CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Georgia (country) - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"9106cc41-17a4-4629-9acb-8ddda09176cc","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Georgia_(country)","wgTitle":"Georgia (country)","wgCurRevisionId":1258529453,"wgRevisionId":1258529453,"wgArticleId":48768,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Phonos extension","CS1: long volume value","CS1 Georgian-language sources (ka)","CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)","CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from July 2022","Articles with dead external links from November 2010","CS1 errors: periodical ignored", "All articles with incomplete citations","Articles with incomplete citations from June 2022","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2022","Articles with dead external links from July 2017","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with dead external links from June 2016","Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from March 2012","Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages","Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","Use Oxford spelling from August 2023","Use dmy dates from March 2024","Articles containing Georgian-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023","Pages with Georgian IPA","Pages including recorded pronunciations","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","Articles containing Latin-language text", "Articles containing Persian-language text","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from February 2024","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2023","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008","Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata","Pages using Sister project links with default search","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Coordinates on Wikidata","Georgia (country)","Caucasus","Countries in Europe","Countries in Asia","West Asian countries","Member states of the Council of Europe", "Member states of the United Nations","States and territories established in 1991","1991 establishments in Georgia (country)","1991 establishments in Asia","1991 establishments in Europe","Modern history of Georgia (country)","Republics","South Caucasus","Christian states"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Georgia_(country)","wgRelevantArticleId":48768,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true}, "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":42,"lon":43.5},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q230","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles": "ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.phonos.init","ext.tmh.player","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface", "ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/1200px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/800px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/640px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Georgia (country) - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Georgia_country rootpage-Georgia_country skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Georgia+%28country%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Georgia+%28country%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Georgia+%28country%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Georgia+%28country%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etymology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Etymology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Names_of_Georgia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names_of_Georgia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Names of Georgia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names_of_Georgia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 State name </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Prehistory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_unification_of_Georgia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_unification_of_Georgia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Medieval unification of Georgia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_unification_of_Georgia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Golden_Age_and_Division" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golden_Age_and_Division"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Golden Age and Division </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Golden_Age_and_Division-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tripartite_division" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tripartite_division"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Tripartite division </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tripartite_division-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Within_the_Russian_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Within_the_Russian_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Within the Russian Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Within_the_Russian_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declaration_of_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declaration_of_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Declaration of independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declaration_of_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Socialist_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Soviet Socialist Republic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Socialist_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restoration_of_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restoration_of_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Restoration of independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restoration_of_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russo-Georgian_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russo-Georgian_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Russo-Georgian War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russo-Georgian_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Georgian_Dream_government_(2012–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Georgian_Dream_government_(2012–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11 Georgian Dream government (2012–present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Georgian_Dream_government_(2012–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Topography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Topography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Law enforcement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corruption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corruption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Corruption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corruption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights_and_freedom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights_and_freedom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Human rights and freedom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights_and_freedom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture_and_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture_and_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Architecture and arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture_and_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Wine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 General information </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-News_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#News_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 News media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-News_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Georgia (country)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 269 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-269" aria-hidden="true" > 269 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Georgia" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Хъырцей – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Хъырцей" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Хъырцые – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Хъырцые" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgi%C3%AB" title="Georgië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Georgië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgien" title="Georgien – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Georgien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%82%E1%8B%AE%E1%88%AD%E1%8C%82%E1%8B%AB" title="ጂዮርጂያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጂዮርጂያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Georgia" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(land)" title="Georgia (land) – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Georgia (land)" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D1%80%D2%AD%D1%82%D3%99%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Қырҭтәыла – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Қырҭтәыла" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="جورجيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جورجيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheorchia" title="Cheorchia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cheorchia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%93%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%93%DC%9D%DC%90_(%DC%90%DC%AC%DC%AA%DC%90)" title="ܓܘܪܓܝܐ (ܐܬܪܐ) – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܓܘܪܓܝܐ (ܐܬܪܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Վրաստան – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Վրաստան" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Georgia" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorgia_(payis)" title="Jorgia (payis) – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Jorgia (payis)" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_(%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6)" title="জৰ্জিয়া (দেশ) – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জৰ্জিয়া (দেশ)" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeorxa" title="Xeorxa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xeorxa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="जर्जिया – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="जर्जिया" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Georgia" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%8A" title="Хъизихъ – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Хъизихъ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiyorxiya" title="Kiyorxiya – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Kiyorxiya" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCrc%C3%BCstan" title="Gürcüstan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Gürcüstan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="گورجوستان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="گورجوستان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9orgia" title="Géorgia – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Géorgia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="জর্জিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জর্জিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorjiya" title="Jorjiya – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Jorjiya" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruzia" title="Gruzia – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Gruzia" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Georgia" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Грузия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Грузия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Грузія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Грузія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Грузія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Грузія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6)" title="जॉर्जिया (देश) – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जॉर्जिया (देश)" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(nasyon)" title="Georgia (nasyon) – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Georgia (nasyon)" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jojia" title="Jojia – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Jojia" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Грузия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Грузия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgien" title="Georgien – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Georgien" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8D_(%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8D)" title="འཇོར་ཇི་ཡ། (རྒྱལ་ཁབ།) – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འཇོར་ཇི་ཡ། (རྒྱལ་ཁབ།)" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruzija" title="Gruzija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Gruzija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorjia" title="Jorjia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Jorjia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B8" title="Гүржи – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Гүржи" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%C3%B2rgia" title="Geòrgia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Geòrgia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Грузи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Грузи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heyorhiya" title="Heyorhiya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Heyorhiya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruzie" title="Gruzie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gruzie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Georgia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Georgia" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Georgia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Georgia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Georgia" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgien" title="Georgien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Georgien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="جورجيا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="جورجيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Georgia" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgie" title="Georgie – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Georgie" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgien" title="Georgien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Georgien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%96%DE%AF%DE%96%DE%A8%DE%94%DE%A7_(%DE%A4%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%AA%DE%89%DE%AA)" title="ޖޯޖިޔާ (ޤައުމު) – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޖޯޖިޔާ (ޤައުމު)" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzi%C5%82_Daantsaa%C3%ADtah_Bilag%C3%A1ana_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Dził Daantsaaítah Bilagáana Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Dził Daantsaaítah Bilagáana Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgiska" title="Georgiska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Georgiska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6)" title="जर्जिया (देश) – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="जर्जिया (देश)" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%BD%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%B1" title="ཇཽ་ཇཱ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཇཽ་ཇཱ" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruusia" title="Gruusia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gruusia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Γεωργία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γεωργία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%C3%B2rgia" title="Geòrgia – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Geòrgia" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Грузия Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Грузия Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Georgia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartvelio" title="Kartvelio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kartvelio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Georgia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Georgia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Georgia" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="گرجستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گرجستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Georgia" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(land)" title="Georgia (land) – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Georgia (land)" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9orgie_(pays)" title="Géorgie (pays) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Géorgie (pays)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgje" title="Georgje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Georgje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorjiya" title="Jorjiya – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Jorjiya" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjeorgjie" title="Gjeorgjie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Gjeorgjie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tSeoirsia" title="An tSeoirsia – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSeoirsia" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_%C3%87horshey" title="Yn Çhorshey – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Çhorshey" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCrc%C3%BCstan" title="Gürcüstan – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Gürcüstan" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%27_Chairtbheil" title="A' Chairtbheil – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="A' Chairtbheil" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeorxia" title="Xeorxia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xeorxia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Гуржехье – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Гуржехье" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country) – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Georgia (country)" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8A%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="گۊرجستان – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="گۊرجستان" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE_(%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B6)" title="જ્યોર્જીયા (દેશ) – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જ્યોર્જીયા (દેશ)" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌲𐌴𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌾𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌲𐌴𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌾𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="जॉर्जिया – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="जॉर्जिया" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruzia" title="Gruzia – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Gruzia" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D2%AF%D1%80%D2%97%D0%BC%D2%AF%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Гүрҗмүдин Орн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Гүрҗмүдин Орн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80%EC%95%84" title="조지아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조지아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Georgia" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keokia" title="Keokia – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Keokia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Վրաստան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վրաստան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6)" title="जॉर्जिया (देश) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जॉर्जिया (देश)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgiska" title="Georgiska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Georgiska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruzija" title="Gruzija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gruzija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruzia" title="Gruzia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gruzia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(pagilian)" title="Georgia (pagilian) – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Georgia (pagilian)" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_(%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0)" title="জর্জিয়া (রাষ্ট্র) – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="জর্জিয়া (রাষ্ট্র)" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Georgia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(pais)" title="Georgia (pais) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Georgia (pais)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Georgia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Гуырдзыстон – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Гуырдзыстон" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg%C3%ADa" title="Georgía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Georgía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Georgia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="גאורגיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גאורגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9orgia" title="Géorgia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Géorgia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF" title="ಜಾರ್ಜಿಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಾರ್ಜಿಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heorhia" title="Heorhia – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Heorhia" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8E" title="Гюрджю – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Гюрджю" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D" title="საქართველო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საქართველო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%ABz%C3%B3%C5%84sk%C3%B4" title="Grëzóńskô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Grëzóńskô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Грузия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Грузия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow_Grouzi" title="Pow Grouzi – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pow Grouzi" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geworugiya" title="Geworugiya – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Geworugiya" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Georgia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Грузия – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Грузия" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Georgia" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakartvela" title="Sakartvela – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Sakartvela" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeoji" title="Jeoji – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Jeoji" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9y%C3%B2rji_(p%C3%A9yi)" title="Jéyòrji (péyi) – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Jéyòrji (péyi)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurcistan" title="Gurcistan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Gurcistan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Грузи – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Грузи" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Georgia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гуржисттан – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Гуржисттан" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B5" title="ຊອກຊີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຊອກຊີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruzeja" title="Gruzeja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Gruzeja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Georgia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruzija" title="Gruzija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gruzija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgien" title="Georgien – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Georgien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гуржистан – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Гуржистан" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruzija" title="Gruzija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gruzija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%B6rgia" title="Giörgia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Giörgia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgi%C3%AB" title="Georgië – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Georgië" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zolozi" title="Zolozi – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Zolozi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacartvelo" title="Sacartvelo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sacartvelo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruuzii" title="Gruuzii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Gruuzii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Georgia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%BAzia" title="Grúzia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Grúzia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Georgia" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="जर्जिया – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="जर्जिया" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Грузија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Грузија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Je%C3%B4rjia" title="Jeôrjia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jeôrjia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF_(%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82)" title="ജോർജ്ജിയ (രാജ്യം) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജോർജ്ജിയ (രാജ്യം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A0eor%C4%A1ja" title="Ġeorġja – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ġeorġja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8Dria" title="Hōria – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Hōria" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="जॉर्जिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जॉर्जिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9D" title="საქორთუო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="საქორთუო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="جورجيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جورجيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="گورجسون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="گورجسون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Georgia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Georgia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruzia" title="Gruzia – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gruzia" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%C3%B3rgia" title="Geórgia – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Geórgia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Грузия – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Грузия" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B6" title="Гүрж – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гүрж" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဂျော်ဂျီယာနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျော်ဂျီယာနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Georgia" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgi%C3%AB" title="Georgië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Georgië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgi%C3%AB" title="Georgië – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Georgië" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="जर्जिया – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जर्जिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="जर्जिया – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जर्जिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A2_(%E5%9B%BD)" title="ジョージア (国) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョージア (国)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Georgia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%8C" title="Гуьржийчоь – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Гуьржийчоь" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgien" title="Georgien – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Georgien" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorja" title="Jorja – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Jorja" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Georgia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Georgia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Georgia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(Cauc%C3%A0s)" title="Georgia (Caucàs) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Georgia (Caucàs)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Грузий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Грузий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86" title="ଜର୍ଜିଆ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜର୍ଜିଆ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%27oorjiyaa" title="Ji'oorjiyaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Ji'oorjiyaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruziya" title="Gruziya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gruziya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86_(%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC)" title="ਜਾਰਜੀਆ (ਦੇਸ਼) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਾਰਜੀਆ (ਦੇਸ਼)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6:" title="जार्जिया-देश: – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="जार्जिया-देश:" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Georgia" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Georgia" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="جارجیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جارجیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Georgia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AB%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ګرجستان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ګرجستان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaajia" title="Jaajia – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Jaajia" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B8" title="ចចជី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ចចជី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9orgie_(pa%C3%AFs)" title="Géorgie (païs) – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Géorgie (païs)" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%C3%B2rgia" title="Geòrgia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Geòrgia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siosia" title="Siosia – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Siosia" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgien" title="Georgien – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Georgien" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruzja" title="Gruzja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gruzja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Γρουζία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Γρουζία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%C3%B3rgia" title="Geórgia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Geórgia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruziya" title="Gruziya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Gruziya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCrcistan" title="Gürcistan – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Gürcistan" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Georgia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorjiya_(them)" title="Jorjiya (them) – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Jorjiya (them)" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartulsuyu" title="Kartulsuyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kartulsuyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%90%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Ґрузія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ґрузія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Грузия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Грузия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Грузия – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Грузия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Georgia" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siaosia_(Atunuu)" title="Siaosia (Atunuu) – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Siaosia (Atunuu)" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%83)" title="जार्जिया (देशः) – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जार्जिया (देशः)" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱤᱭᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱤᱭᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Georgia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgie_(kintra)" title="Georgie (kintra) – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Georgie (kintra)" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Georgia" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgien" title="Georgien – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Georgien" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Georgia" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjeorgjia" title="Gjeorgjia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjeorgjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgia" title="Giorgia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Giorgia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ජෝර්ජියාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජෝර්ජියාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Georgia (country)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="جارجيا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جارجيا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJojiya" title="IJojiya – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IJojiya" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruz%C3%ADnsko" title="Gruzínsko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gruzínsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruzija" title="Gruzija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gruzija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%94%D1%A1%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%97%EA%99%97" title="Гєѡргїꙗ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Гєѡргїꙗ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruzyjo" title="Gruzyjo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Gruzyjo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joorjiya_(wadan)" title="Joorjiya (wadan) – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Joorjiya (wadan)" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="گورجستان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گورجستان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgikondre" title="Georgikondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Georgikondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Грузија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Грузија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruzija" title="Gruzija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gruzija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9orgia" title="Géorgia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Géorgia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Georgia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgien" title="Georgien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Georgien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heorhiya" title="Heorhiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Heorhiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="சியார்சியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சியார்சியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%E1%B9%9Bjya_(tamazirt)" title="Juṛjya (tamazirt) – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Juṛjya (tamazirt)" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurjya" title="Jurjya – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Jurjya" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%A9%D1%80%D2%97%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гөрҗистан – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гөрҗистан" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BB%E1%82%83%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းၵျေႃႇၵျႃႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၵျေႃႇၵျႃႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Georgia" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE_(%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%82)" title="జార్జియా (దేశం) – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జార్జియా (దేశం)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Je%C3%B3rjia" title="Jeórjia – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Jeórjia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ประเทศจอร์เจีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศจอร์เจีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%86%E1%88%AD%E1%8C%82%E1%8B%AB" title="ጆርጂያ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ጆርጂያ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%80%D2%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Гурҷистон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гурҷистон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C5%8Dsia" title="Seōsia – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Seōsia" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A3%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%A5%E1%8E%A2" title="ᏣᎠᏥᎢ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏣᎠᏥᎢ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCrcistan" title="Gürcistan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gürcistan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruzi%C3%BDa" title="Gruziýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Gruziýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Грузия – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Грузия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Грузія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Грузія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="جارجیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جارجیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%87%D8%B2%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="گرۇزىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="گرۇزىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruzia" title="Gruzia – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Gruzia" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeorza" title="Zeorza – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Zeorza" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruzii" title="Gruzii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Gruzii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruzia" title="Gruzia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gruzia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grusiy%C3%A4n" title="Grusiyän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Grusiyän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruusia" title="Gruusia – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Gruusia" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dj%C3%B4rdjeye" title="Djôrdjeye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Djôrdjeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%AD%AF%E5%90%89%E4%BA%9E" title="格魯吉亞 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="格魯吉亞" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgi%C3%AB" title="Georgië – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Georgië" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(nasod)" title="Georgia (nasod) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Georgia (nasod)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeoorji" title="Jeoorji – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Jeoorji" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81%E5%90%89%E4%BA%9A" title="格鲁吉亚 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="格鲁吉亚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Georgia" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A2" title="גרוזיע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גרוזיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Georgia" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%AD%AF%E5%90%89%E4%BA%9E" title="格魯吉亞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="格魯吉亞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurc%C4%B1stan" title="Gurcıstan – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Gurcıstan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georhi%C3%AB" title="Georhië – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Georhië" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groz%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Grozėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Grozėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81%E5%90%89%E4%BA%9A" title="格鲁吉亚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="格鲁吉亚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%E1%BB%8Djia" title="Jọjia – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Jọjia" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9orgi" title="Géorgi – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Géorgi" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Georgia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyr%C4%8Diston" title="Gyrčiston – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Gyrčiston" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q230#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Georgia_(country)" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgia_(country)&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgia_(country)&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgia_(country)&action=edit">View source</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgia_(country)&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Georgia_(country)" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Georgia_(country)" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgia_(country)&oldid=1258529453" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgia_(country)&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Georgia_%28country%29&id=1258529453&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGeorgia_%28country%29">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGeorgia_%28country%29">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Georgia_%28country%29&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgia_(country)&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Georgia_(country)" hreflang="en">Wikinews</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)" hreflang="en">Wikivoyage</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q230" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Georgia_(country)&params=42_00_N_43_30_E_type:country_region:GE">42°00′N 43°30′E / 42.000°N 43.500°E / 42.000; 43.500</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country straddling Eastern Europe and West Asia in the Caucasus</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Republic of Georgia" redirects here. For the U.S. state, see <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia (U.S. state)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Georgia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Republic of Georgia (disambiguation)">Republic of Georgia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Georgia</div><div class="ib-country-names">საქართველო (<a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>) Sakartvelo</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Georgia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Georgia"><img alt="Flag of Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/125px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/188px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/250px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Flag of Georgia (country)">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Georgia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Georgia"><img alt="Coat of arms of Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Georgia.svg/95px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Georgia.svg/143px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Georgia.svg/190px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="485" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Georgia (country)"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto:  ძალა ერთობაშია <a href="/wiki/Dzala_ertobashia" title="Dzala ertobashia">Dzala ertobashia</a> "Strength is in Unity"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem:  თავისუფლება <a href="/wiki/Tavisupleba" title="Tavisupleba">Tavisupleba</a> "Freedom"<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="81" data-mwtitle="Tavisupleba_instrumental.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Tavisupleba_instrumental.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/Tavisupleba_instrumental.ogg/Tavisupleba_instrumental.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATavisupleba_instrumental.ogg&lang=el&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="el" label="Ελληνικά ‪(el)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATavisupleba_instrumental.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATavisupleba_instrumental.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATavisupleba_instrumental.ogg&lang=he&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="he" label="עברית ‪(he)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATavisupleba_instrumental.ogg&lang=ka&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ka" label="ქართული ‪(ka)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATavisupleba_instrumental.ogg&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATavisupleba_instrumental.ogg&lang=sr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sr" label="српски / srpski ‪(sr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATavisupleba_instrumental.ogg&lang=tl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tl" label="Tagalog ‪(tl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATavisupleba_instrumental.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Georgia_(orthographic_projection_with_inset).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Georgia_%28orthographic_projection_with_inset%29.svg/250px-Georgia_%28orthographic_projection_with_inset%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Georgia_%28orthographic_projection_with_inset%29.svg/375px-Georgia_%28orthographic_projection_with_inset%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Georgia_%28orthographic_projection_with_inset%29.svg/500px-Georgia_%28orthographic_projection_with_inset%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a>Show globe</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_map_of_Georgia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Locator_map_of_Georgia.svg/250px-Locator_map_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Locator_map_of_Georgia.svg/375px-Locator_map_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Locator_map_of_Georgia.svg/500px-Locator_map_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a>Show map of Europe (claimed borders)</div></div><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Georgia in dark green; <a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_in_Georgia" title="Russian-occupied territories in Georgia">uncontrolled territory</a> in light green</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Georgia_(country)&params=41_43_N_44_47_E_type:city">41°43′N 44°47′E / 41.717°N 44.783°E / 41.717; 44.783</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Recognised regional languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2014<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#endnote_population">[a]</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;">86.8% <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">6.2% <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Georgia" title="Azerbaijanis in Georgia">Azerbaijanis</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">4.5% <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Georgia" title="Armenians in Georgia">Armenians</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">0.7% <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Georgia" title="Russians in Georgia">Russians</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">2.1% <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Georgia_(country)#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Georgia (country)">other</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2014)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>87.3% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Christianity in Georgia (country)">Christianity</a> <ul><li>83.4% <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Georgian Orthodoxy</a></li> <li>3.9% other <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></li><li style="white-space;">10.7% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Islam in Georgia (country)">Islam</a></li><li style="white-space;">2% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">other</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">none</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Politics of Georgia (country)">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_parliamentary_republic" title="Unitary parliamentary republic">Unitary parliamentary republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Georgia" title="President of Georgia">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Salome_Zourabichvili" title="Salome Zourabichvili">Salome Zourabichvili</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Georgia" title="Prime Minister of Georgia">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Irakli_Kobakhidze" title="Irakli Kobakhidze">Irakli Kobakhidze</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_Parliament_of_Georgia" title="Chairperson of the Parliament of Georgia">Chairperson of the Parliament</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shalva_Papuashvili" title="Shalva Papuashvili">Shalva Papuashvili</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Georgia" title="Parliament of Georgia">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">Establishment history</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia" title="Kingdom of Iberia">Iberia</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">13th c. BC – 580 AD</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Abkhazia" title="Kingdom of Abkhazia">Kingdom of Abkhazia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Iberians" title="Kingdom of the Iberians">Kingdom of the Iberians</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">786–1008</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_the_Georgian_realm" title="Unification of the Georgian realm">Unification of the Georgian realm</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1008</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Triarchy_and_collapse_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Triarchy and collapse of the Kingdom of Georgia">The Tripartite division</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1463–1810</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Georgia_within_the_Russian_Empire" title="Georgia within the Russian Empire">Russian annexation</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">12 September 1801</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Independence from the Russian Empire</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">26 May 1918</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">12 February 1921</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Georgian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian SSR">Georgian SSR</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">25 February 1921</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Independence from the Soviet Union <div style="text-align:right;"> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Act_of_Restoration_of_State_Independence_of_Georgia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Act of Restoration of State Independence of Georgia (page does not exist)">Declared</a>  • Finalized</div> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"> 9 April 1991 26 December 1991</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Constitution of Georgia (country)">Current constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">24 August 1995</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Geography of Georgia (country)">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">69,700 km2 (26,900 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">119th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Demographics of Georgia (country)">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2022 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/11px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/17px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/22px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 3,688,647<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_population">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> 4,012,104<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_population2">[b]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">126th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2014 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/11px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/17px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/22px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 3,713,804<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_population">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-2014_Census-7">[6]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">57.6/km2 (149.2/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">137th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $94.020 billion<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_population">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.GE-8">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">101st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $25,248<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.GE-8">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">72nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $32.865 billion<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_population">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.GE-8">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">107th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $8,825<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.GE-8">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">84th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2021)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 34.2<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_population">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-wb-gini-9">[8]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.814<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_population">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-10">[9]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">very high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">60th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_lari" title="Georgian lari">Georgian lari</a> (₾) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">GEL</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+4 (<a href="/wiki/Georgia_Time" title="Georgia Time">Georgia Time</a> GET)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd.mm.yyyy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Telephone numbers in Georgia (country)">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%2B995" class="mw-redirect" title="+995">+995</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:GE" title="ISO 3166-2:GE">GE</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.ge" title=".ge">.ge</a>, <a href="/wiki/.%E1%83%92%E1%83%94" class="mw-redirect" title=".გე">.გე</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-alpha"> <li value="1"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_population">^</a> Not including <a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_in_Georgia" title="Russian-occupied territories in Georgia">occupied territories</a>.</li><li value="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_population2">^</a> Including <a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_in_Georgia" title="Russian-occupied territories in Georgia">occupied territories</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> </ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Georgia (<a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>: საქართველო, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Georgian" title="Romanization of Georgian">romanized</a>: sakartvelo, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Georgian" title="Help:IPA/Georgian">[sakʰartʰʷelo]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/2a\/Sakartvelo.ogg\/Sakartvelo.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sakartvelo.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2a/Sakartvelo.ogg/Sakartvelo.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Sakartvelo.ogg" title="File:Sakartvelo.ogg">ⓘ</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Boundaries_between_the_continents#Modern_definition" title="Boundaries between the continents">transcontinental</a> country in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>. It is part of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> region, bounded by the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> to the west, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> to the north and northeast, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> to the southwest, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> to the south, and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> to the southeast. Georgia covers an area of 69,700 square kilometres (26,900 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> It has a <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Demographics of Georgia (country)">population</a> of 3.7 million,<a href="#cite_note-15">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-statspopulation-16">[14]</a> of which over a third live in the capital and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Georgia_(country)" title="List of cities and towns in Georgia (country)">largest city</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>. <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a>, who are native to the region, constitute a majority of the country's population and are its <a href="/wiki/Titular_nation" title="Titular nation">titular nation</a>. Georgia has been inhabited since <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistory</a>, hosting the world's earliest known sites of <a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">winemaking</a>, gold mining, and textiles.<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-archeologyMethodTheory2014322-18">[16]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical era</a> saw the emergence of several kingdoms, such as <a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia" title="Kingdom of Iberia">Iberia</a>, that formed the nucleus of the modern Georgian state. In the early fourth century, <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a> officially <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">adopted Christianity</a>, which contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_the_Georgian_realm" title="Unification of the Georgian realm">unification</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a>. Georgia reached <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Golden_Age" title="Georgian Golden Age">its Golden Age</a> during the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a> under the reigns of King <a href="/wiki/David_IV_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="David IV of Georgia">David IV</a> and Queen <a href="/wiki/Tamar_of_Georgia" title="Tamar of Georgia">Tamar</a>. Beginning in the 15th century, the kingdom declined and <a href="/wiki/Triarchy_and_collapse_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Triarchy and collapse of the Kingdom of Georgia">disintegrated</a> under pressure from various regional powers, including the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongols</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Persia</a>, before being <a href="/wiki/Georgia_within_the_Russian_Empire" title="Georgia within the Russian Empire">gradually annexed</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> starting in 1801. After the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> in 1917, Georgia briefly emerged as <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">an independent republic</a> under <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Poti" title="Treaty of Poti">German protection</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Soviet_power-19">[17]</a> but was <a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">invaded and annexed</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> in 1921, becoming <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">one</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">Republics of the Soviet Union</a>. In the 1980s, an independence movement grew quickly, leading to <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Georgia's secession from the Soviet Union</a> in April 1991. For much of the <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">subsequent decade</a>, the country endured economic crises, <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet conflicts">political instability</a>, and secessionist wars in <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>. Following the peaceful <a href="/wiki/Rose_Revolution" title="Rose Revolution">Rose Revolution</a> in 2003, Georgia strongly pursued a <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">pro-Western</a> foreign policy, introducing a series of <a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">democratic and economic reforms aimed at integration</a> into the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_NATO" title="Enlargement of NATO">NATO</a>. This Western orientation led to <a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Georgia–Russia relations">worsening relations with Russia</a>, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a> of 2008 and continued Russian occupation of <a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_in_Georgia" title="Russian-occupied territories in Georgia">parts of Georgia</a>. Georgia is a <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a> governed as a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-undp-21">[19]</a> It is a <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing country</a> with a very high <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Emerging_market_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Emerging market economy">emerging market economy</a>. Sweeping economic reforms since 2003 have resulted in one of the freest <a href="/wiki/Ease_of_doing_business_index" title="Ease of doing business index">business climates</a> in the world, greater <a href="/wiki/Economic_Freedom_of_the_World" title="Economic Freedom of the World">economic freedom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Global_Corruption_Barometer" title="Global Corruption Barometer">transparency</a>, and among the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_real_GDP_growth_rate" title="List of countries by real GDP growth rate">fastest rates of GDP growth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> In 2018, Georgia became the second country in the world <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Cannabis in Georgia (country)">to legalize cannabis</a>, and the first former socialist state to do so. Georgia is a member of numerous international organizations, including the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurocontrol" title="Eurocontrol">Eurocontrol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">BSEC</a>, <a href="/wiki/GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development" title="GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development">GUAM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energy_Community" title="Energy Community">Energy Community</a>. As part of the <a href="/wiki/Association_Trio" title="Association Trio">Association Trio</a>, Georgia is a candidate for <a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">membership in the European Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Names_of_Georgia">Names of Georgia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Georgia" title="Names of Georgia">Names of Georgia</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_map_by_Pietro_Vesconte_-_Georgia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/World_map_by_Pietro_Vesconte_-_Georgia.jpg/150px-World_map_by_Pietro_Vesconte_-_Georgia.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/World_map_by_Pietro_Vesconte_-_Georgia.jpg/225px-World_map_by_Pietro_Vesconte_-_Georgia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/World_map_by_Pietro_Vesconte_-_Georgia.jpg/300px-World_map_by_Pietro_Vesconte_-_Georgia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="437" /></a><figcaption>"Georgia" on a medieval mappa mundi, AD 1320.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">Ancient Greeks</a> (<a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, etc.) and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Titus_Livius" class="mw-redirect" title="Titus Livius">Titus Livius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, etc.) referred to early western Georgians as <a href="/wiki/Colchians" class="mw-redirect" title="Colchians">Colchians</a> and eastern Georgians as <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Iberians" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian Iberians">Iberians</a> (Iberoi, Ἰβηροι in some Greek sources).<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> The first mention of the name Georgia is in Italian on the <a href="/wiki/Mappa_mundi" title="Mappa mundi">mappa mundi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Vesconte" title="Pietro Vesconte">Pietro Vesconte</a> dated 1320.<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> At the early stage of its appearance in the Latin world, the name was often spelled Jorgia.