia of Mormonism">Encyclopedia of Mormonism</a></i>. New York: Macmillan Publishing. pp. 1546–1547. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-879602-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-879602-0"><bdi>0-02-879602-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24502140">24502140</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=War+in+Heaven&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Mormonism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1546-1547&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24502140&rft.isbn=0-02-879602-0&rft.aulast=Top&rft.aufirst=Brent+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontentdm.lib.byu.edu%2Fcdm%2Fref%2Fcollection%2FEoM%2Fid%2F4327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Heaven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#25:41" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">Matthew 25:41</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lds-war-heaven-manual-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lds-war-heaven-manual_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/gospel-topics/war-in-heaven?lang=eng">"War in Heaven"</a>. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=War+in+Heaven&rft.pub=The+Church+of+Jesus+Christ+of+Latter-day+Saints&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fmanual%2Fgospel-topics%2Fwar-in-heaven%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Heaven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/true-to-the-faith/plan-of-salvation?lang=eng">"Plan of Salvation"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plan+of+Salvation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fmanual%2Ftrue-to-the-faith%2Fplan-of-salvation%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Heaven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28F-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28F_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060310104717/http://www.adventist.org/beliefs/fundamental/index.html">"Fundamental Beliefs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adventist.org/beliefs/fundamental/index.html">the original</a> on 10 March 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fundamental+Beliefs&rft.pub=Seventh-day+Adventist+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adventist.org%2Fbeliefs%2Ffundamental%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Heaven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JE-L-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JE-L_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JE-L_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=612&letter=L">"Lucifer"</a>. <i>JewishEncyclopedia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2016</span>. <q>The brilliancy of the morning star, which eclipses all other stars, but is not seen during the night, may easily have given rise to a myth such as was told of Ethana and Zu: he was led by his pride to strive for the highest seat among the star-gods on the northern mountain of the gods (comp. Ezek. xxviii. 14; Ps. xlviii. 3 [A.V. 2]), but was hurled down by the supreme ruler of the Babylonian Olympus. Stars were regarded throughout antiquity as living celestial beings (Job xxxviii. 7).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JewishEncyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Lucifer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D612%26letter%3DL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Heaven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Job+38:7">Job 38:7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=612&letter=L">"Lucifer"</a>. <i>JewishEncyclopedia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JewishEncyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Lucifer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D612%26letter%3DL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Heaven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Mansoor+%22seven+battles+described%22">"Mansoor 'seven battles described' – Google Search"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mansoor+%27seven+battles+described%27+%E2%80%93+Google+Search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DMansoor%2B%2522seven%2Bbattles%2Bdescribed%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Heaven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_R._Davila2003" class="citation book cs1">James R. Davila (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deadseascrol_inte_2003_000_7657132/page/252"><i>The Dead Sea scrolls as background to postbiblical Judaism and early Christianity: papers from an international conference at St. Andrews in 2001</i></a>. Leiden: Brill Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deadseascrol_inte_2003_000_7657132/page/252">252</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12678-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12678-7"><bdi>978-90-04-12678-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dead+Sea+scrolls+as+background+to+postbiblical+Judaism+and+early+Christianity%3A+papers+from+an+international+conference+at+St.+Andrews+in+2001&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=252&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12678-7&rft.au=James+R.+Davila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeadseascrol_inte_2003_000_7657132%2Fpage%2F252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Heaven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFred_L._Horton2005" class="citation book cs1">Fred L. Horton (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Horton+%22only+dissenting+spirit%22"><i>The Melchizedek Tradition</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-01871-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-01871-5"><bdi>978-0-521-01871-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Melchizedek+Tradition&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-01871-5&rft.au=Fred+L.+Horton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DHorton%2B%2522only%2Bdissenting%2Bspirit%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Heaven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_L._Angel2010" class="citation book cs1">Joseph L. Angel (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Angel+%22originally+described+the+eschatological%22"><i>Otherworldly and Eschatological Priesthood in the Dead Sea Scrolls</i></a>. Brill. pp. 153–154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18145-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18145-8"><bdi>978-90-04-18145-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Otherworldly+and+Eschatological+Priesthood+in+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft.pages=153-154&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18145-8&rft.au=Joseph+L.+Angel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DAngel%2B%2522originally%2Bdescribed%2Bthe%2Beschatological%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Heaven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=24&letter=F">"Fall of Angels"</a>. <i>JewishEncyclopedia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JewishEncyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Fall+of+Angels&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D24%26letter%3DF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Heaven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161115053722/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~milton/reading_room/pl/book_1/text.shtml">"Paradise Lost: Book 1"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dartmouth.edu/~milton/reading_room/pl/book_1/text.shtml">the original</a> on 15 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paradise+Lost%3A+Book+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dartmouth.edu%2F~milton%2Freading_room%2Fpl%2Fbook_1%2Ftext.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Heaven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shrock-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shrock_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShrock2009" class="citation book cs1">Shrock, Dennis (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xgzYae1n__EC&pg=PA178">"2. the Renaissance Era: Richard Dering (Deering) ca. 1580-1630"</a>. <i>Choral Repertoire</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199716623" title="Special:BookSources/9780199716623"><bdi>9780199716623</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2.+the+Renaissance+Era%3A+Richard+Dering+%28Deering%29+ca.