<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> Lore-based theories were given by traveler <a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Vitry" title="Jacques de Vitry">Jacques de Vitry</a>, who explained the name's origin by the popularity of <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">St. George</a> among Georgians,<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chardin" title="Jean Chardin">Jean Chardin</a> thought that Georgia came from the Greek γεωργός ('tiller of the land'). These centuries-old explanations for the word Georgia/Georgians are now mostly rejected by the scholarly community, who point to the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> word gurğ/gurğān (گرگ, '<a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolf</a>'<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a>) as the likely root of the word.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze20153-29">[27]</a> Under this hypothesis, the same Persian root was later adopted in numerous other languages, including Slavic and West European languages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze20153-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERapp201421-30">[28]</a> The native name is Sakartvelo (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D#Georgian" class="extiw" title="wikt:საქართველო">საქართველო</a>; 'land of <a href="/wiki/Kartvelians" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartvelians">Kartvelians</a>'), derived from the core central Georgian region of <a href="/wiki/Kartli" title="Kartli">Kartli</a>, recorded from the 9th century, and in extended usage referring to the entire medieval <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a> prior to the 13th century. The Georgian <a href="/wiki/Circumfix" title="Circumfix">circumfix</a> sa-X-o is a standard geographic construction designating 'the area where X dwell', where X is an <a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">ethnonym</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rapp-31">[29]</a> The self-designation used by <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">ethnic Georgians</a> is Kartvelebi (ქართველები, i.e. 'Kartvelians'), first attested in the <a href="/wiki/Umm_Leisun_inscription" title="Umm Leisun inscription">Umm Leisun inscription</a> found in the <a href="/wiki/Old_City_of_Jerusalem" title="Old City of Jerusalem">Old City of Jerusalem</a>. The medieval <a href="/wiki/The_Georgian_Chronicles" title="The Georgian Chronicles">Georgian Chronicles</a> present an eponymous ancestor of the Kartvelians, <a href="/wiki/Kartlos" title="Kartlos">Kartlos</a>, a great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Japheth" title="Japheth">Japheth</a> who medieval chroniclers believed to have been the root of the local name of their kingdom. However, scholars agree that the word Kartli is derived from the Karts, a proto-Kartvelian tribe that emerged as a dominant regional group in ancient times.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze20153-29">[27]</a> The name Sakartvelo (საქართველო) consists of two parts. Its root, kartvel-i (ქართველ-ი), specifies an inhabitant of the core central-eastern Georgian region of <a href="/wiki/Kartli" title="Kartli">Kartli</a>, or Iberia as it is known in sources of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_name">State name</h3></div> The official name of the country is Georgia per Article 2 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Constitution of Georgia (country)">Georgian Constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> In Georgia's two official languages (<a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a>), the country is named საქართველო (Sakartvelo) and Қырҭтәыла (Kərttʷʼəla) respectively. Prior to the adoption of the Constitution in 1995 and following the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the USSR</a>, the country was commonly[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] called the "Republic of Georgia" and occasionally it still is.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> Several languages continue to use the Russian variant of the country's name, Gruzia, which the Georgian authorities have sought to replace through diplomatic campaigns. Since 2006, Israel,<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> Japan,<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> and South Korea<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> legally changed their appellation of the country to variants of the English Georgia.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> In 2020, Lithuania became the first country in the world to adopt Sakartvelas in all official communications.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">History of Georgia (country)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Georgian_(country)_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Georgian (country) history">Timeline of Georgian (country) history</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Georgia" title="Prehistoric Georgia">Prehistoric Georgia</a></div> The oldest traces of <a href="/wiki/Archaic_humans" title="Archaic humans">archaic humans</a> in what is now Georgia date from approximately 1.8 million years ago in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Dmanisi_hominins" title="Dmanisi hominins">Dmanisi hominins</a>, a subspecies of <a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a> representing the oldest-known fossils of hominins in <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> Buffered by the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus</a> and benefiting from the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> ecosystem, the region seems to have served as a <a href="/wiki/Refugium_(population_biology)" title="Refugium (population biology)">refugium</a> throughout the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a>,<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> while the first continuous primitive settlements date back to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a>, close to 200,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a>, settlements developed mostly in Western Georgia, in the valleys of the <a href="/wiki/Rioni" title="Rioni">Rioni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qvirila" title="Qvirila">Qvirila</a> rivers.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> Signs of agriculture date back to at least the <a href="/wiki/6th_millennium_BC" title="6th millennium BC">6th millennium BC</a>, especially in Western Georgia, while the <a href="/wiki/Kura_(river)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kura (river)">Mtkvari</a> basin became stably populated in the <a href="/wiki/5th_millennium_BC" title="5th millennium BC">5th millennium BC</a>, as evidenced with the rise of various cultures closely associated with the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Trialetian_Mesolithic" title="Trialetian Mesolithic">Trialetian Mesolithic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri–Shomu culture</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Leyla-Tepe_culture" title="Leyla-Tepe culture">Leyla-Tepe culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> Archaeological findings show that settlements in modern-day Georgia were responsible for the first use of fibers, possibly for clothing, more than 34,000 years ago,<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_wine" title="Georgian wine">first cases of viticulture</a> (<a href="/wiki/7th_millennium_BC" title="7th millennium BC">7th millennium BC</a>),<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] and the <a href="/wiki/Sakdrisi" title="Sakdrisi">first signs of gold mining</a> (<a href="/wiki/3rd_millennium_BC" title="3rd millennium BC">3rd millennium BC</a>).<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura-Araxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trialeti_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialeti culture">Trialeti</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian cultures</a> coincided with the development of proto-Kartvelian tribes that may have come from <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> during the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite Empire</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Mushki" title="Mushki">Mushki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laz_people" title="Laz people">Laz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Byzeres" title="Byzeres">Byzeres</a>. Some historians have suggested that the collapse of the Hittite world in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Late Bronze Age</a> led to an expansion of the influence of these tribes to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, notably with the <a href="/wiki/Tabal_(state)" title="Tabal (state)">Kingdom of Tabal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:160px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:State_Museum_of_History_of_Georgia_(Tbilisi_Archaeological_Museum)_4_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/State_Museum_of_History_of_Georgia_%28Tbilisi_Archaeological_Museum%29_4_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-State_Museum_of_History_of_Georgia_%28Tbilisi_Archaeological_Museum%29_4_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/State_Museum_of_History_of_Georgia_%28Tbilisi_Archaeological_Museum%29_4_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-State_Museum_of_History_of_Georgia_%28Tbilisi_Archaeological_Museum%29_4_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/State_Museum_of_History_of_Georgia_%28Tbilisi_Archaeological_Museum%29_4_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-State_Museum_of_History_of_Georgia_%28Tbilisi_Archaeological_Museum%29_4_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1654" data-file-height="2206" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:166px;max-width:166px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:160px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:State_Museum_of_History_of_Georgia_(Tbilisi_Archaeological_Museum)_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/State_Museum_of_History_of_Georgia_%28Tbilisi_Archaeological_Museum%29_3.jpg/164px-State_Museum_of_History_of_Georgia_%28Tbilisi_Archaeological_Museum%29_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/State_Museum_of_History_of_Georgia_%28Tbilisi_Archaeological_Museum%29_3.jpg/246px-State_Museum_of_History_of_Georgia_%28Tbilisi_Archaeological_Museum%29_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/State_Museum_of_History_of_Georgia_%28Tbilisi_Archaeological_Museum%29_3.jpg/328px-State_Museum_of_History_of_Georgia_%28Tbilisi_Archaeological_Museum%29_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1875" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Claw foot of the royal <a href="/wiki/Throne" title="Throne">throne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patera" title="Patera">patera</a> depicting emperor <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> uncovered near <a href="/wiki/Mtskheta" title="Mtskheta">Mtskheta</a>, 2nd century AD.</div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Svetitskhoveli_fresco._King_Mirian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Svetitskhoveli_fresco._King_Mirian.jpg/170px-Svetitskhoveli_fresco._King_Mirian.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Svetitskhoveli_fresco._King_Mirian.jpg/255px-Svetitskhoveli_fresco._King_Mirian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Svetitskhoveli_fresco._King_Mirian.jpg/340px-Svetitskhoveli_fresco._King_Mirian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Mirian_III" title="Mirian III">Mirian III</a> converted the nation to Christianity in the 4th century.</figcaption></figure> The classical period saw the rise of a number of Georgian states, including <a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a> in western Georgia, where <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a> located the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Fleece" title="Golden Fleece">Golden Fleece</a> sought after by the <a href="/wiki/Argonauts" title="Argonauts">Argonauts</a>. Archaeological evidence points to a wealthy kingdom in Colchis as early as the 14th century BC<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> and an extensive trade network with <a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonies</a> on the eastern Black Sea shore (such as <a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Dioscurias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phasis_(town)" title="Phasis (town)">Phasis</a>),<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> though, the entire region would be annexed first by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a> and then by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> in the first century BC. Eastern Georgia remained a decentralized mosaic of various clans (ruled by individual <a href="/wiki/Mamasakhlisi" title="Mamasakhlisi">mamasakhlisi</a>) until the 4th century BC when it was conquered by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, eventually leading to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia" title="Kingdom of Iberia">Kingdom of Iberia</a> under the protectorate of the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>, an early example of advanced state organization under one king and an aristocratic hierarchy.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> Various wars with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenia</a> made Iberia regularly change its allegiance, though it remained a Roman client state for most of its history. In 337, King <a href="/wiki/Mirian_III_of_Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirian III of Iberia">Mirian III</a> adopted Christianity as the state religion of Iberia, beginning the Christianization of the Western Caucasus region and solidly anchoring it in Rome's sphere of influence by abandoning the ancient <a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian polytheistic religion</a> heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Acilisene" title="Peace of Acilisene">Peace of Acilisene</a> in 384 formalized the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a> control over the entire Caucasus, though Christian rulers of Iberia sought to rebel at times, leading to devastating wars in the 5–6th centuries, most famously under the rule of King <a href="/wiki/Vakhtang_I_of_Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vakhtang I of Iberia">Vakhtang Gorgasali</a> who expanded Iberia to its largest historical extent by capturing all of western Georgia and building a new capital in <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_unification_of_Georgia">Medieval unification of Georgia</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Near_Mestia,_Svan_towers_(35252565354).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Near_Mestia%2C_Svan_towers_%2835252565354%29.jpg/220px-Near_Mestia%2C_Svan_towers_%2835252565354%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Near_Mestia%2C_Svan_towers_%2835252565354%29.jpg/330px-Near_Mestia%2C_Svan_towers_%2835252565354%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Near_Mestia%2C_Svan_towers_%2835252565354%29.jpg/440px-Near_Mestia%2C_Svan_towers_%2835252565354%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Northwestern Georgia is home to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> defensive <a href="/wiki/Svan_towers" title="Svan towers">Svan towers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ushguli" title="Ushguli">Ushguli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mestia" title="Mestia">Mestia</a>.</figcaption></figure> In 580, the Sasanian Empire abolished the Kingdom of Iberia, leading to the disintegration of its constituent territories into various feudal regions by the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">early Middle Ages</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars" title="Roman–Persian Wars">Roman–Persian Wars</a> plunged the region into chaos, with both <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> supporting various warring factions in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>; however, the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> was able to establish control over Georgian territories by the end of the 6th century, ruling Iberia indirectly through a local <a href="/wiki/Kouropalates" title="Kouropalates">Kouropalates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> In 645, the Arabs invaded southeastern Georgia, starting an <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">extended period of Muslim domination</a> in the region; this also led to the establishment of several feudal states seeking independence from each other, such as the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Tbilisi" title="Emirate of Tbilisi">Emirate of Tbilisi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti-Hereti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti">Principality of Kakheti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> Western Georgia remained mostly a Byzantine protectorate, especially following the <a href="/wiki/Lazic_War" title="Lazic War">Lazic War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_Gelati_Monastery_(48743471618).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_Gelati_Monastery_%2848743471618%29.jpg/220px-%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_Gelati_Monastery_%2848743471618%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_Gelati_Monastery_%2848743471618%29.jpg/330px-%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_Gelati_Monastery_%2848743471618%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_Gelati_Monastery_%2848743471618%29.jpg/440px-%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_Gelati_Monastery_%2848743471618%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gelati_Monastery" title="Gelati Monastery">Gelati Monastery</a>, a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>.</figcaption></figure> The lack of a central government in Georgia allowed the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Bagrationi_dynasty" title="Bagrationi dynasty">Bagrationi dynasty</a> in the early 9th century. Consolidating lands in the southwestern region of <a href="/wiki/Tao-Klarjeti" title="Tao-Klarjeti">Tao-Klarjeti</a>, Prince <a href="/wiki/Ashot_I_of_Iberia" title="Ashot I of Iberia">Ashot I</a> (813–830) used infighting between Arab governors to expand his influence to Iberia and was recognized as Presiding Prince of Iberia by both the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> and the Byzantine Empire. Though Ashot's descendants formed competing princely lines, <a href="/wiki/Adarnase_IV_of_Iberia" title="Adarnase IV of Iberia">Adarnase IV</a> managed to unify most Georgian lands (except for Kakheti and Abkhazia) and was crowned <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Iberians" title="Kingdom of the Iberians">King of the Iberians</a> in <a href="/wiki/AD_888" title="AD 888">888</a>, restoring the monarchy abolished three centuries prior.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> In Western Georgia, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Abkhazia" title="Kingdom of Abkhazia">Kingdom of Abkhazia</a> benefited from the weakening of Byzantium in the region to unify various tribes and become one of the most powerful states of the Caucasus in the 8th century.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> In the 9th-10th centuries, Abkhazia grew its influence through several military campaigns and came to control much of Iberia and competing with the Bagrationi. Dynastic conflicts eventually weakened Abkhazia in the second half of the 10th century while in Tao-Klarjeti, Prince <a href="/wiki/David_III_of_Tao" title="David III of Tao">David III</a> used his influence within <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Anatolia" title="Byzantine Anatolia">Byzantine Anatolia</a> to empower the Bagrationi. Bagrat III, heir of the Bagrationi dynasty, successively became King of Abkhazia (978), Prince of Tao-Klarjeti (<a href="/wiki/AD_1000" title="AD 1000">1000</a>), and King of the Iberians (1008), allowing him to unify most Georgian feudal states and be crowned in 1010 as <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Georgia" title="List of monarchs of Georgia">King of Georgia</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Golden_Age_and_Division">Golden Age and Division</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_IV,_fresco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/David_IV%2C_fresco.jpg/170px-David_IV%2C_fresco.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="380" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/David_IV%2C_fresco.jpg/255px-David_IV%2C_fresco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/David_IV%2C_fresco.jpg/340px-David_IV%2C_fresco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="888" data-file-height="1987" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/David_IV_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="David IV of Georgia">David the Builder</a>, the original architect of the Golden Age. Fresco from <a href="/wiki/Gelati_monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelati monastery">Gelati monastery</a>.</figcaption></figure> For much of the 11th century, the nascent Georgian kingdom experienced geopolitical and internal difficulties, with various noble factions opposed to the centralization of the Georgian state. They were often backed by the Byzantine Empire, which feared a dominion of the Caucasus region by the Bagrationi dynasty, and in some instances fueled internal conflict through aristocratic families seeking more power. However, ties between Byzantium and Georgia were normalized when the two countries faced a new common enemy, the rising <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a> in the 1060s. Following the decisive Byzantine defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert" title="Battle of Manzikert">Battle of Manzikert</a> in 1071, Constantinople started to retreat from eastern Anatolia and entrusted Georgia with its administration, placing Georgia <a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Seljuk_wars" title="Georgian–Seljuk wars">at the forefront</a> of Turkish in the 1080s. The Kingdom of Georgia reached its zenith in the 12th to early 13th centuries. This period during the reigns of <a href="/wiki/David_IV_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="David IV of Georgia">David IV</a> (r. 1089–1125) and his great-granddaughter <a href="/wiki/Tamar_of_Georgia" title="Tamar of Georgia">Tamar</a> (r. 1184–1213) has been widely termed as the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Golden_Age" title="Georgian Golden Age">Georgian Golden Age</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> This early Georgian renaissance, which preceded its Western European analog, was characterized by impressive military victories, territorial expansion, and a cultural renaissance in architecture, literature, philosophy and the sciences.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> The Golden Age of Georgia left a legacy of great cathedrals, romantic poetry and literature, and the epic poem <a href="/wiki/The_Knight_in_the_Panther%27s_Skin" title="The Knight in the Panther's Skin">The Knight in the Panther's Skin</a>, considered a national epic.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> David IV suppressed dissent of feudal lords and centralized power in his hands to effectively deal with foreign threats. In 1121, he decisively defeated much larger Turkish armies during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Didgori" title="Battle of Didgori">Battle of Didgori</a> and abolished the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Tbilisi" title="Emirate of Tbilisi">Emirate of Tbilisi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-javaxisvili-62">[60]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamar_(Vardzia_fresco_detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Tamar_%28Vardzia_fresco_detail%29.jpg/170px-Tamar_%28Vardzia_fresco_detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Tamar_%28Vardzia_fresco_detail%29.jpg/255px-Tamar_%28Vardzia_fresco_detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Tamar_%28Vardzia_fresco_detail%29.jpg/340px-Tamar_%28Vardzia_fresco_detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="759" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tamar_of_Georgia" title="Tamar of Georgia">Queen Tamar</a>, the first woman to rule medieval Georgia in her own right.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEastmond2010109-63">[61]</a></figcaption></figure> The 29-year reign of Tamar, the first female ruler of Georgia, is considered the most successful in Georgian history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEastmond201093-64">[62]</a> Tamar was given the title "king of kings"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEastmond2010109-63">[61]</a> and succeeded in neutralizing her opposition, while embarking on an energetic foreign policy aided by the downfall of the rival powers of the Seljuks and Byzantium. Supported by a powerful military élite, Tamar was able to build on the successes of her predecessors to consolidate an empire that dominated the Caucasus, and extended over large parts of present-day Azerbaijan, Armenia, eastern Turkey, and northern Iran, and used the vacuum of power left by the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> to create the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</a> as a Georgian vassal state.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> The revival of the Kingdom of Georgia was set back after Tbilisi was captured and destroyed by the Khwarezmian leader <a href="/wiki/Jalal_al-Din_Mangburni" title="Jalal al-Din Mangburni">Jalal ad-Din</a> in 1226,<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> followed by devastating invasions by Mongol ruler <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>. The Mongols were expelled by <a href="/wiki/George_V_of_Georgia" title="George V of Georgia">George V the Brilliant</a> (r. 1299–1302), known for reuniting eastern and western Georgia and restoring the country's previous strength and Christian culture. After his death, local rulers fought for their independence from central Georgian rule, until the total disintegration of the kingdom in the 15th century. Georgia was further weakened by several disastrous invasions by <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a>. Invasions continued, giving the kingdom no time for restoration, with both <a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a> Turkomans constantly raiding its southern provinces. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tripartite_division">Tripartite division</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_III_by_Castelli_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Alexander_III_by_Castelli_%282%29.jpg/170px-Alexander_III_by_Castelli_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Alexander_III_by_Castelli_%282%29.jpg/255px-Alexander_III_by_Castelli_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Alexander_III_by_Castelli_%282%29.jpg/340px-Alexander_III_by_Castelli_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Imereti" title="Alexander III of Imereti">Alexander III</a> stabilized western Georgia.</figcaption></figure> The Kingdom of Georgia <a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Georgian_realm" title="Collapse of the Georgian realm">collapsed</a> into anarchy by 1466 and fragmented into three independent kingdoms and five semi-independent <a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">principalities</a>. Neighboring large empires subsequently exploited the internal division of the weakened country, and beginning in the 16th century, various Ottoman and Iranian forces subjugated western and eastern regions of Georgia, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2015xxxi-67">[65]</a> This pushed local Georgian rulers to seek closer ties with Russia. In 1649, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Kingdom of Imereti</a> sent ambassadors to the Russian royal court, with Russia returning the favor in 1651. In the presence of these ambassadors, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Imereti" title="Alexander III of Imereti">Alexander III of Imereti</a> swore an oath of allegiance to Tsar <a href="/wiki/Alexis_of_Russia" title="Alexis of Russia">Alexis of Russia</a> on behalf of Imereti.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> Subsequent rulers also sought assistance from Pope <a href="/wiki/Innocent_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Innocent XII">Innocent XII</a> but without success.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> The rulers of regions that remained partly <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomous</a> organized rebellions on various occasions. As a result of incessant <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars" title="Ottoman–Persian Wars">Ottoman–Persian Wars</a> and deportations, the population of Georgia dwindled to 784,700 inhabitants at the end of the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Georgia_(country)" title="Eastern Georgia (country)">Eastern Georgia</a>, composed of the regions of <a href="/wiki/Kartli" title="Kartli">Kartli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kakheti" title="Kakheti">Kakheti</a>, had been under Iranian <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Amasya" title="Peace of Amasya">Peace of Amasya</a> signed with neighboring rivalling Ottoman Turkey (<a href="/wiki/Safavid_Georgia" title="Safavid Georgia">Safavid Georgia</a>). With the death of <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah">Nader Shah</a> in 1747, both kingdoms broke free and were reunified through <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">a personal union</a> under the energetic king <a href="/wiki/Heraclius_II_of_Georgia" title="Heraclius II of Georgia">Heraclius II</a>, who succeeded in stabilizing Eastern Georgia to a degree.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991328-71">[69]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erekle_II_(crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Erekle_II_%28crop%29.jpg/170px-Erekle_II_%28crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Erekle_II_%28crop%29.jpg/255px-Erekle_II_%28crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Erekle_II_%28crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Heraclius_II_of_Georgia" title="Heraclius II of Georgia">Heraclius II</a> was caught between rival regional powers.</figcaption></figure> In 1783, Russia and the eastern Georgian <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Georgievsk" title="Treaty of Georgievsk">Treaty of Georgievsk</a>, which made eastern Georgia a protectorate of Russia, guaranteed its territorial integrity and the continuation of its reigning Bagrationi dynasty in return for prerogatives in the conduct of Georgian foreign affairs.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> Despite its commitment to defend Georgia, Russia rendered no assistance when the <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Iranians</a> invaded in 1795, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krtsanisi" title="Battle of Krtsanisi">capturing and sacking Tbilisi</a> and massacring its inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> Although Russia initiated a <a href="/wiki/Persian_Expedition_of_1796" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Expedition of 1796">punitive campaign against Persia</a> in 1796, the Russian Imperial authorities subsequently violated key promises of the Georgievsk Treaty and in 1801 proceeded to annex eastern Georgia, while abolishing the Georgian royal <a href="/wiki/Bagrationi_dynasty" title="Bagrationi dynasty">Bagrationi dynasty</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">autocephaly</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Georgian Orthodox Church</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Bagration" title="Pyotr Bagration">Pyotr Bagration</a>, one of the descendants of the abolished house of Bagrationi, later joined the Russian army and became a prominent general in the Napoleonic wars.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Within_the_Russian_Empire">Within the Russian Empire</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_XII_of_Georgia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/George_XII_of_Georgia.jpg/170px-George_XII_of_Georgia.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/George_XII_of_Georgia.jpg/255px-George_XII_of_Georgia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/George_XII_of_Georgia.jpg/340px-George_XII_of_Georgia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>The reign of <a href="/wiki/George_XII_of_Georgia" title="George XII of Georgia">George XII</a> was marked by instability.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Georgia_within_the_Russian_Empire" title="Georgia within the Russian Empire">Georgia within the Russian Empire</a></div> On 22 December 1800, <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia" title="Paul I of Russia">Paul I of Russia</a>, at the alleged request of the Georgian King <a href="/wiki/Giorgi_XII_of_Kartli-Kakheti" class="mw-redirect" title="Giorgi XII of Kartli-Kakheti">George XII</a>, signed the proclamation on the incorporation of Georgia (Kartli-Kakheti) within the Russian Empire, which was finalized by a decree on 8 January 1801,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGvosdev200085-75">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvalov1906186-76">[74]</a> and confirmed by Tsar <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a> on 12 September 1801.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGvosdev200086-77">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang1957249-78">[76]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bagrationi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagrationi">Bagrationi</a> royal family was deported from the kingdom. The Georgian envoy in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> reacted with a note of protest that was presented to the Russian vice-chancellor, Prince Kurakin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang1957251-79">[77]</a> In May 1801, under the oversight of General Carl Heinrich von Knorring, Imperial Russia transferred power in eastern Georgia to the government headed by General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Petrovich_Lazarev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Petrovich Lazarev (page does not exist)">Ivan Petrovich Lazarev</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang1957247-80">[78]</a> The Georgian nobility did not accept the decree until 12 April 1802, when Knorring assembled the nobility at the <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_Sioni_Cathedral" title="Tbilisi Sioni Cathedral">Sioni Cathedral</a> and forced them to take an oath on the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crown_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Crown of Russia">Imperial Crown of Russia</a>. Those who disagreed were temporarily arrested.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang1957252-81">[79]</a> In the summer of 1805, Russian troops on the Askerani River near Zagam defeated the Iranian army during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%9313)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–13)">1804–13 Russo-Persian War</a> and saved Tbilisi from reconquest now that it was officially part of the Imperial territories. Russian suzerainty over eastern Georgia was officially finalized with Iran in 1813 following the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan" title="Treaty of Gulistan">Treaty of Gulistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> Following the annexation of eastern Georgia, the western Georgian <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">kingdom of Imereti</a> was annexed by Tsar Alexander I. The last Imeretian king and the last Georgian Bagrationi ruler, <a href="/wiki/Solomon_II_of_Imereti" class="mw-redirect" title="Solomon II of Imereti">Solomon II</a>, died in exile in 1815, after attempts to rally people against Russia and to enlist foreign support against the latter, had been in vain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny199464-83">[81]</a> From 1803 to 1878, as a result of numerous Russian wars now against <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkey">Ottoman Turkey</a>, several of Georgia's previously lost territories – such as <a href="/wiki/Adjara" title="Adjara">Adjara</a> – were recovered, and also incorporated into the empire. The principality of <a href="/wiki/Guria" title="Guria">Guria</a> was abolished and incorporated into the Empire in 1829, while <a href="/wiki/Svaneti" title="Svaneti">Svaneti</a> was gradually annexed in 1858. <a href="/wiki/Samegrelo" class="mw-redirect" title="Samegrelo">Mingrelia</a>, although a Russian protectorate since 1803, was not absorbed until 1867.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> Russian rule offered the Georgians security from external threats, but it was also often heavy-handed and insensitive. By the late 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Svaneti_uprising_of_1875%E2%80%931876" title="Svaneti uprising of 1875–1876">discontent with the Russian authorities</a> grew into a national revival movement led by <a href="/wiki/Ilia_Chavchavadze" title="Ilia Chavchavadze">Ilia Chavchavadze</a>. This period also brought social and economic change to Georgia, with new social classes emerging: the emancipation of the <a href="/wiki/Serfs" class="mw-redirect" title="Serfs">serfs</a> freed many peasants but did little to alleviate their poverty; the growth of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> created an urban working class in Georgia. Both peasants and workers found expression for their discontent through revolts and strikes, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_1905" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolution of 1905">Revolution of 1905</a>. Their cause was championed by the <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> <a href="/wiki/Menshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Menshevik">Mensheviks</a>, who became the dominant political force in Georgia in the final years of Russian rule. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Declaration_of_independence">Declaration of independence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Democratic Republic of Georgia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Noe_Schordania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Noe_Schordania.jpg/170px-Noe_Schordania.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Noe_Schordania.jpg/255px-Noe_Schordania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Noe_Schordania.jpg/340px-Noe_Schordania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="692" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Noe_Zhordania" title="Noe Zhordania">Noe Zhordania</a></figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> of 1917, the <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Democratic_Federative_Republic" title="Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic">Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic</a> was established with <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Chkheidze" title="Nikolay Chkheidze">Nikolay Chkheidze</a> acting as its president. The federation consisted of three nations: Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan.<a href="#cite_note-Soviet_power-19">[17]</a> As the Ottomans advanced into the Caucasian territories of the crumbling Russian Empire, Georgia declared independence on 26 May 1918.<a href="#cite_note-:0-85">[83]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Menshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Menshevik">Menshevik</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Georgia" title="Social Democratic Party of Georgia">Social Democratic Party of Georgia</a> won the parliamentary election and its leader, <a href="/wiki/Noe_Zhordania" title="Noe Zhordania">Noe Zhordania</a>, became prime minister. Despite the Soviet takeover, Zhordania was recognized as the legitimate head of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia_in_Exile" title="Government of the Democratic Republic of Georgia in Exile">Georgian Government</a> by France, UK, Belgium, and Poland through the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> The 1918 <a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Armenian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian–Armenian War">Georgian–Armenian War</a>, which erupted over parts of disputed provinces between Armenia and Georgia populated mostly by Armenians, ended because of British intervention. In 1918–1919, Georgian general <a href="/wiki/Giorgi_Mazniashvili" title="Giorgi Mazniashvili">Giorgi Mazniashvili</a> led an attack against the <a href="/wiki/White_Army" title="White Army">White Army</a> led by Moiseev and Denikin to claim the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> coastline from <a href="/wiki/Tuapse" title="Tuapse">Tuapse</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sochi" title="Sochi">Sochi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adlersky_City_District" title="Adlersky City District">Adler</a> for independent Georgia.<a href="#cite_note-shirokov-87">[85]</a> In 1920 <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Soviet Russia</a> recognized Georgia's independence with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Moscow_(1920)" title="Treaty of Moscow (1920)">Treaty of Moscow</a>. But the recognition proved to be of little value, as the Red Army <a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">invaded Georgia in 1921</a> and formally annexed it into the Soviet Union in 1922.<a href="#cite_note-:0-85">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_Socialist_Republic">Soviet Socialist Republic</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian Affair">Georgian Affair</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Army_in_Tiflis_Feb_25_1921.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Red_Army_in_Tiflis_Feb_25_1921.jpg/220px-Red_Army_in_Tiflis_Feb_25_1921.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Red_Army_in_Tiflis_Feb_25_1921.jpg/330px-Red_Army_in_Tiflis_Feb_25_1921.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Red_Army_in_Tiflis_Feb_25_1921.jpg/440px-Red_Army_in_Tiflis_Feb_25_1921.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1781" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik Russia">Bolshevik</a> <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> in Tbilisi on <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Occupation_Day,_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Occupation Day, Georgia">25 February 1921</a>. Saint David's church on the <a href="/wiki/Mtatsminda_Pantheon" title="Mtatsminda Pantheon">Holy Mountain</a> is visible in the distance.</figcaption></figure> In February 1921, during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army advanced into Georgia</a> and brought the local Bolsheviks to power. The Georgian army was defeated, and the Social Democratic government fled the country. On <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Occupation_Day,_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Occupation Day, Georgia">25 February 1921</a>, the Red Army entered Tbilisi and established a government of workers' and peasants' <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">soviets</a> with <a href="/wiki/Filipp_Makharadze" title="Filipp Makharadze">Filipp Makharadze</a> as acting head of state. Georgia was incorporated into what would soon become the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. Soviet rule was firmly established only after local insurrections were defeated.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> Georgia would remain an unindustrialized periphery of the USSR until the <a href="/wiki/First_five-year_plan" title="First five-year plan">first five-year plan</a> (1928–1932), when it became a major centre for textile goods. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, an ethnic Georgian, was prominent among the Bolsheviks,<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> ultimately becoming the de facto leader of the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death on 5 March 1953. Fellow Georgians such as <a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Lavrentiy Beria">Lavrentiy Beria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Merkulov" title="Vsevolod Merkulov">Vsevolod Merkulov</a> likewise held powerful positions in the Soviet government. Stalin's <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> between 1936 and 1938 led to thousands of Georgian dissidents, intellectuals, and other presumed threats to Soviet authority being executed or sent to <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag penal labor camps</a>, severely truncating the nation's cultural and intellectual life.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> led an <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Barbarosa">Axis invasion of the Soviet Union</a> in June 1941 with the aim of conquering all territory up to the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a>. As the initial operation stalled, the Axis launched the <a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Fall Blau</a> offensive in 1942 to take control of strategic Caucasian oil fields and munitions factories; ultimately, Axis troops were stopped before reaching Georgian borders. Over 700,000 Georgians—constituting about 20 percent of the population—fought in the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> to repel the invaders and advance towards Berlin; an estimated 350,000 were killed.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Joseph_Stalin" title="Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin">Stalin's death</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> became the leader of the Soviet Union and implemented a policy of <a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">de-Stalinization</a>. Khrushchev's purges were met with <a href="/wiki/1956_Georgian_demonstrations" title="1956 Georgian demonstrations">riots</a> in Tbilisi that had to be dispersed by military force. This violent turn of events that compromised Georgian loyalty to the Soviet Union, contributing to the nation's consolidation.<a href="#cite_note-a&c-92">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/1978_Georgian_demonstrations" title="1978 Georgian demonstrations">1978 Georgian demonstrations</a> saw the return of mass anti-Soviet protests, but this time government backed down. Throughout the remainder of the Soviet period, Georgia's economy continued to grow and experience significant improvement, though it increasingly exhibited blatant corruption and alienation of the government from the people. With the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a> in 1986, the Georgian Soviet leadership proved so incapable of handling the changes that most Georgians, including <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/rank_and_file" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/rank and file">rank and file</a> communists, concluded that the only way forward was a break from the existing Soviet system. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restoration_of_independence">Restoration of independence</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1993_Georgia_war1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/1993_Georgia_war1.svg/220px-1993_Georgia_war1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/1993_Georgia_war1.svg/330px-1993_Georgia_war1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/1993_Georgia_war1.svg/440px-1993_Georgia_war1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1940" data-file-height="1370" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Civil_War" title="Georgian Civil War">Georgian Civil War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">War in Abkhazia</a> in August–October 1993</figcaption></figure> Starting in 1988, mass protests erupted in Georgia in favor of independence, led by <a href="/wiki/Georgian_nationalism" title="Georgian nationalism">Georgian nationalists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Merab_Kostava" title="Merab Kostava">Merab Kostava</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zviad_Gamsakhurdia" title="Zviad Gamsakhurdia">Zviad Gamsakhurdia</a>. The following year, the <a href="/wiki/April_9_tragedy" title="April 9 tragedy">brutal suppression by Soviet forces of a large peaceful demonstration held in Tbilisi on 4–9 April 1989</a> proved to be a pivotal event in discrediting the continuation of Soviet rule over the country.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> In October 1990, the first multi-party <a href="/wiki/1990_Georgian_Supreme_Soviet_election" title="1990 Georgian Supreme Soviet election">elections</a> were held in Soviet Georgia, which were the first multi-party elections in the entire Soviet Union, in which the opposition groups were registered as formal political parties.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Round_Table%E2%80%94Free_Georgia" title="Round Table—Free Georgia">Round Table—Free Georgia</a> coalition led by Zviad Gamsakhurdia secured victory in this election and formed a new government. On 9 April 1991, shortly before the collapse of the Soviet Union, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_the_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Supreme Council of the Republic of Georgia">Supreme Council</a> of Georgia <a href="/w/index.php?title=Act_of_Restoration_of_State_Independence_of_Georgia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Act of Restoration of State Independence of Georgia (page does not exist)">declared independence</a> [<a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%93%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" class="extiw" title="ka:საქართველოს სახელმწიფოებრივი დამოუკიდებლობის აღდგენის აქტი">ka</a>] after a <a href="/wiki/Georgian_independence_referendum,_1991" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian independence referendum, 1991">referendum</a> held on 31 March.<a href="#cite_note-GovtofGeorgia-95">[93]</a> Georgia was the first non-<a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic</a> republic of the Soviet Union to officially declare independence,<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> with Romania becoming the first country to recognize Georgia in August 1991.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> On 26 May, Gamsakhurdia was elected president in the <a href="/wiki/1991_Georgian_presidential_election" title="1991 Georgian presidential election">first presidential election</a> with 86.5% of the vote on a turnout of over 83%.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> Gamsakhurdia was soon deposed in a <a href="/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392_Georgian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1991–92 Georgian coup d'état">bloody coup d'état</a>, from 22 December 1991 to 6 January 1992. The coup was instigated by part of the <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_of_Georgia" title="National Guard of Georgia">National Guard</a> and a paramilitary organization called "<a href="/wiki/Mkhedrioni" title="Mkhedrioni">Mkhedrioni</a>" ("horsemen"). The country then became embroiled in a bitter <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Civil_War" title="Georgian Civil War">civil war</a>, which lasted until December 1993. Simmering disputes within two regions of Georgia; <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>, between local separatists and the majority Georgian populations, erupted into widespread inter-ethnic violence and wars.<a href="#cite_note-princeton-99">[97]</a> Supported by Russia, Abkhazia and South Ossetia achieved de facto independence from Georgia, with Georgia retaining control only in small areas of the disputed territories.<a href="#cite_note-princeton-99">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze">Eduard Shevardnadze</a> (Soviet <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a> from 1985 to 1991) was named as the head of Georgia's new government in March 1992<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> and was elected as head of state in <a href="/wiki/1992_Georgian_general_election" title="1992 Georgian general election">that year's elections</a>, later as president in <a href="/wiki/1995_Georgian_presidential_election" title="1995 Georgian presidential election">1995</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)</a>, roughly 230,000 to 250,000 Georgians<a href="#cite_note-hrwreport-102">[100]</a> were expelled from Abkhazia by Abkhaz separatists and North Caucasian militants (including Chechens). Around 23,000 Georgians fled South Ossetia.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> By 1994, Georgia was facing a severe economic crisis, with bread rations and shortages of electricity, water and heat.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georgia,_Tbilisi_-_Rose_Revolution_(2003).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Georgia%2C_Tbilisi_-_Rose_Revolution_%282003%29.jpg/220px-Georgia%2C_Tbilisi_-_Rose_Revolution_%282003%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Georgia%2C_Tbilisi_-_Rose_Revolution_%282003%29.jpg/330px-Georgia%2C_Tbilisi_-_Rose_Revolution_%282003%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Georgia%2C_Tbilisi_-_Rose_Revolution_%282003%29.jpg/440px-Georgia%2C_Tbilisi_-_Rose_Revolution_%282003%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="916" data-file-height="687" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Rose_Revolution" title="Rose Revolution">Rose Revolution</a> in 2003</figcaption></figure> In 2003, Shevardnadze (who won re-election in 2000) was deposed by the <a href="/wiki/Rose_Revolution" title="Rose Revolution">Rose Revolution</a>, after Georgian opposition and international monitors asserted that 2 November parliamentary elections were marred by fraud.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> The revolution was led by <a href="/wiki/Mikheil_Saakashvili" title="Mikheil Saakashvili">Mikheil Saakashvili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zurab_Zhvania" title="Zurab Zhvania">Zurab Zhvania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nino_Burjanadze" title="Nino Burjanadze">Nino Burjanadze</a>, former members and leaders of Shevardnadze's ruling party. Mikheil Saakashvili was elected as President of Georgia in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> Following the Rose Revolution, a series of reforms were launched to strengthen the country's military and economic capabilities, as well as to reorient its foreign policy westwards. The new government's efforts to reassert Georgian authority in the southwestern autonomous republic of <a href="/wiki/Adjara" title="Adjara">Adjara</a> led to a major <a href="/wiki/Ajaria_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajaria Crisis">crisis</a> in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> The country's newly pro-Western stance, along with accusations of Georgian involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a>,<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> resulted in a severe deterioration of <a href="/wiki/Georgia-Russia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia-Russia relations">relations with Russia</a>, fueled also by Russia's open assistance and support to the two secessionist areas. Despite these increasingly difficult relations, in May 2005 Georgia and Russia reached a bilateral agreement<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> by which Russian military bases (dating back to the Soviet era) in <a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akhalkalaki" title="Akhalkalaki">Akhalkalaki</a> were withdrawn. Russia withdrew all personnel and equipment from these sites by December 2007<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> while failing to withdraw from the <a href="/wiki/Gudauta" title="Gudauta">Gudauta</a> base in Abkhazia, which it was required to vacate after the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Adapted_Conventional_Armed_Forces_in_Europe_Treaty" title="Adapted Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty">Adapted Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty</a> during the <a href="/wiki/1999_Istanbul_summit" title="1999 Istanbul summit">1999 Istanbul summit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russo-Georgian_War">Russo-Georgian War</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Ossetia_war_russian_tank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/South_Ossetia_war_russian_tank.jpg/220px-South_Ossetia_war_russian_tank.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/South_Ossetia_war_russian_tank.jpg/330px-South_Ossetia_war_russian_tank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/South_Ossetia_war_russian_tank.jpg/440px-South_Ossetia_war_russian_tank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="583" /></a><figcaption>A Russian armoured column in South Ossetia.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia" title="International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia">International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia</a></div> There was a <a href="/wiki/2008_Russo-Georgian_diplomatic_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Russo-Georgian diplomatic crisis">Russo-Georgian diplomatic crisis</a> in April 2008.<a href="#cite_note-shelling-112">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-tall_order-113">[111]</a> A bomb explosion on 1 August 2008 targeted a car transporting Georgian peacekeepers. South Ossetians were responsible for instigating this incident, which marked the opening of hostilities and injured five Georgian servicemen, then several South Ossetian militiamen were killed by snipers.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-feud-115">[113]</a> South Ossetian separatists began shelling Georgian villages on 1 August. These artillery bombardments caused Georgian servicemen to return fire periodically.<a href="#cite_note-shelling-112">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-feud-115">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Allison-117">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> On 7 August 2008, the Georgian president Mikheil Saakashvili announced a unilateral <a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">ceasefire</a> and called for peace talks.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> More attacks on Georgian villages (located in the South Ossetian conflict zone) were soon matched with gunfire from Georgian troops, who then proceeded to move in the direction of the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Self-proclaimed" title="Self-proclaimed">self-proclaimed</a> Republic of South Ossetia (<a href="/wiki/Tskhinvali" title="Tskhinvali">Tskhinvali</a>) on the night of 8 August, reaching its centre in the morning of 8 August.<a href="#cite_note-Jamestown_Goals-120">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-122">[120]</a> According to Russian military expert <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Felgenhauer" title="Pavel Felgenhauer">Pavel Felgenhauer</a>, the Ossetian provocation was aimed at triggering Georgian retaliation, which was needed as a <a href="/wiki/Pretext" title="Pretext">pretext</a> for a Russian military invasion.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> According to Georgian intelligence and several Russian media reports, parts of the regular (non-peacekeeping) Russian Army had already moved to South Ossetian territory through the <a href="/wiki/Roki_Tunnel" title="Roki Tunnel">Roki Tunnel</a> before the Georgian military action.<a href="#cite_note-NYTFreshev-124">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> Russia accused Georgia of "aggression against South Ossetia" and began a large land, air and sea invasion of Georgia under the pretext of a "<a href="/wiki/Peace_enforcement" title="Peace enforcement">peace enforcement</a>" operation on 8 August 2008.<a href="#cite_note-roudik-126">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-Allison-117">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Abkhazia">Abkhaz forces</a> opened a second front on 9 August with the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Kodori_Valley" title="Battle of the Kodori Valley">Battle of the Kodori Valley</a>, an attack on the Kodori Gorge, held by Georgia.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> Tskhinvali was seized by the Russian military by 10 August.<a href="#cite_note-radar-128">[126]</a> Russian forces occupied Georgian cities beyond the disputed territories.<a href="#cite_note-new_front_deeper-129">[127]</a> During the conflict, there was a campaign of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing_of_Georgians_in_South_Ossetia" title="Ethnic cleansing of Georgians in South Ossetia">ethnic cleansing against Georgians in South Ossetia</a>, including destruction of Georgian settlements after the war had ended.<a href="#cite_note-Fact-finding-130">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-Damage-131">[129]</a> The war displaced 192,000 people and while many were able to return to their homes after the war, a year later around 30,000 ethnic Georgians remained displaced.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> In an interview published in Kommersant, South Ossetian leader <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Kokoity" title="Eduard Kokoity">Eduard Kokoity</a> said he would not allow Georgians to return.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> The <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President of France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a>, negotiated a ceasefire agreement on 12 August 2008.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> Russia recognized Abkhazia and South Ossetia as separate republics on 26 August.<a href="#cite_note-kremlin-137">[135]</a> The Georgian government severed diplomatic relations with Russia.<a href="#cite_note-break-138">[136]</a> Russian forces left the buffer areas bordering Abkhazia and South Ossetia on 8 October and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Monitoring_Mission_in_Georgia" title="European Union Monitoring Mission in Georgia">European Union Monitoring Mission in Georgia</a> was dispatched to the buffer areas.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> Since the war, Georgia has maintained that Abkhazia and South Ossetia are <a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_in_Georgia" title="Russian-occupied territories in Georgia">occupied Georgian territories</a>.<a href="#cite_note-parliament.ge-141">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Georgian_Dream_government_(2012–present)">Georgian Dream government (2012–present)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bidzina_Ivanishvili_2013-07-19.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bidzina_Ivanishvili_2013-07-19.jpg/170px-Bidzina_Ivanishvili_2013-07-19.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bidzina_Ivanishvili_2013-07-19.jpg/255px-Bidzina_Ivanishvili_2013-07-19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bidzina_Ivanishvili_2013-07-19.jpg/340px-Bidzina_Ivanishvili_2013-07-19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="930" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bidzina_Ivanishvili" title="Bidzina Ivanishvili">Bidzina Ivanishvili</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Dream" title="Georgian Dream">Georgian Dream</a>.</figcaption></figure> In preparation for the <a href="/wiki/2012_Georgian_parliamentary_election" title="2012 Georgian parliamentary election">2012 parliamentary elections</a>, Georgia implemented constitutional reforms to switch to a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary democracy</a>, moving executive powers from the President to the Prime Minister.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> The transition was set to start with the October 2012 parliamentary elections and to be completed with the <a href="/wiki/2013_Georgian_presidential_election" title="2013 Georgian presidential election">2013 presidential elections</a>. Against the expectations of the ruling United National Movement (UNM) of president Mikheil Saakashvili, a 6-party <a href="/wiki/Coalition#Government_and_politics" title="Coalition">coalition</a> centred around the newly founded <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Dream" title="Georgian Dream">Georgian Dream</a> party won the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_parliamentary_election,_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian parliamentary election, 2012">parliamentary elections in October 2012</a>, bringing an end to nine years of UNM rule and marking the first peaceful electoral transfer of power in Georgia. President Saakashvili acknowledged the defeat of his party on the following day.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> Georgian Dream was founded, led and financed by tycoon <a href="/wiki/Bidzina_Ivanishvili" title="Bidzina Ivanishvili">Bidzina Ivanishvili</a>, the country's richest man, who was subsequently elected by parliament as new Prime Minister.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> Due to the incomplete transition to parliamentary democracy, a year of uneasy <a href="/wiki/Cohabitation_(government)" title="Cohabitation (government)">cohabitation</a> between Ivanishvili and Saakashvili followed until the <a href="/wiki/2013_Georgian_presidential_election" title="2013 Georgian presidential election">presidential election in October 2013</a>,<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> which was won by <a href="/wiki/Giorgi_Margvelashvili" title="Giorgi Margvelashvili">Giorgi Margvelashvili</a> from the Georgian Dream party.<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> With the completed transfer of power, Prime Minister Ivanishvili stepped aside and named one of his close business associates, <a href="/wiki/Irakli_Garibashvili" title="Irakli Garibashvili">Irakli Garibashvili</a>, as the next prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> Ivanishvili has since been called the informal leader of Georgia, arranging political reappointments from behind the scenes.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> Saakashvili left Georgia shortly after the election. In 2018, he was convicted in absentia on corruption charges and abuse of power, which he denied.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> Georgian Dream won the <a href="/wiki/2016_Georgian_parliamentary_election" title="2016 Georgian parliamentary election">parliamentary elections</a> with 48.61% of the vote while UNM received 27.04%.<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> As result of the mixed proportional-majoritarian voting system, this translated into a parliamentary <a href="/wiki/Supermajority" title="Supermajority">supermajority</a> of 115 out of 150 seats (77%). This electoral imbalance became a key issue of political and civil society strife in the following years.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2018_Georgian_presidential_election" title="2018 Georgian presidential election">2018 presidential election</a>, the Georgian Dream party backed <a href="/wiki/Salome_Zourabichvili" title="Salome Zourabichvili">Salome Zurabishvili</a>, who won in the second round, becoming the first woman in Georgia to hold the office in full capacity.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> This was the last direct election of a Georgian president, as additional constitutional reforms removed the popular vote.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> After international mediation to overcome the deep political crisis in the run-up to the 2020 parliamentary elections, an amended electoral system was adopted, specifically for the <a href="/wiki/2020_Georgian_parliamentary_election" title="2020 Georgian parliamentary election">2020 elections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> Nine parties were elected to parliament. Georgian Dream secured over 48% of votes, which translated into 90 out of 150 seats. They were thus able to continue to govern alone. The opposition made accusations of fraud, which Georgian Dream denied. Thousands of people gathered outside the Central Election Commission to demand a new vote.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> This led to a new political crisis that was (temporarily) resolved by an EU brokered agreement,<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> from which the Georgian Dream later withdrew.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> In February 2021, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Giorgi_Gakharia" title="Giorgi Gakharia">Giorgi Gakharia</a> resigned and Irakli Garibashvili became Prime Minister once more.<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Georgia and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">During the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022</a>, Georgian provided diplomatic and humanitarian support for Ukraine but did not join other countries in imposing sanctions on Russia. Since the beginning of war Georgia has topped the list of countries which <a href="/wiki/Russian_emigration_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian emigration during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian exiles</a> departed; Russians have been allowed to stay in Georgia for at least one year without a visa since 2015, though many Georgians began to view the presence of more Russian citizens in Georgia as a security risk.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> On 7 March 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Georgia" title="Parliament of Georgia">Parliament of Georgia</a>, led by the Georgian Dream coalition, attempted to pass the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_funding_of_NGOs#Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign funding of NGOs">Law on Transparency of Foreign Influence</a> which requires <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">Non-Governmental Organizations</a> (NGOs) to register as "agents of foreign influence", if upwards of 20% of their funding is from foreign support.<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> The passing of the bill resulted in severe protests and criticism from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">US State Department</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, leading to the termination of further discussions of the bill.<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> On 3 April 2024, the Georgian Parliament announced the draft of a similar law named the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_funding_of_NGOs#Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign funding of NGOs">Proposed Law on Transparency of Foreign Influence</a>,<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> leading to <a href="/wiki/2023%E2%80%932024_Georgian_protests" title="2023–2024 Georgian protests">larger protests</a>, the bill has been described as "the Russian law" by the opposition and protestors, in reference to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_foreign_agent_law" title="Russian foreign agent law">Russian foreign agent law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> At least 200,000 people have joined <a href="/wiki/2023%E2%80%932024_Georgian_protests" title="2023–2024 Georgian protests">the protests against the law</a>, which they describe as "<a href="/wiki/Kremlin" title="Kremlin">Kremlin</a>-style", and a threat to <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">free speech</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Geography of Georgia (country)">Geography of Georgia (country)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_GEO_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Koppen-Geiger_Map_GEO_present.svg/300px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_GEO_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Koppen-Geiger_Map_GEO_present.svg/450px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_GEO_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Koppen-Geiger_Map_GEO_present.svg/600px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_GEO_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1816" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Köppen climate classification map of Georgia</figcaption></figure> Georgia is a mountainous country situated almost entirely in the <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Georgia_(country)" title="Eastern Georgia (country)">some slivers</a> of the country are situated north of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Caucasus#Watershed" title="Greater Caucasus">Caucasus Watershed</a> in the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> The country lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/41st_parallel_north" title="41st parallel north">41°</a> and <a href="/wiki/44th_parallel_north" title="44th parallel north">44° N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/40th_meridian_east" title="40th meridian east">40°</a> and <a href="/wiki/47th_meridian_east" title="47th meridian east">47° E</a>, with an area of 67,900 km2 (26,216 sq mi). The <a href="/wiki/Likhi_Range" title="Likhi Range">Likhi Range</a> divides the country into eastern and western halves.<a href="#cite_note-Cac-173">[171]</a> Historically, the western portion of Georgia was known as Colchis while the eastern plateau was called Iberia.<a href="#cite_note-NAG-174">[172]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Greater_Caucasus" title="Greater Caucasus">Greater Caucasus</a> Mountain Range forms the northern border of Georgia.<a href="#cite_note-Cac-173">[171]</a> The main roads through the mountain range into Russian territory lead through the Roki Tunnel between <a href="/wiki/Shida_Kartli" title="Shida Kartli">Shida Kartli</a> and North Ossetia and the <a href="/wiki/Darial_Gorge" title="Darial Gorge">Darial Gorge</a> (in the Georgian region of <a href="/wiki/Khevi" title="Khevi">Khevi</a>). The southern portion of the country is bounded by the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Caucasus" title="Lesser Caucasus">Lesser Caucasus</a> Mountains.<a href="#cite_note-Cac-173">[171]</a> The Greater Caucasus Mountain Range is much higher in elevation than the Lesser Caucasus Mountains, with the highest peaks rising more than 5,000 metres (16,404 ft) <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kasbek_from_Tsminda_Gergeti_(10600419415).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Kasbek_from_Tsminda_Gergeti_%2810600419415%29.jpg/220px-Kasbek_from_Tsminda_Gergeti_%2810600419415%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Kasbek_from_Tsminda_Gergeti_%2810600419415%29.jpg/330px-Kasbek_from_Tsminda_Gergeti_%2810600419415%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Kasbek_from_Tsminda_Gergeti_%2810600419415%29.jpg/440px-Kasbek_from_Tsminda_Gergeti_%2810600419415%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>Mount Kazbek in northeastern Georgia</figcaption></figure> The highest mountain in Georgia is Mount <a href="/wiki/Shkhara" title="Shkhara">Shkhara</a> at 5,203 metres (17,070 ft), and the second highest is Mount <a href="/wiki/Janga_(mountain)" title="Janga (mountain)">Janga</a> at 5,059 m (16,598 ft) above sea level. Other prominent peaks include <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kazbek" title="Mount Kazbek">Mount Kazbek</a> at 5,047 m (16,558 ft), <a href="/wiki/Shota_Rustaveli_Peak" title="Shota Rustaveli Peak">Shota Rustaveli Peak</a> 4,960 m (16,273 ft), <a href="/wiki/Tetnuldi" title="Tetnuldi">Tetnuldi</a> 4,858 m (15,938 ft), <a href="/wiki/Ushba" title="Ushba">Ushba</a> 4,700 m (15,420 ft), and <a href="/wiki/Ailama" title="Ailama">Ailama</a> 4,547 m (14,918 ft).<a href="#cite_note-Cac-173">[171]</a> Out of the abovementioned peaks, only Kazbek is of <a href="/wiki/Volcanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic">volcanic</a> origin. The region between <a href="/wiki/Kazbek" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazbek">Kazbek</a> and Shkhara (a distance of about 200 km (124 mi) along the Main Caucasus Range) is dominated by numerous glaciers.<a href="#cite_note-NAG-174">[172]</a> The term Lesser Caucasus Mountains is often used to describe the mountainous (highland) areas of southern Georgia that are connected to the Greater Caucasus Mountain Range by the Likhi Range.<a href="#cite_note-Cac-173">[171]</a> The overall region can be characterized as being made up of various, interconnected mountain ranges (largely of volcanic origin) and plateaus that do not exceed 3,400 metres (11,155 ft) in elevation. Prominent features of the area include the <a href="/wiki/Javakheti_Volcanic_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Javakheti Volcanic Plateau">Javakheti Volcanic Plateau</a>, lakes, including <a href="/wiki/Tabatskuri_Lake" title="Tabatskuri Lake">Tabatskuri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paravani_Lake" title="Paravani Lake">Paravani</a>, as well as mineral water and hot springs. Two major <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of rivers of Georgia (country)">rivers in Georgia</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Rioni_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Rioni River">Rioni</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mtkvari_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Mtkvari River">Mtkvari</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NAG-174">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topography">Topography</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zemo_Svaneti,_June,_2018-10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Zemo_Svaneti%2C_June%2C_2018-10.jpg/220px-Zemo_Svaneti%2C_June%2C_2018-10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Zemo_Svaneti%2C_June%2C_2018-10.jpg/330px-Zemo_Svaneti%2C_June%2C_2018-10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Zemo_Svaneti%2C_June%2C_2018-10.jpg/440px-Zemo_Svaneti%2C_June%2C_2018-10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5422" data-file-height="3615" /></a><figcaption>Svaneti region of Georgia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E1%83%A1%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98,%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%2C%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98.jpg/220px-%E1%83%A1%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%2C%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%2C%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98.jpg/330px-%E1%83%A1%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%2C%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%2C%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98.jpg/440px-%E1%83%A1%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%2C%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Mountain lakes in the country's northwest</figcaption></figure> The landscape within the nation's boundaries is quite varied. Western Georgia's landscape ranges from low-land marsh-forests, swamps, and <a href="/wiki/Temperate_rainforest" title="Temperate rainforest">temperate rainforests</a> to eternal snows and glaciers, while the eastern part of the country even contains a small segment of <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-arid">semi-arid</a> plains.<a href="#cite_note-NAG-174">[172]</a> Much of the natural habitat in the low-lying areas of western Georgia has disappeared during the past 100 years because of <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural development">agricultural development</a> and urbanization. A large majority of the forests that covered the Colchis plain are now virtually non-existent with the exception of the regions that are included in the national parks and reserves (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Lake_Paliastomi" title="Lake Paliastomi">Lake Paliastomi</a> area). At present, the forest cover generally remains outside of the low-lying areas and is mainly located along the foothills and the mountains. Western Georgia's forests consist mainly of deciduous trees below 600 metres (1,969 ft) <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a> and contain species such as <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hornbeam" title="Hornbeam">hornbeam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Beech" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Beech">beech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elm" title="Elm">elm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ash_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash tree">ash</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sweet_Chestnut" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweet Chestnut">chestnut</a>. Evergreen species such as <a href="/wiki/Buxus" title="Buxus">box</a> may also be found in many areas. About 1,000 of the 4,000 higher plants of Georgia are <a href="/wiki/Endemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic">endemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Vanis_Kvabebi_we_wsi_Vardzia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Vanis_Kvabebi_we_wsi_Vardzia.jpg/220px-Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Vanis_Kvabebi_we_wsi_Vardzia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Vanis_Kvabebi_we_wsi_Vardzia.jpg/330px-Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Vanis_Kvabebi_we_wsi_Vardzia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Vanis_Kvabebi_we_wsi_Vardzia.jpg/440px-Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Vanis_Kvabebi_we_wsi_Vardzia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>A chapel in the cave city of <a href="/wiki/Vardzia" title="Vardzia">Vardzia</a>, with the valley of the <a href="/wiki/Kura_(Caspian_Sea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kura (Caspian Sea)">Kura River</a> below.</figcaption></figure> The west-central slopes of the <a href="/wiki/Meskheti_Range" title="Meskheti Range">Meskheti Range</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ajaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajaria">Ajaria</a> as well as several locations in Samegrelo and Abkhazia are covered by <a href="/wiki/Temperate_rain_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate rain forests">temperate rain forests</a>. Between 600–1,000 metres (1,969–3,281 ft) above sea level, the deciduous forest becomes mixed with both broad-leaf and coniferous species making up the plant life. The zone is made up mainly of beech, <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Spruce" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian Spruce">spruce</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nordmann_Fir" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordmann Fir">fir</a> forests. From 1,500–1,800 metres (4,921–5,906 ft), the forest becomes largely coniferous. The tree line generally ends at around 1,800 metres (5,906 ft) and the alpine zone takes over, which in most areas, extends up to an elevation of 3,000 metres (9,843 ft) <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NAG-174">[172]</a> Eastern Georgia's landscape (referring to the territory east of the <a href="/wiki/Likhi_Range" title="Likhi Range">Likhi Range</a>) is considerably different from that of the west, although, much like the Colchis plain in the west, nearly all of the low-lying areas of eastern Georgia including the <a href="/wiki/Mtkvari" class="mw-redirect" title="Mtkvari">Mtkvari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alazani" title="Alazani">Alazani</a> River plains have been <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforested</a> for agricultural purposes.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The general landscape of eastern Georgia comprises numerous valleys and gorges that are separated by mountains. In contrast with western Georgia, nearly 85 per cent of the forests of the region are deciduous. Coniferous forests only dominate in the <a href="/wiki/Borjomi_Gorge" title="Borjomi Gorge">Borjomi Gorge</a> and in the extreme western areas. Out of the deciduous species of trees, <a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">beech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hornbeam" title="Hornbeam">hornbeam</a> dominate. Other deciduous species include several varieties of <a href="/wiki/Maple" title="Maple">maple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aspen" title="Aspen">aspen</a>, ash, and <a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">hazelnut</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NAG-174">[172]</a> At higher elevations above 1,000 metres (3,281 ft) <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a> (particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Tusheti" title="Tusheti">Tusheti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khevsureti" title="Khevsureti">Khevsureti</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Khevi" title="Khevi">Khevi</a> regions), <a href="/wiki/Scots_Pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots Pine">pine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a> forests dominate. In general, the forests in eastern Georgia occur between 500–2,000 metres (1,640–6,562 ft) above sea level, with the alpine zone extending from 2,000–2,300 to 3,000–3,500 meters (6,562–7,546 to 9,843–11,483 ft). The only remaining large, low-land forests remain in the <a href="/wiki/Alazani" title="Alazani">Alazani</a> Valley of Kakheti.<a href="#cite_note-NAG-174">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Georgia (country)">Climate of Georgia (country)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waterfall_in_Mtirala_National_Park.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Waterfall_in_Mtirala_National_Park.JPG/220px-Waterfall_in_Mtirala_National_Park.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Waterfall_in_Mtirala_National_Park.JPG/330px-Waterfall_in_Mtirala_National_Park.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Waterfall_in_Mtirala_National_Park.JPG/440px-Waterfall_in_Mtirala_National_Park.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Parts of Western Georgia have a subtropical climate, with frequent rain and plenty of green vegetation.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaukhi_Mountain_%26_Tina_Lake,_Juta_Valley,_Mtskheta-Mtianeti,_Georgia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chaukhi_Mountain_%26_Tina_Lake%2C_Juta_Valley%2C_Mtskheta-Mtianeti%2C_Georgia.jpg/220px-Chaukhi_Mountain_%26_Tina_Lake%2C_Juta_Valley%2C_Mtskheta-Mtianeti%2C_Georgia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chaukhi_Mountain_%26_Tina_Lake%2C_Juta_Valley%2C_Mtskheta-Mtianeti%2C_Georgia.jpg/330px-Chaukhi_Mountain_%26_Tina_Lake%2C_Juta_Valley%2C_Mtskheta-Mtianeti%2C_Georgia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chaukhi_Mountain_%26_Tina_Lake%2C_Juta_Valley%2C_Mtskheta-Mtianeti%2C_Georgia.jpg/440px-Chaukhi_Mountain_%26_Tina_Lake%2C_Juta_Valley%2C_Mtskheta-Mtianeti%2C_Georgia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5297" data-file-height="3201" /></a><figcaption>A small <a href="/wiki/Alpine_lake" title="Alpine lake">alpine lake</a> in northeastern Georgia.</figcaption></figure> The climate of Georgia is extremely diverse, considering the nation's small size. There are two main climatic zones, roughly corresponding to the eastern and western parts of the country. The Greater Caucasus Mountain Range plays an important role in moderating Georgia's climate and protects the nation from the penetration of colder air masses from the north. The Lesser Caucasus Mountains partially protect the region from the influence of dry and hot air masses from the south.<a href="#cite_note-Georgia-176">[174]</a> Much of western Georgia lies within the northern periphery of the humid subtropical zone with annual precipitation ranging from 1,000–2,500 mm (39–98 in), reaching a maximum during the Autumn months. The climate of the region varies significantly with elevation and while much of the lowland areas of western Georgia are relatively warm throughout the year, the foothills and mountainous areas (including both the Greater and Lesser Caucasus Mountains) experience cool, wet summers and snowy winters (snow cover often exceeds 2 metres or 6 feet 7 inches in many regions).<a href="#cite_note-Georgia-176">[174]</a> Eastern Georgia has a transitional climate from humid subtropical to continental. The region's weather patterns are influenced both by dry Caspian air masses from the east and humid Black Sea air masses from the west. The penetration of humid air masses from the Black Sea is often blocked by mountain ranges (<a href="/wiki/Likhi_Range" title="Likhi Range">Likhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meskheti" title="Meskheti">Meskheti</a>) that separate the eastern and western parts of the nation.<a href="#cite_note-NAG-174">[172]</a> The wettest periods generally occur during spring and autumn, while winter and summer months tend to be the driest. Much of eastern Georgia experiences hot summers (especially in the low-lying areas) and relatively cold winters. As in the western parts of the nation, elevation plays an important role in eastern Georgia where climatic conditions above 1,500 metres (4,921 ft) are considerably colder than in the low-lying areas.<a href="#cite_note-NAG-174">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_fauna_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fauna of Georgia (country)">List of fauna of Georgia</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_fish_of_the_Black_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fish of the Black Sea">List of fish of the Black Sea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Female_Georgian_Shepherd_-_Khevi,_Georgia_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Female_Georgian_Shepherd_-_Khevi%2C_Georgia_%283%29.jpg/220px-Female_Georgian_Shepherd_-_Khevi%2C_Georgia_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Female_Georgian_Shepherd_-_Khevi%2C_Georgia_%283%29.jpg/330px-Female_Georgian_Shepherd_-_Khevi%2C_Georgia_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Female_Georgian_Shepherd_-_Khevi%2C_Georgia_%283%29.jpg/440px-Female_Georgian_Shepherd_-_Khevi%2C_Georgia_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Shepherd" title="Georgian Shepherd">Georgian Shepherd</a> Dog</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E1%B2%AF%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/%E1%B2%AF%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98.jpg/220px-%E1%B2%AF%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/%E1%B2%AF%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98.jpg/330px-%E1%B2%AF%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/%E1%B2%AF%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98.jpg/440px-%E1%B2%AF%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/East_Caucasian_tur" title="East Caucasian tur">East Caucasian tur</a> on the cliffs of <a href="/wiki/Lagodekhi_Protected_Areas" title="Lagodekhi Protected Areas">Lagodekhi Protected Areas</a>.</figcaption></figure> Because of its high landscape diversity and low latitude, Georgia is home to about 5,601 species of animals, including 648 species of <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a> (more than 1% of the species found worldwide) and many of these species are endemics.<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> A number of large <a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivores</a> live in the forests, namely <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">Brown bears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lynx" title="Lynx">lynxes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_leopard" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian leopard">Caucasian Leopards</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Common_pheasant" title="Common pheasant">common pheasant</a> (also known as the Colchian Pheasant) is an endemic bird of Georgia which has been widely introduced throughout the rest of the world as an important <a href="/wiki/Game_bird" class="mw-redirect" title="Game bird">game bird</a>. The species number of <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a> is considered to be very high but data is distributed across a high number of publications. The spider checklist of Georgia, for example, includes 501 species.<a href="#cite_note-Caucasus-spiders.info-178">[176]</a> The Rioni River may contain a breeding population of the critically endangered <a href="/wiki/Bastard_sturgeon" title="Bastard sturgeon">bastard sturgeon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> Slightly more than 6,500 species of <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a>, including lichen-forming species, have been recorded from Georgia,<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-cybertruffle1-181">[179]</a> but this number is far from complete. The true total number of fungal species occurring in Georgia, including species not yet recorded, is likely to be far higher, given the generally accepted estimate that only about seven per cent of all fungi worldwide have so far been discovered.<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> Although the amount of available information is still very small, a first effort has been made to estimate the number of fungal species endemic to Georgia, and 2,595 species have been tentatively identified as possible endemics of the country.<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> 1,729 species of plants have been recorded from Georgia in association with fungi.<a href="#cite_note-cybertruffle1-181">[179]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a>, there are 4,300 species of vascular plants in Georgia.<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a> Georgia is home to four ecoregions: <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_mixed_forests" title="Caucasus mixed forests">Caucasus mixed forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euxine-Colchic_deciduous_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests">Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolian_montane_steppe" title="Eastern Anatolian montane steppe">Eastern Anatolian montane steppe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_shrub_desert_and_steppe" title="Azerbaijan shrub desert and steppe">Azerbaijan shrub desert and steppe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-185">[183]</a> It had a 2018 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 7.79/10, ranking it 31st globally out of 172 countries.<a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-186">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/File:Salome_Zourabichvili_at_the_Enthronement_of_Naruhito_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Salome_Zourabichvili_at_the_Enthronement_of_Naruhito_%281%29.jpg/130px-Salome_Zourabichvili_at_the_Enthronement_of_Naruhito_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Salome_Zourabichvili_at_the_Enthronement_of_Naruhito_%281%29.jpg/195px-Salome_Zourabichvili_at_the_Enthronement_of_Naruhito_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Salome_Zourabichvili_at_the_Enthronement_of_Naruhito_%281%29.jpg/260px-Salome_Zourabichvili_at_the_Enthronement_of_Naruhito_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="799" /></a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/File:Irakli_Kobakhidze_2024b_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Irakli_Kobakhidze_2024b_%28cropped%29.jpg/147px-Irakli_Kobakhidze_2024b_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Irakli_Kobakhidze_2024b_%28cropped%29.jpg/221px-Irakli_Kobakhidze_2024b_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Irakli_Kobakhidze_2024b_%28cropped%29.jpg/294px-Irakli_Kobakhidze_2024b_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="741" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Salome_Zourabichvili" title="Salome Zourabichvili">Salome Zourabichvili</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Georgia" title="President of Georgia">President</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Irakli_Kobakhidze" title="Irakli Kobakhidze">Irakli Kobakhidze</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Georgia" title="Prime Minister of Georgia">Prime Minister</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Politics of Georgia (country)">Politics of Georgia (country)</a></div> Georgia is a <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary">parliamentary</a> republic; the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Georgia" title="President of Georgia">President</a> serves as the largely ceremonial head of state,<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> whereas the Prime Minister is head of government. Executive power is vested in the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of Georgia">Cabinet of Georgia</a>, composed of ministers headed by the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Georgia" title="Prime Minister of Georgia">Prime Minister</a> and appointed by the Parliament. <a href="/wiki/Salome_Zurabishvili" class="mw-redirect" title="Salome Zurabishvili">Salome Zurabishvili</a> is the current President of Georgia after winning 59.52% of the vote in the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_presidential_election,_2018" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian presidential election, 2018">2018 Georgian presidential election</a>. Since February 2024, <a href="/wiki/Irakli_Kobakhidze" title="Irakli Kobakhidze">Irakli Kobakhidze</a> has been the prime minister of Georgia. <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislative</a> authority is vested in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Georgia" title="Parliament of Georgia">Parliament of Georgia</a>. It is unicameral and has 150 members, known as deputies, of whom 30 are elected by plurality to represent single-member districts, and 120 are chosen to represent parties by proportional representation. Members of parliament are elected for four-year terms. Different opinions exist regarding the degree of political freedom in Georgia. Saakashvili believed in 2008 that the country is "on the road to becoming a European democracy."<a href="#cite_note-misha-188">[186]</a> In their 2022 report<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georgia_(country)&action=edit">[update]</a> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> lists Georgia as "partly free", recognizing a trajectory of democratic improvement surrounding the 2012–13 transfer of power, yet observing a gradual backslide in later years.<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> In the 2023 <a href="/wiki/The_Economist_Democracy_Index" title="The Economist Democracy Index">Democracy Index</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a> classifies Georgia as a "hybrid regime", which denotes an incomplete <a href="/wiki/Democratic_transition" title="Democratic transition">democratic transition</a> from <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a> to <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> characterized by elements of both systems.<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations of Georgia (country)">Foreign relations of Georgia (country)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nato_poster_tbilisi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Nato_poster_tbilisi.jpg/170px-Nato_poster_tbilisi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Nato_poster_tbilisi.jpg/255px-Nato_poster_tbilisi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Nato_poster_tbilisi.jpg/340px-Nato_poster_tbilisi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1854" data-file-height="2880" /></a><figcaption>Pro-<a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> poster in <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></figcaption></figure> The explicit western orientation of Georgia, deepening political ties with the US and European Union, notably through its EU and NATO membership aspirations, the US <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Train_and_Equip_Program" title="Georgia Train and Equip Program">Train and Equip</a> military assistance programme, and the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Baku%E2%80%93Tbilisi%E2%80%93Ceyhan_pipeline" title="Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline">Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline</a>, increasingly strained Tbilisi's relations with Moscow in the early 2000s. Georgia's decision to boost its presence in the coalition forces in Iraq was an important initiative.<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> The European Union has identified Georgia as a prospective member,<a href="#cite_note-EU_perspective-192">[190]</a> and Georgia has sought membership.<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> Georgia is currently working to become a full member of <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">NATO</a>. In August 2004, the Individual Partnership Action Plan of Georgia was submitted officially to NATO. On 29 October 2004, the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Council" title="North Atlantic Council">North Atlantic Council</a> of NATO approved the <a href="/wiki/NATO#International_Partnership_Action_Plans" title="NATO">Individual Partnership Action Plan</a> (IPAP) of Georgia, and Georgia moved on to the second stage of Euro-Atlantic Integration. In 2005, the agreement on the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Partnership_for_Peace" title="Partnership for Peace">Partnership for Peace</a> (PfP) liaison officer between Georgia and NATO came into force, whereby a liaison officer for the South Caucasus was assigned to Georgia. On 2 March 2005, the agreement was signed on the provision of the host nation support to and transit of NATO forces and NATO personnel. On 6–9 March 2006, the IPAP implementation interim assessment team arrived in Tbilisi. On 13 April 2006, the discussion of the assessment report on implementation of the Individual Partnership Action Plan was held at NATO Headquarters, within 26+1 format.<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> In 2009 the Georgia-NATO Interparliamentary Council was created within the <a href="/wiki/NATO_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="NATO Parliamentary Assembly">NATO Parliamentary Assembly</a> to hold twice yearly meetings to discuss all aspects of Georgia-NATO cooperation. The majority of Georgians and politicians in Georgia support the push for NATO membership.<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batumi_International_Conference,_on_19_July_2021_05_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Batumi_International_Conference%2C_on_19_July_2021_05_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Batumi_International_Conference%2C_on_19_July_2021_05_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Batumi_International_Conference%2C_on_19_July_2021_05_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Batumi_International_Conference%2C_on_19_July_2021_05_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Batumi_International_Conference%2C_on_19_July_2021_05_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Batumi_International_Conference%2C_on_19_July_2021_05_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2548" data-file-height="1699" /></a><figcaption>President of Georgia <a href="/wiki/Salome_Zourabichvili" title="Salome Zourabichvili">Salome Zourabichvili</a>, President of Moldova <a href="/wiki/Maia_Sandu" title="Maia Sandu">Maia Sandu</a>, President of Ukraine <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelensky" class="mw-redirect" title="Volodymyr Zelensky">Volodymyr Zelensky</a> and <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Council" title="President of the European Council">President of the European Council</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Michel" title="Charles Michel">Charles Michel</a> during the 2021 <a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a> International Conference. In 2014, the EU signed <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Association_Agreement" title="European Union Association Agreement">Association Agreements</a> with all three states.</figcaption></figure> In 2011, the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Council" title="North Atlantic Council">North Atlantic Council</a> designated Georgia as an "aspirant country".<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> Since 2014, Georgia–NATO relations are guided by the Substantial NATO–Georgia Package (SNGP), which includes the NATO–Georgia Joint Training and Evaluation Centre and facilitation of multi-national and regional military drills.<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> In September 2019, Russian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Lavrov" title="Sergey Lavrov">Sergey Lavrov</a> said that "NATO approaching our borders is a threat to Russia."<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> He was quoted as saying that if <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> accepts Georgian membership with the article on collective defence covering only Tbilisi-administered territory—i.e., excluding the Georgian territories Abkhazia and South Ossetia, both of which are currently Russian-supported <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">unrecognized breakaway republics—</a>"we will not start a war, but such conduct will undermine our relations with NATO and with countries who are eager to enter the alliance."<a href="#cite_note-LavrovNATO2019-199">[197]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> became the first sitting U.S. president to visit the country.<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> The street leading to <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_International_Airport" title="Tbilisi International Airport">Tbilisi International Airport</a> has since been dubbed George W. Bush Avenue.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> On 2 October 2006, Georgia and the European Union signed a joint statement on the agreed text of the Georgia–European Union Action Plan within the <a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">European Neighbourhood Policy</a> (ENP). The Action Plan was formally approved at the EU–Georgia Cooperation Council session on 14 November 2006, in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> In June 2014, the EU and Georgia signed an <a href="/wiki/Association_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Association Agreement">Association Agreement</a>, which entered into force on 1 July 2016.<a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> On 13 December 2016, EU and Georgia reached the agreement on visa liberalization for Georgian citizens.<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> On 27 February 2017, the Council adopted a regulation on visa liberalization for Georgians travelling to the EU for a period of stay of 90 days in any 180-day period.<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> Georgia applied for EU membership on 3 March 2022, soon after the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ge-candidacy-206">[204]</a> On 14 December 2023, Georgia was granted <a href="/wiki/EU_Candidate" class="mw-redirect" title="EU Candidate">EU Candidate</a> status by the <a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Defense_Forces_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Forces of Georgia">Defense Forces of Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Role_of_Georgia_in_the_War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="Role of Georgia in the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">Role of Georgia in the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Georgia" title="Conscription in Georgia">Conscription in Georgia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Didgori_Meomari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Didgori_Meomari.jpg/220px-Didgori_Meomari.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Didgori_Meomari.jpg/330px-Didgori_Meomari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Didgori_Meomari.jpg/440px-Didgori_Meomari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>Georgian-built <a href="/wiki/STC_Delta#Military_and_civilian_production" title="STC Delta">Didgori Warrior</a>.</figcaption></figure> Georgia's military is organized into <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Land_Forces" title="Georgian Land Forces">land</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Air_Force" title="Georgian Air Force">air</a> forces collectively known as the Georgian Defense Forces (GDF); naval forces were merged into the Coast Guard in 2009, which falls under the Internal Affairs Minister. More than 20% of the GDF consists of <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Georgia" title="Conscription in Georgia">conscripts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-211">[209]</a> The mission and functions of the GDF are based on the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Constitution of Georgia (country)">Constitution of Georgia</a>, Georgia's Law on Defense and National Military Strategy, and international agreements to which Georgia is signatory.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] As of 2021, Georgia's military budget was 900<a href="/wiki/Georgian_lari" title="Georgian lari">₾</a> ($280) million, of which newly two-thirds is allocated for maintaining defence forces readiness and potency development.<a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> After its independence from the Soviet Union, Georgia began to develop its own <a href="/wiki/Military_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Military industry">military industry</a>, namely through the state owned <a href="/wiki/STC_Delta" title="STC Delta">STC Delta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a> The country produces a range of indigenous <a href="/wiki/STC_Delta#Military_and_civilian_production" title="STC Delta">military equipment</a>, including armored vehicles, artillery systems, aviation systems, personal protection equipment, and small arms.<a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a> Georgian military personnel have served in several international operations. During later periods of the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, Georgia had up to 2,000 soldiers serving in the American-led <a href="/wiki/Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq" title="Multi-National Force – Iraq">Multi-National Force</a>.<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a> Georgia also participated in the <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>-led <a href="/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force" title="International Security Assistance Force">International Security Assistance Force</a> in <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">Afghanistan</a>; with 1,560 troops in 2013, it was at that time the largest contributor among non-<a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> countries<a href="#cite_note-civil1-216">[214]</a> and in per capita terms.<a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a> Over 11,000 Georgian soldiers rotated through Afghanistan during the course of the war;<a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a> <a href="/wiki/Coalition_casualties_in_Afghanistan" title="Coalition casualties in Afghanistan">32 were killed</a>,<a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a> mostly during the <a href="/wiki/Helmand_province_campaign" title="Helmand province campaign">Helmand campaign</a>, and 435 were wounded, including 35 amputees.<a href="#cite_note-civil2-221">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_enforcement">Law enforcement</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Law enforcement in Georgia (country)">Law enforcement in Georgia (country)</a></div> The Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia is charged with internal law enforcement. In recent years, the Patrol Police Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia has undergone a radical transformation, with the police having now absorbed a great many duties previously performed by dedicated independent government agencies. New duties performed by the police include border security and customs functions and contracted security provision; the latter function is performed by the dedicated 'security police'.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2005, President <a href="/wiki/Mikheil_Saakashvili" title="Mikheil Saakashvili">Mikheil Saakashvili</a> fired the entire traffic police force (numbering around 30,000 police officers) of the Georgian National Police due to corruption.<a href="#cite_note-mcclatchydc.com-223">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a> A new force was then subsequently built around new recruits.<a href="#cite_note-mcclatchydc.com-223">[221]</a> The <a href="/wiki/US_State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="US State Department">U.S. State Department</a>'s Bureau of International Narcotics and Law-Enforcement Affairs has provided assistance to the training efforts and continues to act in an advisory capacity.<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a> The new Patruli force was first introduced in the summer of 2005 to replace the traffic police, a force which was accused of widespread corruption.<a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a> The police introduced a 0–2–2 (currently, 1–1–2) <a href="/wiki/Emergency_telephone_number" title="Emergency telephone number">emergency dispatch</a> service in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corruption">Corruption</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Georgia" title="Corruption in Georgia">Corruption in Georgia</a></div> Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Rose_Revolution" title="Rose Revolution">Rose Revolution</a>, Georgia was among the most corrupt countries in the world.<a href="#cite_note-forpol-228">[226]</a> However, following the reforms brought by the peaceful revolution, corruption in the country abated dramatically. In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a> (TI) named Georgia "the best corruption-buster in the world."<a href="#cite_note-econ-229">[227]</a> In 2012, the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> called Georgia a "unique success" of the world in fighting corruption, noting "Georgia's experience shows that the vicious cycle of endemic corruption can be broken and, with appropriate and decisive reforms, can be turned into a virtuous cycle."<a href="#cite_note-bank-230">[228]</a> Although Georgia has been very successful in reducing blatant forms of corruption, other more subtle corrupt practices have been noted. For example, in its 2017 report, <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> observed that while most day-to-day corruption has been eliminated, there are some indications of a "<a href="/wiki/Clientelism" title="Clientelism">clientelistic</a> system" whereby the country's leadership may allocate resources in ways that generate the loyalty and support it needs to stay in power.<a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a> Since 2012 stagnation in corruption fighting efforts can be observed, according to Transparency International.<a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a> Since 2016 the Transparency International Corruption Perception Index hovers around 56 out of 100 points. In comparison, that places Georgia in the top 50 out of 180 countries, among Central European and <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> EU member states.<a href="#cite_note-233">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights_and_freedom">Human rights and freedom</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Georgia" title="Human rights in Georgia">Human rights in Georgia</a></div> Human rights in Georgia are guaranteed by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Constitution of Georgia (country)">country's constitution</a>. There is an independent human rights public defender elected by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Georgia" title="Parliament of Georgia">Parliament of Georgia</a> to ensure such rights are enforced.<a href="#cite_note-234">[232]</a> Georgia has ratified the <a href="/wiki/Framework_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_National_Minorities" title="Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities">Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities</a> in 2005. NGO "Tolerance", in its alternative report about its implementation, speaks of a rapid decrease in the number of Azerbaijani schools and cases of appointing headmasters to Azerbaijani schools who do not speak the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-235">[233]</a> The government came under criticism for its alleged use of excessive force on 26 May 2011 when it dispersed <a href="/wiki/2011_Georgian_protests" title="2011 Georgian protests">protesters</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Nino_Burjanadze" title="Nino Burjanadze">Nino Burjanadze</a>, among others, with tear gas and rubber bullets after they refused to clear <a href="/wiki/Rustaveli_Avenue" title="Rustaveli Avenue">Rustaveli Avenue</a> for an independence day parade despite the expiration of their demonstration permit and despite being offered to choose an alternative venue.<a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-ABC-AP-239">[237]</a> While human rights activists maintained that the protests were peaceful, the government pointed out that many protesters were masked and armed with heavy sticks and Molotov cocktails.<a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a> Georgian opposition leader Nino Burjanadze said the accusations of planning a coup were baseless, and that the protesters' actions were legitimate.<a href="#cite_note-ABC-AP-239">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georgians_protesting_against_homophobia_in_downtown_Tbilisi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Georgians_protesting_against_homophobia_in_downtown_Tbilisi.jpg/220px-Georgians_protesting_against_homophobia_in_downtown_Tbilisi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Georgians_protesting_against_homophobia_in_downtown_Tbilisi.jpg/330px-Georgians_protesting_against_homophobia_in_downtown_Tbilisi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Georgians_protesting_against_homophobia_in_downtown_Tbilisi.jpg/440px-Georgians_protesting_against_homophobia_in_downtown_Tbilisi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2495" data-file-height="2679" /></a><figcaption>Georgians protesting against <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">homophobia</a> in front of parliament following anti-LGBT unrest.</figcaption></figure> Since independence, Georgia maintained harsh policies against drugs, handing out lengthy sentences even for <a href="/wiki/Marijuana" class="mw-redirect" title="Marijuana">marijuana</a> use. This came under criticism from human rights activists<a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a> and led to protests.<a href="#cite_note-243">[241]</a> In response to lawsuits from civil society organizations, in 2018 the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Georgia" title="Constitutional Court of Georgia">Constitutional Court of Georgia</a> ruled that "consumption of marijuana is an action protected by the right to free personality"<a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a> and that "[Marijuana] can only harm the user's health, making that user him/herself responsible for the outcome. The responsibility for such actions does not cause dangerous consequences for the public."<a href="#cite_note-245">[243]</a> With this ruling, Georgia became one of the <a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">first countries in the world to legalize cannabis</a>, although using the drug in the presence of children is still illegal and punishable by fines or imprisonment.<a href="#cite_note-246">[244]</a> Georgian prisons tend to be overcrowded with poor living conditions.<a href="#cite_note-247">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[246]</a> <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Georgia (country)">LGBT individuals in Georgia</a> frequently face harassment and violence.<a href="#cite_note-249">[247]</a> Minor protections exist against discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity. Since 2008 transgender people are allowed to change their gender marker following <a href="/wiki/Sex_reassignment_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex reassignment surgery">sex reassignment surgery</a>. However, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_LGBT_propaganda_bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian LGBT propaganda bill">a bill passed in 2024</a> seeks to remove many protections from LGBT people.<a href="#cite_note-auto-250">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[250]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, and various human rights organizations have condemned the legislation.<a href="#cite_note-auto-250">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a> In 2024, Georgian President <a href="/wiki/Salome_Zourabichvili" title="Salome Zourabichvili">Salome Zourabichvili</a> condemned the high-profile murder of a Georgian <a href="/wiki/Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">trans woman</a> and subsequently attended her funeral to pay respects.<a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Administrative divisions of Georgia (country)">Administrative divisions of Georgia (country)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_in_Georgia" title="Russian-occupied territories in Georgia">Russian-occupied territories in Georgia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georgia_high_detail_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Georgia_high_detail_map.png/220px-Georgia_high_detail_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Georgia_high_detail_map.png/330px-Georgia_high_detail_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Georgia_high_detail_map.png/440px-Georgia_high_detail_map.png 2x" data-file-width="2529" data-file-height="1872" /></a><figcaption>Map of Georgia highlighting the disputed territories of Abkhazia and Tskhinvali Region (South Ossetia), both of which are outside the control of the central government of Georgia</figcaption></figure> Georgia is <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Administrative divisions of Georgia (country)">administratively divided</a> into 9 regions, 1 capital region, and 2 autonomous republics. These in turn are subdivided into 67 <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Georgia_(country)" title="List of municipalities in Georgia (country)">districts</a> and 5 self-governing cities.<a href="#cite_note-257">[255]</a> Georgia contains two official autonomous regions, of which one has declared independence. Officially autonomous within Georgia,<a href="#cite_note-258">[256]</a> the de facto independent region of Abkhazia declared independence in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-259">[257]</a> In addition, another territory not officially autonomous has also declared independence. South Ossetia is officially known by Georgia as the Tskinvali region, as it views "South Ossetia" as implying political bonds with Russian <a href="/wiki/North_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="North Ossetia">North Ossetia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_South_Ossetia-260">[258]</a> It was called <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetian_Autonomous_Oblast" title="South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast">South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast</a> when Georgia was part of Soviet Union. Its autonomous status was revoked in 1990. De facto separate since Georgian independence, offers were made to give South Ossetia autonomy again, but in 2006 an unrecognized referendum in the area resulted in a vote for independence.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_South_Ossetia-260">[258]</a> In both Abkhazia and South Ossetia large numbers of people had been given Russian passports, some through a process of forced <a href="/wiki/Passportization" title="Passportization">passportization</a> by Russian authorities.<a href="#cite_note-261">[259]</a> This was used as a justification for Russian invasion of Georgia during the 2008 South Ossetia war after which Russia recognized the region's independence.<a href="#cite_note-262">[260]</a> Georgia considers the regions as occupied by Russia.<a href="#cite_note-parliament.ge-141">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[261]</a> The two self-declared republics gained <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia" title="International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia">limited international recognition</a> after the 2008 Russo-Georgian War. Most countries consider the regions to be Georgian territory <a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_in_Georgia" title="Russian-occupied territories in Georgia">under Russian occupation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-smr-264">[262]</a> <div style="text-shadow:white 0em 0em 0.4em; font-size:85%"> <div role="img" class="floatleft noresize" style="width: 550px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Regions_of_Georgia.svg/550px-Regions_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="550" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Regions_of_Georgia.svg/825px-Regions_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Regions_of_Georgia.svg/1100px-Regions_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="561" /> <div style="position:absolute; left:87px; top:72px"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Autonomous_Republic_of_Abkhazia" title="Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:138px; top:142px"><a href="/wiki/Samegrelo-Zemo_Svaneti" title="Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti">Samegrelo- Zemo Svaneti</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:164px; top:199px"><a href="/wiki/Guria" title="Guria">Guria</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:157px; top:230px"><a href="/wiki/Adjara" title="Adjara">Adjara</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:241px; top:242px"><a href="/wiki/Samtskhe-Javakheti" class="mw-redirect" title="Samtskhe-Javakheti">Samtskhe- Javakheti</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:224px; top:181px"><a href="/wiki/Imereti" title="Imereti">Imereti</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:208px; top:122px"><a href="/wiki/Racha-Lechkhumi_and_Kvemo_Svaneti" title="Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti">Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:306px; top:182px"><a href="/wiki/Shida_Kartli" title="Shida Kartli">Shida Kartli</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:333px; top:254px"><a href="/wiki/Kvemo_Kartli" title="Kvemo Kartli">Kvemo Kartli</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:358px; top:165px"><a href="/wiki/Mtskheta-Mtianeti" title="Mtskheta-Mtianeti">Mtskheta- Mtianeti</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:370px; top:228px"><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:434px; top:220px"><a href="/wiki/Kakheti" title="Kakheti">Kakheti</a></div> </div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1226773818">.mw-parser-output .defaultleft{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .defaultcenter{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .defaultright{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .col1left td:nth-child(1),.mw-parser-output .col2left td:nth-child(2),.mw-parser-output .col3left td:nth-child(3),.mw-parser-output .col4left td:nth-child(4),.mw-parser-output .col5left td:nth-child(5),.mw-parser-output .col6left td:nth-child(6),.mw-parser-output .col7left td:nth-child(7),.mw-parser-output .col8left td:nth-child(8),.mw-parser-output .col9left td:nth-child(9),.mw-parser-output .col10left td:nth-child(10),.mw-parser-output .col11left td:nth-child(11),.mw-parser-output .col12left td:nth-child(12),.mw-parser-output .col13left td:nth-child(13),.mw-parser-output .col14left td:nth-child(14),.mw-parser-output .col15left td:nth-child(15),.mw-parser-output .col16left td:nth-child(16),.mw-parser-output .col17left td:nth-child(17),.mw-parser-output .col18left td:nth-child(18),.mw-parser-output .col19left td:nth-child(19),.mw-parser-output .col20left td:nth-child(20),.mw-parser-output .col21left td:nth-child(21),.mw-parser-output .col22left td:nth-child(22),.mw-parser-output .col23left td:nth-child(23),.mw-parser-output .col24left td:nth-child(24),.mw-parser-output .col25left td:nth-child(25),.mw-parser-output .col26left td:nth-child(26),.mw-parser-output .col27left td:nth-child(27),.mw-parser-output .col28left td:nth-child(28),.mw-parser-output .col29left td:nth-child(29){text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col1center td:nth-child(1),.mw-parser-output .col2center td:nth-child(2),.mw-parser-output .col3center td:nth-child(3),.mw-parser-output .col4center td:nth-child(4),.mw-parser-output .col5center td:nth-child(5),.mw-parser-output .col6center td:nth-child(6),.mw-parser-output .col7center td:nth-child(7),.mw-parser-output .col8center td:nth-child(8),.mw-parser-output .col9center td:nth-child(9),.mw-parser-output .col10center td:nth-child(10),.mw-parser-output .col11center td:nth-child(11),.mw-parser-output .col12center td:nth-child(12),.mw-parser-output .col13center td:nth-child(13),.mw-parser-output .col14center td:nth-child(14),.mw-parser-output .col15center td:nth-child(15),.mw-parser-output .col16center td:nth-child(16),.mw-parser-output .col17center td:nth-child(17),.mw-parser-output .col18center td:nth-child(18),.mw-parser-output .col19center td:nth-child(19),.mw-parser-output .col20center td:nth-child(20),.mw-parser-output .col21center td:nth-child(21),.mw-parser-output .col22center td:nth-child(22),.mw-parser-output .col23center td:nth-child(23),.mw-parser-output .col24center td:nth-child(24),.mw-parser-output .col25center td:nth-child(25),.mw-parser-output .col26center td:nth-child(26),.mw-parser-output .col27center td:nth-child(27),.mw-parser-output .col28center td:nth-child(28),.mw-parser-output .col29center td:nth-child(29){text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .col1right td:nth-child(1),.mw-parser-output .col2right td:nth-child(2),.mw-parser-output .col3right td:nth-child(3),.mw-parser-output .col4right td:nth-child(4),.mw-parser-output .col5right td:nth-child(5),.mw-parser-output .col6right td:nth-child(6),.mw-parser-output .col7right td:nth-child(7),.mw-parser-output .col8right td:nth-child(8),.mw-parser-output .col9right td:nth-child(9),.mw-parser-output .col10right td:nth-child(10),.mw-parser-output .col11right td:nth-child(11),.mw-parser-output .col12right td:nth-child(12),.mw-parser-output .col13right td:nth-child(13),.mw-parser-output .col14right td:nth-child(14),.mw-parser-output .col15right td:nth-child(15),.mw-parser-output .col16right td:nth-child(16),.mw-parser-output .col17right td:nth-child(17),.mw-parser-output .col18right td:nth-child(18),.mw-parser-output .col19right td:nth-child(19),.mw-parser-output .col20right td:nth-child(20),.mw-parser-output .col21right td:nth-child(21),.mw-parser-output .col22right td:nth-child(22),.mw-parser-output .col23right td:nth-child(23),.mw-parser-output .col24right td:nth-child(24),.mw-parser-output .col25right td:nth-child(25),.mw-parser-output .col26right td:nth-child(26),.mw-parser-output .col27right td:nth-child(27),.mw-parser-output .col28right td:nth-child(28),.mw-parser-output .col29right td:nth-child(29){text-align:right}</style> <table class="sortable wikitable col1left col2left defaultright" style="font-size:90%; width:600px;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Region</th> <th>Center</th> <th>Area (km2)</th> <th data-sort-type="number">Population<a href="#cite_note-2014_Census-7">[6]</a></th> <th>Density </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Sukhumi</a></td> <td>8,660</td> <td>242,862est</td> <td>28.04 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Adjara" title="Adjara">Adjara</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a></td> <td>2,880</td> <td>333,953</td> <td>115.95 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guria" title="Guria">Guria</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ozurgeti" title="Ozurgeti">Ozurgeti</a></td> <td>2,033</td> <td>113,350</td> <td>55.75 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Imereti" title="Imereti">Imereti</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kutaisi" title="Kutaisi">Kutaisi</a></td> <td>6,475</td> <td>533,906</td> <td>82.45 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kakheti" title="Kakheti">Kakheti</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Telavi" title="Telavi">Telavi</a></td> <td>11,311</td> <td>318,583</td> <td>28.16 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kvemo_Kartli" title="Kvemo Kartli">Kvemo Kartli</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rustavi" title="Rustavi">Rustavi</a></td> <td>6,072</td> <td>423,986</td> <td>69.82 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mtskheta-Mtianeti" title="Mtskheta-Mtianeti">Mtskheta-Mtianeti</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mtskheta" title="Mtskheta">Mtskheta</a></td> <td>6,786</td> <td>94,573</td> <td>13.93 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Racha-Lechkhumi_and_Kvemo_Svaneti" title="Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti">Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ambrolauri" title="Ambrolauri">Ambrolauri</a></td> <td>4,990</td> <td>32,089</td> <td>6.43 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samegrelo-Zemo_Svaneti" title="Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti">Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zugdidi" title="Zugdidi">Zugdidi</a></td> <td>7,440</td> <td>330,761</td> <td>44.45 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samtskhe-Javakheti" class="mw-redirect" title="Samtskhe-Javakheti">Samtskhe-Javakheti</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Akhaltsikhe" title="Akhaltsikhe">Akhaltsikhe</a></td> <td>6,413</td> <td>160,504</td> <td>25.02 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shida_Kartli" title="Shida Kartli">Shida Kartli</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gori,_Georgia" title="Gori, Georgia">Gori</a></td> <td>5,729</td> <td>300,382est</td> <td>52.43 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></td> <td>720</td> <td>1,108,717</td> <td>1,539.88 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Economy of Georgia (country)">Economy of Georgia (country)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Agriculture in Georgia (country)">Agriculture in Georgia (country)</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Free_Trade_Agreements_of_Georgia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Free_Trade_Agreements_of_Georgia.svg/350px-Free_Trade_Agreements_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Free_Trade_Agreements_of_Georgia.svg/525px-Free_Trade_Agreements_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Free_Trade_Agreements_of_Georgia.svg/700px-Free_Trade_Agreements_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1314" /></a><figcaption> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Georgia</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Countries with whom Georgia signed Free Trade Agreement (FTA)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Countries with whom Georgia has General Schemes of Preference (GSP)</div></figcaption></figure> Archaeological research demonstrates that Georgia has been involved in commerce with many lands and empires since ancient times, largely due its location on the Black Sea and later on the historical <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>. Gold, silver, copper and <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron</a> have been mined in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a>. <a href="/wiki/Georgian_wine" title="Georgian wine">Georgian wine</a> making is a very old tradition and a key branch of the country's economy. The country has sizeable <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a> resources.