+1580-1630&rft.btitle=Choral+Repertoire&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780199716623&rft.aulast=Shrock&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxgzYae1n__EC%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Heaven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gant-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gant_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGant2017" class="citation book cs1">Gant, Andrew (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5YtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA174"><i>O Sing Unto the Lord: A History of English Church Music</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226469621" title="Special:BookSources/9780226469621"><bdi>9780226469621</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=O+Sing+Unto+the+Lord%3A+A+History+of+English+Church+Music&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780226469621&rft.aulast=Gant&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY5YtDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Heaven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeller" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Keller, Karl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141220080308/https://www.historicum.net/fileadmin/sxw/Themen/Hexenforschung/Speejb/spj_01_1994/spj_1_1994_87-98.pdf">"Das St. Michaelslied von Friedrich Spee und "Der deutsche Michel"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>historicum.net</i> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historicum.net/fileadmin/sxw/Themen/Hexenforschung/Speejb/spj_01_1994/spj_1_1994_87-98.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=historicum.net&rft.atitle=Das+St.+Michaelslied+von+Friedrich+Spee+und+%22Der+deutsche+Michel%22&rft.aulast=Keller&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historicum.net%2Ffileadmin%2Fsxw%2FThemen%2FHexenforschung%2FSpeejb%2Fspj_01_1994%2Fspj_1_1994_87-98.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Heaven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamevortex.com/gamevortex/soft_rev.php/2463/the-war-in-heaven-pc.html">"The War in Heaven"</a>. <i>www.gamevortex.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gamevortex.com&rft.atitle=The+War+in+Heaven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamevortex.com%2Fgamevortex%2Fsoft_rev.php%2F2463%2Fthe-war-in-heaven-pc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Heaven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Christoph Auffarth, Loren T. Stuckenbruck (Eds.): <i>The Fall of the Angels</i>. Brill, Leiden 2004 (Themes in Biblical Narrative, 6), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12668-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12668-6">90-04-12668-6</a>.</li> <li>Mareike Hartmann: <i>Höllen-Szenarien. Eine Analyse des Höllenverständnisses verschiedener Epochen anhand von Höllendarstellungen</i>. Lit, Münster 2005 (Ästhetik – Theologie – Liturgik, 32), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8258-7681-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-8258-7681-0">3-8258-7681-0</a>.</li> <li>Neil Forsyth, <i>The Old Enemy: Satan & the Combat Myth</i> (Princeton University Press) 1987.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beliefnet.com/story/199/story_19993_1.html">The Fall of Satan</a>, beliefnet.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfdevotionals.org/devpg03/de030622.htm">The Fall of Angels</a>, cfdevotionals.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christiancourier.com/articles/1281-a-rebellion-in-heaven">A Rebellion in Heaven</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214031702/https://www.christiancourier.com/articles/1281-a-rebellion-in-heaven">Archived</a> 14 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christiancourier.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Christiancourier.com">christiancourier.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=612&letter=L">Lucifer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=24&letter=F">Fall of Angels</a>, Jewish Encyclopedia</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://warinheaven.com">War in Heaven</a>, warinheaven.com</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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intelligence">Synthetic intelligence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI_takeover" title="AI takeover">AI takeover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">Existential risk from artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">Technological singularity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sociological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic hazard">Anthropogenic hazard</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Cobalt_bomb" title="Cobalt bomb">cobalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_famine" title="Nuclear famine">famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_collapse" title="Societal collapse">Societal collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_collapse" title="State collapse">State collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_III" title="World War III">World War III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_apocalypse" title="Climate apocalypse">Ecological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate change</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">Anoxic event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">Biodiversity loss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mortality_event" title="Mass mortality event">Mass mortality event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_effect_(ecology)" title="Cascade effect (ecology)">Cascade effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclysmic_pole_shift_hypothesis" title="Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis">Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_civilizational_collapse" title="Climate change and civilizational collapse">Climate change and civilizational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Extinction risk from climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">Tipping points in the climate system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_basalt" title="Flood basalt">Flood basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_terrestrial_stilling" title="Global terrestrial stilling">Global terrestrial stilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Global warming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercane" title="Hypercane">Hypercane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">Ice age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological collapse">Ecological collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">Environmental degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_coral_reefs" title="Environmental issues with coral reefs">coral reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">on marine life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_consumption" title="Land consumption">Land consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_surface_effects_on_climate" title="Land surface effects on climate">Land surface effects on climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Resource depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervolcano" title="Supervolcano">Supervolcano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_winter" title="Volcanic winter">winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verneshot" title="Verneshot">Verneshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">Overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpopulation" title="Overpopulation">Overpopulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Human overpopulation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">Extinction event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_extinction" title="Human extinction">Human extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinction_events" title="List of extinction events">List of extinction events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_erosion" title="Genetic erosion">Genetic erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">Biodiversity loss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_amphibian_populations" title="Decline in amphibian populations">Decline in amphibian populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">Decline in insect populations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_risk" title="Biotechnology risk">Biotechnology risk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_agent" title="Biological agent">Biological agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioterrorism" title="Bioterrorism">Bioterrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_collapse_disorder" title="Colony collapse disorder">Colony collapse disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defaunation" title="Defaunation">Defaunation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_contamination" title="Interplanetary contamination">Interplanetary contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator_decline" title="Pollinator decline">Pollinator decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Crunch" title="Big Crunch">Big Crunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Rip" title="Big Rip">Big Rip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection" title="Coronal mass ejection">Coronal mass ejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_phase_transition" title="Cosmological phase transition">Cosmological phase transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomagnetic_storm" title="Geomagnetic storm">Geomagnetic storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_vacuum_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="False vacuum decay">False vacuum decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst" title="Gamma-ray burst">Gamma-ray burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_universe" title="Heat death of the universe">Heat death of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_decay" title="Proton decay">Proton decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_black_hole" title="Virtual black hole">Virtual black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact event</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Asteroid impact avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_prediction" title="Asteroid impact prediction">Asteroid impact prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">Potentially hazardous object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth object</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_winter" title="Impact winter">winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_planet" title="Rogue planet">Rogue planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_supernova" title="Near-Earth supernova">Near-Earth supernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronova" title="Micronova">Micronova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_flare" title="Solar flare">Solar flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_collision" title="Stellar collision">Stellar collision</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ages_of_Buddhism" title="Three Ages of Buddhism">Three Ages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">1 Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abomination_of_desolation" title="Abomination of desolation">Abomination of desolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy_of_Seventy_Weeks" title="Prophecy of Seventy Weeks">Prophecy of Seventy Weeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicist_interpretations_of_the_Book_of_Revelation" title="Historicist interpretations of the Book of Revelation">Interpretations of Revelation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)"> Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Man_of_sin" title="Man of sin">Man of sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katechon" title="Katechon">Katechon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Events_of_Revelation" title="Events of Revelation">Events</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_of_fire" title="Lake of fire">Lake of fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">Number of the Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_bowls" title="Seven bowls">Seven bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_seals" title="Seven seals">Seven seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">The Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">Two witnesses</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">War in Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Earth_(Christianity)" title="New Earth (Christianity)">New Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">Great Tribulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_perdition" title="Son of perdition">Son of perdition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sheep_and_the_Goats" title="The Sheep and the Goats">Sheep and Goats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27im_Al_Muhammad" title="Qa'im Al Muhammad">Al-Qa'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhu al-Qarnayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Suwayqatayn" title="Dhul-Suwayqatayn">Dhul-Suwayqatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masih_ad-Dajjal" title="Al-Masih ad-Dajjal">Dajjal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Israfil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufyani" title="Sufyani">Sufyani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">War of Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">Third Temple</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Zoroastrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saoshyant" title="Saoshyant">Saoshyant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_end_times_prediction" title="2011 end times prediction">2011 end times prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_moon_prophecy" title="Blood moon prophecy">Blood moon prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Changes" title="Earth Changes">Earth Changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">End time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dates_predicted_for_apocalyptic_events" title="List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events">List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Age" title="Messianic Age">Messianic Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Premillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">Amillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Postmillennialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis_(hypothetical_star)" title="Nemesis (hypothetical star)">Nemesis (hypothetical star)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru cataclysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapture" title="Rapture">Rapture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rapture#Prewrath_premillennialism" title="Rapture">Prewrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-tribulation_rapture" title="Post-tribulation rapture">Post-tribulation rapture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">Resurrection of the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_to_come" title="World to come">World to come</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fictional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">Alien invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">List of apocalyptic films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">Climate fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disaster_films" title="List of disaster films">List of disaster films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_doomsday_devices" title="List of fictional doomsday devices">List of fictional doomsday devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_apocalypse" title="Zombie apocalypse">Zombie apocalypse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombie</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_the_Study_of_Existential_Risk" title="Centre for the Study of Existential Risk">Centre for the Study of Existential Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Humanity_Institute" title="Future of Humanity Institute">Future of Humanity Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Life_Institute" title="Future of Life Institute">Future of Life Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Threat_Initiative" title="Nuclear Threat Initiative">Nuclear Threat Initiative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ransomware" title="Ransomware">Ransomware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster" title="Disaster">Disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_depression" title="Economic depression">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis" title="Financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_crisis" title="Social crisis">Social crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survivalism" title="Survivalism">Survivalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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