<a href="#cite_note-265">[263]</a> Throughout Georgia's modern history agriculture and tourism have been principal economic sectors, because of the country's climate and topography. For much of the 20th century, Georgia's economy was within the Soviet model of <a href="/wiki/Command_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Command economy">command economy</a>. Since the fall of the USSR in 1991, Georgia embarked on a major structural reform designed to transition to a <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> economy. As with all other <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">post-Soviet states</a>, Georgia faced a severe economic collapse. The civil war and military conflicts in South Ossetia and Abkhazia aggravated the crisis. The agriculture and industry output diminished. By 1994 the gross domestic product had shrunk to a quarter of that of 1989.<a href="#cite_note-266">[264]</a> Since the early 21st century visible positive developments have been observed in the economy of Georgia. In 2007, Georgia's <a href="/wiki/Real_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="Real GDP">real GDP</a> growth rate reached 12 per cent, making Georgia one of the fastest-<a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">growing economies</a> in Eastern Europe. Georgia has become more <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">integrated</a> into the global trading network: its 2015 imports and exports account for 50% and 21% of GDP respectively.<a href="#cite_note-wits15-267">[265]</a> Georgia's main imports are vehicles, ores, fossil fuels and pharmaceuticals. Main exports are ores, ferro-alloys, vehicles, wines, mineral waters and fertilizers.<a href="#cite_note-268">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[267]</a> The World Bank dubbed Georgia "the number one economic reformer in the world" because it has in one year improved from rank 112th to 18th in terms of <a href="/wiki/Ease_of_Doing_Business_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Ease of Doing Business Index">ease of doing business</a>,<a href="#cite_note-270">[268]</a> and by 2020 further improved its position to 6th in the world.<a href="#cite_note-:2-271">[269]</a> As of 2021, it ranked 12th in the world for <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Economic_Freedom" title="Index of Economic Freedom">economic freedom</a>. In 2019, Georgia ranked 61st on the <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> (HDI). Between 2000 and 2019, Georgia's HDI score improved by 17.7%.<a href="#cite_note-272">[270]</a> Of factors contributing to HDI, education had the most positive influence<a href="#cite_note-273">[271]</a> as Georgia <a href="/wiki/Education_Index" title="Education Index">ranks in the top quintile</a> in terms of education. Georgia is developing into an international transport corridor through <a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poti" title="Poti">Poti</a> ports, <a href="/wiki/Baku-Tbilisi-Kars_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Baku-Tbilisi-Kars Railway">Baku–Tbilisi–Kars Railway line</a>, an oil pipeline from <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a> through Tbilisi to <a href="/wiki/Ceyhan" title="Ceyhan">Ceyhan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Baku%E2%80%93Tbilisi%E2%80%93Ceyhan_pipeline" title="Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline">Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline</a> (BTC) and a parallel gas pipeline, the <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus_Pipeline" title="South Caucasus Pipeline">South Caucasus Pipeline</a>.<a href="#cite_note-274">[272]</a> Since coming to power the Saakashvili administration accomplished a series of reforms aimed at improving tax collection. Among other things a <a href="/wiki/Flat_income_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat income tax">flat income tax</a> was introduced in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-275">[273]</a> As a result, budget revenues have increased fourfold and a once large <a href="/wiki/Budget_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Budget deficit">budget deficit</a> has turned into a <a href="/wiki/Budget_surplus" class="mw-redirect" title="Budget surplus">surplus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-276">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[275]</a> As of 2001, 54 per cent of the population lived below the national poverty line but by 2006 poverty decreased to 34 per cent and by 2015 to 10.1 per cent.<a href="#cite_note-278">[276]</a> In 2015, the average monthly income of a household was 1,022.3<a href="/wiki/Georgian_lari" title="Georgian lari">₾</a> (about <a href="/wiki/US_dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="US dollar">$</a>426).<a href="#cite_note-279">[277]</a> 2015 calculations place Georgia's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">nominal GDP</a> at US$13.98 billion.<a href="#cite_note-280">[278]</a> Georgia's economy is becoming more devoted to <a href="/wiki/Service_economy" title="Service economy">services</a> (as of 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georgia_(country)&action=edit">[update]</a>, representing 59.4 per cent of GDP), moving away from the <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural sector">agricultural sector</a> (6.1 per cent).<a href="#cite_note-281">[279]</a> Since 2014, unemployment has been gradually decreasing each year but remained in double digits and worsened during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-282">[280]</a> A perception of economic stagnation led to a 2019 survey of 1,500 residents finding unemployment was considered a significant problem by 73% of respondents, with 49% reporting their income had decreased over the prior year.<a href="#cite_note-283">[281]</a> Georgia's telecommunications infrastructure is ranked the last among its bordering neighbors in the World Economic Forum's <a href="/wiki/Network_Readiness_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Network Readiness Index">Network Readiness Index</a> (NRI) – an indicator for determining the development level of a country's information and communication technologies. Georgia ranked number 58 overall in the 2016 NRI ranking,<a href="#cite_note-NRI-284">[282]</a> up from 60 in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-285">[283]</a> Georgia was ranked 57th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-286">[284]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Tourism in Georgia (country)">Tourism in Georgia (country)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gudauri_Ski_Resort,_Gudauri,_Georgia_(Unsplash).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gudauri_Ski_Resort%2C_Gudauri%2C_Georgia_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/220px-Gudauri_Ski_Resort%2C_Gudauri%2C_Georgia_%28Unsplash%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gudauri_Ski_Resort%2C_Gudauri%2C_Georgia_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/330px-Gudauri_Ski_Resort%2C_Gudauri%2C_Georgia_%28Unsplash%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gudauri_Ski_Resort%2C_Gudauri%2C_Georgia_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/440px-Gudauri_Ski_Resort%2C_Gudauri%2C_Georgia_%28Unsplash%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3990" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gudauri" title="Gudauri">Gudauri</a> is the most visited ski resort of Georgia.</figcaption></figure> Tourism is an increasingly significant part of the Georgian economy. In 2016, over 2.7 million tourists brought approximately US$2.16 billion to the country.<a href="#cite_note-287">[285]</a> In 2019, the number of international arrivals reached a record high of 9.3 million people.<a href="#cite_note-288">[286]</a> with foreign exchange income in the year's first three-quarters amounting to over US$3 billion. The country plans to host 11 million visitors by 2025 with annual revenues reaching US$6.6 billion.<a href="#cite_note-289">[287]</a> According to the government, there are 103 resorts in different <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">climatic zones</a> in Georgia. Tourist attractions include more than 2,000 <a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)" title="Spring (hydrology)">mineral springs</a>, over 12,000 historical and cultural monuments, four of which are recognized as <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bagrati_Cathedral" title="Bagrati Cathedral">Bagrati Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kutaisi" title="Kutaisi">Kutaisi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gelati_Monastery" title="Gelati Monastery">Gelati Monastery</a>, historical monuments of <a href="/wiki/Mtskheta" title="Mtskheta">Mtskheta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Upper_Svaneti" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Svaneti">Upper Svaneti</a>).<a href="#cite_note-290">[288]</a> Other tourist attractions are <a href="/wiki/Uplistsikhe" title="Uplistsikhe">Cave City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ananuri" title="Ananuri">Ananuri</a> Castle/Church, <a href="/wiki/Sighnaghi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sighnaghi">Sighnaghi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kazbek" title="Mount Kazbek">Mount Kazbek</a>. In 2018, more than 1.4 million tourists from Russia visited Georgia.<a href="#cite_note-291">[289]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Transport in Georgia (country)">Transport in Georgia (country)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stadler_KISS_for_Georgian_Railways_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Stadler_KISS_for_Georgian_Railways_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Stadler_KISS_for_Georgian_Railways_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Stadler_KISS_for_Georgian_Railways_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Stadler_KISS_for_Georgian_Railways_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Stadler_KISS_for_Georgian_Railways_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Stadler_KISS_for_Georgian_Railways_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="437" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian Railways">Georgian Railways</a> represent a vital artery linking the Black Sea and <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> – the shortest route between Europe and Central Asia.</figcaption></figure> Today, transport in Georgia is provided by <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Railway" title="Georgian Railway">rail</a>, road, ferry, and air. The total length of <a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Roads in Georgia (country)">roads in Georgia</a>, excluding the <a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_in_Georgia" title="Russian-occupied territories in Georgia">occupied territories</a>, is 21,110 kilometres (13,120 mi) and railways – 1,576 km (979 mi).<a href="#cite_note-292">[290]</a> Positioned in the Caucasus and on the coast of the Black Sea, Georgia is a key country through which energy imports to the European Union from neighboring Azerbaijan pass.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In recent years, Georgia has invested large amounts of money in the modernization of its transport networks. The construction of new highways has been prioritized and, as such, major cities like Tbilisi have seen the quality of their roads improve dramatically; despite this, however, the quality of inter-city routes remains poor and to date only one motorway-standard road has been constructed – the <a href="/wiki/S1_highway_(Georgia)" title="S1 highway (Georgia)">ს 1 (S1)</a>, the main east–west highway through the country. The Georgian railways represent an important transport artery for the Caucasus, as they make up the largest proportion of a route linking the Black and <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Seas</a>. In turn, this has allowed them to benefit in recent years from increased energy exports from neighbouring Azerbaijan to the European Union, Ukraine, and Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-293">[291]</a> Passenger services are operated by the state-owned <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Railway" title="Georgian Railway">Georgian Railway</a> while freight operations are carried out by a number of licensed operators. Since 2004, the Georgian Railways have been undergoing a rolling programme of fleet-renewal and managerial restructuring which is aimed at making the service provided more efficient and comfortable for passengers.<a href="#cite_note-294">[292]</a> Infrastructural development has also been high on the agenda for the railways, with the key Tbilisi railway junction expected to undergo major reorganization in the near future.<a href="#cite_note-295">[293]</a> Additional projects also include the construction of the economically important <a href="/wiki/Kars%E2%80%93Tbilisi%E2%80%93Baku_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Kars–Tbilisi–Baku railway">Kars–Tbilisi–Baku railway</a>, which was opened on 30 October 2017 and connects much of the Caucasus with Turkey by <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a> railway.<a href="#cite_note-296">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[295]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_200623-N-O901-0001_USS_Porter_(DDG_78)_in_Batumi,_Georgia_on_June_23,_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/US_Navy_200623-N-O901-0001_USS_Porter_%28DDG_78%29_in_Batumi%2C_Georgia_on_June_23%2C_2020.jpg/220px-US_Navy_200623-N-O901-0001_USS_Porter_%28DDG_78%29_in_Batumi%2C_Georgia_on_June_23%2C_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/US_Navy_200623-N-O901-0001_USS_Porter_%28DDG_78%29_in_Batumi%2C_Georgia_on_June_23%2C_2020.jpg/330px-US_Navy_200623-N-O901-0001_USS_Porter_%28DDG_78%29_in_Batumi%2C_Georgia_on_June_23%2C_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/US_Navy_200623-N-O901-0001_USS_Porter_%28DDG_78%29_in_Batumi%2C_Georgia_on_June_23%2C_2020.jpg/440px-US_Navy_200623-N-O901-0001_USS_Porter_%28DDG_78%29_in_Batumi%2C_Georgia_on_June_23%2C_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2810" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Batumi_Seaport" title="Batumi Seaport">Batumi Seaport</a>.</figcaption></figure> Air and maritime transport is developing in Georgia, with the former mainly used by passengers and the latter for transport of freight. Georgia currently has four international airports, the largest of which is by far <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_International_Airport" title="Tbilisi International Airport">Tbilisi International Airport</a>, hub for <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Airways" title="Georgian Airways">Georgian Airways</a>, which offers connections to many large European cities. Other airports in the country are largely underdeveloped or lack scheduled traffic, although, as of late, efforts have been made to solve both these problems.<a href="#cite_note-298">[296]</a> There are a number of seaports along Georgia's Black Sea coast, the largest and most busy of which is the Port of Batumi; while the town is itself a seaside resort, the port is a major cargo terminal in the Caucasus and is often used by neighbouring Azerbaijan as a transit point for making energy deliveries to Europe. Scheduled and chartered passenger ferry services link Georgia with Bulgaria,<a href="#cite_note-299">[297]</a> Romania, Turkey and Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-300">[298]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Demographics of Georgia (country)">Demographics of Georgia (country)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/250px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/375px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/500px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="977" data-file-height="1111" /></a><figcaption>Ethno-linguistic groups in the Caucasus region as of 1995<a href="#cite_note-ECMI-301">[299]</a></figcaption></figure> Like most native <a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_the_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoples of the Caucasus">Caucasian peoples</a>, the Georgians do not fit into any of the main ethnic categories of Europe or Asia. The Georgian language, the most pervasive of the <a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian languages</a>, is not <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a>. The present-day Georgian or Kartvelian nation is thought to have resulted from the fusion of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous</a> inhabitants with various immigrants who moved into <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a> from <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> in remote antiquity.<a href="#cite_note-302">[300]</a> The population of Georgia totaled 3,688,647 as of 2022,<a href="#cite_note-geostatpop-303">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-a-304">[c]</a> a decrease from 3,713,804 in the previous census in October 2014.<a href="#cite_note-census2014summary-305">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-a-304">[c]</a> The population declined by 40,000 in 2021, a reversal of the trend towards stabilization of the last decade and, for the first time since independence, the population was recorded to be below 3.7 million. According to the 2014 census, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Georgians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Georgians">Ethnic Georgians</a> form about 86.8 percent of the population, while the remainder includes ethnic groups such as <a href="/wiki/Abkhazians" title="Abkhazians">Abkhazians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Georgia" title="Armenians in Georgia">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Georgia" title="Azerbaijanis in Georgia">Azerbaijanis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kists" class="mw-redirect" title="Kists">Kists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ossetians" title="Ossetians">Ossetians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yezidis" class="mw-redirect" title="Yezidis">Yezidis</a> and others.<a href="#cite_note-census2014summary-305">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-a-304">[c]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgian Jews</a> are one of the oldest Jewish communities in the world. According to the 1926 census there were 27,728 Jews in Georgia.<a href="#cite_note-census1926-306">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-308">[d]</a> Georgia was also once home to significant ethnic German communities, numbering 11,394 according to the 1926 census.<a href="#cite_note-census1926-306">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-310">[e]</a> Most of them <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Germans#Bolnisi,_Georgia" title="Caucasus Germans">were deported</a> during World War II.<a href="#cite_note-311">[306]</a> The 2014 census, carried out in collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund" title="United Nations Population Fund">United Nations Population Fund</a> (UNFPA), found a population gap of approximately 700,000 compared to the 2014 data from the National Statistical Office of Georgia, Geostat, which was cumulatively built on the 2002 census. Consecutive research estimated the 2002 census to be inflated by 8 to 9 percent,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHakkert20171–4-312">[307]</a> which affected the annually updated population estimates in subsequent years. One explanation put forward by UNFPA is that families of emigrants continued to list them in 2002 as residents for fear of losing certain rights or benefits. Also, the population registration system from birth to death was non-functional. It was not until around 2010 that parts of the system became reliable again. With the support of the UNFPA, the demographic data for the period 1994–2014 has been retro-projected.<a href="#cite_note-retroprojection-313">[308]</a> On the basis of that back-projection, Geostat has corrected its data for these years. The 1989 census recorded 341,000 ethnic <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Georgia" title="Russians in Georgia">Russians</a>, or 6.3 percent of the population,<a href="#cite_note-314">[309]</a> 52,000 <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> and 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Georgia" title="Greeks in Georgia">Greeks in Georgia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-emigration-315">[310]</a> The population of Georgia, including the breakaway regions, has declined by more than 1 million due to net emigration in the period 1990–2010.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHakkert201714-316">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-emigration-315">[310]</a> Other factors in the population decline include birth-death deficits for the period 1995–2010 and the exclusion of Abkhazia and South Ossetia from the statistics. Russia received by far the most migrants from Georgia. According to United Nations data, this totaled 625,000 by 2000, declining to 450,000 by 2019.<a href="#cite_note-317">[312]</a> Initially, the out-migration was driven by non-Georgian ethnicities, but increasing numbers of Georgians emigrated as well,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2013204-318">[313]</a> due to the war, the crisis-ridden 1990s, and the subsequent bad economic outlook. The 2010 Russian census recorded about 158,000 ethnic Georgians living in Russia,<a href="#cite_note-319">[314]</a> with approximately 40,000 living in Moscow by 2014.<a href="#cite_note-320">[315]</a> There were 184 thousand immigrants in Georgia in 2014 with most of them hailing from Russia (51.6%), Greece (8.3%), Ukraine (8.11%), Germany (4.3%), and Armenia (3.8%).<a href="#cite_note-Immigration-321">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-a-304">[c]</a> In the early 1990s, following the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, violent <a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separatist</a> conflicts broke out in the autonomous region of Abkhazia and <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetian_Autonomous_Oblast" title="South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast">Tskhinvali Region</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/Ossetians" title="Ossetians">Ossetians</a> living in Georgia left the country, mainly to Russia's <a href="/wiki/North_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="North Ossetia">North Ossetia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-322">[317]</a> On the other hand, at least 160,000 Georgians left Abkhazia after the breakout of hostilities in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHakkert201743-323">[318]</a> Of the <a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turk" class="mw-redirect" title="Meskhetian Turk">Meskhetian Turks</a> who were <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">forcibly relocated</a> in 1944, only a tiny fraction returned to Georgia as of 2008<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georgia_(country)&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-324">[319]</a> The most widespread language group is the <a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian family</a>, which includes Georgian, <a href="/wiki/Svan_language" title="Svan language">Svan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_language" title="Mingrelian language">Mingrelian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoeder20023-325">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoeder20056-326">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGamkrelidze196669-327">[322]</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_328-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFähnrichSardzhveladze2000[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-328">[323]</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_329-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKajaia2001[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-329">[324]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlimov199814-330">[325]</a> The official language of Georgia is <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhazian language">Abkhaz</a> having official status within the autonomous region of Abkhazia. Georgian is the primary language of 87.7 per cent of the population, followed by 6.2 per cent speaking <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>, 3.9 per cent <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, 1.2 per cent Russian, and 1 per cent other languages.<a href="#cite_note-2014_Language-331">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-a-304">[c]</a> Azerbaijani once served as a lingua franca for communication among various nationalities inhabiting Eastern Caucasus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussian_Review1925498-309">[305]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Georgia (country) <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://census.ge/files/results/Census_release_ENG.pdf">2014 General Population Census Main Results</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Georgia_(country)" title="List of cities and towns in Georgia (country)">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Georgia (country)">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Administrative divisions of Georgia (country)">Administrative divisions of Georgia</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Georgia_(country)" title="List of cities and towns in Georgia (country)"> Pop.</a> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Jahlinmarceta_tbilisi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tbilisi"><img alt="Tbilisi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Jahlinmarceta_tbilisi.jpg/120px-Jahlinmarceta_tbilisi.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Jahlinmarceta_tbilisi.jpg/180px-Jahlinmarceta_tbilisi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Jahlinmarceta_tbilisi.jpg/240px-Jahlinmarceta_tbilisi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5920" data-file-height="4000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Batumi_Dec_2019_08_35_34_145000.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Batumi"><img alt="Batumi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Batumi_Dec_2019_08_35_34_145000.jpeg/120px-Batumi_Dec_2019_08_35_34_145000.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Batumi_Dec_2019_08_35_34_145000.jpeg/180px-Batumi_Dec_2019_08_35_34_145000.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Batumi_Dec_2019_08_35_34_145000.jpeg/240px-Batumi_Dec_2019_08_35_34_145000.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1 108 717 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:2014_Kutaisi,_Fontanna_na_centralnym_placu_(06).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kutaisi"><img alt="Kutaisi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/2014_Kutaisi%2C_Fontanna_na_centralnym_placu_%2806%29.jpg/120px-2014_Kutaisi%2C_Fontanna_na_centralnym_placu_%2806%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/2014_Kutaisi%2C_Fontanna_na_centralnym_placu_%2806%29.jpg/180px-2014_Kutaisi%2C_Fontanna_na_centralnym_placu_%2806%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/2014_Kutaisi%2C_Fontanna_na_centralnym_placu_%2806%29.jpg/240px-2014_Kutaisi%2C_Fontanna_na_centralnym_placu_%2806%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4692" data-file-height="2639" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kutaisi" title="Kutaisi">Kutaisi</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Rustavi_Square.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Rustavi"><img alt="Rustavi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Rustavi_Square.JPG/120px-Rustavi_Square.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Rustavi_Square.JPG/180px-Rustavi_Square.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Rustavi_Square.JPG/240px-Rustavi_Square.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rustavi" title="Rustavi">Rustavi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Adjara" title="Adjara">Adjara</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">152 839 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kutaisi" title="Kutaisi">Kutaisi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Imereti" title="Imereti">Imereti</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">147 635 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rustavi" title="Rustavi">Rustavi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kvemo_Kartli" title="Kvemo Kartli">Kvemo Kartli</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">125 103 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gori,_Georgia" title="Gori, Georgia">Gori</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Shida_Kartli" title="Shida Kartli">Shida Kartli</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">48 143 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zugdidi" title="Zugdidi">Zugdidi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Samegrelo-Zemo_Svaneti" title="Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti">Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">42 998 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Poti" title="Poti">Poti</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Samegrelo-Zemo_Svaneti" title="Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti">Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">41,465 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sokhumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sokhumi">Sokhumi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">39,100<a href="#cite_note-occ-332">[f]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Khashuri" title="Khashuri">Khashuri</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Shida_Kartli" title="Shida Kartli">Shida Kartli</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">33 627 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tskhinvali" title="Tskhinvali">Tskhinvali</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Shida_Kartli" title="Shida Kartli">Shida Kartli</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">30,000<a href="#cite_note-occ-332">[f]</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Religion in Georgia (country)</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:YellowGreen; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 631.3751514675px; border-left-color:Violet"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Violet"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Violet"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 524.21835811132px; border-left-color:FireBrick"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:FireBrick"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:FireBrick"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 257.28249782392px; border-left-color:MediumSeaGreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:MediumSeaGreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:MediumSeaGreen"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 58.2948895253px; border-left-color:DarkOrchid"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkOrchid"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkOrchid"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Main religions (2014)<a href="#cite_note-geostat.ge-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-a-304">[c]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christian</a> (83.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> (10.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic</a> (2.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Georgia">Roman Catholic</a> (0.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Others (2.5%)</div> </div> </div></div> Today, 83.4 percent of the population practices <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Christianity</a>, with the majority of these adhering to the national <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Georgian Orthodox Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Religion-333">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-a-304">[c]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Georgian Orthodox Church</a> is one of the world's oldest Christian churches, and claims apostolic foundation by <a href="/wiki/Saint_Andrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Andrew">Saint Andrew</a>.<a href="#cite_note-334">[328]</a> In the first half of the 4th century, Christianity was adopted as the state religion of Iberia (present-day eastern Georgia), following the missionary work of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Nino" title="Saint Nino">Saint Nino</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Toumanoff1963-335">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rapp2007-336">[330]</a> The Church gained <a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">autocephaly</a> during the early Middle Ages; it was abolished during the Russian domination of the country, restored in 1917 and fully recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople</a> in 1989.<a href="#cite_note-337">[331]</a> The special status of the Georgian Orthodox Church is officially recognized in the Constitution of Georgia and the <a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_2002" title="Concordat of 2002">Concordat of 2002</a>, although religious institutions are separate from the state.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Religious minorities of Georgia include Muslims (10.7 percent), <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Christians</a> (2.9 percent) and Roman Catholics (0.5 percent).<a href="#cite_note-Religion-333">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-a-304">[c]</a> 0.7 percent of those recorded in the 2014 census declared themselves to be adherents of other religions, 1.2 percent refused or did not state their religion and 0.5 percent declared no religion at all.<a href="#cite_note-Religion-333">[327]</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Islam in Georgia (country)">Islam</a> is represented by both Azerbaijani <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> Muslims (in the south-east), ethnic Georgian <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> Muslims in Adjara, Chechen sub-ethnic group of Sunni <a href="/wiki/Kist_people" title="Kist people">Kists</a> in the Pankisi Gorge, and <a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a>-speaking Sunni Muslims as well as Sunni <a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetian Turks</a> along the border with Turkey. In Abkhazia, a minority of the Abkhaz population is also Sunni Muslim. There are also smaller communities of <a href="/wiki/Greek_Muslims" title="Greek Muslims">Greek Muslims</a> (of <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic Greek</a> origin) and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Muslims">Armenian Muslims</a>, both of whom are descended from Ottoman-era converts to Turkish Islam from <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Anatolia">Eastern Anatolia</a> who settled in Georgia following the <a href="/wiki/Lala_Mustafa_Pasha%27s_Caucasian_campaign" title="Lala Mustafa Pasha's Caucasian campaign">Lala Mustafa Pasha's Caucasian campaign</a> that led to the Ottoman conquest of the country in 1578. Georgian Jews trace the history of their community to the 6th century BC<a href="#cite_note-338">[332]</a> but due to immigration to Israel, by early 2000s their numbers had dwindled to several thousand.<a href="#cite_note-339">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-340">[334]</a> Despite the long history of religious harmony in Georgia,&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_341-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpillingWong2008[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-341">[335]</a> there have been instances of religious discrimination and violence against "nontraditional faiths", such as <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, by followers of the <a href="/wiki/Defrocked" class="mw-redirect" title="Defrocked">defrocked</a> Orthodox priest <a href="/wiki/Basil_Mkalavishvili" title="Basil Mkalavishvili">Basil Mkalavishvili</a>.<a href="#cite_note-342">[336]</a> In addition to traditional religious organizations, Georgia retains <a href="/wiki/Secularism_and_Irreligion_in_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Secularism and Irreligion in Georgia">secular and irreligious segments of society</a> (0.5 percent),<a href="#cite_note-Netgazeti-343">[337]</a> as well as a significant portion of religiously affiliated individuals who do not actively practice their faith.<a href="#cite_note-344">[338]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth_Bagrationi_Orbeliani,_a_Georgian_poet,_translator_and_professor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Elizabeth_Bagrationi_Orbeliani%2C_a_Georgian_poet%2C_translator_and_professor.jpg/220px-Elizabeth_Bagrationi_Orbeliani%2C_a_Georgian_poet%2C_translator_and_professor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Elizabeth_Bagrationi_Orbeliani%2C_a_Georgian_poet%2C_translator_and_professor.jpg/330px-Elizabeth_Bagrationi_Orbeliani%2C_a_Georgian_poet%2C_translator_and_professor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Elizabeth_Bagrationi_Orbeliani%2C_a_Georgian_poet%2C_translator_and_professor.jpg/440px-Elizabeth_Bagrationi_Orbeliani%2C_a_Georgian_poet%2C_translator_and_professor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1019" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Orbeliani" title="Elizabeth Orbeliani">Elizabeth Orbeliani</a>, Georgia's first woman professor and co-founder of <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_State_University" title="Tbilisi State University">Tbilisi State University</a> in 1918.</figcaption></figure> The education system of Georgia has undergone sweeping, though controversial, modernization since 2004.<a href="#cite_note-345">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-346">[340]</a> <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Education in Georgia (country)">Education in Georgia</a> is mandatory for all children aged 6–14.<a href="#cite_note-tempus-347">[341]</a> The school system is divided into elementary (six years; ages 6–12), basic (three years; ages 12–15), and secondary (three years; ages 15–18), or alternatively vocational studies (two years). Access to higher education is given to students who have gained a secondary school certificate. Only those students who have passed the Unified National Examinations may enroll in a state-accredited higher education institution, based on ranking of the scores received at the exams.<a href="#cite_note-348">[342]</a> Most of these institutions offer three levels of study: a bachelor's programme (three to four years); a master's programme (two years), and a doctoral programme (three years). There is also a certified specialist's programme that represents a single-level higher education programme lasting from three to six years.<a href="#cite_note-tempus-347">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-349">[343]</a> As of 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georgia_(country)&action=edit">[update]</a>, 75 higher education institutions are accredited by the Ministry of Education and Science of Georgia.<a href="#cite_note-350">[344]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gross_enrolment_ratio" title="Gross enrolment ratio">Gross primary enrolment ratio</a> was 117 percent for the period of 2012–2014, the 2nd highest in Europe after Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-351">[345]</a> Tbilisi has become the main artery of the Georgian educational system, particularly since the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">First Georgian Republic</a> in 1918 permitted the establishment of modern, Georgian-language educational institutions. Tbilisi is home to several major institutions of higher education in Georgia, notably the <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_State_Medical_University" title="Tbilisi State Medical University">Tbilisi State Medical University</a>, which was founded as Tbilisi Medical Institute in 1918, and the <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_State_University" title="Tbilisi State University">Tbilisi State University</a> (TSU), which was established in 1918 and remains the oldest university in the entire Caucasus region.<a href="#cite_note-352">[346]</a> The number of faculty and staff (collaborators) at TSU is approximately 5,000, with over 35,000 students enrolled. The following four universities are also located in Tbilisi: <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Technical_University" title="Georgian Technical University">Georgian Technical University</a>,<a href="#cite_note-353">[347]</a> which is Georgia's main and largest technical university, <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Georgia_(Tbilisi)" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Georgia (Tbilisi)">The University of Georgia (Tbilisi)</a>,<a href="#cite_note-354">[348]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_University" title="Caucasus University">Caucasus University</a><a href="#cite_note-355">[349]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_University_of_Tbilisi" title="Free University of Tbilisi">Free University of Tbilisi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-356">[350]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Culture of Georgia (country)">Culture of Georgia (country)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mokvi_Gospels_(Q-902),_1300.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Mokvi_Gospels_%28Q-902%29%2C_1300.jpg/220px-Mokvi_Gospels_%28Q-902%29%2C_1300.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Mokvi_Gospels_%28Q-902%29%2C_1300.jpg/330px-Mokvi_Gospels_%28Q-902%29%2C_1300.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Mokvi_Gospels_%28Q-902%29%2C_1300.jpg/440px-Mokvi_Gospels_%28Q-902%29%2C_1300.jpg 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="1023" /></a><figcaption>Medieval Georgian <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscript</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mokvi_Gospels" title="Mokvi Gospels">Mokvi Gospels</a>, 13th century.</figcaption></figure> Georgian culture evolved over thousands of years from its foundations in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia_(antiquity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Iberia (antiquity)">Iberian</a> and Colchian civilizations.<a href="#cite_note-357">[351]</a> Georgian culture enjoyed a <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Golden_Age" title="Georgian Golden Age">renaissance and golden age</a> of <a href="/wiki/Classical_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical literature">classical literature</a>, arts, philosophy, architecture and science in the 11th century.<a href="#cite_note-358">[352]</a> Georgian culture was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, the various <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Classical_antiquity" title="History of Iran">Iranian empires</a> (notably the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sassanian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanian Empire">Sassanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid Empire">Safavid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Qajar Empire">Qajar</a> empires),<a href="#cite_note-359">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-360">[354]</a><a href="#cite_note-361">[355]</a><a href="#cite_note-362">[356]</a> and later, since the 19th century, by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jones2003-363">[357]</a> This long history has provided a national narrative which encompasses the successful preservation of unique culture and identity in a consistent territory, despite external pressures. Christianity and the Georgian language are particularly important national identifiers.<a href="#cite_note-Batiashvili2012-364">[358]</a> These cultural, religious, and later political attributes are associated with a European and Western identity, based on a national perception of these attributes that contrasts with surrounding powers.<a href="#cite_note-Jones2003-363">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-Batiashvili2012-364">[358]</a><a href="#cite_note-365">[359]</a><a href="#cite_note-carnegie21-366">[360]</a> This self-identity is stronger among the dominant ethnic Georgian population than in the country's minority groups.<a href="#cite_note-carnegie21-366">[360]</a> Georgia is known for its <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>, traditional music, dances, theatre, cinema, and art. Notable painters from the 20th century include <a href="/wiki/Niko_Pirosmani" title="Niko Pirosmani">Niko Pirosmani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lado_Gudiashvili" title="Lado Gudiashvili">Lado Gudiashvili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elene_Akhvlediani" title="Elene Akhvlediani">Elene Akhvlediani</a>; notable ballet choreographers include <a href="/wiki/George_Balanchine" title="George Balanchine">George Balanchine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vakhtang_Chabukiani" title="Vakhtang Chabukiani">Vakhtang Chabukiani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nino_Ananiashvili" class="mw-redirect" title="Nino Ananiashvili">Nino Ananiashvili</a>; notable poets include <a href="/wiki/Galaktion_Tabidze" title="Galaktion Tabidze">Galaktion Tabidze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lado_Asatiani" title="Lado Asatiani">Lado Asatiani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mukhran_Machavariani" title="Mukhran Machavariani">Mukhran Machavariani</a>; and notable theatre and film directors include <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sturua" title="Robert Sturua">Robert Sturua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tengiz_Abuladze" title="Tengiz Abuladze">Tengiz Abuladze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Daneliya" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgi Daneliya">Giorgi Danelia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Otar_Ioseliani" class="mw-redirect" title="Otar Ioseliani">Otar Ioseliani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lang_David,_Georgians-367">[361]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture_and_arts">Architecture and arts</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fortress_of_Khertvisi1_(edited).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fortress_of_Khertvisi1_%28edited%29.jpg/220px-Fortress_of_Khertvisi1_%28edited%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fortress_of_Khertvisi1_%28edited%29.jpg/330px-Fortress_of_Khertvisi1_%28edited%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fortress_of_Khertvisi1_%28edited%29.jpg/440px-Fortress_of_Khertvisi1_%28edited%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Khertvisi_Fortress" title="Khertvisi Fortress">Khertvisi Fortress</a>, an example of <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> Georgian architecture.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Georgia (country)">Georgian architecture</a> has been influenced by many civilizations. There are several <a href="/wiki/Architectural_styles" class="mw-redirect" title="Architectural styles">architectural styles</a> for <a href="/wiki/Castles" class="mw-redirect" title="Castles">castles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tower" title="Tower">towers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fortifications" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortifications">fortifications</a> and churches. The <a href="/wiki/Upper_Svaneti" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Svaneti">Upper Svaneti</a> fortifications, and the castle town of <a href="/wiki/Shatili" title="Shatili">Shatili</a> in <a href="/wiki/Khevsureti" title="Khevsureti">Khevsureti</a>, are some of the finest examples of medieval Georgian <a href="/wiki/Castle_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Castle architecture">castle architecture</a>. Other architectural features of Georgia include <a href="/wiki/Rustavelis_Gamziri" class="mw-redirect" title="Rustavelis Gamziri">Rustaveli</a> Avenue in Tbilisi and the <a href="/wiki/Old_Tbilisi" title="Old Tbilisi">Old Town District</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Georgian <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiastic">ecclesiastic</a> art is one of the most notable aspects of Georgian <a href="/wiki/Christian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian architecture">Christian architecture</a>, which combines the classical <a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">dome</a> style with the original <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a> style, forming what is known as the Georgian cross-dome style. Cross-dome architecture developed in Georgia during the 9th century; before that, most Georgian churches were basilicas. Other examples of Georgian <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiastic">ecclesiastic</a> architecture can be found outside Georgia: <a href="/wiki/Bachkovo_Monastery" title="Bachkovo Monastery">Bachkovo Monastery</a> in Bulgaria (built in 1083 by the Georgian military commander Grigorii Bakuriani), <a href="/wiki/Iviron_monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Iviron monastery">Iviron monastery</a> in Greece (built by Georgians in the 10th century), and the <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_the_Cross" title="Monastery of the Cross">Monastery of the Cross</a> in Jerusalem (built by Georgians in the 9th century). One of the most famous late 19th/early 20th century Georgian artists was <a href="/wiki/Primitivist" class="mw-redirect" title="Primitivist">primitivist</a> painter <a href="/wiki/Niko_Pirosmani" title="Niko Pirosmani">Niko Pirosmani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-368">[362]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian language</a>, and the Classical Georgian literature of the poet <a href="/wiki/Shota_Rustaveli" title="Shota Rustaveli">Shota Rustaveli</a>, were revived in the 19th century after a long period of turmoil, laying the foundations of the <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romantics</a> and novelists of the modern era such as <a href="/wiki/Grigol_Orbeliani" title="Grigol Orbeliani">Grigol Orbeliani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikoloz_Baratashvili" title="Nikoloz Baratashvili">Nikoloz Baratashvili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilia_Chavchavadze" title="Ilia Chavchavadze">Ilia Chavchavadze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akaki_Tsereteli" title="Akaki Tsereteli">Akaki Tsereteli</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vazha-Pshavela" title="Vazha-Pshavela">Vazha-Pshavela</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lang_David,_Georgians-367">[361]</a> The Georgian language is written in three unique <a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">scripts</a> which, according to traditional accounts, were invented by King <a href="/wiki/Pharnavaz_I_of_Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharnavaz I of Iberia">Pharnavaz I of Iberia</a> in the 3rd century BC.<a href="#cite_note-369">[363]</a><a href="#cite_note-370">[364]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Mass media in Georgia (country)">Mass media in Georgia (country)</a></div> Television, magazines, and newspapers in Georgia are all operated by both state-owned and for-profit corporations which depend on advertising, <a href="/wiki/Subscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Subscription">subscription</a>, and other sales-related revenues. The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Constitution of Georgia (country)">Constitution of Georgia</a> guarantees freedom of speech.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The media environment of Georgia remains the freest and most diverse in the <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-371">[365]</a> despite the long-term politicization and polarisation affecting the sector. The political struggle for control over the public broadcaster has left it without a direction in 2014 too.<a href="#cite_note-FH-372">[366]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Music of Georgia (country)">Music of Georgia (country)</a></div> Georgia has an ancient musical tradition, which is primarily known for its early development of <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphony</a>. Georgian polyphony is based on three vocal parts, a unique tuning system based on perfect fifths, and a harmonic structure rich in parallel fifths and dissonances.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Three types of polyphony have developed in Georgia: a complex version in Svaneti, a dialogue over a bass background in the Kakheti region, and a three-part partially improvised version in western Georgia.<a href="#cite_note-373">[367]</a> The Georgian folk song "<a href="/wiki/Chakrulo" title="Chakrulo">Chakrulo</a>" was one of 27 musical compositions included on the <a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Records</a> that were sent into space on <a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a> on 20 August 1977.<a href="#cite_note-374">[368]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Georgian_cuisine" title="Georgian cuisine">Georgian cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georgian_cuisine_banner_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Georgian_cuisine_banner_1.jpg/220px-Georgian_cuisine_banner_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Georgian_cuisine_banner_1.jpg/330px-Georgian_cuisine_banner_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Georgian_cuisine_banner_1.jpg/440px-Georgian_cuisine_banner_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>Rather than serving food in <a href="/wiki/Course_(food)" title="Course (food)">courses</a>, traditional supras often present all that a host has to offer</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Georgian_cuisine" title="Georgian cuisine">Georgian cuisine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgian_wine" title="Georgian wine">wine</a> have evolved through the centuries, adapting traditions in each era. One of the most unusual traditions of dining is <a href="/wiki/Supra_(feast)" title="Supra (feast)">supra</a>, or Georgian table, which is also a way of socializing with friends and family. The head of supra is known as <a href="/wiki/Tamada" title="Tamada">tamada</a>. He also conducts the highly philosophical toasts, and makes sure that everyone is enjoying themselves. Various historical regions of Georgia are known for their particular dishes: for example, <a href="/wiki/Khinkali" title="Khinkali">khinkali</a> (meat dumplings), from eastern mountainous Georgia, and <a href="/wiki/Khachapuri" title="Khachapuri">khachapuri</a>, mainly from <a href="/wiki/Imereti" title="Imereti">Imereti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samegrelo" class="mw-redirect" title="Samegrelo">Samegrelo</a> and Adjara.<a href="#cite_note-Tuskadze2017-375">[369]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wine">Wine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Georgian_wine" title="Georgian wine">Georgian wine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rkatsiteli_iveriuli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Rkatsiteli_iveriuli.jpg/170px-Rkatsiteli_iveriuli.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Rkatsiteli_iveriuli.jpg/255px-Rkatsiteli_iveriuli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Rkatsiteli_iveriuli.jpg/340px-Rkatsiteli_iveriuli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1255" data-file-height="1977" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rkatsiteli" title="Rkatsiteli">Rkatsiteli</a> <a href="/wiki/Kvevri" title="Kvevri">kvevri</a> wine in a glass. Wine-making is a traditional component of the Georgian economy.</figcaption></figure> Georgia is <a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">one of the oldest wine-producing countries</a> in the world. Archaeology indicates that fertile valleys and slopes in and around Georgia have been home to <a href="/wiki/Grapevine" class="mw-redirect" title="Grapevine">grapevine</a> cultivation and <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">neolithic</a> wine production (<a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>: ღვინო, ɣvino) for millennia.<a href="#cite_note-Vinologue-376">[370]</a><a href="#cite_note-377">[371]</a><a href="#cite_note-378">[372]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpillingWong2008128-379">[373]</a> Local traditions associated with wine are entwined with its national identity.<a href="#cite_note-Vinologue-376">[370]</a> In 2013, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> added the ancient traditional Georgian winemaking method using the <a href="/wiki/Kvevri" title="Kvevri">Kvevri</a> clay jars to the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.<a href="#cite_note-Vinologue-376">[370]</a><a href="#cite_note-ich.unesco.org-380">[374]</a> Georgia's moderate climate and moist air, influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, provide the best conditions for vine cultivation. The soil in vineyards is so intensively cultivated that the grapevines grow up the trunks of fruit trees, eventually hanging down along the fruit when they ripen. This method of cultivation is called maglari.<a href="#cite_note-381">[375]</a> Among the best-known Georgian wine regions are <a href="/wiki/Kakheti" title="Kakheti">Kakheti</a> (further divided into the micro-regions of <a href="/wiki/Telavi" title="Telavi">Telavi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kvareli" title="Kvareli">Kvareli</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kartli" title="Kartli">Kartli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imereti" title="Imereti">Imereti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racha-Lechkhumi_and_Kvemo_Svaneti" title="Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti">Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adjara" title="Adjara">Adjara</a> and Abkhazia. Georgian wine has been a contentious issue in recent relationships with Russia. <a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Georgia–Russia relations">Political tensions with Russia</a> have contributed to the 2006 <a href="/wiki/2006_Russian_ban_of_Moldovan_and_Georgian_wines" title="2006 Russian ban of Moldovan and Georgian wines">Russian embargo</a> of Georgian wine, Russia claimed Georgia produced <a href="/wiki/Counterfeit" title="Counterfeit">counterfeit</a> wine. It was an "official" reason, but the instability of economic relations with Russia is well known, as they use the economic ties for political purposes.<a href="#cite_note-rferl_1076202-382">[376]</a> Counterfeiting problems stem from mislabelling by foreign producers and falsified "Georgian Wine" labels on wines produced outside of Georgia and imported into Russia under the auspices of being Georgian produced.<a href="#cite_note-rferl_1076202-382">[376]</a> The shipment of counterfeit wine has been primarily channelled through <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">Russian</a> managed customs checkpoints in Russian-occupied Georgian territories Abkhazia and South Ossetia, where no inspection and regulation occurs.<a href="#cite_note-rferl_1076202-382">[376]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Sport in Georgia (country)">Sport in Georgia (country)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georgia-Italy_Rugby_match.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Georgia-Italy_Rugby_match.jpg/220px-Georgia-Italy_Rugby_match.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Georgia-Italy_Rugby_match.jpg/330px-Georgia-Italy_Rugby_match.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Georgia-Italy_Rugby_match.jpg/440px-Georgia-Italy_Rugby_match.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3324" data-file-height="2299" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Georgia_national_rugby_union_team" title="Georgia national rugby union team">Georgia</a> playing <a href="/wiki/Italy_national_rugby_union_team" title="Italy national rugby union team">Italy</a> at rugby in the <a href="/wiki/Adjarabet_Arena" title="Adjarabet Arena">Adjarabet Arena</a> in Batumi.</figcaption></figure> The most popular sports in Georgia are <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>, basketball, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">wrestling</a>, judo, and <a href="/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting" title="Olympic weightlifting">weightlifting</a>. Rugby is considered Georgia's national sport.<a href="#cite_note-383">[377]</a> Historically, Georgia has been famous for its physical education; the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> were fascinated with Georgians' physical qualities after seeing the training techniques of ancient <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia_(antiquity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Iberia (antiquity)">Iberia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-384">[378]</a> Wrestling remains a historically important sport of Georgia, and some historians think that the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling" title="Greco-Roman wrestling">Greco-Roman style of wrestling</a> incorporates many Georgian elements.<a href="#cite_note-385">[379]</a> Within Georgia, one of the most popularized styles of wrestling is the Kakhetian style. There were a number of other styles in the past that are not as widely used today. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Khevsureti" title="Khevsureti">Khevsureti</a> region of Georgia has three styles of wrestling. Other popular sports in 19th century Georgia were <a href="/wiki/Polo" title="Polo">polo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lelo_burti" title="Lelo burti">Lelo</a>, a traditional Georgian game very similar to <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">rugby</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Completerugby-386">[380]</a> The first and only race circuit in the Caucasian region is located in Georgia. <a href="/wiki/Rustavi_International_Motorpark" title="Rustavi International Motorpark">Rustavi International Motorpark</a> originally built in 1978, was re-opened in 2012 after total reconstruction<a href="#cite_note-387">[381]</a> costing $20 million. The track satisfies the <a href="/wiki/FIA" class="mw-redirect" title="FIA">FIA</a> Grade 2 requirements and currently hosts the <a href="/wiki/Legends_car_racing" title="Legends car racing">Legends car racing</a> series and Formula Alfa competitions.<a href="#cite_note-388">[382]</a> Basketball was always one of the notable sports in Georgia, and Georgia had a few very famous <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Union national basketball team">Soviet Union national team</a> members, such as <a href="/wiki/Otar_Korkia" title="Otar Korkia">Otar Korkia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikheil_Korkia" title="Mikheil Korkia">Mikheil Korkia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zurab_Sakandelidze" title="Zurab Sakandelidze">Zurab Sakandelidze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Levan_Moseshvili" title="Levan Moseshvili">Levan Moseshvili</a>. <a href="/wiki/BC_Dinamo_Tbilisi" title="BC Dinamo Tbilisi">Dinamo Tbilisi</a> won the prestigious <a href="/wiki/EuroLeague" title="EuroLeague">EuroLeague</a> competition in <a href="/wiki/1961%E2%80%9362_FIBA_European_Champions_Cup" title="1961–62 FIBA European Champions Cup">1962</a>. Georgia has had five players in the <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">NBA</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Stepania" title="Vladimir Stepania">Vladimir Stepania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jake_Tsakalidis" title="Jake Tsakalidis">Jake Tsakalidis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikoloz_Tskitishvili" title="Nikoloz Tskitishvili">Nikoloz Tskitishvili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tornike_Shengelia" title="Tornike Shengelia">Tornike Shengelia</a> and former <a href="/wiki/Golden_State_Warriors" title="Golden State Warriors">Golden State Warriors</a> centre <a href="/wiki/Zaza_Pachulia" title="Zaza Pachulia">Zaza Pachulia</a>. Other notable basketball players include the two time EuroLeague champion <a href="/wiki/Giorgi_Shermadini" title="Giorgi Shermadini">Giorgi Shermadini</a> and EuroLeague players <a href="/wiki/Manuchar_Markoishvili" title="Manuchar Markoishvili">Manuchar Markoishvili</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Sanikidze" title="Viktor Sanikidze">Viktor Sanikidze</a>. The sport is regaining its popularity in the country recently, and the <a href="/wiki/Georgia_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia national basketball team">Georgia national basketball team</a> has qualified for the <a href="/wiki/EuroBasket" title="EuroBasket">EuroBasket</a> tournament five consecutive times since its first appearance in 2011.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] There are a number of world-class Georgian MMA fighters. <a href="/wiki/Ilia_Topuria" title="Ilia Topuria">Ilia Topuria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merab_Dvalishvili" title="Merab Dvalishvili">Merab Dvalishvili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giga_Chikadze" title="Giga Chikadze">Giga Chikadze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Dolidze" title="Roman Dolidze">Roman Dolidze</a> are highly ranked fighters currently signed with the <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship" title="Ultimate Fighting Championship">UFC</a>. Georgian athletes have won a total of 40 Olympic medals, mostly in wrestling, judo and weightlifting.<a href="#cite_note-389">[383]</a> Competitive bodybuilding sanctioned by the European <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_BodyBuilding_and_Fitness" class="mw-redirect" title="International Federation of BodyBuilding and Fitness">IFBB</a> is also popular in the country.<a href="#cite_note-390">[384]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Georgia_(country)" title="Portal:Georgia (country)">Georgia (country) portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Abkhazia" title="Portal:Abkhazia">Abkhazia portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Georgia_(country)-related_articles" title="Index of Georgia (country)-related articles">Index of Georgia (country)-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Outline of Georgia (country)">Outline of Georgia (country)</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_Autonomous_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhazian Autonomous Republic">Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Excluding Abkhazia and South Ossetia, the two <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">partially recognized states</a> under <a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_in_Georgia" title="Russian-occupied territories in Georgia">Russian occupation</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Government of Georgia (country)">government of Georgia</a> considers the two republics as integral parts of the country, with <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia" title="International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia">international support</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-a-304">^ <a href="#cite_ref-a_304-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_304-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_304-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_304-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_304-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_304-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_304-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_304-7">h</a> Data not including Abkhazia and South Ossetia </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> Combined population of urban (23,433 in 1922) and rural (2,326 in 1917) communities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussian_Review1925499-307">[304]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> Estimated 14,000 in 1922.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussian_Review1925498-309">[305]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-occ-332">^ <a href="#cite_ref-occ_332-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-occ_332-1">b</a> Occupied city, estimated data </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2">"Article 8", <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Constitution of Georgia (country)">Constitution of Georgia</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Article+8&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+Georgia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988">. In <a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_Autonomous_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhazian Autonomous Republic">Abkhazian AR</a>, also <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhazian</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171210071629/http://parliament.ge/uploads/other/28/28803.pdf">"Constitution of Georgia"</a> (PDF). Parliament of Georgia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parliament.ge/uploads/other/28/28803.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliament+of+Georgia&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+Georgia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fparliament.ge%2Fuploads%2Fother%2F28%2F28803.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-geostat.ge-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-geostat.ge_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-geostat.ge_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205175903/http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf">"2014 General Population Census – Main Results"</a> (PDF). National Statistics Office of Georgia (Geostat). 28 April 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 7 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2014+General+Population+Census+%E2%80%93+Main+Results&rft.pub=National+Statistics+Office+of+Georgia+%28Geostat%29&rft.date=2016-04-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeostat.ge%2Fcms%2Fsite_images%2F_files%2Fenglish%2Fpopulation%2FCensus_release_ENG_2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074805/http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf">"საქართველოს მოსახლეობის საყოველთაო აღწერის საბოლოო შედეგები"</a> (PDF). National Statistics Office of Georgia. 28 April 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1+%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1+%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A7%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D+%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1+%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9D+%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98&rft.pub=National+Statistics+Office+of+Georgia&rft.date=2016-04-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeostat.ge%2Fcms%2Fsite_images%2F_files%2Fenglish%2Fpopulation%2FCensus_release_ENG_2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geostat.ge/en/modules/categories/41/population">"Demographic Portal"</a>. Retrieved 7 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Demographic+Portal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geostat.ge%2Fen%2Fmodules%2Fcategories%2F41%2Fpopulation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2014_Census-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2014_Census_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2014_Census_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://census.ge/files/results/Census_release_ENG.pdf">"2014 General Population Census Main Results General Information — National Statistics Office of Georgia"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160808154843/http://census.ge/files/results/Census_release_ENG.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 7 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2014+General+Population+Census+Main+Results+General+Information+%E2%80%94+National+Statistics+Office+of+Georgia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcensus.ge%2Ffiles%2Fresults%2FCensus_release_ENG.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEO.GE-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.GE_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.GE_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.GE_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.GE_8-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=915,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Georgia)"</a>. IMF.org. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. 10 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+October+2023+Edition.+%28Georgia%29&rft.date=2023-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2023%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D915%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2020%26ey%3D2028%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wb-gini-9"><a href="#cite_ref-wb-gini_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=GE">"GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Georgia"</a>. data.worldbank.org. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180720065529/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=GE">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=GINI+index+%28World+Bank+estimate%29+%E2%80%93+Georgia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSI.POV.GINI%3Flocations%3DGE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNHDR-10"><a href="#cite_ref-UNHDR_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf">"Human Development Report 2021/2022"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 8 September 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220908052326/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 September 2022. Retrieved 6 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2021%2F2022&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2022-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Encyclopedic World Atlas, George Philip & Son, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>: 2002, p.104 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)">Histories</a> 4.38. C.f. James Rennell, The geographical system of Herodotus examined and explained, Volume 1, Rivington 1830, <a href="//archive.org/details/bub_gb_enQ-AAAAcAAJ/page/n274" class="extiw" title="iarchive:bub gb enQ-AAAAcAAJ/page/n274">p. 244</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a>", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, June 2021: "One widely accepted scheme draws the dividing line along the crest of the Greater Caucasus range, putting the portion of the region north of the line in Europe and the portion south of it in Asia. Another puts the western portion of the Caucasus region in Europe and the eastern part (the bulk of Azerbaijan and small portions of Armenia, Georgia, and Russia's Caspian Sea coast) in Asia..." </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Nana_Bolashvili" title="Nana Bolashvili">Nana Bolashvili</a>, Andreas Dittmann, Lorenz King, Vazha Neidze (eds.): ``National Atlas of Georgia``, 138 pages, Steiner Verlag, 2018, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-515-12057-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-515-12057-9">978-3-515-12057-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-statspopulation-16"><a href="#cite_ref-statspopulation_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geostat.ge/en/modules/categories/316/population-and-demography">"Population and Demography"</a>. National Statistics Office of Georgia, Geostat. Retrieved 29 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+and+Demography&rft.pub=National+Statistics+Office+of+Georgia%2C+Geostat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geostat.ge%2Fen%2Fmodules%2Fcategories%2F316%2Fpopulation-and-demography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-41977709">'World's oldest wine' found in 8,000-year-old jars in Georgia</a>. BBC News: 13 November 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-archeologyMethodTheory2014322-18"><a href="#cite_ref-archeologyMethodTheory2014322_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoce2004" class="citation journal cs1">Doce, Elisa Guerra (2004). "The Origins of Inebriation: Archaeological Evidence of the Consumption of Fermented Beverages and Drugs in Prehistoric Eurasia". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Archaeological_Method_and_Theory" title="Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory">Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory</a>. 22 (3): 751–782. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10816-014-9205-z">10.1007/s10816-014-9205-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1072-5369">1072-5369</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143750976">143750976</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Method+and+Theory&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+Inebriation%3A+Archaeological+Evidence+of+the+Consumption+of+Fermented+Beverages+and+Drugs+in+Prehistoric+Eurasia&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=751-782&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143750976%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1072-5369&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10816-014-9205-z&rft.aulast=Doce&rft.aufirst=Elisa+Guerra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Soviet_power-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Soviet_power_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Soviet_power_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2020" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Stephen (27 October 2020). "The establishment of Soviet power in Transcaucasia: The case of Georgia 1921–1928". Soviet Studies. 40 (4): 627. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668138808411783">10.1080/09668138808411783</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soviet+Studies&rft.atitle=The+establishment+of+Soviet+power+in+Transcaucasia%3A+The+case+of+Georgia+1921%E2%80%931928&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=627&rft.date=2020-10-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09668138808411783&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231027061907/https://matsne.gov.ge/en/document/view/30346?publication=36">"Constitution of Georgia"</a>. The Legislative Herald of Georgia. 29 June 2020. Article 1.1, 7.2, 45, 52 and 54. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://matsne.gov.ge/en/document/view/30346?publication=36">the original</a> on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+Georgia&rft.pages=Article+1.1%2C+7.2%2C+45%2C+52+and+54&rft.pub=The+Legislative+Herald+of+Georgia&rft.date=2020-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmatsne.gov.ge%2Fen%2Fdocument%2Fview%2F30346%3Fpublication%3D36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-undp-21"><a href="#cite_ref-undp_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210619184258/https://www.ge.undp.org/content/georgia/en/home/projects/PARLIAMENT.html">"Consolidating Parliamentary Democracy in Georgia"</a>. UNDP Georgia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ge.undp.org/content/georgia/en/home/projects/PARLIAMENT.html">the original</a> on 19 June 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consolidating+Parliamentary+Democracy+in+Georgia&rft.pub=UNDP+Georgia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ge.undp.org%2Fcontent%2Fgeorgia%2Fen%2Fhome%2Fprojects%2FPARLIAMENT.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2024-investment-climate-statements/georgia/">"Georgia"</a>. United States Department of State. Retrieved 21 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Georgia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2F2024-investment-climate-statements%2Fgeorgia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/meetings/european-council/2023/12/14-15/">"European Council - Consilium"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=European+Council+-+Consilium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.consilium.europa.eu%2Fen%2Fmeetings%2Feuropean-council%2F2023%2F12%2F14-15%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Braund1994" class="citation book cs1">David Braund (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/georgiainantiqui0000brau">A History of Colchis and Transcaucasian Iberia, 550 BC-AD 562</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/georgiainantiqui0000brau/page/17">17–18</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814473-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814473-1"><bdi>978-0-19-814473-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Colchis+and+Transcaucasian+Iberia%2C+550+BC-AD+562&rft.pages=17-18&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-19-814473-1&rft.au=David+Braund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeorgiainantiqui0000brau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Rouben_Galichian" title="Rouben Galichian">Rouben Galichian</a> (2007) Countries South of the Caucasus in Medieval Maps: Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan. pp. 188–189 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Boeder; et al. (2002). Philology, typology and language structure. Peter Lang. p. 65. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0820459912" title="Special:BookSources/978-0820459912">978-0820459912</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Grigol_Peradze" title="Grigol Peradze">Peradze, Gregory</a>. "The Pilgrims' derivation of the name Georgia". Georgica, Autumn, 1937, nos. 4 & 5, 208–209 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHockZgusta1997" class="citation book cs1">Hock, Hans Henrich; Zgusta, Ladislav (1997). Historical, Indo-European, and Lexicographical Studies. Walter de Gruyter. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-012884-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-012884-0"><bdi>978-3-11-012884-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical%2C+Indo-European%2C+and+Lexicographical+Studies&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-3-11-012884-0&rft.aulast=Hock&rft.aufirst=Hans+Henrich&rft.au=Zgusta%2C+Ladislav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze20153-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze20153_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze20153_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze20153_29-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMikaberidze2015">Mikaberidze (2015)</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERapp201421-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERapp201421_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRapp2014">Rapp (2014)</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rapp-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Rapp_31-0">^</a> Rapp, Stephen H. (2003), Studies in Medieval Georgian Historiography: Early Texts And Eurasian Contexts, pp. 419–423. Peeters Publishers, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-429-1318-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-429-1318-5">90-429-1318-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstantine_Porphyrogenitus1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Porphyrogenitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine Porphyrogenitus">Constantine Porphyrogenitus</a> (1967). Gyula Moravcsik (ed.). <a href="/wiki/De_Administrando_Imperio" title="De Administrando Imperio">De Administrando Imperio</a>. translated by <a href="/wiki/Romilly_James_Heald_Jenkins" class="mw-redirect" title="Romilly James Heald Jenkins">R.J.H Jenkins</a>. Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Administrando+Imperio&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks+Center+for+Byzantine+Studies&rft.date=1967&rft.au=Constantine+Porphyrogenitus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231027061907/https://matsne.gov.ge/en/document/view/30346?publication=36">"Article 2.1"</a>, Constitution of Georgia, Legislative Herald of Georgia, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://matsne.gov.ge/en/document/view/30346?publication=36">the original</a> on 27 October 2023, retrieved 25 March 2022, <q>'Georgia' is the name of the state of Georgia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Article+2.1&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+Georgia&rft.pub=Legislative+Herald+of+Georgia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmatsne.gov.ge%2Fen%2Fdocument%2Fview%2F30346%3Fpublication%3D36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Tbilisi">"Tbilisi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. 11 July 2023. <q>Tbilisi, formerly Tiflis, capital of the republic of Georgia</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tbilisi&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2023-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FTbilisi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorovitz2006" class="citation web cs1">Horovitz, David (17 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/international/by-georgia-dont-call-us-gruzia">"'By Georgia! Don't call us Gruzia'"</a>. The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 19 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=%27By+Georgia%21+Don%27t+call+us+Gruzia%27&rft.date=2006-05-17&rft.aulast=Horovitz&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Finternational%2Fby-georgia-dont-call-us-gruzia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.trend.az/scaucasus/georgia/2324328.html">"Japan intends to officially use 'Georgia' instead of 'Gruzia'"</a>. Trend News Agency. 21 October 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trend+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Japan+intends+to+officially+use+%27Georgia%27+instead+of+%27Gruzia%27&rft.date=2014-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.trend.az%2Fscaucasus%2Fgeorgia%2F2324328.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLomsadze2011" class="citation web cs1">Lomsadze, Giorgi (28 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eurasianet.org/georgia-stop-calling-me-gruzia">"Georgia: Stop Calling Me "Gruzia""</a>. Eurasianet. Retrieved 19 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eurasianet&rft.atitle=Georgia%3A+Stop+Calling+Me+%22Gruzia%22&rft.date=2011-06-28&rft.aulast=Lomsadze&rft.aufirst=Giorgi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feurasianet.org%2Fgeorgia-stop-calling-me-gruzia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRekhviashvili2011" class="citation web cs1">Rekhviashvili, Jimsher (13 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rferl.org/a/georgia_asks_friends_to_stop_calling_it_gruzia/24264848.html">"Georgia Asks Friends To Stop Calling It 'Gruzia'"</a>. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 19 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Georgia+Asks+Friends+To+Stop+Calling+It+%27Gruzia%27&rft.date=2011-07-13&rft.aulast=Rekhviashvili&rft.aufirst=Jimsher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frferl.org%2Fa%2Fgeorgia_asks_friends_to_stop_calling_it_gruzia%2F24264848.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/1317371/lithuania-approves-sakartvelo-as-official-name-for-georgia">"Lithuania approves Sakartvelo as official name for Georgia"</a>. LRT. 11 January 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LRT&rft.atitle=Lithuania+approves+Sakartvelo+as+official+name+for+Georgia&rft.date=2021-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrt.lt%2Fen%2Fnews-in-english%2F19%2F1317371%2Flithuania-approves-sakartvelo-as-official-name-for-georgia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/oddly-enough/georgian-archaeologists-find-18-million-year-old-human-tooth-2022-09-09/">"Georgian archaeologists find 1.8-million-year-old human tooth"</a>. Reuters. 9 September 2022. Retrieved 26 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Georgian+archaeologists+find+1.8-million-year-old+human+tooth&rft.date=2022-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Flifestyle%2Foddly-enough%2Fgeorgian-archaeologists-find-18-million-year-old-human-tooth-2022-09-09%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoebroeks1993" class="citation book cs1">Roebroeks, Wil (1993). The Earliest Occupation of Europe. Leiden: Modderman Stichting / Faculty of Archaeology – Leiden University. pp. 207–209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789073368071" title="Special:BookSources/9789073368071"><bdi>9789073368071</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Earliest+Occupation+of+Europe&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=207-209&rft.pub=Modderman+Stichting+%2F+Faculty+of+Archaeology+%E2%80%93+Leiden+University&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9789073368071&rft.aulast=Roebroeks&rft.aufirst=Wil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsotskolauri2017" class="citation book cs1">Tsotskolauri, Avtandil (2017). საქართველოს ისტორია. Tbilisi: Saunje. pp. 12–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9941-451-79-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-9941-451-79-9"><bdi>978-9941-451-79-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1+%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90&rft.place=Tbilisi&rft.pages=12-17&rft.pub=Saunje&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-9941-451-79-9&rft.aulast=Tsotskolauri&rft.aufirst=Avtandil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKot2021" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Kot, Małgorzata (20 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1040618220304328">"Filling the gaps: Late Upper Palaeolithic settlement in Gvardjilas Klde, Georgia"</a>. Quaternary International. 587–588: 384–399. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021QuInt.587..384K">2021QuInt.587..384K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2020.07.034">10.1016/j.quaint.2020.07.034</a>. Retrieved 27 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+International&rft.atitle=Filling+the+gaps%3A+Late+Upper+Palaeolithic+settlement+in+Gvardjilas+Klde%2C+Georgia&rft.volume=587-588&rft.pages=384-399&rft.date=2021-06-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2020.07.034&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021QuInt.587..384K&rft.aulast=Kot&rft.aufirst=Ma%C5%82gorzata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS1040618220304328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaudouin2019" class="citation journal cs1">Baudouin, Emmanuel (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/paleorient/602">"Rethinking architectural techniques of the Southern Caucasus in the 6th millennium BC: A re-examination of former data and new insights"</a>. Paléorient (45–1): 115–150. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fpaleorient.602">10.4000/paleorient.602</a>. Retrieved 27 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pal%C3%A9orient&rft.atitle=Rethinking+architectural+techniques+of+the+Southern+Caucasus+in+the+6th+millennium+BC%3A+A+re-examination+of+former+data+and+new+insights&rft.issue=45%E2%80%931&rft.pages=115-150&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fpaleorient.602&rft.aulast=Baudouin&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fpaleorient%2F602&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavole2009" class="citation web cs1">Lavole, Amy (10 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2009/09/oldest-known-fibers-discovered/">"Oldest-known fibers to be used by humans discovered"</a>. The Harvard Gazette. Retrieved 27 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Harvard+Gazette&rft.atitle=Oldest-known+fibers+to+be+used+by+humans+discovered&rft.date=2009-09-10&rft.aulast=Lavole&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.harvard.edu%2Fgazette%2Fstory%2F2009%2F09%2Foldest-known-fibers-discovered%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231202151005/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/sponsor-content-secret-birthplace-of-wine">"Discover the Secret Birthplace of Wine"</a>. National Geographic. 21 May 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/sponsor-content-secret-birthplace-of-wine">the original</a> on 2 December 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Discover+the+Secret+Birthplace+of+Wine&rft.date=2018-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2Fsponsor-content-secret-birthplace-of-wine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHauotmann2009" class="citation journal cs1">Hauotmann, Andreas (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/archeosciences/2037?lang=en">"Bronze Age gold in Southern Georgia"</a>. ArcheoSciences (33): 75–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Farcheosciences.2037">10.4000/archeosciences.2037</a>. Retrieved 27 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ArcheoSciences&rft.atitle=Bronze+Age+gold+in+Southern+Georgia&rft.issue=33&rft.pages=75-82&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Farcheosciences.2037&rft.aulast=Hauotmann&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Farcheosciences%2F2037%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJavakhishvili1950" class="citation book cs1">Javakhishvili, Ivane (1950). Historical-Ethnological problems of Georgia, the Caucasus and the Near East. Tbilisi: Tbilisi State University. pp. 130–135.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical-Ethnological+problems+of+Georgia%2C+the+Caucasus+and+the+Near+East&rft.place=Tbilisi&rft.pages=130-135&rft.pub=Tbilisi+State+University&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Javakhishvili&rft.aufirst=Ivane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agenda.ge/en/news/2022/1715">"Archaeologists discover 14th–12th centuries BCE Colchis artefacts in western Georgia"</a>. Agenda.ge. 13 May 2022. Retrieved 2 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Agenda.ge&rft.atitle=Archaeologists+discover+14th%E2%80%9312th+centuries+BCE+Colchis+artefacts+in+western+Georgia&rft.date=2022-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagenda.ge%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2022%2F1715&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLichell2016" class="citation journal cs1">Lichell, Vakhtang (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/mediterranee/8317">"Geoarchaeology of Phasis (Georgia)"</a>. Méditerranée (126): 119–128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fmediterranee.8317">10.4000/mediterranee.8317</a>. Retrieved 2 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e&rft.atitle=Geoarchaeology+of+Phasis+%28Georgia%29&rft.issue=126&rft.pages=119-128&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fmediterranee.8317&rft.aulast=Lichell&rft.aufirst=Vakhtang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fmediterranee%2F8317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Marshall_Lang1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Marshall_Lang" title="David Marshall Lang">David Marshall Lang</a> (1997). Lives and Legends of the Georgian Saints (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vladimir%27s_Orthodox_Theological_Seminary" title="Saint Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary">St. Vladimir's Seminary Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-913836-29-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-913836-29-3"><bdi>978-0-913836-29-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lives+and+Legends+of+the+Georgian+Saints&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=St.+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-913836-29-3&rft.au=David+Marshall+Lang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCyril_Toumanoff1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Toumanoff" title="Cyril Toumanoff">Cyril Toumanoff</a> (1967). Studies in Christian Caucasian History. <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University_Press" title="Georgetown University Press">Georgetown University Press</a>. pp. 83–84, 377.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Christian+Caucasian+History&rft.pages=83-84%2C+377&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press.&rft.date=1967&rft.au=Cyril+Toumanoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsatiani2009">Asatiani 2009</a>, pp. 48–50 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsatiani2009">Asatiani 2009</a>, pp. 54–61 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsatiani2009">Asatiani 2009</a>, pp. 47–48 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsatiani2009">Asatiani 2009</a>, pp. 67–70 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithVivien_Law1998" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Graham; Vivien Law (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationbuildingin0000unse/page/56">Nation-building in the post-Soviet borderlands</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationbuildingin0000unse/page/56">56</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59968-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59968-9"><bdi>978-0-521-59968-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nation-building+in+the+post-Soviet+borderlands&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-59968-9&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft.au=Vivien+Law&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnationbuildingin0000unse%2Fpage%2F56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Marshall_Lang1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Marshall_Lang" title="David Marshall Lang">David Marshall Lang</a> (1976). Modern History of Soviet Georgia. London: Greenwood Press. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-8183-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-8183-7"><bdi>978-0-8371-8183-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+History+of+Soviet+Georgia&rft.place=London&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-8371-8183-7&rft.au=David+Marshall+Lang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvana_MarkováAlex_Gillespie2011" class="citation book cs1">Ivana Marková; Alex Gillespie, eds. (2011). Trust and Conflict: Representation, Culture and Dialogue. Cultural Dynamics of Social Representation. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-59346-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-59346-5"><bdi>978-0-415-59346-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trust+and+Conflict%3A+Representation%2C+Culture+and+Dialogue&rft.series=Cultural+Dynamics+of+Social+Representation&rft.pages=43&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-415-59346-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward_AronsonDodona_Kiziria1999" class="citation book cs1">Howard Aronson; Dodona Kiziria (1999). Georgian Literature and Culture. Slavica. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89357-278-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89357-278-5"><bdi>978-0-89357-278-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Georgian+Literature+and+Culture&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Slavica&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-89357-278-5&rft.au=Howard+Aronson&rft.au=Dodona+Kiziria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuny1996" class="citation book cs1">Suny, Ronald Grigor (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B2W1YOG3N10C">Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia</a>. DIANE Publishing. p. 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7881-2813-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7881-2813-4"><bdi>978-0-7881-2813-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161221175149/https://books.google.com/books?id=B2W1YOG3N10C">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2017. <q>The Knight in the Panther Skin occupies a unique position as the Georgian national epic.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenia%2C+Azerbaijan%2C+and+Georgia&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=DIANE+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7881-2813-4&rft.aulast=Suny&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Grigor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB2W1YOG3N10C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-javaxisvili-62"><a href="#cite_ref-javaxisvili_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJavakhishvili1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ivane_Javakhishvili" title="Ivane Javakhishvili">Javakhishvili, Ivane</a> (1982). k'art'veli eris istoria [The History of the Georgian Nation] (in Georgian). Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_State_University" title="Tbilisi State University">Tbilisi State University</a> Press. pp. 184–187.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=k%27art%27veli+eris+istoria&rft.pages=184-187&rft.pub=Tbilisi+State+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Javakhishvili&rft.aufirst=Ivane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEastmond2010109-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEastmond2010109_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEastmond2010109_63-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEastmond2010">Eastmond (2010)</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEastmond201093-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEastmond201093_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEastmond2010">Eastmond (2010)</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PeEeAQAAMAAJ">Imagining history at the crossroads: Persia, Byzantium, and the architects of the written Georgian past, Volume 2 p 652</a>. University of Michigan 1997. 1997. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-591-30828-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-591-30828-0"><bdi>978-0-591-30828-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 25 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imagining+history+at+the+crossroads%3A+Persia%2C+Byzantium%2C+and+the+architects+of+the+written+Georgian+past%2C+Volume+2+p+652&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+1997&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-591-30828-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPeEeAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRené_Grousset,_Rene1991" class="citation book cs1">René Grousset, Rene (1991). 'The Empire of the Steppes. <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>. p. 260.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27The+Empire+of+the+Steppes&rft.pages=260&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Ren%C3%A9+Grousset%2C+Rene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2015xxxi-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2015xxxi_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMikaberidze2015">Mikaberidze (2015)</a>, p. xxxi. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> " ნ. ტოლჩანოვის იმერეთში ელჩობის მუხლობრივი აღწერილობა, 1650–1652", გამოსცა ი. ცინცაძემ, თბ., 1970, გვ. 37–38 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> გურამ შარაძე, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/handle/1234/293835">ბედნიერებისა და სათნოების საუნჯე</a>, თბილისი, გამომცემლობა საბჭოთა საქართველო, 1984: pp. 436–437. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFჯაოშვილი1984" class="citation book cs1">ჯაოშვილი, ვახტანგ (1984). საქართველოს მოსახლეობა XVIII-XX საუკუნეებში: დემოგრაფიულ-გეოგრაფიული გამოკვლევა (1st ed.). მეცნიერება. p. 72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1+%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90+XVIII-XX+%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%3A+%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A-%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98+%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%90&rft.pages=72&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98&rft.aufirst=%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991328-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991328_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991">Fisher et al. (1991)</a>, p. 328. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150501155836/http://www.hist.msu.ru/ER/Etext/georgia.htm"><bdi lang="ru">Георгиевский трактат</bdi></a> [Treaty of Georgievsk] (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Moscow_State_University" title="Moscow State University">Moscow State University</a>. 24 July 1783. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hist.msu.ru/ER/Etext/georgia.htm">the original</a> on 1 May 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82&rft.pub=Moscow+State+University&rft.date=1783-07-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hist.msu.ru%2FER%2FEtext%2Fgeorgia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/9137125">Relations between Tehran and Moscow, 1797–2014</a>. Retrieved 17 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Relations+between+Tehran+and+Moscow%2C+1797%E2%80%932014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F9137125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikaberidze2009" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mikaberidze" title="Alexander Mikaberidze">Mikaberidze, Alexander</a> (2009), Burnham, Robert (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napoleon-series.org/research/biographies/bagration/c_bagration1.html">Peter Bagration: The Best Georgian General of the Napoleonic Wars</a>, The Napoleon Series, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180816052429/http://www.napoleon-series.org/research/biographies/bagration/c_bagration1.html">archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2018, retrieved 19 February 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peter+Bagration%3A+The+Best+Georgian+General+of+the+Napoleonic+Wars&rft.series=The+Napoleon+Series&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Mikaberidze&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.napoleon-series.org%2Fresearch%2Fbiographies%2Fbagration%2Fc_bagration1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGvosdev200085-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGvosdev200085_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGvosdev2000">Gvosdev (2000)</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvalov1906186-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvalov1906186_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvalov1906">Avalov (1906)</a>, p. 186. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGvosdev200086-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGvosdev200086_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGvosdev2000">Gvosdev (2000)</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELang1957249-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang1957249_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLang1957">Lang (1957)</a>, p. 249. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELang1957251-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang1957251_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLang1957">Lang (1957)</a>, p. 251. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELang1957247-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang1957247_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLang1957">Lang (1957)</a>, p. 247. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELang1957252-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang1957252_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLang1957">Lang (1957)</a>, p. 252. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Timothy C. Dowling <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KTq2BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA728">Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170208103437/https://books.google.com/books?id=KTq2BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA728">Archived</a> 8 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> pp 728 ABC-CLIO, 2 December 2014 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1598849484" title="Special:BookSources/1598849484">1598849484</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny199464-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuny199464_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuny1994">Suny (1994)</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Allen F. Chew: An Atlas of Russian History: Eleven Centuries of Changing Borders. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>, 1970, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_85-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200705123407/http://georgiatoday.ge/news/21292/Georgia-Celebrates-Independence-Day-">"Georgia Celebrates Independence Day"</a>. Georgia Today on the Web. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://georgiatoday.ge/news/21292/Georgia-Celebrates-Independence-Day-">the original</a> on 5 July 2020. Retrieved 5 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Georgia+Today+on+the+Web&rft.atitle=Georgia+Celebrates+Independence+Day&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeorgiatoday.ge%2Fnews%2F21292%2FGeorgia-Celebrates-Independence-Day-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Stefan Talmon (1998), Recognition of Governments in International Law, p. 289–290. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-826573-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-826573-5">0-19-826573-5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-shirokov-87"><a href="#cite_ref-shirokov_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFШироковТарасов2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Широков, И. В.; Тарасов, А. А. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140220124843/http://www.sss-tmas.org/index.php/component/docman/doc_download/14-our-little-khosta?Itemid=">Наша маленькая Хоста – Исторический очерк</a> (in Russian). Sochi. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sss-tmas.org/index.php/component/docman/doc_download/14-our-little-khosta?Itemid=">the original</a> on 20 February 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0+%E2%80%93+%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA&rft.place=Sochi&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%98.+%D0%92.&rft.au=%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%90.+%D0%90.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sss-tmas.org%2Findex.php%2Fcomponent%2Fdocman%2Fdoc_download%2F14-our-little-khosta%3FItemid%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Knight, Amy. Beria: Stalin's First Lieutenant, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton, New Jersey</a>, p. 237, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01093-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01093-9">978-0-691-01093-9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/ethnic-tensions-war-in-the-caucasus-is-stalins-legacy-899615.html">Ethnic tensions: War in the Caucasus is Stalin's legacy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180620180716/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/ethnic-tensions-war-in-the-caucasus-is-stalins-legacy-899615.html">Archived</a> 20 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". The Independent. 17 August 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgia.to/soviet-georgia/">"Soviet Georgia: A Detailed Historical Analysis of the 20th Century Georgia"</a>. georgia.to. Retrieved 21 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=georgia.to&rft.atitle=Soviet+Georgia%3A+A+Detailed+Historical+Analysis+of+the+20th+Century+Georgia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeorgia.to%2Fsoviet-georgia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agenda.ge/en/news/2015/2165">"Georgian World War II hero's remains return home"</a>. Agenda.ge. 30 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Agenda.ge&rft.atitle=Georgian+World+War+II+hero%27s+remains+return+home&rft.date=2015-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagenda.ge%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2015%2F2165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-a&c-92"><a href="#cite_ref-a&c_92-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Svante_Cornell" title="Svante Cornell">Cornell, Svante E.</a> (2002), Autonomy and Conflict: Ethnoterritoriality and Separatism in the South Caucasus: Cases in Georgia, pp. 146–149. <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_University" title="Uppsala University">Uppsala University</a>, Department of Peace and Conflict Research, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-506-1600-5" title="Special:BookSources/91-506-1600-5">91-506-1600-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarrell_Slider1991" class="citation book cs1">Darrell Slider (1991). "Georgia's independence". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4NCxG8YCScYC">Problems of Communism: November—December 1991</a>. Vol. 15. Documentary Studies Section, International Information Administration. p. 66. <q>The April 9 "Tragedy", as it came to be called, had a searing effect on Georgian public. The republic leadership lost what authority it had enjoyed in the eyes of Georgians, and support for independence became overwhelming— developments confirmed by polls initiated by the Communist leadership itself.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Georgia%27s+independence&rft.btitle=Problems+of+Communism%3A+November%E2%80%94December+1991&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Documentary+Studies+Section%2C+International+Information+Administration&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Darrell+Slider&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4NCxG8YCScYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1990/10/30/georgia-votes-for-change/">"Georgia Votes for Change"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times" title="Tampa Bay Times">Tampa Bay Times</a>. 30 October 1990.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tampa+Bay+Times&rft.atitle=Georgia+Votes+for+Change&rft.date=1990-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tampabay.com%2Farchive%2F1990%2F10%2F30%2Fgeorgia-votes-for-change%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GovtofGeorgia-95"><a href="#cite_ref-GovtofGeorgia_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160821030240/http://gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=193">"Government of Georgia:About Georgia"</a>. gov.ge. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=193">the original</a> on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Government+of+Georgia%3AAbout+Georgia&rft.pub=gov.ge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgov.ge%2Findex.php%3Flang_id%3DENG%26sec_id%3D193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughey2016" class="citation book cs1">Hughey, Michael W. (29 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=alTeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA333">New Tribalisms: The Resurgence of Race and Ethnicity</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-26403-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-26403-2"><bdi>978-1-349-26403-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 August 2023 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Tribalisms%3A+The+Resurgence+of+Race+and+Ethnicity&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016-03-29&rft.isbn=978-1-349-26403-2&rft.aulast=Hughey&rft.aufirst=Michael+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DalTeCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacFarlaneRelations1997" class="citation book cs1">MacFarlane, S. Neil; Relations, Queen's University (Kingston, Ont ) Centre for International (28 August 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G4LiAAAAMAAJ&q=%22was+Romania%22">Coming Together Or Falling Apart?: Regionalism in the Former Soviet Union</a>. Centre for International Relations, Queen's University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88911-745-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88911-745-7"><bdi>978-0-88911-745-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 August 2023 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coming+Together+Or+Falling+Apart%3F%3A+Regionalism+in+the+Former+Soviet+Union&rft.pub=Centre+for+International+Relations%2C+Queen%27s+University&rft.date=1997-08-28&rft.isbn=978-0-88911-745-7&rft.aulast=MacFarlane&rft.aufirst=S.+Neil&rft.au=Relations%2C+Queen%27s+University+%28Kingston%2C+Ont+%29+Centre+for+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG4LiAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522was%2BRomania%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Dieter_Nohlen" title="Dieter Nohlen">Dieter Nohlen</a>, Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume I, p. 401 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-924958-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-924958-X">0-19-924958-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-princeton-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-princeton_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-princeton_99-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180804112845/https://pesd.princeton.edu/?q=node%2F274">"Georgia: Abkhazia and South Ossetia"</a>. www.pesd.princeton.edu. Encyclopedia Princetoniensis. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pesd.princeton.edu/?q=node/274">the original</a> on 4 August 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pesd.princeton.edu&rft.atitle=Georgia%3A+Abkhazia+and+South+Ossetia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpesd.princeton.edu%2F%3Fq%3Dnode%2F274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://greensboro.com/shevardnadze-named-head-of-new-government/article_d02d70f0-9c07-52b2-83c2-3625238a52d7.html">"Shevardnadze Named Head of New Government"</a>. <a href="/wiki/News_%26_Record" title="News & Record">News & Record</a>. 10 March 1992.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shevardnadze+Named+Head+of+New+Government&rft.pub=News+%26+Record&rft.date=1992-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgreensboro.com%2Fshevardnadze-named-head-of-new-government%2Farticle_d02d70f0-9c07-52b2-83c2-3625238a52d7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26327394">"Obituary: Eduard Shevardnadze"</a>. BBC News. 7 July 2014. Retrieved 6 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Eduard+Shevardnadze&rft.date=2014-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-26327394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hrwreport-102"><a href="#cite_ref-hrwreport_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/1995/Georgia2.htm">"Georgia/Abchasia: Violations of the laws of war and Russia's role in the conflict"</a>. Human Rights Watch. March 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010220133323/http://www.hrw.org/reports/1995/Georgia2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2001. Retrieved 4 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Georgia%2FAbchasia%3A+Violations+of+the+laws+of+war+and+Russia%27s+role+in+the+conflict&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=1995-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2F1995%2FGeorgia2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrw.org/reports/1996/Russia.htm">"Russia – The Ingush–Ossetian conflict in the Prigorodnyi region"</a>. Human Rights Watch/Helsinki. May 1996. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070513003516/http://hrw.org/reports/1996/Russia.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2007. Retrieved 18 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia+%E2%80%93+The+Ingush%E2%80%93Ossetian+conflict+in+the+Prigorodnyi+region&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch%2FHelsinki&rft.date=1996-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrw.org%2Freports%2F1996%2FRussia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1994/11/22/Bread-water-fuel-shortages-in-Georgia/5860785480400/">"Bread, water, fuel shortages in Georgia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International">United Press International</a>. 22 November 1994.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bread%2C+water%2C+fuel+shortages+in+Georgia&rft.pub=United+Press+International&rft.date=1994-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1994%2F11%2F22%2FBread-water-fuel-shortages-in-Georgia%2F5860785480400%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090805074544/http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav112204a.shtml">"EurasiaNet Eurasia Insight – Georgia's Rose Revolution: Momentum and Consolidation"</a>. Eurasianet.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav112204a.shtml">the original</a> on 5 August 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EurasiaNet+Eurasia+Insight+%E2%80%93+Georgia%27s+Rose+Revolution%3A+Momentum+and+Consolidation&rft.pub=Eurasianet.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feurasianet.org%2Fdepartments%2Finsight%2Farticles%2Feav112204a.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tabula.ge/ge/elections-2016/history">"არჩევნების ისტორია"</a> (in Georgian). Tabula. 17 August 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107013905/http://www.tabula.ge/ge/elections-2016/history">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 2 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1+%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90&rft.pub=Tabula&rft.date=2016-08-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tabula.ge%2Fge%2Felections-2016%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3685117.stm">"Georgia moves to rein in Ajaria"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 5 May 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Georgia+moves+to+rein+in+Ajaria&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2004-05-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F3685117.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorshkov2002" class="citation news cs1">Gorshkov, Nikolai (19 September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/europe/2269057.stm">"Duma prepares for Georgia strike"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090929222413/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/europe/2269057.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2009. Retrieved 24 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Duma+prepares+for+Georgia+strike&rft.date=2002-09-19&rft.aulast=Gorshkov&rft.aufirst=Nikolai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F2269057.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=10007">"Russia, Georgia strike deal on bases"</a>. Civil Georgia, Tbilisi. 30 May 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080813052136/http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=10007">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2008. Retrieved 29 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia%2C+Georgia+strike+deal+on+bases&rft.pub=Civil+Georgia%2C+Tbilisi&rft.date=2005-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fold.civil.ge%2Feng%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D10007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=16321">"Russia Hands Over Batumi Military Base to Georgia"</a>. Civil Georgia, Tbilisi. 13 November 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514043306/http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=16321">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia+Hands+Over+Batumi+Military+Base+to+Georgia&rft.pub=Civil+Georgia%2C+Tbilisi&rft.date=2007-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fold.civil.ge%2Feng%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D16321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leader.viitorul.org/print.php?l=ro&idc=48&id=271">Russia's retention of Gudauta base – An unfulfilled CFE treaty commitment</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205180219/http://www.leader.viitorul.org/print.php?l=ro&idc=48&id=271">Archived</a> 5 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Socor, Vladirmir. The Jamestown Foundation. 22 May 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-shelling-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shelling_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shelling_112-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitmore2008" class="citation web cs1">Whitmore, Brian (12 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rferl.org/content/Is_The_Clock_Ticking_For_Saakashvili/1199512.html">"Is The Clock Ticking For Saakashvili?'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140903102314/http://www.rferl.org/content/Is_The_Clock_Ticking_For_Saakashvili/1199512.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Is+The+Clock+Ticking+For+Saakashvili%3F%27&rft.date=2008-09-12&rft.aulast=Whitmore&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fcontent%2FIs_The_Clock_Ticking_For_Saakashvili%2F1199512.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tall_order-113"><a href="#cite_ref-tall_order_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7364544.stm">"Russia criticised over Abkhazia"</a>. BBC News. 24 April 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080815002113/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7364544.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2008. Retrieved 19 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Russia+criticised+over+Abkhazia&rft.date=2008-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F7364544.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080920023223/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/af25400a-739d-11dd-8a66-0000779fd18c%2Cdwp_uuid%3Df2b40164-cfea-11dc-9309-0000779fd2ac.html">"Countdown in the Caucasus: Seven days that brought Russia and Georgia to war"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>. 26 August 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/af25400a-739d-11dd-8a66-0000779fd18c,dwp_uuid=f2b40164-cfea-11dc-9309-0000779fd2ac.html">the original</a> on 20 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Countdown+in+the+Caucasus%3A+Seven+days+that+brought+Russia+and+Georgia+to+war&rft.date=2008-08-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2Faf25400a-739d-11dd-8a66-0000779fd18c%2Cdwp_uuid%3Df2b40164-cfea-11dc-9309-0000779fd2ac.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-feud-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-feud_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-feud_115-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarc_ChampionAndrew_Osborn2008" class="citation news cs1">Marc Champion; Andrew Osborn (16 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://online.wsj.com/articles/SB121884450978145997">"Smoldering Feud, Then War"</a>. The Wall Street Journal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Smoldering+Feud%2C+Then+War&rft.date=2008-08-16&rft.au=Marc+Champion&rft.au=Andrew+Osborn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB121884450978145997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuke_Harding2008" class="citation news cs1">Luke Harding (19 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/19/georgia-russia-eu-media-inquiry">"Georgia calls on EU for independent inquiry into war"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170913101015/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/19/georgia-russia-eu-media-inquiry">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Georgia+calls+on+EU+for+independent+inquiry+into+war&rft.date=2008-11-19&rft.au=Luke+Harding&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2008%2Fnov%2F19%2Fgeorgia-russia-eu-media-inquiry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allison-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Allison_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allison_117-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy_Allison2008" class="citation journal cs1">Roy Allison (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160423221417/http://commonweb.unifr.ch/artsdean/pub/gestens/f/as/files/4760/39349_201918.pdf">"Russia resurgent? Moscow's campaign to 'coerce Georgia to peace'"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/International_Affairs_(journal)" title="International Affairs (journal)">International Affairs</a>. 84 (6): 1145–1171. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2346.2008.00762.x">10.1111/j.1468-2346.2008.00762.x</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://commonweb.unifr.ch/artsdean/pub/gestens/f/as/files/4760/39349_201918.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Affairs&rft.atitle=Russia+resurgent%3F+Moscow%27s+campaign+to+%27coerce+Georgia+to+peace%27&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1145-1171&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-2346.2008.00762.x&rft.au=Roy+Allison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommonweb.unifr.ch%2Fartsdean%2Fpub%2Fgestens%2Ff%2Fas%2Ffiles%2F4760%2F39349_201918.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean-Rodrigue_Paré2009" class="citation web cs1">Jean-Rodrigue Paré (13 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160102030749/http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/ResearchPublications/prb0836-e.htm">"The Conflict Between Russia and Georgia"</a>. Parliament of Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/ResearchPublications/prb0836-e.htm">the original</a> on 2 January 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Conflict+Between+Russia+and+Georgia&rft.pub=Parliament+of+Canada&rft.date=2009-02-13&rft.au=Jean-Rodrigue+Par%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parl.gc.ca%2FContent%2FLOP%2FResearchPublications%2Fprb0836-e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=18931">"Saakashvili Appeals for Peace in Televised Address"</a>. Civil.Ge. 7 August 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141019155639/http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=18931">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Saakashvili+Appeals+for+Peace+in+Televised+Address&rft.date=2008-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fold.civil.ge%2Feng%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D18931&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jamestown_Goals-120"><a href="#cite_ref-Jamestown_Goals_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141026162658/http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Bswords%5D=8fd5893941d69d0be3f378576261ae3e&tx_ttnews%5Ball_the_words%5D=Georgia%20Moscow%20proxy&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=33872&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=7&cHash=56f9d06976">"The Goals Behind Moscow's Proxy Offensive in South Ossetia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jamestown_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jamestown Foundation">The Jamestown Foundation</a>. 8 August 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Bswords%5D=8fd5893941d69d0be3f378576261ae3e&tx_ttnews%5Ball_the_words%5D=Georgia%20Moscow%20proxy&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=33872&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=7&cHash=56f9d06976">the original</a> on 26 October 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Goals+Behind+Moscow%27s+Proxy+Offensive+in+South+Ossetia&rft.pub=The+Jamestown+Foundation&rft.date=2008-08-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamestown.org%2Fsingle%2F%3Fno_cache%3D1%26tx_ttnews%255Bswords%255D%3D8fd5893941d69d0be3f378576261ae3e%26tx_ttnews%255Ball_the_words%255D%3DGeorgia%2520Moscow%2520proxy%26tx_ttnews%255Btt_news%255D%3D33872%26tx_ttnews%255BbackPid%255D%3D7%26cHash%3D56f9d06976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/2008/08/09/georgian-conflict-puts-us-in-middle/">"Georgian conflict puts U.S. in middle"</a>. Chicago Tribune. 9 August 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141016124315/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2008-08-09/news/0808080649_1_south-ossetia-russian-peacekeeping-troops-russian-president-dmitry-medvedev/2">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Georgian+conflict+puts+U.S.+in+middle&rft.date=2008-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F2008%2F08%2F09%2Fgeorgian-conflict-puts-us-in-middle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-washingtonpost.com-122"><a href="#cite_ref-washingtonpost.com_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Finn2008" class="citation news cs1">Peter Finn (17 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/16/AR2008081600502_pf.html">"A Two-Sided Descent into Full-Scale War"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121106085255/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/16/AR2008081600502_pf.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=A+Two-Sided+Descent+into+Full-Scale+War&rft.date=2008-08-17&rft.au=Peter+Finn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2008%2F08%2F16%2FAR2008081600502_pf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavel_Felgenhauer2008" class="citation web cs1">Pavel Felgenhauer (14 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140820185319/http://www.jamestown.org/programs/edm/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=33888">"The Russian-Georgian War was Preplanned in Moscow"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamestown.org/programs/edm/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=33888">the original</a> on 20 August 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Russian-Georgian+War+was+Preplanned+in+Moscow&rft.date=2008-08-14&rft.au=Pavel+Felgenhauer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamestown.org%2Fprograms%2Fedm%2Fsingle%2F%3Ftx_ttnews%255Btt_news%255D%3D33888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTFreshev-124"><a href="#cite_ref-NYTFreshev_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChivers2008" class="citation news cs1">Chivers, C.J. (15 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/16/world/europe/16georgia.html">"Georgia Offers Fresh Evidence on War's Start"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170616163055/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/16/world/europe/16georgia.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Georgia+Offers+Fresh+Evidence+on+War%27s+Start&rft.date=2008-09-15&rft.aulast=Chivers&rft.aufirst=C.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F09%2F16%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F16georgia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsru.com/russia/11sep2008/voshli.html"><bdi lang="ru">СМИ: российские войска вошли в Южную Осетию еще до начала боевых действий</bdi></a> (in Russian). NEWSru.com. 11 September 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160102030749/http://www.newsru.com/russia/11sep2008/voshli.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%9C%D0%98%3A+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8E+%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8E+%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9&rft.pub=NEWSru.com&rft.date=2008-09-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsru.com%2Frussia%2F11sep2008%2Fvoshli.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-roudik-126"><a href="#cite_ref-roudik_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140716042951/http://www.loc.gov/law/help/russian-georgia-war.php">"Russian Federation: Legal Aspects of War in Georgia"</a>. Library of Congress. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/law/help/russian-georgia-war.php">the original</a> on 16 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russian+Federation%3A+Legal+Aspects+of+War+in+Georgia&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Flaw%2Fhelp%2Frussian-georgia-war.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-georgia-abkhazia-kodori-idUSL932653720080809">"Abkhaz separatists strike disputed Georgia gorge"</a>. Reuters. 9 August 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924134849/http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/08/09/us-georgia-abkhazia-kodori-idUSL932653720080809">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Abkhaz+separatists+strike+disputed+Georgia+gorge&rft.date=2008-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-georgia-abkhazia-kodori-idUSL932653720080809&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-radar-128"><a href="#cite_ref-radar_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding2008" class="citation news cs1">Harding, Luke (11 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/aug/11/georgia.russia11">"I got my children out minutes before the bombs fell"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170305004656/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/aug/11/georgia.russia11">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=I+got+my+children+out+minutes+before+the+bombs+fell&rft.date=2008-08-11&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2008%2Faug%2F11%2Fgeorgia.russia11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-new_front_deeper-129"><a href="#cite_ref-new_front_deeper_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080814211308/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hV2N6fVKS5slf10A13Dj_uIdaZ4QD92GE8780">"Russia opens new front, drives deeper into Georgia"</a>. Associated Press. 11 August 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hV2N6fVKS5slf10A13Dj_uIdaZ4QD92GE8780">the original</a> on 14 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russia+opens+new+front%2C+drives+deeper+into+Georgia&rft.date=2008-08-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fap.google.com%2Farticle%2FALeqM5hV2N6fVKS5slf10A13Dj_uIdaZ4QD92GE8780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fact-finding-130"><a href="#cite_ref-Fact-finding_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091007030130/http://www.ceiig.ch/pdf/IIFFMCG_Volume_I.pdf">"Report. Volume I"</a> (PDF). Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on the Conflict in Georgia. September 2009. p. 27. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ceiig.ch/pdf/IIFFMCG_Volume_I.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report.+Volume+I&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Independent+International+Fact-Finding+Mission+on+the+Conflict+in+Georgia&rft.date=2009-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceiig.ch%2Fpdf%2FIIFFMCG_Volume_I.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Damage-131"><a href="#cite_ref-Damage_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222225015/https://www.reuters.com/article/2008/10/09/idUS200979%2B09-Oct-2008%2BPRN20081009">"Amnesty International Satellite Images Reveal Damage to South Ossetian Villages After..."</a> Reuters. 9 October 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/2008/10/09/idUS200979+09-Oct-2008+PRN20081009">the original</a> on 22 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Amnesty+International+Satellite+Images+Reveal+Damage+to+South+Ossetian+Villages+After...&rft.date=2008-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2008%2F10%2F09%2FidUS200979%2B09-Oct-2008%2BPRN20081009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4922c0b22.pdf">"Civilians in the line of fire"</a> (PDF). Amnesty International. November 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222042133/http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4922c0b22.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Civilians+in+the+line+of+fire&rft.pub=Amnesty+International&rft.date=2008-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fpdfid%2F4922c0b22.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8188904.stm">"Georgia Marks Anniversary of War"</a>. BBC News. 7 August 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808040149/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8188904.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Georgia+Marks+Anniversary+of+War&rft.date=2009-08-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F8188904.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140916181813/http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/1011783"><bdi lang="ru">Эдуард Кокойты: мы там практически выровняли все</bdi></a> (in Russian). Kommersant. 15 August 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/1011783">the original</a> on 16 September 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%8B%3A+%D0%BC%D1%8B+%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B5&rft.pub=Kommersant&rft.date=2008-08-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kommersant.ru%2Fdoc%2F1011783&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rferl.org/content/Ossetian_Militias_Burn_Georgian_Villages/1292746.html">"Rights Groups Say South Ossetian Militias Burning Georgian Villages"</a>. RFE/RL. 30 September 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140903102226/http://www.rferl.org/content/Ossetian_Militias_Burn_Georgian_Villages/1292746.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rights+Groups+Say+South+Ossetian+Militias+Burning+Georgian+Villages&rft.pub=RFE%2FRL&rft.date=2008-09-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fcontent%2FOssetian_Militias_Burn_Georgian_Villages%2F1292746.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=19069">"Russia Endorses Six-Point Plan"</a>. Civil.Ge. 12 August 2008. Retrieved 29 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russia+Endorses+Six-Point+Plan&rft.date=2008-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fold.civil.ge%2Feng%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D19069&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kremlin-137"><a href="#cite_ref-kremlin_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080902001442/http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2008/08/26/1543_type82912_205752.shtml">"Statement by President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev"</a>. The Kremlin. 26 August 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2008/08/26/1543_type82912_205752.shtml">the original</a> on 2 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+by+President+of+Russia+Dmitry+Medvedev&rft.pub=The+Kremlin&rft.date=2008-08-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkremlin.ru%2Feng%2Fspeeches%2F2008%2F08%2F26%2F1543_type82912_205752.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-break-138"><a href="#cite_ref-break_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7588428.stm">"Georgia breaks ties with Russia"</a>. BBC News. 29 August 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006073511/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7588428.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Georgia+breaks+ties+with+Russia&rft.date=2008-08-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F7588428.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://civil.ge/archives/117657">"Russia Completes 'Most of Withdrawal' – EU Monitors"</a>. Civil Georgia. 8 October 2008. Retrieved 22 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russia+Completes+%27Most+of+Withdrawal%27+%E2%80%93+EU+Monitors&rft.date=2008-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcivil.ge%2Farchives%2F117657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://civil.ge/archives/117667">"Moscow Says EU Monitors Fully Control 'Buffer Zones'"</a>. Civil Georgia. 9 October 2008. Retrieved 22 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Moscow+Says+EU+Monitors+Fully+Control+%27Buffer+Zones%27&rft.date=2008-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcivil.ge%2Farchives%2F117667&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-parliament.ge-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-parliament.ge_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-parliament.ge_141-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080903224516/http://www.parliament.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=98&info_id=20047">"Resolution of the Parliament of Georgia on the Occupation of the Georgian Territories by the Russian Federation"</a>. 29 August 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=98&info_id=20047">the original</a> on 3 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resolution+of+the+Parliament+of+Georgia+on+the+Occupation+of+the+Georgian+Territories+by+the+Russian+Federation&rft.date=2008-08-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.ge%2Findex.php%3Flang_id%3DENG%26sec_id%3D98%26info_id%3D20047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=19330">"Abkhazia, S.Ossetia Formally Declared Occupied Territory"</a>. Civil.Ge. 28 August 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080903230132/http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=19330">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2008. Retrieved 29 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Abkhazia%2C+S.Ossetia+Formally+Declared+Occupied+Territory&rft.date=2008-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fold.civil.ge%2Feng%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D19330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crisisgroup.org/europe-central-asia/caucasus/georgia/georgia-s-constitutional-changes">"Georgia's Constitutional Changes"</a>. International Crisis Group. 1 March 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Crisis+Group&rft.atitle=Georgia%27s+Constitutional+Changes&rft.date=2012-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crisisgroup.org%2Feurope-central-asia%2Fcaucasus%2Fgeorgia%2Fgeorgia-s-constitutional-changes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=25299">"Saakashvili Concedes Defeat in Parliamentary Election"</a>, Civil.ge, 2 October 2012, retrieved 29 December 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Civil.ge&rft.atitle=Saakashvili+Concedes+Defeat+in+Parliamentary+Election&rft.date=2012-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fold.civil.ge%2Feng%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D25299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-georgia-parliament-idUSBRE89O0Z820121025">"Georgian tycoon Ivanishvili confirmed as prime minister"</a>. Reuters. 25 October 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Georgian+tycoon+Ivanishvili+confirmed+as+prime+minister&rft.date=2012-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-georgia-parliament-idUSBRE89O0Z820121025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eurasianet.org/georgia-conflict-rather-than-cohabitation">"Georgia: Conflict Rather than Cohabitation"</a>. Eurasianet. 8 February 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eurasianet&rft.atitle=Georgia%3A+Conflict+Rather+than+Cohabitation&rft.date=2013-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feurasianet.org%2Fgeorgia-conflict-rather-than-cohabitation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/georgias-historic-transition-faces-crucial-tests-in-2013/24799963.html">"Georgia's Historic Transition Faces Crucial Tests In 2013"</a>. RFE/RL. 16 December 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RFE%2FRL&rft.atitle=Georgia%27s+Historic+Transition+Faces+Crucial+Tests+In+2013&rft.date=2012-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fgeorgias-historic-transition-faces-crucial-tests-in-2013%2F24799963.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-24696261">"Georgia PM ally Giorgi Margvelashvili 'wins presidency'"</a>. BBC News. 27 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Georgia+PM+ally+Giorgi+Margvelashvili+%27wins+presidency%27&rft.date=2013-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-24696261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jamestown.org/program/irakli-garibashvili-named-as-georgias-next-prime-minister/">"Irakli Garibashvili Named as Georgia's Next Prime Minister"</a>. Jamestown Foundation. 4 November 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jamestown+Foundation&rft.atitle=Irakli+Garibashvili+Named+as+Georgia%27s+Next+Prime+Minister&rft.date=2013-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjamestown.org%2Fprogram%2Firakli-garibashvili-named-as-georgias-next-prime-minister%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/caucasus-report-georgia-garibashvili-resigns/27447558.html">"Did Georgia's 'Informal Leader' Pressure Prime Minister To Resign?"</a>. RFE/RL. 24 December 2015. Retrieved 29 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RFE%2FRL&rft.atitle=Did+Georgia%27s+%27Informal+Leader%27+Pressure+Prime+Minister+To+Resign%3F&rft.date=2015-12-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fcaucasus-report-georgia-garibashvili-resigns%2F27447558.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-58767420">"Mikheil Saakashvili: Georgian ex-president arrested returning from exile"</a>. BBC News. 1 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Mikheil+Saakashvili%3A+Georgian+ex-president+arrested+returning+from+exile&rft.date=2021-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-58767420&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-georgia-election-idUSKCN1272AT">"Ruling party in Georgia decisively wins parliament vote"</a>. Reuters. 7 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Ruling+party+in+Georgia+decisively+wins+parliament+vote&rft.date=2016-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-georgia-election-idUSKCN1272AT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=30072">"Constitutional Amendments Initiated"</a>. Civil.ge. 3 May 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Civil.ge&rft.atitle=Constitutional+Amendments+Initiated&rft.date=2017-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fold.civil.ge%2Feng%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D30072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eurasianet.org/georgian-government-offers-concessions-to-end-crisis">"Georgian government offers concessions to end crisis"</a>. Eurasianet. 24 June 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eurasianet&rft.atitle=Georgian+government+offers+concessions+to+end+crisis&rft.date=2019-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feurasianet.org%2Fgeorgian-government-offers-concessions-to-end-crisis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.transparency.org/en/press/georgia-political-crisis-dialogue-with-civil-society">"Transparency International urges dialogue with civil society during political crisis in Georgia"</a>. Transparency International. 30 November 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transparency+International&rft.atitle=Transparency+International+urges+dialogue+with+civil+society+during+political+crisis+in+Georgia&rft.date=2019-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.transparency.org%2Fen%2Fpress%2Fgeorgia-political-crisis-dialogue-with-civil-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> Speaker <a href="/wiki/Nino_Burjanadze" title="Nino Burjanadze">Nino Burjanadze</a> held the office as female interim President twice, in 2003 and 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-46376344">"Georgia elects Salome Zurabishvili as first woman president"</a>. BBC News. 29 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Georgia+elects+Salome+Zurabishvili+as+first+woman+president&rft.date=2018-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-46376344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://civil.ge/archives/341385">"Georgian Dream, Opposition Reach Consensus over Electoral Reform"</a>. Civil.ge. 8 March 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Civil.ge&rft.atitle=Georgian+Dream%2C+Opposition+Reach+Consensus+over+Electoral+Reform&rft.date=2020-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcivil.ge%2Farchives%2F341385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54868053">"Georgia protests: Tbilisi police fire water cannon at demonstrators"</a>. BBC News. 8 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Georgia+protests%3A+Tbilisi+police+fire+water+cannon+at+demonstrators&rft.date=2020-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-54868053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://civil.ge/archives/413785">"New EU Proposal: Amnesty for Rurua, Melia, 2022 Snap Polls if GD Gets Less than 43% in Locals"</a>. Civil.ge. 18 April 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Civil.ge&rft.atitle=New+EU+Proposal%3A+Amnesty+for+Rurua%2C+Melia%2C+2022+Snap+Polls+if+GD+Gets+Less+than+43%25+in+Locals&rft.date=2021-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcivil.ge%2Farchives%2F413785&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://civil.ge/archives/434558">"President Michel to Start Consultations after GD's EU-Brokered Deal Withdrawal"</a>. Civil.ge. 29 July 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Civil.ge&rft.atitle=President+Michel+to+Start+Consultations+after+GD%27s+EU-Brokered+Deal+Withdrawal&rft.date=2021-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcivil.ge%2Farchives%2F434558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17301647">"Georgia country profile"</a>. BBC News. 22 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Georgia+country+profile&rft.date=2021-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-17301647&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShota_Kincha2022" class="citation news cs1">Shota Kincha (22 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://voxeurop.eu/en/russian-exiles-get-a-chilly-reception-in-georgia/">"Russian exiles get a chilly reception in Georgia – VoxEurop"</a>. Voxeurope. Retrieved 26 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Voxeurope&rft.atitle=Russian+exiles+get+a+chilly+reception+in+Georgia+%E2%80%93+VoxEurop&rft.date=2022-05-22&rft.au=Shota+Kincha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvoxeurop.eu%2Fen%2Frussian-exiles-get-a-chilly-reception-in-georgia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiotavisupleba.ge/a/საქართველო-რუსეთის-უვიზო-მიმოსვლის-მოკლე-ისტორია/32419480.html">"90 დღე 366-ის წინააღმდეგ - საქართველო-რუსეთის უვიზო მიმოსვლის მოკლე ისტორია"</a>. Radio Freedom. 20 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Freedom&rft.atitle=90+%E1%83%93%E1%83%A6%E1%83%94+366-%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1+%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9B%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%92+-+%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D-%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1+%E1%83%A3%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D+%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1+%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94+%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90&rft.date=2023-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiotavisupleba.ge%2Fa%2F%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D-%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1-%E1%83%A3%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D-%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1-%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94-%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%2F32419480.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://civil.ge/archives/529567">"Law on "Transparency of Foreign Funding" Passes 76-13 in the First Reading"</a>. Civil Georgia. 7 March 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Civil+Georgia&rft.atitle=Law+on+%22Transparency+of+Foreign+Funding%22+Passes+76-13+in+the+First+Reading&rft.date=2023-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcivil.ge%2Farchives%2F529567&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitchie2023" class="citation web cs1">Ritchie, Rhea Mogul,Sophie Tanno,Niamh Kennedy,Hannah (9 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/09/europe/georgia-bill-protests-withdrawn-intl-hnk/index.html">"Georgia withdraws 'foreign influence' bill but opposition vows more protests"</a>. CNN. Retrieved 12 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Georgia+withdraws+%27foreign+influence%27+bill+but+opposition+vows+more+protests&rft.date=2023-03-09&rft.aulast=Ritchie&rft.aufirst=Rhea+Mogul%2CSophie+Tanno%2CNiamh+Kennedy%2CHannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2023%2F03%2F09%2Feurope%2Fgeorgia-bill-protests-withdrawn-intl-hnk%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agenda.ge/en/news/2024/38524">"Ruling party to resubmit bill on transparency of foreign influence to Parliament | AGENDA.GE"</a>. agenda.ge. Retrieved 12 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=agenda.ge&rft.atitle=Ruling+party+to+resubmit+bill+on+transparency+of+foreign+influence+to+Parliament+%7C+AGENDA.GE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagenda.ge%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2024%2F38524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68822483">"Protesters demand Georgia government withdraw proposed 'Russian law'"</a>. 15 April 2024. Retrieved 12 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Protesters+demand+Georgia+government+withdraw+proposed+%27Russian+law%27&rft.date=2024-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-68822483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tvpworld.com/77488096/tbilisi-hosts-the-largest-protest-in-georgias-modern-history">"Massive Tbilisi protest marks historic turnout"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Telewizja_Polska" title="Telewizja Polska">Telewizja Polska</a>. Retrieved 20 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Telewizja+Polska&rft.atitle=Massive+Tbilisi+protest+marks+historic+turnout&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftvpworld.com%2F77488096%2Ftbilisi-hosts-the-largest-protest-in-georgias-modern-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://civil.ge/archives/605652">"Tens of Thousands Protest Against Foreign Agents Law"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Civil_Georgia" title="Civil Georgia">Civil Georgia</a>. 12 May 2024. Retrieved 20 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Civil+Georgia&rft.atitle=Tens+of+Thousands+Protest+Against+Foreign+Agents+Law&rft.date=2024-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcivil.ge%2Farchives%2F605652&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100270/Caucasus">'Caucasus (region and mountains, Eurasia)'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100427041609/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100270/Caucasus">Archived</a> 27 April 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>, 2010: "Occupying roughly 170,000 sq mi (440,000 km2), it is divided among Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia and forms part of the traditional dividing line between Europe and Asia. It is bisected by the Caucasus Mountains; the area north of the Greater Caucasus range is called Ciscaucasia and the region to the south Transcaucasia. Inhabited from ancient times, it was under nominal Persian and Turkish suzerainty until conquered by Russia in the 18th–19th centuries." </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100805052739/http://cesww.fas.harvard.edu/ces_definition.html">"CESWW – Definition of Central Eurasia"</a>. Cesww.fas.harvard.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cesww.fas.harvard.edu/ces_definition.html">the original</a> on 5 August 2010. Retrieved 6 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CESWW+%E2%80%93+Definition+of+Central+Eurasia&rft.pub=Cesww.fas.harvard.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcesww.fas.harvard.edu%2Fces_definition.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cac-173">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cac_173-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cac_173-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cac_173-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cac_173-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cac_173-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511110424/http://www.cac-biodiversity.org/geo/geo_geography.htm">"Georgia:Geography"</a>. Cac-biodiversity.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cac-biodiversity.org/geo/geo_geography.htm">the original</a> on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 3 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Georgia%3AGeography&rft.pub=Cac-biodiversity.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cac-biodiversity.org%2Fgeo%2Fgeo_geography.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAG-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NAG_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAG_174-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAG_174-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAG_174-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAG_174-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAG_174-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAG_174-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAG_174-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAG_174-8">i</a> <a href="/wiki/Nana_Bolashvili" title="Nana Bolashvili">Nana Bolashvili</a>, Andreas Dittmann, Lorenz King, Vazha Neidze (eds.): National Atlas of Georgia – Nationalatlas von Georgien, 138 pages, Steiner Verlag, 2018<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-515-12057-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-515-12057-9">978-3-515-12057-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.endemic-species-caucasus.info/">"Endemic Species of the Caucasus"</a>. Endemic-species-caucasus.info. 7 January 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090412080946/http://www.endemic-species-caucasus.info/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Endemic+Species+of+the+Caucasus&rft.pub=Endemic-species-caucasus.info&rft.date=2009-01-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endemic-species-caucasus.info%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Georgia-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Georgia_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Georgia_176-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoweLang" class="citation news cs1">Howe, G. Melvyn; Lang, David Marshall. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Georgia">"Georgia"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 17 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Georgia&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=G.+Melvyn&rft.au=Lang%2C+David+Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FGeorgia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160625014140/http://www.biodiversity-georgia.net/index.php?taxon=Chordata">"Eucariota, Animalia, Chordata"</a>. Georgian Biodiversity Database. Institute of Ecology. 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biodiversity-georgia.net/index.php?taxon=Chordata">the original</a> on 25 June 2016. Retrieved 7 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Georgian+Biodiversity+Database&rft.atitle=Eucariota%2C+Animalia%2C+Chordata&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversity-georgia.net%2Findex.php%3Ftaxon%3DChordata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caucasus-spiders.info-178"><a href="#cite_ref-Caucasus-spiders.info_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090328225817/http://caucasus-spiders.info/introduction/checklists/">"Caucasian Spiders " Checklists & Maps"</a>. Caucasus-spiders.info. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caucasus-spiders.info/introduction/checklists/">the original</a> on 28 March 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Caucasian+Spiders+%22+Checklists+%26+Maps&rft.pub=Caucasus-spiders.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcaucasus-spiders.info%2Fintroduction%2Fchecklists%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/?364051/ship-sturgeon-georgia">"Dramatic Double Sturgeon Discovery in Georgia"</a>. WWF. 15 June 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dramatic+Double+Sturgeon+Discovery+in+Georgia&rft.pub=WWF&rft.date=2020-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwwf.panda.org%2Fwwf_news%2F%3F364051%2Fship-sturgeon-georgia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> Nakhutsrishvili, I.G. ["Flora of Spore Producing Plants of Georgia (Summary)"]. 888 pp., Tbilisi, Academy of Science of the Georgian SSR, 1986 </li> <li id="cite_note-cybertruffle1-181">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cybertruffle1_181-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cybertruffle1_181-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/robigalia/eng/index.htm">"Cybertruffle's Robigalia – Observations of fungi and their associated organisms"</a>. cybertruffle.org.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110920032737/http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/robigalia/eng/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cybertruffle%27s+Robigalia+%E2%80%93+Observations+of+fungi+and+their+associated+organisms&rft.pub=cybertruffle.org.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cybertruffle.org.uk%2Frobigalia%2Feng%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> Kirk, P.M., Cannon, P.F., Minter, D.W. and Stalpers, J. "Dictionary of the Fungi". Edn 10. CABI, 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/gruzfung/eng/endelist.htm">"Fungi of Georgia – potential endemics"</a>. cybertruffle.org.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927173031/http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/gruzfung/eng/endelist.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fungi+of+Georgia+%E2%80%93+potential+endemics&rft.pub=cybertruffle.org.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cybertruffle.org.uk%2Fgruzfung%2Feng%2Fendelist.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucn.org/content/georgia-%E2%80%93-haven-biodiversity">"Georgia – a haven for biodiversity"</a>. IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature. 7 December 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IUCN%2C+International+Union+for+Conservation+of+Nature&rft.atitle=Georgia+%E2%80%93+a+haven+for+biodiversity&rft.date=2012-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucn.org%2Fcontent%2Fgeorgia-%25E2%2580%2593-haven-biodiversity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-185"><a href="#cite_ref-DinersteinOlson2017_185-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinersteinOlsonJoshiVynne2017" class="citation journal cs1">Dinerstein, Eric; Olson, David; Joshi, Anup; Vynne, Carly; Burgess, Neil D.; Wikramanayake, Eric; Hahn, Nathan; Palminteri, Suzanne; Hedao, Prashant; Noss, Reed; Hansen, Matt; Locke, Harvey; Ellis, Erle C; Jones, Benjamin; Barber, Charles Victor; Hayes, Randy; Kormos, Cyril; Martin, Vance; Crist, Eileen; Sechrest, Wes; Price, Lori; Baillie, Jonathan E. M.; Weeden, Don; Suckling, Kierán; Davis, Crystal; Sizer, Nigel; Moore, Rebecca; Thau, David; Birch, Tanya; Potapov, Peter; Turubanova, Svetlana; Tyukavina, Alexandra; de Souza, Nadia; Pintea, Lilian; Brito, José C.; Llewellyn, Othman A.; Miller, Anthony G.; Patzelt, Annette; Ghazanfar, Shahina A.; Timberlake, Jonathan; Klöser, Heinz; Shennan-Farpón, Yara; Kindt, Roeland; Lillesø, Jens-Peter Barnekow; van Breugel, Paulo; Graudal, Lars; Voge, Maianna; Al-Shammari, Khalaf F.; Saleem, Muhammad (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287">"An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm"</a>. BioScience. 67 (6): 534–545. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix014">10.1093/biosci/bix014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-3568">0006-3568</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287">5451287</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28608869">28608869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioScience&rft.atitle=An+Ecoregion-Based+Approach+to+Protecting+Half+the+Terrestrial+Realm&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=534-545&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5451287%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0006-3568&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28608869&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix014&rft.aulast=Dinerstein&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Olson%2C+David&rft.au=Joshi%2C+Anup&rft.au=Vynne%2C+Carly&rft.au=Burgess%2C+Neil+D.&rft.au=Wikramanayake%2C+Eric&rft.au=Hahn%2C+Nathan&rft.au=Palminteri%2C+Suzanne&rft.au=Hedao%2C+Prashant&rft.au=Noss%2C+Reed&rft.au=Hansen%2C+Matt&rft.au=Locke%2C+Harvey&rft.au=Ellis%2C+Erle+C&rft.au=Jones%2C+Benjamin&rft.au=Barber%2C+Charles+Victor&rft.au=Hayes%2C+Randy&rft.au=Kormos%2C+Cyril&rft.au=Martin%2C+Vance&rft.au=Crist%2C+Eileen&rft.au=Sechrest%2C+Wes&rft.au=Price%2C+Lori&rft.au=Baillie%2C+Jonathan+E.+M.&rft.au=Weeden%2C+Don&rft.au=Suckling%2C+Kier%C3%A1n&rft.au=Davis%2C+Crystal&rft.au=Sizer%2C+Nigel&rft.au=Moore%2C+Rebecca&rft.au=Thau%2C+David&rft.au=Birch%2C+Tanya&rft.au=Potapov%2C+Peter&rft.au=Turubanova%2C+Svetlana&rft.au=Tyukavina%2C+Alexandra&rft.au=de+Souza%2C+Nadia&rft.au=Pintea%2C+Lilian&rft.au=Brito%2C+Jos%C3%A9+C.&rft.au=Llewellyn%2C+Othman+A.&rft.au=Miller%2C+Anthony+G.&rft.au=Patzelt%2C+Annette&rft.au=Ghazanfar%2C+Shahina+A.&rft.au=Timberlake%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Kl%C3%B6ser%2C+Heinz&rft.au=Shennan-Farp%C3%B3n%2C+Yara&rft.au=Kindt%2C+Roeland&rft.au=Lilles%C3%B8%2C+Jens-Peter+Barnekow&rft.au=van+Breugel%2C+Paulo&rft.au=Graudal%2C+Lars&rft.au=Voge%2C+Maianna&rft.au=Al-Shammari%2C+Khalaf+F.&rft.au=Saleem%2C+Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5451287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FLII-Supplementary_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGranthamDuncanEvansJones2020" class="citation journal cs1">Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J.; Franco, P.; Goldman, E.; Goetz, S.; Hansen, A.; Hofsvang, E.; Jantz, P.; Jupiter, S.; Kang, A.; Langhammer, P.; Laurance, W. F.; Lieberman, S.; Linkie, M.; Malhi, Y.; Maxwell, S.; Mendez, M.; Mittermeier, R.; Murray, N. J.; Possingham, H.; Radachowsky, J.; Saatchi, S.; Samper, C.; Silverman, J.; Shapiro, A.; Strassburg, B.; Stevens, T.; Stokes, E.; Taylor, R.; Tear, T.; Tizard, R.; Venter, O.; Visconti, P.; Wang, S.; Watson, J. E. M. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057">"Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material"</a>. Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatCo..11.5978G">2020NatCo..11.5978G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-020-19493-3">10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723">2041-1723</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057">7723057</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33293507">33293507</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Anthropogenic+modification+of+forests+means+only+40%25+of+remaining+forests+have+high+ecosystem+integrity+%E2%80%93+Supplementary+Material&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5978&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7723057%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020NatCo..11.5978G&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33293507&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-020-19493-3&rft.issn=2041-1723&rft.aulast=Grantham&rft.aufirst=H.+S.&rft.au=Duncan%2C+A.&rft.au=Evans%2C+T.+D.&rft.au=Jones%2C+K.+R.&rft.au=Beyer%2C+H.+L.&rft.au=Schuster%2C+R.&rft.au=Walston%2C+J.&rft.au=Ray%2C+J.+C.&rft.au=Robinson%2C+J.+G.&rft.au=Callow%2C+M.&rft.au=Clements%2C+T.&rft.au=Costa%2C+H.+M.&rft.au=DeGemmis%2C+A.&rft.au=Elsen%2C+P.+R.&rft.au=Ervin%2C+J.&rft.au=Franco%2C+P.&rft.au=Goldman%2C+E.&rft.au=Goetz%2C+S.&rft.au=Hansen%2C+A.&rft.au=Hofsvang%2C+E.&rft.au=Jantz%2C+P.&rft.au=Jupiter%2C+S.&rft.au=Kang%2C+A.&rft.au=Langhammer%2C+P.&rft.au=Laurance%2C+W.+F.&rft.au=Lieberman%2C+S.&rft.au=Linkie%2C+M.&rft.au=Malhi%2C+Y.&rft.au=Maxwell%2C+S.&rft.au=Mendez%2C+M.&rft.au=Mittermeier%2C+R.&rft.au=Murray%2C+N.+J.&rft.au=Possingham%2C+H.&rft.au=Radachowsky%2C+J.&rft.au=Saatchi%2C+S.&rft.au=Samper%2C+C.&rft.au=Silverman%2C+J.&rft.au=Shapiro%2C+A.&rft.au=Strassburg%2C+B.&rft.au=Stevens%2C+T.&rft.au=Stokes%2C+E.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+R.&rft.au=Tear%2C+T.&rft.au=Tizard%2C+R.&rft.au=Venter%2C+O.&rft.au=Visconti%2C+P.&rft.au=Wang%2C+S.&rft.au=Watson%2C+J.+E.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7723057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-46376344">Georgia elects Salome Zurabishvili as first woman president</a>, 29 November 2018 </li> <li id="cite_note-misha-188"><a href="#cite_ref-misha_188-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerry2008" class="citation news cs1">Berry, Lynn (7 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080108095512/http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2008Jan07/0%2C4670%2CGeorgiaPresidentialElection%2C00.html">"Georgia Leader: Country on Right Track"</a>. Fox News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2008Jan07/0,4670,GeorgiaPresidentialElection,00.html">the original</a> on 8 January 2008. Retrieved 17 October 2008. <q>In an interview with The Associated Press, Saakashvili acknowledged Georgia's path had not been smooth but said the election demonstrated that the former Soviet republic was on the road to becoming a European democracy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Georgia+Leader%3A+Country+on+Right+Track&rft.date=2008-01-07&rft.aulast=Berry&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fwires%2F2008Jan07%2F0%2C4670%2CGeorgiaPresidentialElection%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/country/georgia/freedom-world/2022">"Georgia: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>. Retrieved 5 February 2023. <q>Georgia holds regular and competitive elections. Its democratic trajectory showed signs of improvement during the period surrounding a change in government in 2012–13, but recent years have featured backsliding. Oligarchic influence affects the country's political affairs, policy decisions, and media environment, and the rule of law is undermined by politicization. Civil liberties are inconsistently protected.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Georgia%3A+Freedom+in+the+World+2022+Country+Report&rft.pub=Freedom+House&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Fcountry%2Fgeorgia%2Ffreedom-world%2F2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/eiu-democracy-index-2021.pdf?mkt_tok=NzUzLVJJUS00MzgAAAGDWhBlxfqM9cMZEewC0HoBG0xhm9PFkxb-_IqDsjlxRZgDssKgB0pHGt7yS48UFv94hU4ZW0C_jXaFfmK_5TbL23wtQarQv22nFbg8ZTnHQrrcPg">"Democracy Index 2021: the China challenge"</a> (PDF). Economist Intelligence Unit. pp. 44–47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Economist+Intelligence+Unit&rft.atitle=Democracy+Index+2021%3A+the+China+challenge&rft.pages=44-47&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpages.eiu.com%2Frs%2F753-RIQ-438%2Fimages%2Feiu-democracy-index-2021.pdf%3Fmkt_tok%3DNzUzLVJJUS00MzgAAAGDWhBlxfqM9cMZEewC0HoBG0xhm9PFkxb-_IqDsjlxRZgDssKgB0pHGt7yS48UFv94hU4ZW0C_jXaFfmK_5TbL23wtQarQv22nFbg8ZTnHQrrcPg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=8271">"U.S. Announces New Military Assistance Program for Georgia"</a>. Civil.Ge. 5 November 2004. Retrieved 29 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Announces+New+Military+Assistance+Program+for+Georgia&rft.pub=Civil.Ge&rft.date=2004-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fold.civil.ge%2Feng%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D8271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EU_perspective-192"><a href="#cite_ref-EU_perspective_192-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&language=EN&reference=P8-TA-2014-0009">Resolution 2014/2717(RSP)</a>, 17 July 2014: "...pursuant to Article 49 of the Treaty on European Union, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine – like any other European state – have a European perspective and may apply to become members of the Union…" </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJorge_Liboreiro2022" class="citation news cs1">Jorge Liboreiro (24 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2022/06/24/why-was-georgia-not-granted-eu-candidate-status">"Why was Georgia not granted EU candidate status?"</a>. Euronews. Retrieved 24 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Euronews&rft.atitle=Why+was+Georgia+not+granted+EU+candidate+status%3F&rft.date=2022-06-24&rft.au=Jorge+Liboreiro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2Fmy-europe%2F2022%2F06%2F24%2Fwhy-was-georgia-not-granted-eu-candidate-status&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080827220629/http://www.mfa.gov.ge/index.php?sec_id=89&lang_id=ENG">"Georgia's way to NATO"</a>. Mfa.gov.ge. 27 May 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gov.ge/index.php?sec_id=89&lang_id=ENG">the original</a> on 27 August 2008. Retrieved 2 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Georgia%27s+way+to+NATO&rft.pub=Mfa.gov.ge&rft.date=2010-05-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gov.ge%2Findex.php%3Fsec_id%3D89%26lang_id%3DENG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170227233237/https://www.ndi.org/sites/default/files/NDI_November%202016%20poll_press%20release_ENG.pdf">"NDI Poll: Economy Still Top Concern for Georgians; Support for NATO and EU Stable"</a> (PDF). National Democratic Institute. 16 January 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndi.org/sites/default/files/NDI_November%202016%20poll_press%20release_ENG.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NDI+Poll%3A+Economy+Still+Top+Concern+for+Georgians%3B+Support+for+NATO+and+EU+Stable&rft.pub=National+Democratic+Institute&rft.date=2017-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndi.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FNDI_November%25202016%2520poll_press%2520release_ENG.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/official_texts_81943.htm?mode=pressrelease">Press Release (2011) 145</a>. NATO. 7 December 2011. Accessed 3 January 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/pdf_2016_06/20160614_1606-georgia-sngp-factsheet-en.pdf">"Substantial NATO-Georgia Package (SNGP)"</a> (PDF). NATO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160910182923/http://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/pdf_2016_06/20160614_1606-georgia-sngp-factsheet-en.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 September 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Substantial+NATO-Georgia+Package+%28SNGP%29&rft.pub=NATO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nato.int%2Fnato_static_fl2014%2Fassets%2Fpdf%2Fpdf_2016_06%2F20160614_1606-georgia-sngp-factsheet-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200927125849/http://georgiatoday.ge/news/17482/Lavrov%3A-If-Georgia-Joins-NATO%2C-Relations-Will-Be-Spoiled">"Lavrov: If Georgia Joins NATO, Relations Will Be Spoiled"</a>. Georgia Today. 26 September 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://georgiatoday.ge/news/17482/Lavrov%3A-If-Georgia-Joins-NATO%2C-Relations-Will-Be-Spoiled">the original</a> on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Georgia+Today&rft.atitle=Lavrov%3A+If+Georgia+Joins+NATO%2C+Relations+Will+Be+Spoiled&rft.date=2019-09-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeorgiatoday.ge%2Fnews%2F17482%2FLavrov%253A-If-Georgia-Joins-NATO%252C-Relations-Will-Be-Spoiled&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LavrovNATO2019-199"><a href="#cite_ref-LavrovNATO2019_199-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agenda.ge/en/news/2019/2582">"Russian FM Lavrov supports resumption of flights to Georgia as Georgians 'realised consequences' of June 20"</a>. Agenda.ge. 26 September 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russian+FM+Lavrov+supports+resumption+of+flights+to+Georgia+as+Georgians+%27realised+consequences%27+of+June+20&rft.pub=Agenda.ge&rft.date=2019-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagenda.ge%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2019%2F2582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4531273.stm">"Europe | Bush praises Georgian democracy"</a>. BBC News. 10 May 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081219051617/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4531273.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 5 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Europe+%26%23124%3B+Bush+praises+Georgian+democracy&rft.date=2005-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F4531273.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/us/AP-Bush.html">Bush Heads to Europe for G – 8 Summit</a>, The New York Times </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=13747">"EU, Georgia Sign ENP Action Plan"</a>. Civil.Ge. 3 October 2006. Retrieved 29 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EU%2C+Georgia+Sign+ENP+Action+Plan&rft.pub=Civil.Ge&rft.date=2006-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fold.civil.ge%2Feng%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D13747&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170228080904/https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage_en/9740/EU/Georgia%20Association%20Agreement">"EU/Georgia Association Agreement"</a>. EEAS. 13 September 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage_en/9740/EU/Georgia%20Association%20Agreement">the original</a> on 28 February 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EU%2FGeorgia+Association+Agreement&rft.pub=EEAS&rft.date=2016-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feeas.europa.eu%2Fheadquarters%2Fheadquarters-homepage_en%2F9740%2FEU%2FGeorgia%2520Association%2520Agreement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2016/12/20-visa-liberalisation-georgia/">"Visas: Council confirms agreement on visa liberalisation for Georgia"</a>. European Council – Council of the European Union. 20 December 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170228075025/http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2016/12/20-visa-liberalisation-georgia/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Visas%3A+Council+confirms+agreement+on+visa+liberalisation+for+Georgia&rft.pub=European+Council+%E2%80%93+Council+of+the+European+Union&rft.date=2016-12-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.consilium.europa.eu%2Fen%2Fpress%2Fpress-releases%2F2016%2F12%2F20-visa-liberalisation-georgia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170227233648/http://dsms.consilium.europa.eu/952/Actions/Newsletter.aspx?messageid=10910&customerid=8798&password=enc_4343363430443232_enc">"Visas: Council adopts regulation on visa liberalisation for Georgians"</a>. European Council – Council of the European Union. 27 February 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsms.consilium.europa.eu/952/Actions/Newsletter.aspx?messageid=10910&customerid=8798&password=enc_4343363430443232_enc">the original</a> on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Visas%3A+Council+adopts+regulation+on+visa+liberalisation+for+Georgians&rft.pub=European+Council+%E2%80%93+Council+of+the+European+Union&rft.date=2017-02-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdsms.consilium.europa.eu%2F952%2FActions%2FNewsletter.aspx%3Fmessageid%3D10910%26customerid%3D8798%26password%3Denc_4343363430443232_enc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ge-candidacy-206"><a href="#cite_ref-ge-candidacy_206-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCivil.ge2022" class="citation news cs1">Civil.ge (3 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://civil.ge/archives/477258">"Georgia's PM Signs Application to Join the EU"</a>. Civil.ge. Retrieved 3 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Georgia%27s+PM+Signs+Application+to+Join+the+EU&rft.date=2022-03-03&rft.au=Civil.ge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcivil.ge%2Farchives%2F477258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://civil.ge/archives/574502">"Civil Georgia | BREAKING: Georgia Granted EU Candidate Status"</a>. civil.ge. 14 December 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=civil.ge&rft.atitle=Civil+Georgia+%7C+BREAKING%3A+Georgia+Granted+EU+Candidate+Status&rft.date=2023-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcivil.ge%2Farchives%2F574502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agenda.ge/en/news/2023/4908">"European Council grants EU candidate status to Georgia – Council President"</a>. Agenda.ge. Retrieved 14 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Agenda.ge&rft.atitle=European+Council+grants+EU+candidate+status+to+Georgia+%E2%80%93+Council+President&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagenda.ge%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2023%2F4908&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayer2023" class="citation news cs1">Bayer, Lili (14 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/dec/14/eu-summit-viktor-orban-aid-ukraine-live-latest-updates">"Deal reached to open EU accession talks with Ukraine and Moldova – Europe live"</a>. the Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 14 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Deal+reached+to+open+EU+accession+talks+with+Ukraine+and+Moldova+%E2%80%93+Europe+live&rft.date=2023-12-14&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Bayer&rft.aufirst=Lili&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2Flive%2F2023%2Fdec%2F14%2Feu-summit-viktor-orban-aid-ukraine-live-latest-updates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-67722252">"EU to open membership talks with Ukraine and Moldova"</a>. 14 December 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=EU+to+open+membership+talks+with+Ukraine+and+Moldova&rft.date=2023-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-67722252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-211"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_211-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebco-beoc.org/sites/ebco-beoc.org/files/2024-05-15-EBCO_Annual_Report_2023-24.pdf">"Conscientious Objection to Military Service in Europe"</a> (PDF). European Bureau for Conscientious Objection. Belgium. 15 May 2024. pp. 79–81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Bureau+for+Conscientious+Objection&rft.atitle=Conscientious+Objection+to+Military+Service+in+Europe&rft.pages=79-81&rft.date=2024-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Febco-beoc.org%2Fsites%2Febco-beoc.org%2Ffiles%2F2024-05-15-EBCO_Annual_Report_2023-24.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mod.gov.ge/uploads/public/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98/dazust.biujeti.pdf">"Budget"</a> (PDF). Ministry of Defence of Georgia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210806090740/https://mod.gov.ge/uploads/public/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98/dazust.biujeti.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 6 August 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+Defence+of+Georgia&rft.atitle=Budget&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmod.gov.ge%2Fuploads%2Fpublic%2F%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%25AF%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A2%25E1%2583%2598%2Fdazust.biujeti.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160705230154/http://delta.gov.ge/en/history/">"Delta History"</a>. STC Delta. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://delta.gov.ge/en/history/">the original</a> on 5 July 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=STC+Delta&rft.atitle=Delta+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdelta.gov.ge%2Fen%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160715003423/http://delta.gov.ge/en/product/">"Delta Products"</a>. STC Delta. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://delta.gov.ge/en/product/">the original</a> on 15 July 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=STC+Delta&rft.atitle=Delta+Products&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdelta.gov.ge%2Fen%2Fproduct%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollin2007" class="citation news cs1">Collin, Matthew (9 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6433289.stm">"Georgia to double troops in Iraq"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161222093803/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6433289.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Georgia+to+double+troops+in+Iraq&rft.date=2007-03-09&rft.aulast=Collin&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F6433289.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-civil1-216"><a href="#cite_ref-civil1_216-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=26057">"MoD Releases Details on Georgian Troops Wounded in May 13 Helmand Attack"</a>. Civil Georgia. 14 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130619224603/http://civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=26057">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Civil+Georgia&rft.atitle=MoD+Releases+Details+on+Georgian+Troops+Wounded+in+May+13+Helmand+Attack&rft.date=2013-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fold.civil.ge%2Feng%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D26057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=georgia-deploying-750-soldiers-to-afghanistan-2010-04-08">"Georgia deploying 750 soldiers to Afghanistan"</a>. Hurriyet Daily News. Agence France-Presse. 4 August 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506192621/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=georgia-deploying-750-soldiers-to-afghanistan-2010-04-08">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hurriyet+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Georgia+deploying+750+soldiers+to+Afghanistan&rft.date=2010-08-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fpageid%3D438%26n%3Dgeorgia-deploying-750-soldiers-to-afghanistan-2010-04-08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikheil_Saakashvili2009" class="citation news cs1">Mikheil Saakashvili (14 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/georgia/6809222/Why-Georgia-sends-troops-to-Afghanistan.html">"Why Georgia sends troops to Afghanistan"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160429042325/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/georgia/6809222/Why-Georgia-sends-troops-to-Afghanistan.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Why+Georgia+sends+troops+to+Afghanistan&rft.date=2009-12-14&rft.au=Mikheil+Saakashvili&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Fgeorgia%2F6809222%2FWhy-Georgia-sends-troops-to-Afghanistan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstroska2014" class="citation web cs1">Ostroska, Jessica (16 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808050637/http://www.isaf.nato.int/article/news/georgian-army-ends-mission-in-helmand.html">"Georgian Army ends mission in Helmand"</a>. Afghanistan International Security Assistance Force. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isaf.nato.int/article/news/georgian-army-ends-mission-in-helmand.html">the original</a> on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Afghanistan+International+Security+Assistance+Force&rft.atitle=Georgian+Army+ends+mission+in+Helmand&rft.date=2014-07-16&rft.aulast=Ostroska&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isaf.nato.int%2Farticle%2Fnews%2Fgeorgian-army-ends-mission-in-helmand.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.old.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=30328">Georgian Soldier Killed in Afghanistan</a> : "bringing the total number of Georgia’s Afghanistan death toll to 32", 4 August 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-civil2-221"><a href="#cite_ref-civil2_221-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140805223625/http://civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=27498">"Georgian Troops End Mission in Helmand"</a>. Civil Georgia. 17 July 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=27498">the original</a> on 5 August 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Georgian+Troops+End+Mission+in+Helmand&rft.date=2014-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fold.civil.ge%2Feng%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D27498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171011201239/http://civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=28333">"Georgian Soldier Succumbs to Injuries Suffered in Afghanistan"</a>. Civil Georgia. 8 June 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=28333">the original</a> on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Civil+Georgia&rft.atitle=Georgian+Soldier+Succumbs+to+Injuries+Suffered+in+Afghanistan&rft.date=2015-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fold.civil.ge%2Feng%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D28333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcclatchydc.com-223">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mcclatchydc.com_223-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcclatchydc.com_223-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_McDonald,_Knight_Ridder_Newspapers" class="citation web cs1">Mark McDonald, Knight Ridder Newspapers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130111043128/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/190/story/11216.html">"Firing of traffic police force stands as a symbol of hope in Georgia | McClatchy"</a>. Mcclatchydc.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcclatchydc.com/190/story/11216.html">the original</a> on 11 January 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Firing+of+traffic+police+force+stands+as+a+symbol+of+hope+in+Georgia+%26%23124%3B+McClatchy&rft.pub=Mcclatchydc.com&rft.au=Mark+McDonald%2C+Knight+Ridder+Newspapers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcclatchydc.com%2F190%2Fstory%2F11216.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4849472">"Georgia's National Police Corruption Project"</a>. NPR. 15 September 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121127222146/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4849472">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2012. Retrieved 30 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Georgia%27s+National+Police+Corruption+Project&rft.pub=NPR&rft.date=2005-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D4849472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120707233212/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0OXU/is_8_60/ai_n15387346">Building security in the Republic of Georgia</a> Andrew Stamer Retrieved 1 June 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110614173627/http://www.president.gov.ge/?l=E&m=0&sm=3&st=120&id=211">"Remarks by President Saakashvili at the CIS Summit in Tbilisi"</a>. President of Georgia. 3 June 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.president.gov.ge/?l=E&m=0&sm=3&st=120&id=211">the original</a> on 14 June 2011. Retrieved 23 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remarks+by+President+Saakashvili+at+the+CIS+Summit+in+Tbilisi&rft.pub=President+of+Georgia&rft.date=2005-06-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.president.gov.ge%2F%3Fl%3DE%26m%3D0%26sm%3D3%26st%3D120%26id%3D211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070815111418/http://georgia.usembassy.gov/wardenmessage20041019.html">"Security Notice"</a>. American Embassy Tbilisi. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgia.usembassy.gov/wardenmessage20041019.html">the original</a> on 15 August 2007. Retrieved 23 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Security+Notice&rft.pub=American+Embassy+Tbilisi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeorgia.usembassy.gov%2Fwardenmessage20041019.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-forpol-228"><a href="#cite_ref-forpol_228-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerglundEngvall2015" class="citation web cs1">Berglund, Christopher; Engvall, Johan (3 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/09/03/how-georgia-stamped-out-corruption-on-campus/">"How Georgia Stamped Out Corruption on Campus"</a>. Foreign Policy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=How+Georgia+Stamped+Out+Corruption+on+Campus&rft.date=2015-09-03&rft.aulast=Berglund&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Engvall%2C+Johan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2015%2F09%2F03%2Fhow-georgia-stamped-out-corruption-on-campus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-econ-229"><a href="#cite_ref-econ_229-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/blogs/easternapproaches/2012/02/tbilisi%E2%80%99s-corruption-busters">"Lessons from Georgia's fight against graft"</a>. The Economist. 7 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Lessons+from+Georgia%27s+fight+against+graft&rft.date=2012-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fblogs%2Feasternapproaches%2F2012%2F02%2Ftbilisi%25E2%2580%2599s-corruption-busters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bank-230"><a href="#cite_ref-bank_230-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/01/31/georgias-fight-against-corruption-in-public-services-wins-praise">"Georgia's Fight Against Corruption in Public Services Wins Praise"</a>. The World Bank. 31 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Bank&rft.atitle=Georgia%27s+Fight+Against+Corruption+in+Public+Services+Wins+Praise&rft.date=2012-01-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fpress-release%2F2012%2F01%2F31%2Fgeorgias-fight-against-corruption-in-public-services-wins-praise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=09000016806dc116">"Fourth Evaluation Round on Georgia"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fourth+Evaluation+Round+on+Georgia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frm.coe.int%2FCoERMPublicCommonSearchServices%2FDisplayDCTMContent%3FdocumentId%3D09000016806dc116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>, 17 January 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.transparency.org/en/blog/cpi-2020-georgia-anti-corruption-reforms-stall-political-crisis-state-capture">"Georgia's anti-corruption reforms stall amid political crisis and allegations of state capture"</a>. Transparency International. 28 January 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Transparency+International&rft.atitle=Georgia%27s+anti-corruption+reforms+stall+amid+political+crisis+and+allegations+of+state+capture&rft.date=2021-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.transparency.org%2Fen%2Fblog%2Fcpi-2020-georgia-anti-corruption-reforms-stall-political-crisis-state-capture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2020/index/geo">"Corruption Perception Index 2020"</a>. Transparency International. 28 January 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Transparency+International&rft.atitle=Corruption+Perception+Index+2020&rft.date=2021-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.transparency.org%2Fen%2Fcpi%2F2020%2Findex%2Fgeo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721025943/http://www.ombudsman.ge/">"Georgia's public defender"</a>. Ombudsman.ge. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ombudsman.ge">the original</a> on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 3 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Georgia%27s+public+defender&rft.pub=Ombudsman.ge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ombudsman.ge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718173634/http://www.minelres.lv/reports/georgia/Shadow_Report_Georgia_2008.pdf">"Alternative report on the implementation by Georgia of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities in the region of Kvemo Kartli – Tbilisi, 2008 – p. 58–59"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minelres.lv/reports/georgia/Shadow_Report_Georgia_2008.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 3 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alternative+report+on+the+implementation+by+Georgia+of+the+Framework+Convention+for+the+Protection+of+National+Minorities+in+the+region+of+Kvemo+Kartli+%E2%80%93+Tbilisi%2C+2008+%E2%80%93+p.+58%E2%80%9359&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minelres.lv%2Freports%2Fgeorgia%2FShadow_Report_Georgia_2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110601003707/http://www.news.az/articles/georgia/37341">"US, Britain, call for probe into May 26 events in Georgia"</a>. News.Az. 28 May 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.az/articles/Georgia/37341">the original</a> on 1 June 2011. Retrieved 3 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US%2C+Britain%2C+call+for+probe+into+May+26+events+in+Georgia&rft.pub=News.Az&rft.date=2011-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.az%2Farticles%2FGeorgia%2F37341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRachel_Denber2011" class="citation web cs1">Rachel Denber (26 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2011/05/26/georgia-police-used-excessive-force-peaceful-protests">"Georgia: Police Used Excessive Force on Peaceful Protests"</a>. Human Rights Watch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110702215753/http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2011/05/26/georgia-police-used-excessive-force-peaceful-protests">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2011. Retrieved 3 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Georgia%3A+Police+Used+Excessive+Force+on+Peaceful+Protests&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2011-05-26&rft.au=Rachel+Denber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2011%2F05%2F26%2Fgeorgia-police-used-excessive-force-peaceful-protests&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=23518">"Tbilisi Mayor's Offers Protesters Alternative Venues for Rally"</a>. Civil.ge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722174050/http://civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=23518">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tbilisi+Mayor%27s+Offers+Protesters+Alternative+Venues+for+Rally&rft.pub=Civil.ge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fold.civil.ge%2Feng%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D23518&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABC-AP-239">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ABC-AP_239-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABC-AP_239-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMisha2011" class="citation news cs1">Misha, Dzhindzhikhashvili (26 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=13688230">"Georgian Police Say 2 Killed in Protest Dispersal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a>. Associated Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120122114205/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=13688230">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Georgian+Police+Say+2+Killed+in+Protest+Dispersal&rft.date=2011-05-26&rft.aulast=Misha&rft.aufirst=Dzhindzhikhashvili&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FInternational%2FwireStory%3Fid%3D13688230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=23537">"Audio, Video Recordings Implicate Protest Leaders to 'Plotting Violence'"</a>. Civil.ge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025190210/http://civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=23537">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Audio%2C+Video+Recordings+Implicate+Protest+Leaders+to+%27Plotting+Violence%27&rft.pub=Civil.ge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fold.civil.ge%2Feng%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D23537&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuke_Harding_in_Moscow_and_agencies2009" class="citation news cs1">Luke Harding in Moscow and agencies (9 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/09/georgia-protests-mikheil-saakashvili">"Thousands gather for street protests against Georgian president Mikheil Saakashvili"</a>. The Guardian. UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130906100645/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/09/georgia-protests-mikheil-saakashvili">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Thousands+gather+for+street+protests+against+Georgian+president+Mikheil+Saakashvili&rft.date=2009-04-09&rft.au=Luke+Harding+in+Moscow+and+agencies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2009%2Fapr%2F09%2Fgeorgia-protests-mikheil-saakashvili&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=28323">"PM Strongly Against of Marijuana Decriminalization"</a>. Civil Georgia. 4 June 2015. Retrieved 29 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Civil+Georgia&rft.atitle=PM+Strongly+Against+of+Marijuana+Decriminalization&rft.date=2015-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fold.civil.ge%2Feng%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D28323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170113074224/https://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/tamar-papalashvili/fighting-back-against-georgia-s-war-on-drugs">"Fighting back against Georgia's war on drugs"</a>. openDemocracy. 15 December 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/tamar-papalashvili/fighting-back-against-georgia-s-war-on-drugs">the original</a> on 13 January 2017. Retrieved 14 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fighting+back+against+Georgia%27s+war+on+drugs&rft.pub=openDemocracy&rft.date=2016-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opendemocracy.net%2Fod-russia%2Ftamar-papalashvili%2Ffighting-back-against-georgia-s-war-on-drugs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/breannawilson/2018/09/05/berlin-is-out-tbilisi-is-in-georgias-capital-is-this-years-most-exciting-city/?sh=5ff1accb479d">Berlin is Out, Tbilisi is In</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a>, September 2018 </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/georgian-constitutional-court-abolishes-fines-for-marijuana-consumption/29399496.html">"Georgian Court Abolishes Fines For Marijuana Consumption"</a>. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 30 July 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Georgian+Court+Abolishes+Fines+For+Marijuana+Consumption&rft.date=2018-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fgeorgian-constitutional-court-abolishes-fines-for-marijuana-consumption%2F29399496.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWayne2018" class="citation news cs1">Wayne, Shawn (30 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180808160506/http://georgiatoday.ge/news/11592/Smoking-Marijuana-Legalized-in-Georgia">"Smoking Marijuana Legalized in Georgia"</a>. Georgia Today. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://georgiatoday.ge/news/11592/Smoking-Marijuana-Legalized-in-Georgia">the original</a> on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Georgia+Today&rft.atitle=Smoking+Marijuana+Legalized+in+Georgia&rft.date=2018-07-30&rft.aulast=Wayne&rft.aufirst=Shawn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeorgiatoday.ge%2Fnews%2F11592%2FSmoking-Marijuana-Legalized-in-Georgia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavitaia" class="citation web cs1">Davitaia, Prof. Dr. Avtandil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150101214018/http://www.ishr.org/ISHR-Georgia-Report-2010-Prison-Conditions-in-the-Republic-of-G.1367.0.html">"ISHR Georgia Report 2010: Prison Conditions in the Republic of Georgia"</a>. International Society for Human Rights (ISHR). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ishr.org/ISHR-Georgia-Report-2010-Prison-Conditions-in-the-Republic-of-G.1367.0.html">the original</a> on 1 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISHR+Georgia+Report+2010%3A+Prison+Conditions+in+the+Republic+of+Georgia&rft.pub=International+Society+for+Human+Rights+%28ISHR%29&rft.aulast=Davitaia&rft.aufirst=Prof.+Dr.+Avtandil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ishr.org%2FISHR-Georgia-Report-2010-Prison-Conditions-in-the-Republic-of-G.1367.0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/eur/119080.htm">"2008 Human Rights Report: Georgia"</a>. 2008 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices. US Department of State. Retrieved 25 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2008+Country+Reports+on+Human+Rights+Practices&rft.atitle=2008+Human+Rights+Report%3A+Georgia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fj%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Fhrrpt%2F2008%2Feur%2F119080.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.equaldex.com/region/georgia">"LGBT Rights in Georgia"</a>. Equaldex.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Equaldex&rft.atitle=LGBT+Rights+in+Georgia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.equaldex.com%2Fregion%2Fgeorgia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-250">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_250-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_250-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/press-review/20240920-georgia-transgender-model-murdered-as-lawmakers-pass-anti-lgbtq-bill">"Press Review - Georgia transgender model murdered as lawmakers pass anti LGBTQ bill"</a>. France 24. 20 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Press+Review+-+Georgia+transgender+model+murdered+as+lawmakers+pass+anti+LGBTQ+bill&rft.date=2024-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Ftv-shows%2Fpress-review%2F20240920-georgia-transgender-model-murdered-as-lawmakers-pass-anti-lgbtq-bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansford2024" class="citation web cs1">Hansford, Amelia (19 September 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thepinknews.com/2024/09/19/georgia-kesaria-abdramidze-found-dead/">"Trans model found dead in Georgia's capital Tbilisi"</a>. PinkNews.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PinkNews&rft.atitle=Trans+model+found+dead+in+Georgia%27s+capital+Tbilisi&rft.date=2024-09-19&rft.aulast=Hansford&rft.aufirst=Amelia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepinknews.com%2F2024%2F09%2F19%2Fgeorgia-kesaria-abdramidze-found-dead%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFService" class="citation news cs1">Service, RFE/RL's Georgian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/kesaria-abramidze-killing-lgbt-rights-georgia/33126132.html">"Well-Known Georgian Transgender Model Stabbed To Death"</a>. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Well-Known+Georgian+Transgender+Model+Stabbed+To+Death&rft.aulast=Service&rft.aufirst=RFE%2FRL%27s+Georgian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fkesaria-abramidze-killing-lgbt-rights-georgia%2F33126132.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/en/european-union/article/2024/09/18/eu-foreign-policy-chief-urges-georgia-to-retract-bill-restricting-lgbtq-rights_6726473_156.html">"EU foreign policy chief urges Georgia to retract bill restricting LGBTQ+ rights"</a>. 18 September 2024 – via Le Monde.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=EU+foreign+policy+chief+urges+Georgia+to+retract+bill+restricting+LGBTQ%2B+rights&rft.date=2024-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fen%2Feuropean-union%2Farticle%2F2024%2F09%2F18%2Feu-foreign-policy-chief-urges-georgia-to-retract-bill-restricting-lgbtq-rights_6726473_156.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/03/georgia-halt-legislative-assault-on-lgbti-rights/">"Georgia: Halt legislative assault on LGBTI rights"</a>. Amnesty International. 26 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amnesty+International&rft.atitle=Georgia%3A+Halt+legislative+assault+on+LGBTI+rights&rft.date=2024-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Flatest%2Fnews%2F2024%2F03%2Fgeorgia-halt-legislative-assault-on-lgbti-rights%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/georgia-transgender-woman-killed-anti-lgbtq-law/">‘A sobering call’: Transgender woman killed in Georgia day after anti-LGBTQ+ law passed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politico_Europe" title="Politico Europe">Politico Europe</a>: September 19, 2024 </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mtavari.tv/news/165503-kesaria-abramidze-dakrdzales">კესარია აბრამიძე დაკრძალეს</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mtavari_Arkhi" title="Mtavari Arkhi">Mtavari Arkhi</a>: 22 September 2024 </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mreg.reestri.gov.ge/">"Registry of Municipalities"</a>. National Agency of Public Registry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202020853/https://mreg.reestri.gov.ge/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 7 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Registry+of+Municipalities&rft.pub=National+Agency+of+Public+Registry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmreg.reestri.gov.ge%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717122413/http://www.government.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG">"Government of Georgia – Abkhazia"</a>. Government.gov.ge. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.government.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=221">the original</a> on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 3 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Government+of+Georgia+%E2%80%93+Abkhazia&rft.pub=Government.gov.ge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.government.gov.ge%2Findex.php%3Flang_id%3DENG%26sec_id%3D221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3261059.stm">"Regions and territories: Abkhazia"</a>. BBC News. 8 February 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100420194315/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3261059.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2010. Retrieved 30 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Regions+and+territories%3A+Abkhazia&rft.date=2011-02-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F3261059.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_South_Ossetia-260">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_South_Ossetia_260-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_South_Ossetia_260-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/3797729.stm">"Regions and territories: South Ossetia"</a>. BBC News. 8 February 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110217055824/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/3797729.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2011. Retrieved 30 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Regions+and+territories%3A+South+Ossetia&rft.date=2011-02-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2Fcountry_profiles%2F3797729.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osce.org/home/73289">"Human Rights in the Occupied Territories of Georgia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Osce.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Osce.org">Osce.org</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120616083143/http://www.osce.org/home/73289">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2012. Retrieved 30 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Rights+in+the+Occupied+Territories+of+Georgia&rft.pub=Osce.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osce.org%2Fhome%2F73289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121115192814/http://topics.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/09/09/russian-passportization/">"Russian Passportization"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 10 September 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/09/09/russian-passportization/">the original</a> on 15 November 2012. Retrieved 30 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Russian+Passportization&rft.date=2008-09-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftopics.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F09%2F09%2Frussian-passportization%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=19330">"Abkhazia, S. Ossetia Formally Declared Occupied Territory"</a>. Civil Georgia. 28 August 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080903230132/http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=19330">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2008. Retrieved 29 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Civil+Georgia&rft.atitle=Abkhazia%2C+S.+Ossetia+Formally+Declared+Occupied+Territory&rft.date=2008-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fold.civil.ge%2Feng%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D19330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-smr-264"><a href="#cite_ref-smr_264-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140624083638/http://www.smr.gov.ge/docs/doc216.pdf">"The Law of Georgia on Occupied Territories (431-IIs)"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/State_Ministry_for_Reintegration_(Georgia)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Ministry for Reintegration (Georgia)">State Ministry for Reintegration</a>. 23 October 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smr.gov.ge/docs/doc216.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 June 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Law+of+Georgia+on+Occupied+Territories+%28431-IIs%29&rft.pub=State+Ministry+for+Reintegration&rft.date=2008-10-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smr.gov.ge%2Fdocs%2Fdoc216.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101123080428/http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/international/iealf/table64h.xls">"U.S. Energy Information Administration "World Hydroelectricity Installed Capacity""</a>. Eia.doe.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/international/iealf/table64h.xls">the original</a> on 23 November 2010. Retrieved 30 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Energy+Information+Administration+%22World+Hydroelectricity+Installed+Capacity%22&rft.pub=Eia.doe.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.doe.gov%2Fpub%2Finternational%2Fiealf%2Ftable64h.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTCOUASSEVAL/Resources/GeorgiaCAE.pdf">"The World Bank in Georgia 1993–2007"</a> (PDF). World Bank. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130723093221/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTCOUASSEVAL/Resources/GeorgiaCAE.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 23 July 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Bank+in+Georgia+1993%E2%80%932007&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiteresources.worldbank.org%2FEXTCOUASSEVAL%2FResources%2FGeorgiaCAE.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wits15-267"><a href="#cite_ref-wits15_267-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/GEO/Year/2015/Summarytext">"World Integrates Trade Solution – Country Snapshot Georgia"</a>. World Bank. 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Integrates+Trade+Solution+%E2%80%93+Country+Snapshot+Georgia&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwits.worldbank.org%2FCountryProfile%2Fen%2FCountry%2FGEO%2FYear%2F2015%2FSummarytext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wits.worldbank.org/CountrySnapshot/en/GEO">"Georgia Imports"</a>. World Bank. Retrieved 7 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Georgia+Imports&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwits.worldbank.org%2FCountrySnapshot%2Fen%2FGEO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geostat.ge/en/modules/categories/765/external-merchandise-trade">"External Merchandise Trade"</a>. National Statistics Office of Georgia Geostat. Retrieved 7 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=External+Merchandise+Trade&rft.pub=National+Statistics+Office+of+Georgia+Geostat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geostat.ge%2Fen%2Fmodules%2Fcategories%2F765%2Fexternal-merchandise-trade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doingbusiness.org/EconomyRankings/">World Bank Economy Rankings</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080915084658/http://www.doingbusiness.org/economyrankings/">Archived</a> 15 September 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-271"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_271-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Bank2018" class="citation book cs1">World Bank (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/doingBusiness/media/Annual-Reports/English/DB2019-report_web-version.pdf">Doing Business 2019</a> (PDF). World Bank Publications. pp. 5, 11, 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4648-1326-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4648-1326-9"><bdi>978-1-4648-1326-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181106004640/http://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/doingBusiness/media/Annual-Reports/English/DB2019-report_web-version.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 2 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doing+Business+2019&rft.pages=5%2C+11%2C+13&rft.pub=World+Bank+Publications&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4648-1326-9&rft.au=World+Bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2FdoingBusiness%2Fmedia%2FAnnual-Reports%2FEnglish%2FDB2019-report_web-version.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/sites/all/themes/hdr_theme/country-notes/GEO.pdf">"Briefing note for countries on the 2020 Human Development Report"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220522120247/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/all/themes/hdr_theme/country-notes/GEO.pdf">Archived</a> 22 May 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Development Program">United Nations Development Program</a>, 2020 </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/sites/all/themes/hdr_theme/country-notes/GEO.pdf">"Briefing note for countries on the 2020 Human Development Report": Figure 1: Trends in Georgia's HDI component indices 2000–2019</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220522120247/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/all/themes/hdr_theme/country-notes/GEO.pdf">Archived</a> 22 May 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Development Program">United Nations Development Program</a>, 2020 </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bp.com/en_az/caspian/operationsprojects/pipelines/SCP.html">"South Caucasus Pipeline"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170928111754/http://www.bp.com/en_az/caspian/operationsprojects/pipelines/SCP.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Caucasus+Pipeline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bp.com%2Fen_az%2Fcaspian%2Foperationsprojects%2Fpipelines%2FSCP.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> The Financial Times – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.ft.com/ftArticle?queryText=georgia+tax&y=0&aje=true&x=0&id=061018006831">Flat taxes could be a flash in the pan, IMF research says</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:21725423~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html">World Development Indicators 2008</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100418130043/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0%2C%2CcontentMDK%3A21725423~pagePK%3A64133150~piPK%3A64133175~theSitePK%3A239419%2C00.html">Archived</a> 18 April 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100628104040/http://www.investingeorgia.org/about_us/faq/">"Frequently Asked Questions: I. Macroeconomic Environment"</a>. investingeorgia.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.investingeorgia.org/about_us/faq/">the original</a> on 28 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=investingeorgia.org&rft.atitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions%3A+I.+Macroeconomic+Environment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.investingeorgia.org%2Fabout_us%2Ffaq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geostat.ge/index.php?action=page&p_id=188&lang=eng">"Living conditions"</a>. GeoStat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170203041659/http://www.geostat.ge/index.php?action=page&p_id=188&lang=eng">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Living+conditions&rft.pub=GeoStat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geostat.ge%2Findex.php%3Faction%3Dpage%26p_id%3D188%26lang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geostat.ge/index.php?action=page&p_id=182&lang=eng">"Households Income"</a>. GeoStat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161225024530/http://www.geostat.ge/index.php?action=page&p_id=182&lang=eng">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Households+Income&rft.pub=GeoStat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geostat.ge%2Findex.php%3Faction%3Dpage%26p_id%3D182%26lang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geostat.ge/index.php?action=page&p_id=119&lang=eng">"Gross Domestic Product (GDP)"</a>. GeoStat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170203043733/http://www.geostat.ge/index.php?action=page&p_id=119&lang=eng">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gross+Domestic+Product+%28GDP%29&rft.pub=GeoStat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geostat.ge%2Findex.php%3Faction%3Dpage%26p_id%3D119%26lang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.SRV.TOTL.ZS?locations=GE">"Services, value added (% of GDP) – Georgia"</a>. World Bank. 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Services%2C+value+added+%28%25+of+GDP%29+%E2%80%93+Georgia&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FNV.SRV.TOTL.ZS%3Flocations%3DGE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geostat.ge/en/modules/categories/683/Employment-Unemployment">"Employment and Unemployment"</a>. Retrieved 8 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Employment+and+Unemployment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geostat.ge%2Fen%2Fmodules%2Fcategories%2F683%2FEmployment-Unemployment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988">, <a href="/wiki/National_Statistics_Office_of_Georgia" title="National Statistics Office of Georgia">National Statistics Office of Georgia</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iri.org/resource/georgia-poll-reflects-widespread-concern-over-economic-issues">"Georgia Poll Reflects Widespread Concern over Economic Issues"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Republican_Institute" title="International Republican Institute">International Republican Institute</a>. 18 July 2019. Retrieved 9 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Georgia+Poll+Reflects+Widespread+Concern+over+Economic+Issues&rft.pub=International+Republican+Institute&rft.date=2019-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iri.org%2Fresource%2Fgeorgia-poll-reflects-widespread-concern-over-economic-issues&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NRI-284"><a href="#cite_ref-NRI_284-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reports.weforum.org/global-information-technology-report-2016/networked-readiness-index/">"Networked Readiness Index 2016"</a>. World Economic Forum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161221235737/http://reports.weforum.org/global-information-technology-report-2016/networked-readiness-index/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Networked+Readiness+Index+2016&rft.pub=World+Economic+Forum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freports.weforum.org%2Fglobal-information-technology-report-2016%2Fnetworked-readiness-index%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170125102711/http://reports.weforum.org/global-information-technology-report-2015/network-readiness-index/">"Networked Readiness Index 2015"</a>. World Economic Forum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reports.weforum.org/global-information-technology-report-2015/network-readiness-index/">the original</a> on 25 January 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Networked+Readiness+Index+2015&rft.pub=World+Economic+Forum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freports.weforum.org%2Fglobal-information-technology-report-2015%2Fnetwork-readiness-index%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/">Global Innovation Index 2024: Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship</a>. World Intellectual Property Organization. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.34667%2Ftind.50062">10.34667/tind.50062</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2"><bdi>978-92-805-3681-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Innovation+Index+2024%3A+Unlocking+the+Promise+of+Social+Entrepreneurship&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.34667%2Ftind.50062&rft.isbn=978-92-805-3681-2&rft.au=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fweb-publications%2Fglobal-innovation-index-2024%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170228023216/http://gnta.ge/statistics/">"Georgian National Tourism Administration – Researches"</a>. Georgian National Tourism Administration. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gnta.ge/statistics/">the original</a> on 28 February 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Georgian+National+Tourism+Administration+%E2%80%93+Researches&rft.pub=Georgian+National+Tourism+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgnta.ge%2Fstatistics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gnta.ge/statistics/">"Statistics"</a>. MIA. February 2018. Retrieved 3 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics&rft.pub=MIA&rft.date=2018-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgnta.ge%2Fstatistics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economy.ge/uploads/ecopolitic/turizmi-/sakartvelos%20turizmis%20strategia%202025.pdf">"Georgia Tourism Strategy"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170718103823/http://www.economy.ge/uploads/ecopolitic/turizmi-/sakartvelos%20turizmis%20strategia%202025.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Georgia+Tourism+Strategy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economy.ge%2Fuploads%2Fecopolitic%2Fturizmi-%2Fsakartvelos%2520turizmis%2520strategia%25202025.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100626105604/http://www.investingeorgia.org/sectors/tourism/">"Invest in Georgia: Tourism"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.investingeorgia.org/sectors/tourism/">the original</a> on 26 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Invest+in+Georgia%3A+Tourism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.investingeorgia.org%2Fsectors%2Ftourism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/06/24/russian-flight-ban-could-cost-georgia-300m-experts-say-a66132">"Russian Flight Ban Could Cost Georgia $300M, Experts Say"</a>. The Moscow Times. 24 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Moscow+Times&rft.atitle=Russian+Flight+Ban+Could+Cost+Georgia+%24300M%2C+Experts+Say&rft.date=2019-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themoscowtimes.com%2F2019%2F06%2F24%2Frussian-flight-ban-could-cost-georgia-300m-experts-say-a66132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geostat.ge/media/42476/Yearbook_2021.pdf">"Statistical Yearbook of Georgia 2021"</a> (PDF). National Statistics Office of Georgia. 28 December 2021. p. 200. Retrieved 31 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistical+Yearbook+of+Georgia+2021&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=National+Statistics+Office+of+Georgia&rft.date=2021-12-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geostat.ge%2Fmedia%2F42476%2FYearbook_2021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railway.ge/?web=0&action=page&p_id=407&lang=eng">"Georgian Railway"</a>. Railway.ge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120506073139/http://www.railway.ge/?web=0&action=page&p_id=407&lang=eng">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2012. Retrieved 10 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Georgian+Railway&rft.pub=Railway.ge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railway.ge%2F%3Fweb%3D0%26action%3Dpage%26p_id%3D407%26lang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121007083201/https://railway.ge/?web=0&action=page&p_id=245&lang=eng">"Georgian Railway"</a>. Railway.ge. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railway.ge/?web=0&action=page&p_id=245&lang=eng">the original</a> on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 10 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Georgian+Railway&rft.pub=Railway.ge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railway.ge%2F%3Fweb%3D0%26action%3Dpage%26p_id%3D245%26lang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railway.ge/?web=0&action=page&p_id=242&lang=eng">"Georgian Railway"</a>. Railway.ge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120506073016/http://www.railway.ge/?web=0&action=page&p_id=242&lang=eng">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2012. Retrieved 10 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Georgian+Railway&rft.pub=Railway.ge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railway.ge%2F%3Fweb%3D0%26action%3Dpage%26p_id%3D242%26lang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railway.ge/?web=0&action=page&p_id=290&lang=eng">"Georgian Railway"</a>. Railway.ge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120506072507/http://www.railway.ge/?web=0&action=page&p_id=290&lang=eng">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2012. Retrieved 10 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Georgian+Railway&rft.pub=Railway.ge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railway.ge%2F%3Fweb%3D0%26action%3Dpage%26p_id%3D290%26lang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/baku-tbilisi-kars-railway-line-officially-launched-azerbaijan-georgia-turkey/28824764.html">"Baku-Tbilisi-Kars Railway Line Officially Launched"</a>. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 30 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171101204253/https://www.rferl.org/a/baku-tbilisi-kars-railway-line-officially-launched-azerbaijan-georgia-turkey/28824764.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2017. Retrieved 3 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Baku-Tbilisi-Kars+Railway+Line+Officially+Launched&rft.date=2017-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fbaku-tbilisi-kars-railway-line-officially-launched-azerbaijan-georgia-turkey%2F28824764.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120229115503/http://www.evolutsia.net/kutaisis-airport-georgias-opportunity/">"Kutaisi's airport: Georgia's opportunity"</a>. Evolutsia.Net. 18 January 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evolutsia.net/kutaisis-airport-georgias-opportunity/">the original</a> on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 10 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kutaisi%27s+airport%3A+Georgia%27s+opportunity&rft.pub=Evolutsia.Net&rft.date=2012-01-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.evolutsia.net%2Fkutaisis-airport-georgias-opportunity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202061252/http://www.ukrferry.com/eng/schedules/varna-batumi">"Varna – Batumi"</a>. Ukrferry. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukrferry.com/eng/schedules/varna-batumi">the original</a> on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Varna+%E2%80%93+Batumi&rft.pub=Ukrferry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrferry.com%2Feng%2Fschedules%2Fvarna-batumi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202060856/http://www.ukrferry.com/eng/schedules">"Schedules"</a>. Ukrferry. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukrferry.com/eng/schedules">the original</a> on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Schedules&rft.pub=Ukrferry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrferry.com%2Feng%2Fschedules&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ECMI-301"><a href="#cite_ref-ECMI_301-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140904143533/http://ecmicaucasus.org/menu/info_maps.html">"ECMI – European Centre For Minority Issues Georgia"</a>. www.ecmicaucasus.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecmicaucasus.org/menu/info_maps.html">the original</a> on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ecmicaucasus.org&rft.atitle=ECMI+%E2%80%93+European+Centre+For+Minority+Issues+Georgia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecmicaucasus.org%2Fmenu%2Finfo_maps.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> History of Modern Georgia, David Marshal Lang, p 18.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-geostatpop-303"><a href="#cite_ref-geostatpop_303-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geostat.ge/en/modules/categories/41/population">"Population and Demography – Population by cities and boroughs (daba), as of 1 January"</a>. National Statistics Office of Georgia, Geostat. 1 January 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Statistics+Office+of+Georgia%2C+Geostat&rft.atitle=Population+and+Demography+%E2%80%93+Population+by+cities+and+boroughs+%28daba%29%2C+as+of+1+January&rft.date=2021-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geostat.ge%2Fen%2Fmodules%2Fcategories%2F41%2Fpopulation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-census2014summary-305">^ <a href="#cite_ref-census2014summary_305-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-census2014summary_305-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160808154843/http://census.ge/files/results/Census_release_ENG.pdf">"Main Results of the 2014 Census (Publication)"</a> (PDF). Census.ge, National Statistics Office of Georgia (Geostat). 28 April 2016. pp. 2–8. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://census.ge/files/results/Census_release_ENG.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census.ge%2C+National+Statistics+Office+of+Georgia+%28Geostat%29&rft.atitle=Main+Results+of+the+2014+Census+%28Publication%29&rft.pages=2-8&rft.date=2016-04-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcensus.ge%2Ffiles%2Fresults%2FCensus_release_ENG.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-census1926-306">^ <a href="#cite_ref-census1926_306-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-census1926_306-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru/rngeorgia.html">"1926 ethnic composition"</a>. Ethno Kavkaz (in Russian). Retrieved 18 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethno+Kavkaz&rft.atitle=1926+ethnic+composition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru%2Frngeorgia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussian_Review1925499-307"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussian_Review1925499_307-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussian_Review1925">Russian Review (1925)</a>, p. 499. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussian_Review1925498-309">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussian_Review1925498_309-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussian_Review1925498_309-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussian_Review1925">Russian Review (1925)</a>, p. 498. </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170301172241/http://einung.org.ge/deutsche-kolonisten-in-georgien/">"Deutsche Kolonisten in Georgien"</a>. Einung. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://einung.org.ge/deutsche-kolonisten-in-georgien/">the original</a> on 1 March 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deutsche+Kolonisten+in+Georgien&rft.pub=Einung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feinung.org.ge%2Fdeutsche-kolonisten-in-georgien%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHakkert20171–4-312"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHakkert20171–4_312-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHakkert2017">Hakkert (2017)</a>, pp. 1–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-retroprojection-313"><a href="#cite_ref-retroprojection_313-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geostat.ge/en/single-archive/3199">"Retro-projection of main demographic indicators for the period 1994–2014"</a>. National Statistics Office of Georgia (Geostat). 18 May 2018. Retrieved 2 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Statistics+Office+of+Georgia+%28Geostat%29&rft.atitle=Retro-projection+of+main+demographic+indicators+for+the+period+1994%E2%80%932014&rft.date=2018-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geostat.ge%2Fen%2Fsingle-archive%2F3199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insightb/articles/eav043009.shtml">Georgia: Ethnic Russians Say, "There's No Place Like Home"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180216143900/https://eurasianet.org/departments/insightb/articles/eav043009.shtml">Archived</a> 16 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. EurasiaNet.org. 30 April 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-emigration-315">^ <a href="#cite_ref-emigration_315-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-emigration_315-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/ge412ang.pdf">Ethnic minorities in Georgia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090501012802/http://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/ge412ang.pdf">Archived</a> 1 May 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Federation Internationale des Ligues des Droits de l'Homme. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHakkert201714-316"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHakkert201714_316-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHakkert2017">Hakkert (2017)</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/estimates19.asp">"International migrant stock 2019, 'by destination and origin'"</a>. United Nations. 2019. Retrieved 2 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations&rft.atitle=International+migrant+stock+2019%2C+%27by+destination+and+origin%27&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fdevelopment%2Fdesa%2Fpopulation%2Fmigration%2Fdata%2Festimates2%2Festimates19.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2013204-318"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2013204_318-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones2013">Jones (2013)</a>, p. 204. </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211209035558/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/results2.html">"Results of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census"</a>. Russian Census (in Russian). 18 June 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/results2.html">the original</a> on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Russian+Census&rft.atitle=Results+of+the+2010+All-Russian+Population+Census&rft.date=2014-06-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gks.ru%2Ffree_doc%2Fnew_site%2Fperepis2010%2Fcroc%2Fresults2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbth.com/longreads/tbilisi_on_moskva/index.html">"Georgians in Russia"</a>. Russia Beyond the Headlines. 18 June 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Russia+Beyond+the+Headlines&rft.atitle=Georgians+in+Russia&rft.date=2014-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbth.com%2Flongreads%2Ftbilisi_on_moskva%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Immigration-321"><a href="#cite_ref-Immigration_321-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160809235430/http://census.ge/files/results/english/29-2_Immigrants%20by%20previous%20country%20of%20residence%20and%20usual%20place%20of%20residence.xls">"Immigrants by previous country of residence and usual place of residence"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://census.ge/files/results/english/29-2_Immigrants%20by%20previous%20country%20of%20residence%20and%20usual%20place%20of%20residence.xls">the original</a> on 9 August 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Immigrants+by+previous+country+of+residence+and+usual+place+of+residence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcensus.ge%2Ffiles%2Fresults%2Fenglish%2F29-2_Immigrants%2520by%2520previous%2520country%2520of%2520residence%2520and%2520usual%2520place%2520of%2520residence.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> Human Rights Watch/Helsinki, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrw.org/reports/1996/Russia.htm">Russia: The Ingush–Ossetian Conflict in the Prigorodnyi Region</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070513003516/http://hrw.org/reports/1996/Russia.htm">Archived</a> 13 May 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, May 1996. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHakkert201743-323"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHakkert201743_323-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHakkert2017">Hakkert (2017)</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,463af2212,488edfe22,49749c843c,0.html">World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Uzbekistan: Meskhetian Turks</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121016183834/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,463af2212,488edfe22,49749c843c,0.html">Archived</a> 16 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Minority Rights Group International. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoeder20023-325"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoeder20023_325-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoeder2002">Boeder (2002)</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoeder20056-326"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoeder20056_326-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoeder2005">Boeder (2005)</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGamkrelidze196669-327"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGamkrelidze196669_327-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGamkrelidze1966">Gamkrelidze (1966)</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFähnrichSardzhveladze2000[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-328"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFähnrichSardzhveladze2000[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_328-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFähnrichSardzhveladze2000">Fähnrich & Sardzhveladze (2000)</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKajaia2001[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-329"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKajaia2001[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_329-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKajaia2001">Kajaia (2001)</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlimov199814-330"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlimov199814_330-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKlimov1998">Klimov (1998)</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-2014_Language-331"><a href="#cite_ref-2014_Language_331-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160808174125/http://census.ge/files/results/english/20_Population%20by%20region%2C%20by%20native%20languages%20and%20fluently%20speak%20Georgian%20language.xls">"Population by region, by native languages and fluently speak Georgian language"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://census.ge/files/results/english/20_Population%20by%20region%2C%20by%20native%20languages%20and%20fluently%20speak%20Georgian%20language.xls">the original</a> on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+by+region%2C+by+native+languages+and+fluently+speak+Georgian+language&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcensus.ge%2Ffiles%2Fresults%2Fenglish%2F20_Population%2520by%2520region%252C%2520by%2520native%2520languages%2520and%2520fluently%2520speak%2520Georgian%2520language.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Religion-333">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Religion_333-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Religion_333-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Religion_333-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160809001940/http://census.ge/files/results/english/22_Population%20by%20regions%20and%20religion.xls">"Immigrants by previous country of residence and usual place of residence"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://census.ge/files/results/english/22_Population%20by%20regions%20and%20religion.xls">the original</a> on 9 August 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Immigrants+by+previous+country+of+residence+and+usual+place+of+residence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcensus.ge%2Ffiles%2Fresults%2Fenglish%2F22_Population%2520by%2520regions%2520and%2520religion.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150111023844/http://www.patriarchate.ge/_en/?action=istoria">"The History of Georgian Orthodox Church"</a>. Patriarchate of Georgia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patriarchate.ge/_en/?action=istoria">the original</a> on 11 January 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Patriarchate+of+Georgia&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Georgian+Orthodox+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.patriarchate.ge%2F_en%2F%3Faction%3Distoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Toumanoff1963-335"><a href="#cite_ref-Toumanoff1963_335-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToumanoff1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Toumanoff" title="Cyril Toumanoff">Toumanoff, Cyril</a> (1963). "Iberia between Chosroid and Bagratid Rule". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120208043427/http://rbedrosian.com/Ref/Toumicb/toumicb.html">Studies in Christian Caucasian History</a>. Georgetown. pp. 374–377. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rbedrosian.com/Ref/Toumicb/toumicb.html">the original</a> on 8 February 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iberia+between+Chosroid+and+Bagratid+Rule&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Christian+Caucasian+History&rft.pages=374-377&rft.pub=Georgetown&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Toumanoff&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frbedrosian.com%2FRef%2FToumicb%2Ftoumicb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rapp2007-336"><a href="#cite_ref-Rapp2007_336-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRapp2007" class="citation book cs1">Rapp, Stephen H. Jr (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fWp9JA3aBvcC&pg=PA137">"7 – Georgian Christianity"</a>. The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity. John Wiley & Sons. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3361-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3361-9"><bdi>978-1-4443-3361-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 11 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7+%E2%80%93+Georgian+Christianity&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Eastern+Christianity&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-3361-9&rft.aulast=Rapp&rft.aufirst=Stephen+H.+Jr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfWp9JA3aBvcC%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170228165838/http://patriarchate.ge/geo/martlmadidebluri-eklesiebi/avtokefaluri-eklesiebi/">"მართლმადიდებელი ავტოკეფალური ეკლესიები"</a>. საქართველოს საპატრიარქო. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patriarchate.ge/geo/martlmadidebluri-eklesiebi/avtokefaluri-eklesiebi">the original</a> on 28 February 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98+%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98+%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98&rft.pub=%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1+%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpatriarchate.ge%2Fgeo%2Fmartlmadidebluri-eklesiebi%2Favtokefaluri-eklesiebi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> Constantine B. Lerner. "The Wellspring of Georgian Historiography: The Early Medieval Historical Chronicle The Conversion of Katli and The Life of St. Nino", England: Bennett and Bloom, London, 2004, p. 60 </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> Jacobs, Dan Norman. Paul, Ellen Frankel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M6QK-J-34jMC&pg=PA14">Studies of the Third Wave: Recent Migration of Soviet Jews to the United States</a> VNR AG, 1 January 1981 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86531-143-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86531-143-5">978-0-86531-143-5</a> pp. 13–14 </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060831235152/http://www.statistics.ge/main.php?pform=145&plang=1">"statistics.ge"</a>. www.statistics.ge. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.ge/main.php?pform=145&plang=1">the original</a> on 31 August 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.statistics.ge&rft.atitle=statistics.ge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.ge%2Fmain.php%3Fpform%3D145%26plang%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpillingWong2008[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-341"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpillingWong2008[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_341-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpillingWong2008">Spilling & Wong (2008)</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/backgrounder/eca/georgia/georgia_memo_full.htm">"Memorandum to the U.S. Government on Religious Violence in the Republic of Georgia"</a>. Human Rights Watch. 29 August 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081102220649/http://www.hrw.org/backgrounder/eca/georgia/georgia_memo_full.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2008. Retrieved 5 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memorandum+to+the+U.S.+Government+on+Religious+Violence+in+the+Republic+of+Georgia&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2001-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fbackgrounder%2Feca%2Fgeorgia%2Fgeorgia_memo_full.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Netgazeti-343"><a href="#cite_ref-Netgazeti_343-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160513213217/http://netgazeti.ge/news/110839/">"საქართველოს მოსახლეობის საყოველთაო აღწერის საბოლოო შედეგები"</a>. netgazeti.ge. Netgazeti. 28 April 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://netgazeti.ge/news/110839/">the original</a> on 13 May 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=netgazeti.ge&rft.atitle=%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1+%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1+%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A7%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D+%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1+%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9D+%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98&rft.date=2016-04-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnetgazeti.ge%2Fnews%2F110839%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.css.ethz.ch/publications/pdfs/CAD-20.pdf">Caucasus Analytical Digest No.20</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150325085305/http://www.css.ethz.ch/publications/pdfs/CAD-20.pdf">Archived</a> 25 March 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll_Foundation" title="Heinrich Böll Foundation">Heinrich Böll Stiftung</a>, 11 October 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4724213.stm">"Georgia purges education system"</a>. 29 July 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081219051630/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4724213.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 10 September 2008 – via news.bbc.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Georgia+purges+education+system&rft.date=2005-07-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F4724213.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> Molly Corso (13 May 2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/civilsociety/articles/eav041305.shtml">Education reform rocks Georgia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160731232621/http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/civilsociety/articles/eav041305.shtml">Archived</a> 31 July 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Eurasianet. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. Retrieved on 2 September 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-tempus-347">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tempus_347-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tempus_347-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tempus.ge/EDUCATIONAL%20SYSTEM%20OF%20GEORGIA.html">Education system in Georgia</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]. National Tempus Office Georgia. Retrieved on 2 September 2008. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170226132040/http://www.naec.ge/#/en/post/55">"Centralized university entrance examinations"</a>. National assessment and examinations center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://naec.ge/#/en/post/55">the original</a> on 26 February 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Centralized+university+entrance+examinations&rft.pub=National+assessment+and+examinations+center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnaec.ge%2F%23%2Fen%2Fpost%2F55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mes.gov.ge/index.php?module=text&link_id=50">Education institutions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511223922/http://www.mes.gov.ge/index.php?module=text&link_id=50">Archived</a> 11 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Ministry of Education and Science of Georgia. Retrieved on 2 September 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161022182826/http://mes.gov.ge/content.php?id=1855&lang=eng">"Authorized institutions"</a>. Ministry of Education and Science of Georgia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mes.gov.ge/content.php?id=1855&lang=eng">the original</a> on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Authorized+institutions&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Education+and+Science+of+Georgia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmes.gov.ge%2Fcontent.php%3Fid%3D1855%26lang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.PRM.ENRR?end=2014&locations=GE&start=1981&view=chart">"Gross enrollment ratio, primary, both sexes"</a>. The World Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161023210048/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.PRM.ENRR?end=2014&locations=GE&start=1981&view=chart">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gross+enrollment+ratio%2C+primary%2C+both+sexes&rft.pub=The+World+Bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSE.PRM.ENRR%3Fend%3D2014%26locations%3DGE%26start%3D1981%26view%3Dchart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120220042201/http://www.tbilisi.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=1297&info_id=6933">"New Tbilisi.Gov.Ge – თბილისის მერიის ოფიციალური ვებ გვერდი"</a>. Tbilisi.gov.ge. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tbilisi.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=1297&info_id=6933">the original</a> on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Tbilisi.Gov.Ge+%E2%80%93+%E1%83%97%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1+%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1+%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98+%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%91+%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98&rft.pub=Tbilisi.gov.ge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tbilisi.gov.ge%2Findex.php%3Flang_id%3DENG%26sec_id%3D1297%26info_id%3D6933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170227215738/http://gtu.ge/Contact/">"Contact"</a>. gtu.ge. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gtu.ge/Contact/">the original</a> on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contact&rft.pub=gtu.ge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgtu.ge%2FContact%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-354"><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170301054819/https://www.ug.edu.ge/page/full/55">"Contact"</a>. ug.edu.ge. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ug.edu.ge/page/full/55">the original</a> on 1 March 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contact&rft.pub=ug.edu.ge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ug.edu.ge%2Fpage%2Ffull%2F55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170216212136/http://cu.edu.ge/en/contact">"Contact"</a>. cu.edu.ge. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cu.edu.ge/en/contact">the original</a> on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contact&rft.pub=cu.edu.ge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcu.edu.ge%2Fen%2Fcontact&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-356"><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217062548/http://freeuni.edu.ge/en/contact">"Contact"</a>. freeuni.edu.ge. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freeuni.edu.ge/en/contact">the original</a> on 17 February 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contact&rft.pub=freeuni.edu.ge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreeuni.edu.ge%2Fen%2Fcontact&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a> Georgia : in the mountains of poetry 3rd rev. ed., Nasmyth, Peter </li> <li id="cite_note-358"><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a> Rapp, Stephen H. (2003), Studies in Medieval Georgian Historiography: Early Texts And Eurasian Contexts. Peeters Publishers, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-429-1318-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-429-1318-5">90-429-1318-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> I. Gagoshidze "The Achaemenid influence in Iberia" Boreas 19. (1996) </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wBIZAQAAIAAJ">"Encyclopædia Iranica"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160507035127/https://books.google.com/books?id=wBIZAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> 7 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Routledge & Keagan Paul, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-933273-56-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-933273-56-6">978-0-933273-56-6</a> pp 464–479 </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennan2013" class="citation book cs1">Kennan, Hans Dieter; et al. (2013). Vagabond Life: The Caucasus Journals of George Kennan. University of Washington Press. p. 32. <q>(...) Iranian power and cultural influence dominated eastern Georgia until the coming of the Russians</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vagabond+Life%3A+The+Caucasus+Journals+of+George+Kennan&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Kennan&rft.aufirst=Hans+Dieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> Willem Floor, Edmund Herzig. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2S_DxLGKw6IC&pg=PA494">Iran and the World in the Safavid Age</a> I.B.Tauris, 15 September 2012 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1850439303" title="Special:BookSources/1850439303">1850439303</a> p 494 </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones2003-363">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jones2003_363-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones2003_363-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2003" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Stephen (1 September 2003). "The role of cultural paradigms in Georgian foreign policy". Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics. 19 (3): 83–110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13523270300660019">10.1080/13523270300660019</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1352-3279">1352-3279</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154183255">154183255</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Communist+Studies+and+Transition+Politics&rft.atitle=The+role+of+cultural+paradigms+in+Georgian+foreign+policy&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=83-110&rft.date=2003-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154183255%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1352-3279&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13523270300660019&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Batiashvili2012-364">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Batiashvili2012_364-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Batiashvili2012_364-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatiashvili2012" class="citation book cs1">Batiashvili, Nutsa (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230354241_11">"The 'Myth' of the Self: The Georgian National Narrative and Quest for 'Georgianness'"</a>. In Assmann, Aleida; Shortt, Linda (eds.). Memory and Political Change. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 186–200. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230354241_11">10.1057/9780230354241_11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-35424-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-35424-1"><bdi>978-0-230-35424-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+%27Myth%27+of+the+Self%3A+The+Georgian+National+Narrative+and+Quest+for+%27Georgianness%27&rft.btitle=Memory+and+Political+Change&rft.pages=186-200&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9780230354241_11&rft.isbn=978-0-230-35424-1&rft.aulast=Batiashvili&rft.aufirst=Nutsa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1057%2F9780230354241_11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-365"><a href="#cite_ref-365">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeacháinCoene2014" class="citation journal cs1">Beacháin, Donnacha Ó; Coene, Frederik (November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/nationalities-papers/article/abs/go-west-georgias-european-identity-and-its-role-in-domestic-politics-and-foreign-policy-objectives/AB309EDA6F4E1E4D25C97F00DCFF7973">"Go West: Georgia's European identity and its role in domestic politics and foreign policy objectives"</a>. Nationalities Papers. 42 (6): 923–941. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00905992.2014.953466">10.1080/00905992.2014.953466</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0090-5992">0090-5992</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153586649">153586649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nationalities+Papers&rft.atitle=Go+West%3A+Georgia%27s+European+identity+and+its+role+in+domestic+politics+and+foreign+policy+objectives&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=923-941&rft.date=2014-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153586649%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0090-5992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00905992.2014.953466&rft.aulast=Beach%C3%A1in&rft.aufirst=Donnacha+%C3%93&rft.au=Coene%2C+Frederik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fnationalities-papers%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fgo-west-georgias-european-identity-and-its-role-in-domestic-politics-and-foreign-policy-objectives%2FAB309EDA6F4E1E4D25C97F00DCFF7973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-carnegie21-366">^ <a href="#cite_ref-carnegie21_366-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-carnegie21_366-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnegieeurope.eu/2021/04/06/georgia-s-unfinished-search-for-its-place-in-europe-pub-84253">"Georgia's Unfinished Search for Its Place in Europe"</a>. Carnegie Europe. 6 April 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Georgia%27s+Unfinished+Search+for+Its+Place+in+Europe&rft.pub=Carnegie+Europe&rft.date=2021-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarnegieeurope.eu%2F2021%2F04%2F06%2Fgeorgia-s-unfinished-search-for-its-place-in-europe-pub-84253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lang_David,_Georgians-367">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lang_David,_Georgians_367-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lang_David,_Georgians_367-1">b</a> Lang David, Georgians.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-368"><a href="#cite_ref-368">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161228055000/http://www.pirosmani.org/pirosmani/">"Niko Pirosmani – Short Biographical Information"</a>. Niko Pirosmani. Steele Communications. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pirosmani.org/pirosmani/">the original</a> on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Niko+Pirosmani&rft.atitle=Niko+Pirosmani+%E2%80%93+Short+Biographical+Information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pirosmani.org%2Fpirosmani%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-369"><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Marshall_Lang" title="David Marshall Lang">Lang, David Marshall</a>. Georgia. p. 515.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">need quotation to verify</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121028171137/http://www.101languages.net/georgian/writing_system.html">"Georgian Alphabet"</a>. 101languages.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.101languages.net/georgian/writing_system.html">the original</a> on 28 October 2012. Retrieved 30 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Georgian+Alphabet&rft.pub=101languages.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.101languages.net%2Fgeorgian%2Fwriting_system.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-371"><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303194716/http://www.enpi-info.eu/eastportal/news/latest/38565/Media-freedom-in-Eastern-Partnership-countries%3A-Georgia-tops-list%2C-Ukraine-improves-position">"Media freedom in Eastern Partnership countries: Georgia tops list, Ukraine improves position"</a>. enpi-info.eu. 29 September 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enpi-info.eu/eastportal/news/latest/38565/Media-freedom-in-Eastern-Partnership-countries:-Georgia-tops-list,-Ukraine-improves-position">the original</a> on 3 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=enpi-info.eu&rft.atitle=Media+freedom+in+Eastern+Partnership+countries%3A+Georgia+tops+list%2C+Ukraine+improves+position&rft.date=2014-09-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enpi-info.eu%2Feastportal%2Fnews%2Flatest%2F38565%2FMedia-freedom-in-Eastern-Partnership-countries%3A-Georgia-tops-list%2C-Ukraine-improves-position&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FH-372"><a href="#cite_ref-FH_372-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2015/georgia">Georgia 2015 Press Freedom report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304210314/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2015/georgia">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-373"><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/?s=films_details&pg=33&id=1737">"Georgian Polyphonic Singing, "Chakrulo""</a>. UNESCO. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205180055/http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/?s=films_details&pg=33&id=1737">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UNESCO&rft.atitle=Georgian+Polyphonic+Singing%2C+%22Chakrulo%22&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Farchives%2Fmultimedia%2F%3Fs%3Dfilms_details%26pg%3D33%26id%3D1737&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.georgianjournal.ge/discover-georgia/28321-the-untold-story-of-how-chakrulo-ended-up-in-space.html">"The Untold Story of How "Chakrulo" Ended Up in Space"</a>. Georgian Journal. 25 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160816081734/http://www.georgianjournal.ge/discover-georgia/28321-the-untold-story-of-how-chakrulo-ended-up-in-space.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Georgian+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Untold+Story+of+How+%22Chakrulo%22+Ended+Up+in+Space&rft.date=2014-09-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.georgianjournal.ge%2Fdiscover-georgia%2F28321-the-untold-story-of-how-chakrulo-ended-up-in-space.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuskadze2017-375"><a href="#cite_ref-Tuskadze2017_375-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiko_Tuskadze2017" class="citation book cs1">Tiko Tuskadze (13 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8FAmEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT10">Supra: A feast of Georgian cooking</a>. Pavilion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-911595-45-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-911595-45-8"><bdi>978-1-911595-45-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/992463647">992463647</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supra%3A+A+feast+of+Georgian+cooking&rft.pub=Pavilion&rft.date=2017-07-13&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F992463647&rft.isbn=978-1-911595-45-8&rft.au=Tiko+Tuskadze&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8FAmEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vinologue-376">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vinologue_376-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vinologue_376-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vinologue_376-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiquel_HudinDaria_Kholodolina2017" class="citation cs2">Miquel Hudin; Daria Kholodolina (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vinologue.com/books/georgia/">Georgia: A guide to the cradle of wine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vinologue" title="Vinologue">Vinologue</a>, p. 300, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-941598-05-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-941598-05-4"><bdi>978-1-941598-05-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Georgia%3A+A+guide+to+the+cradle+of+wine&rft.pages=300&rft.pub=Vinologue&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-941598-05-4&rft.au=Miquel+Hudin&rft.au=Daria+Kholodolina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vinologue.com%2Fbooks%2Fgeorgia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-377"><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150415080208/http://cycloscope.weebly.com/blog/traditional-winemaking-in-georgia-the-oldest-wine-in-the-world">"Traditional winemaking in Georgia – the oldest wine in the world"</a>. cycloscope. 3 February 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cycloscope.weebly.com/blog/traditional-winemaking-in-georgia-the-oldest-wine-in-the-world">the original</a> on 15 April 2015. Retrieved 15 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cycloscope&rft.atitle=Traditional+winemaking+in+Georgia+%E2%80%93+the+oldest+wine+in+the+world&rft.date=2014-02-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcycloscope.weebly.com%2Fblog%2Ftraditional-winemaking-in-georgia-the-oldest-wine-in-the-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-378"><a href="#cite_ref-378">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson" class="citation web cs1">Watson, Ivan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100429114827/http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/europe/04/20/georgia.wine.heritage/">"Unearthing Georgia's wine heritage"</a>. CNN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/europe/04/20/georgia.wine.heritage/">the original</a> on 29 April 2010. Retrieved 21 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unearthing+Georgia%27s+wine+heritage&rft.pub=CNN&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2010%2FWORLD%2Feurope%2F04%2F20%2Fgeorgia.wine.heritage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpillingWong2008128-379"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpillingWong2008128_379-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpillingWong2008">Spilling & Wong (2008)</a>, p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-ich.unesco.org-380"><a href="#cite_ref-ich.unesco.org_380-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ich.unesco.org/en/lists">"UNESCO – Ancient Georgian traditional Qvevri wine-making method"</a>. ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 9 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ich.unesco.org&rft.atitle=UNESCO+%E2%80%93+Ancient+Georgian+traditional+Qvevri+wine-making+method&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fich.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-381"><a href="#cite_ref-381">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein1958" class="citation book cs1">Goldstein, Darra (1958). The Georgian feast: the vibrant culture and savory food of the Republic of Georgia. US: University of California Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-21929-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-21929-5"><bdi>0-520-21929-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Georgian+feast%3A+the+vibrant+culture+and+savory+food+of+the+Republic+of+Georgia&rft.place=US&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=0-520-21929-5&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Darra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rferl_1076202-382">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rferl_1076202_382-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rferl_1076202_382-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rferl_1076202_382-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/1076202.html">"Position Unchanged On Russian WTO Negotiations"</a>. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 2 February 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Position+Unchanged+On+Russian+WTO+Negotiations&rft.date=2012-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2F1076202.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-383"><a href="#cite_ref-383">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/news/444784">Claude Saurel: "Georgia's rugby revolution is only just starting"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211006084323/https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/news/444784">Archived</a> 6 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup" title="Rugby World Cup">Rugby World Cup</a>, 30 August 2019 </li> <li id="cite_note-384"><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a> Romans erected the statue of the Iberian King Pharsman after he demonstrated Georgian training methods during his visit to Rome; <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, Roman History, LXIX, 15.3 </li> <li id="cite_note-385"><a href="#cite_ref-385">^</a> Williams, Douglas. Georgia in my Heart, 1999. </li> <li id="cite_note-Completerugby-386"><a href="#cite_ref-Completerugby_386-0">^</a> Bath, Richard (ed.) The Complete Book of Rugby (Seven Oaks Ltd, 1997 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86200-013-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-86200-013-1">1-86200-013-1</a>) p67 </li> <li id="cite_note-387"><a href="#cite_ref-387">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130501161314/http://rustavi2.com/news/news_text.php?id_news=45318&pg=1&im=main&ct=0&wth=0">"Rustavi 2 Broadcasting Company"</a>. Rustavi2.com. 29 April 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rustavi2.com/news/news_text.php?id_news=45318&pg=1&im=main&ct=0&wth=0">the original</a> on 1 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rustavi+2+Broadcasting+Company&rft.pub=Rustavi2.com&rft.date=2012-04-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frustavi2.com%2Fnews%2Fnews_text.php%3Fid_news%3D45318%26pg%3D1%26im%3Dmain%26ct%3D0%26wth%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-388"><a href="#cite_ref-388">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1tv.ge/news-view/37425/en">"Georgian National Broadcaster"</a>. 1tv.ge. 30 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Georgian+National+Broadcaster&rft.pub=1tv.ge&rft.date=2012-04-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1tv.ge%2Fnews-view%2F37425%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-389"><a href="#cite_ref-389">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olympedia.org/countries/GEO">"Olympedia – Georgia (GEO)"</a>. olympedia.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=olympedia.org&rft.atitle=Olympedia+%E2%80%93+Georgia+%28GEO%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.olympedia.org%2Fcountries%2FGEO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-390"><a href="#cite_ref-390">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrech2022" class="citation web cs1">Grech, Kevin (18 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.evolutionofbodybuilding.net/photos-results-2022-ifbb-georgia-grand-prix/">"Photos & Results: 2022 IFBB Georgia Grand Prix"</a>. Evolution of Bodybuilding. Retrieved 28 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Evolution+of+Bodybuilding&rft.atitle=Photos+%26+Results%3A+2022+IFBB+Georgia+Grand+Prix&rft.date=2022-06-18&rft.aulast=Grech&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.evolutionofbodybuilding.net%2Fphotos-results-2022-ifbb-georgia-grand-prix%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsatiani2009" class="citation book cs1">Asatiani, Nodar (2009). History of Georgia. Tbilisi: Publishing House Petite. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9941-9063-6-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-9941-9063-6-7"><bdi>978-9941-9063-6-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Georgia&rft.place=Tbilisi&rft.pub=Publishing+House+Petite&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-9941-9063-6-7&rft.aulast=Asatiani&rft.aufirst=Nodar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsmus2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Asmus" title="Ronald Asmus">Asmus, Ronald</a> (2010). A Little War that Shook the World: Georgia, Russia, and the Future of the West. NYU. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-61773-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-61773-5"><bdi>978-0-230-61773-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Little+War+that+Shook+the+World%3A+Georgia%2C+Russia%2C+and+the+Future+of+the+West&rft.pub=NYU&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-230-61773-5&rft.aulast=Asmus&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvalov1906" class="citation book cs1">Avalov, Zurab (1906). Prisoedinenie Gruzii k Rossii. S.-Peterburg: Montvid.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prisoedinenie+Gruzii+k+Rossii&rft.place=S.-Peterburg&rft.pub=Montvid&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Avalov&rft.aufirst=Zurab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoeder2002" class="citation book cs1">Boeder, W. (2002). "Speech and thought representation in the Kartvelian (South Caucasian) languages". In Güldemann, T.; von Roncador, M. (eds.). Reported Discourse. A Meeting-Ground of Different Linguistic Domains. Typological Studies in Language. Vol. 52. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins. pp. 3–48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Speech+and+thought+representation+in+the+Kartvelian+%28South+Caucasian%29+languages&rft.btitle=Reported+Discourse.+A+Meeting-Ground+of+Different+Linguistic+Domains&rft.place=Amsterdam%2FPhiladelphia&rft.series=Typological+Studies+in+Language&rft.pages=3-48&rft.pub=Benjamins&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Boeder&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoeder2005" class="citation journal cs1">Boeder, W. (January–February 2005). "The South Caucasian languages". Lingua. 115 (1–2): 5–89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.lingua.2003.06.002">10.1016/j.lingua.2003.06.002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lingua&rft.atitle=The+South+Caucasian+languages&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=5-89&rft.date=2005-01%2F2005-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.lingua.2003.06.002&rft.aulast=Boeder&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEastmond2010" class="citation book cs1">Eastmond, Antony (2010). Royal Imagery in Medieval Georgia. Penn State Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-01628-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-01628-3"><bdi>978-0-271-01628-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+Imagery+in+Medieval+Georgia&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-271-01628-3&rft.aulast=Eastmond&rft.aufirst=Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFähnrichSardzhveladze2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fähnrich, H.; Sardzhveladze, Z. (2000). Etymological Dictionary of the Kartvelian Languages (in Georgian). Tbilisi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+the+Kartvelian+Languages&rft.place=Tbilisi&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=F%C3%A4hnrich&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Sardzhveladze%2C+Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, William Bayne; Avery, P.; Hambly, G. R. G.; Melville, C. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H20Xt157iYUC">The Cambridge History of Iran</a>. Vol. 7. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20095-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20095-0"><bdi>978-0-521-20095-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-521-20095-0&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=William+Bayne&rft.au=Avery%2C+P.&rft.au=Hambly%2C+G.+R.+G.&rft.au=Melville%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH20Xt157iYUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGamkrelidze1966" class="citation journal cs1">Gamkrelidze, Th. (January–March 1966). "A Typology of Common Kartvelian". Language. 42 (1): 69–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F411601">10.2307/411601</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/411601">411601</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=A+Typology+of+Common+Kartvelian&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=69-83&rft.date=1966-01%2F1966-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F411601&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F411601%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gamkrelidze&rft.aufirst=Th.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoltz2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Goltz" title="Thomas Goltz">Goltz, Thomas</a> (2003). Georgia Diary: A Chronicle of War and Political Chaos in the Post-Soviet Caucasus. Thomas Dunne Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7656-1710-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7656-1710-2"><bdi>0-7656-1710-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Georgia+Diary%3A+A+Chronicle+of+War+and+Political+Chaos+in+the+Post-Soviet+Caucasus&rft.pub=Thomas+Dunne+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7656-1710-2&rft.aulast=Goltz&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGvosdev2000" class="citation book cs1">Gvosdev, Nikolas K. (2000). Imperial policies and perspectives towards Georgia: 1760–1819. Basingstoke: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-22990-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-22990-9"><bdi>0-312-22990-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+policies+and+perspectives+towards+Georgia%3A+1760%E2%80%931819&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-312-22990-9&rft.aulast=Gvosdev&rft.aufirst=Nikolas+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHakkert2017" class="citation report cs1">Hakkert, Ralph (29 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geostat.ge/media/20624/3.-Population-Dynamics_ENGL-_print_F.pdf">Population Dynamics in Georgia – An Overview Based on the 2014 General Population Census Data</a> (PDF) (Report). United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) Office in Georgia, National Statistics Office of Georgia (Geostat). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9941-27-278-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-9941-27-278-3"><bdi>978-9941-27-278-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211105000729/https://geostat.ge/media/20624/3.-Population-Dynamics_ENGL-_print_F.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 November 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Population+Dynamics+in+Georgia+%E2%80%93+An+Overview+Based+on+the+2014+General+Population+Census+Data&rft.pub=United+Nations+Population+Fund+%28UNFPA%29+Office+in+Georgia%2C+National+Statistics+Office+of+Georgia+%28Geostat%29&rft.date=2017-11-29&rft.isbn=978-9941-27-278-3&rft.aulast=Hakkert&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeostat.ge%2Fmedia%2F20624%2F3.-Population-Dynamics_ENGL-_print_F.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2013" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Stephen (2013). Georgia: A Political History Since Independence. I.B. Tauris, distributed by Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-338-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-338-4"><bdi>978-1-84511-338-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Georgia%3A+A+Political+History+Since+Independence&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris%2C+distributed+by+Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-338-4&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKajaia2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kajaia, O. (2001). Megrelian-Georgian dictionary (in Georgian). Vol. 1. Tbilisi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Megrelian-Georgian+dictionary&rft.place=Tbilisi&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Kajaia&rft.aufirst=O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlimov1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Klimov, G. (1998). Languages of the World: Caucasian languages (in Russian). Moscow: Academia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Languages+of+the+World%3A+Caucasian+languages&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Academia&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Klimov&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLang1957" class="citation book cs1">Lang, David M. (1957). The last years of the Georgian Monarchy: 1658–1832. New York: Columbia University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+last+years+of+the+Georgian+Monarchy%3A+1658%E2%80%931832&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikaberidze2015" class="citation book cs1">Mikaberidze, Alexander (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JNNQCgAAQBAJ">Historical Dictionary of Georgia</a> (2nd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-4146-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-4146-6"><bdi>978-1-4422-4146-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Georgia&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-4146-6&rft.aulast=Mikaberidze&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJNNQCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRapp2014" class="citation book cs1">Rapp, Stephen H. Jr. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T8VIBQAAQBAJ">The Sasanian World through Georgian Eyes: Caucasia and the Iranian Commonwealth in Late Antique Georgian Literature</a>. Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-2552-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-2552-2"><bdi>978-1-4724-2552-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sasanian+World+through+Georgian+Eyes%3A+Caucasia+and+the+Iranian+Commonwealth+in+Late+Antique+Georgian+Literature&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4724-2552-2&rft.aulast=Rapp&rft.aufirst=Stephen+H.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT8VIBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayfield2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rayfield" title="Donald Rayfield">Rayfield, Donald</a> (2012). Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia. Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-030-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-030-6"><bdi>978-1-78023-030-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edge+of+Empires%3A+A+History+of+Georgia&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-78023-030-6&rft.aulast=Rayfield&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpillingWong2008" class="citation book cs1">Spilling, Michael; Wong, Winnie (2008). Georgia. Cultures of The World (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-3033-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-3033-9"><bdi>978-0-7614-3033-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Georgia&rft.series=Cultures+of+The+World&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-3033-9&rft.aulast=Spilling&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Wong%2C+Winnie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuny1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Grigor_Suny" title="Ronald Grigor Suny">Suny, Ronald Grigor</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=riW0kKzat2sC">The Making of the Georgian Nation</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-20915-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-20915-3"><bdi>0-253-20915-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Georgian+Nation&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-253-20915-3&rft.aulast=Suny&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Grigor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DriW0kKzat2sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussian_Review1925" class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fkHjAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA499">"The Transcaucasian Soviet Federation"</a>. Russian Review. 3 (24). Washington, D.C.: The Russian Information Bureau: 496–499. 15 December 1925. Retrieved 20 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Russian+Review&rft.atitle=The+Transcaucasian+Soviet+Federation&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=496-499&rft.date=1925-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfkHjAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA499&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Georgia (country) at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Georgia_(country)" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Georgia (country)">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D" class="extiw" title="c:საქართველო">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Georgia_(country)" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Georgia (country)">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)" class="extiw" title="q:Georgia (country)">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Georgia_(country)" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Georgia (country)">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Georgia_(country)" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Georgia (country)">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Georgia_(country)" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Georgia (country)">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)" class="extiw" title="voy:Georgia (country)">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.ge/">Government of Georgia official website</a> (in Georgian)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG">Government of Georgia official website</a> (in English)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mfa.gov.ge/">Official website</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Georgia" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia">Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gnta.ge/">Official website</a> of the Georgian National Tourism Administration</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amcham.ge/">Official website</a> of the American Chamber of Commerce in Georgia</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_information">General information</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBealby1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bealby, John Thomas (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Georgia">"Georgia" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). pp. 758–761.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Georgia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=758-761&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Bealby&rft.aufirst=John+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080607040102/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/georgia.htm">Georgia</a> at UCB Libraries GovPubs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17301647">Georgia profile</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Georgia" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Georgia">Wikimedia Atlas of Georgia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/28699">Georgia (country)</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amsi.ge/">Association of Modern Scientific Investigation – (AMSI)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="News_media">News media</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://civil.ge/">Civil Georgia, daily news about Georgia</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Georgia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#h999f2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Georgia_(country)_topics" title="Template:Georgia (country) topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Georgia_(country)_topics" title="Template talk:Georgia (country) topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Georgia_(country)_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Georgia (country) topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Georgia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Georgia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Georgia_(country)-related_articles" title="Index of Georgia (country)-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Georgia" title="Prehistoric Georgia">Prehistoric Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri–Shomu culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialeti%E2%80%93Vanadzor_culture" title="Trialeti–Vanadzor culture">Trialeti–Vanadzor culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushki" title="Mushki">Mushki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diauehi" title="Diauehi">Diauehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia" title="Kingdom of Iberia">Kingdom of Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazica" title="Lazica">Lazica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_Roman_era" title="Georgia in the Roman era">Roman era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Iberia" title="Sasanian Iberia">Sasanian Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Christianization of Iberia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Iberia" title="Principality of Iberia">Principality of Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagrationi_dynasty" title="Bagrationi dynasty">Bagrationi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_rule_in_Georgia" title="Arab rule in Georgia">Arab rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Tbilisi" title="Emirate of Tbilisi">Emirate of Tbilisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Abkhazia" title="Kingdom of Abkhazia">Kingdom of Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Iberians" title="Kingdom of the Iberians">Kingdom of the Iberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_the_Georgian_realm" title="Unification of the Georgian realm">Unification of the Georgian realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hereti" title="Kingdom of Hereti">Kingdom of Hereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti-Hereti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti">Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars" title="Byzantine–Georgian wars">Byzantine wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Seljuk_wars" title="Georgian–Seljuk wars">Seljuk wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Didgori" title="Battle of Didgori">Battle of Didgori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Golden_Age" title="Georgian Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia">Mongol invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Timurid invasions of Georgia">Timur's invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samtskhe-Saatabago" title="Samtskhe-Saatabago">Samtskhe-Saatabago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkoman_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Turkoman invasions of Georgia">Turkmen incursions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Kingdom of Imereti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Abkhazia" title="Principality of Abkhazia">Principality of Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Svaneti" title="Principality of Svaneti">Principality of Svaneti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Guria" title="Principality of Guria">Principality of Guria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Mingrelia" title="Principality of Mingrelia">Principality of Mingrelia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli" title="Kingdom of Kartli">Kingdom of Kartli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti">Kingdom of Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Georgia" title="Safavid Georgia">Safavid Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_I%27s_Kakhetian_and_Kartlian_campaigns" title="Abbas I's Kakhetian and Kartlian campaigns">Shah Abbas I's invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krtsanisi" title="Battle of Krtsanisi">1795 Persian Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_within_the_Russian_Empire" title="Georgia within the Russian Empire">Absorption by the Russian Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Democratic Republic of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Georgian_War" title="Armeno-Georgian War">Armenian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9_tragedy" title="April 9 tragedy">April 9 tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)#Independent_Georgia" title="History of Georgia (country)">Independent Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Civil_War" title="Georgian Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">War in Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Revolution" title="Rose Revolution">Rose Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Georgia" title="Names of Georgia">Names of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Georgian_monarchs" title="Lists of Georgian monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_states_of_Georgia" title="List of historical states of Georgia">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Georgia" title="Military history of Georgia">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Georgia_(country)" title="List of wars involving Georgia (country)">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_Georgia_(country)" title="List of battles involving Georgia (country)">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Georgian_history" title="Timeline of Georgian history">Timeline of Georgian history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:History of Georgia (country)">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arms_of_Georgia.svg/80px-Arms_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arms_of_Georgia.svg/120px-Arms_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arms_of_Georgia.svg/160px-Arms_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="383" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Geography of Georgia (country)">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Georgia" title="Template:Borders of Georgia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of birds of Georgia (country)">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Georgia_(country)#Climate" title="Geography of Georgia (country)">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Georgia" title="List of earthquakes in Georgia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Environmental issues in Georgia (country)">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaciers_of_Georgia" title="Glaciers of Georgia">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Caucasus" title="Greater Caucasus">Greater Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of lakes of Georgia (country)">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Caucasus" title="Lesser Caucasus">Lesser Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of mammals of Georgia (country)">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Georgia" title="National parks of Georgia">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of protected areas of Georgia (country)">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of rivers of Georgia (country)">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Georgia" title="List of volcanoes in Georgia">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Geography of Georgia (country)">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Administrative divisions of Georgia (country)">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Administrative divisions of Georgia (country)">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Georgia_(country)" title="List of cities and towns in Georgia (country)">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhare" title="Mkhare">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Subdivisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Subdivisions of Georgia (country)">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_in_Georgia" title="Russian-occupied territories in Georgia">Russian-occupied territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Politics of Georgia (country)">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Constitution of Georgia (country)">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Elections in Georgia (country)">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Georgia" title="Foreign relations of Georgia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Government of Georgia (country)">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Georgia" title="Human rights in Georgia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Georgia_(country)" title="LGBTQ rights in Georgia (country)">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Law enforcement in Georgia (country)">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Forces_of_Georgia" title="Defence Forces of Georgia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Georgia" title="Parliament of Georgia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Georgia_(country)" title="List of political parties in Georgia (country)">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Georgia" title="President of Georgia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Georgia" title="Prime Minister of Georgia">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Economy of Georgia (country)">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Agriculture in Georgia (country)">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Georgia" title="National Bank of Georgia">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of companies of Georgia (country)">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Energy in Georgia (country)">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_lari" title="Georgian lari">Lari (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Mining in Georgia (country)">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Stock_Exchange" title="Georgian Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Telecommunications in Georgia (country)">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Tourism in Georgia (country)">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Transport in Georgia (country)">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Economy of Georgia (country)">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Culture of Georgia (country)">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Georgia" title="Architecture of Georgia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_art" title="Georgian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokha" title="Chokha">Chokha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Georgia" title="Cinema of Georgia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_cuisine" title="Georgian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_wine" title="Georgian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_dance" title="Georgian dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Georgia" title="Gambling in Georgia">Gambling</a></li> <li>Languages <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_language" title="Mingrelian language">Mingrelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svan_language" title="Svan language">Svan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Mass media in Georgia (country)">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Music of Georgia (country)">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_name" title="Georgian name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Georgia" title="Public holidays in Georgia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Sport in Georgia (country)">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Georgia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Georgia">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Culture of Georgia (country)">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Demographics of Georgia (country)">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Education in Georgia (country)">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Ethnic minorities in Georgia (country)">Ethnic minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Georgians" title="List of Georgians">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_diaspora" title="Georgian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Healthcare in Georgia (country)">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Women in Georgia (country)">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Demographics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Demographics of Georgia (country)">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tavisupleba" title="Tavisupleba">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolnisi_cross" title="Bolnisi cross">Bolnisi cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borjgali" title="Borjgali">Borjgali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Georgia" title="Coat of arms of Georgia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Flag of Georgia (country)">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzala_ertobashia" title="Dzala ertobashia">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Cross" title="Saint George's Cross">cross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nino" title="Saint Nino">Saint Nino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grapevine_cross" title="Grapevine cross">cross</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#h999f2;;font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Outline of Georgia (country)">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Georgia_(country)-related_articles" title="Index of Georgia (country)-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Georgia (country)">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Georgia_(country)" title="Portal:Georgia (country)">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Asia" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>1</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding: 0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kastellorizo" title="Kastellorizo">Kastellorizo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions of China</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>4</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/100px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/150px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/200px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>3 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Special areas of internal sovereignty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomous region</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_convention" title="Åland convention">Åland convention</a> of 1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">unincorporated area</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Treaty" title="Svalbard Treaty">Svalbard Treaty</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">country of the United Kingdom</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">British-Irish Agreement</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.</li> <li>3 <a href="/wiki/Island#Oceanic_islands" title="Island">Oceanic islands</a> within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.</li> <li>4 Governed by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> which has sovereignty over Vatican City.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Europe" title="Category:Europe">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Europe" title="Template:Eastern Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Europe" title="Template talk:Eastern Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (only <a href="/wiki/East_Thrace" title="East Thrace">East Thrace</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Abkhazia" title="History of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">Armenia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Armenia" title="Prehistoric Armenia">Prehistoric Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orontid_dynasty#History" title="Orontid dynasty">Orontid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxiad_dynasty#History" title="Artaxiad dynasty">Artaxiad dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Armenia#History" title="Roman Armenia">Roman Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Armenia#History" title="Arsacid dynasty of Armenia"> Arsacid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Armenia#History" title="Sasanian Armenia">Sasanian Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Armenia" title="Medieval Armenia">Medieval Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia">Mongol invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia#History" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire#Ottoman_Armenia:_1453–1829" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">1453-1829</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenia_(1502%E2%80%931828)#History" title="Iranian Armenia (1502–1828)">1502-1828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire#Ottoman_Armenia:_1829–1878" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">1829-1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire#National_awakening:_1880s" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">1880-1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armenia" title="Russian Armenia">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia#History" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Georgian_War" title="Armeno-Georgian War">Armeno-Georgian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic#History" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stone_Age_in_Azerbaijan" title="Stone Age in Azerbaijan">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_and_Iron_Age_in_Azerbaijan" title="Bronze and Iron Age in Azerbaijan">Bronze and Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Middle Ages in Azerbaijan">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_repressions_in_Azerbaijan" title="Stalinist repressions in Azerbaijan">Stalinist repressions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_World_War_II" title="Azerbaijan in World War II">World War II</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Balkans" title="History of the Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belarus" title="History of Belarus">Belarus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Belarus" title="Russification of Belarus">Russification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_history_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Belarusian history in the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_repressions_in_Belarus" title="Soviet repressions in Belarus">Soviet repressions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Byelorussia_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Byelorussia during World War II">German occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belarus" title="The Holocaust in Belarus">Holocaust</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria" title="History of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Odrysian_kingdom#History" title="Odrysian kingdom">Odrysian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Great_Bulgaria#History" title="Old Great Bulgaria">Old Great Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire#History" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Bulgaria" title="Golden Age of Bulgaria">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire#History" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bulgaria" title="Ottoman Bulgaria">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria_(1878%E2%80%931946)" title="History of Bulgaria (1878–1946)">1878-1946</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_in_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgaria in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgaria in World War II">World War II</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">People's Republic of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria_since_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Bulgaria since 1989">1989-present</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Caucasus" title="History of the Caucasus">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Czech lands">Czech Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia#History" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia#History" title="Duchy of Bohemia">Duchy of Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_lands_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="Czech lands in the High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia#History" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1526%E2%80%931648)#History" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1526–1648)">1526-1648</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1648%E2%80%931867)#History" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1648–1867)">1648-1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1867%E2%80%931918)#History" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1867–1918)">1867-1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia" title="History of Czechoslovakia">History of Czechoslovakia</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1918%E2%80%931938)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)">1918-1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">German occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia#History" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech resistance against German occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Czechoslovak_Republic#History" title="Third Czechoslovak Republic">1945-1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1989–1992)">1989-1992</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia" title="History of Estonia">Estonia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Estonia" title="Ancient Estonia">Ancient Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_Crusade" title="Livonian Crusade">Livonian Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Estonia_(1219%E2%80%931346)#Danish_conquest" title="Duchy of Estonia (1219–1346)">Danish conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Mariana#History" title="Terra Mariana">Terra Mariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_under_Swedish_rule" title="Estonia under Swedish rule">Swedish rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estophilia#Estophile_Enlightenment_Period_(1750–1840)" title="Estophilia">Estophile Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_national_awakening" title="Estonian national awakening">National awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Estonia during World War I">German occupation in World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia_(1920%E2%80%931939)" title="History of Estonia (1920–1939)">1920-1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">Soviet invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations_from_Estonia" title="Soviet deportations from Estonia">Soviet deportations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states_under_Soviet_rule_(1944%E2%80%931991)" title="Baltic states under Soviet rule (1944–1991)">Soviet rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_in_World_War_II" title="Estonia in World War II">Estonia in World War II</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Estonia during World War II">German occupation of Estonia during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" title="The Holocaust in Estonia">Holocaust</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic#History" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latvia" title="History of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moldova" title="History of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovakia" title="History of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Transnistria" title="History of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Council_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Council_of_Europe" title="Template:Council of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Council_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Council of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Council_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Council of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Council_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Secretary General of the Council of Europe">Secretary General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Ministers_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe">Committee of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe">Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Council_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the Council of Europe">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">Court of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Commissioner for Human Rights">Commissioner for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission_for_the_Efficiency_of_Justice" title="European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice">Commission for the Efficiency of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission_against_Racism_and_Intolerance" title="European Commission against Racism and Intolerance">Commission against Racism and Intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venice_Commission" title="Venice Commission">Venice Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompidou_Group" title="Pompidou Group">Pompidou Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Member states of the Council of Europe">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Armenia in the Council of Europe">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Azerbaijan in the Council of Europe">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Greece in the Council of Europe">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Council of Europe–European Union relations">EU relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia (1991–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Russia in the Council of Europe">Russia (1996–2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saar_Protectorate" title="Saar Protectorate">Saar (assoc. 1950–1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe_(OSCE)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:OSCE" title="Template:OSCE"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:OSCE" title="Template talk:OSCE"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:OSCE" title="Special:EditPage/Template:OSCE"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe_(OSCE)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Partners for Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies and posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Conciliation_and_Arbitration" title="Court of Conciliation and Arbitration">Court of Conciliation and Arbitration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Democratic_Institutions_and_Human_Rights" title="Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights">Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_on_National_Minorities" title="High Commissioner on National Minorities">Commissioner on National Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Representative_on_Freedom_of_the_Media" title="OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media">Representative on Freedom of the Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_Point_for_Roma_and_Sinti_Issues" title="Contact Point for Roma and Sinti Issues">Contact Point for Roma and Sinti Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Minsk_Group" title="OSCE Minsk Group">OSCE Minsk Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93OSCE_relations" title="Armenia–OSCE relations">Armenia–OSCE relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93OSCE_relations" title="Azerbaijan–OSCE relations">Azerbaijan–OSCE relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Italy_to_OSCE" title="List of ambassadors of Italy to OSCE">List of ambassadors of Italy to OSCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomats_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_OSCE" title="List of diplomats of the United Kingdom to the OSCE">List of diplomats of the United Kingdom to the OSCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Mission_to_the_Organization_for_Security_and_Cooperation_in_Europe" title="United States Mission to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe">United States Mission to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active field missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Presence_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Presence in Albania (page does not exist)">Presence in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Mission_to_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina (page does not exist)">Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="OSCE Mission in Kosovo">Mission in Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Mission_to_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Mission to Montenegro (page does not exist)">Mission to Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Mission_to_Moldova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Mission to Moldova (page does not exist)">Mission to Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Mission_to_Serbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Mission to Serbia (page does not exist)">Mission to Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Mission_to_Skopje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Mission to Skopje (page does not exist)">Mission to Skopje</a></li> <li>Centre in Ashgabat</li> <li>Programme Office in Astana</li> <li>Programme Office in Bishkek</li> <li>Programme Office in Dushanbe</li> <li>Project Co-ordinator in Uzbekistan</li> <li>Personal Representative of the Chairperson-in-Office on the Conflict Dealt with by the OSCE Minsk Conference</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former field missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Needs_Assessment_Team_in_Armenia" title="OSCE Needs Assessment Team in Armenia">Needs Assessment Team in Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Mission_to_Croatia" title="OSCE Mission to Croatia">Mission to Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Verification_Mission" title="Kosovo Verification Mission">Kosovo Verification Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Security_Initiative" title="Community Security Initiative">Community Security Initiative in Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Special_Monitoring_Mission_to_Ukraine" title="OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine">Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/150029386">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/244524373">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/3948167322926078000008">3</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316638062">4</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/259064533">5</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1221658/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtRMHxc6jDdXPVCXhmmVC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4022406-5">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82118923">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11948075h">France</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15322920c">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb116643727">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11948075h">BnF data</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15322920c">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb116643727">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00577524">Japan</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00562662">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129207&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX451331">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000269534&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=52221">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000048681">Argentina</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/32881">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007557547605171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/7e081aa0-817b-3ae0-9fe2-4bb4e3b3cc95">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA14282410?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/daea500b-3d26-433c-8e45-b1e372f23d2f">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/aPlItIKz">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027439658">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/025006">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045259">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=32079">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Georgia_(country)&params=42_00_N_43_30_E_type:country_region:GE">42°00′N 43°30′E / 42.000°N 43.500°E / 42.000; 43.500</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georgia_(country)&oldid=1258529453">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georgia_(country)&oldid=1258529453</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Georgia (country)">Georgia (country)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Caucasus" title="Category:Caucasus">Caucasus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Countries_in_Europe" title="Category:Countries in Europe">Countries in Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Countries_in_Asia" title="Category:Countries in Asia">Countries in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:West_Asian_countries" title="Category:West Asian countries">West Asian countries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Category:Member states of the Council of Europe">Member states of the Council of Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Category:Member states of the United Nations">Member states of the United Nations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1991" title="Category:States and territories established in 1991">States and territories established in 1991</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1991_establishments_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:1991 establishments in Georgia (country)">1991 establishments in Georgia (country)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1991_establishments_in_Asia" title="Category:1991 establishments in Asia">1991 establishments in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1991_establishments_in_Europe" title="Category:1991 establishments in Europe">1991 establishments in Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Modern_history_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Modern history of Georgia (country)">Modern history of Georgia (country)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Republics" title="Category:Republics">Republics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Caucasus" title="Category:South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_states" title="Category:Christian states">Christian states</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Georgian-language_sources_(ka)" title="Category:CS1 Georgian-language sources (ka)">CS1 Georgian-language sources (ka)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Russian-language_script_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)">CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)">CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_July_2022" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from July 2022">Articles with dead external links from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_November_2010" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from November 2010">Articles with dead external links from November 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations" title="Category:All articles with incomplete citations">All articles with incomplete citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_June_2022" title="Category:Articles with incomplete citations from June 2022">Articles with incomplete citations from June 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2022">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_July_2017" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from July 2017">Articles with dead external links from July 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_June_2016" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from June 2016">Articles with dead external links from June 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_March_2012" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from March 2012">Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from March 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Oxford_spelling_from_August_2023" title="Category:Use Oxford spelling from August 2023">Use Oxford spelling from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2024">Use dmy dates from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Georgian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Georgian-language text">Articles containing Georgian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Georgian_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Georgian IPA">Pages with Georgian IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Persian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Persian-language text">Articles containing Persian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_February_2024" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from February 2024">Articles lacking reliable references from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2016" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2023" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2023">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2016" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2016" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2008" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata">Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_default_search" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with default search">Pages using Sister project links with default search</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 November 2024, at 06:13 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georgia_(country)&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-6whj2","wgBackendResponseTime":4768,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.939","walltime":"4.524","ppvisitednodes":{"value":37274,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":987442,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":121361,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":83,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1269567,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3806.891 1 -total"," 40.87% 1556.058 3 Template:Reflist"," 16.04% 610.741 169 Template:Cite_web"," 10.75% 409.423 1 Template:Infobox_country"," 7.47% 284.279 32 Template:Sfnp"," 6.90% 262.818 76 Template:Cite_news"," 5.48% 208.504 48 Template:Cite_book"," 4.74% 180.565 24 Template:Fix"," 4.45% 169.265 1 Template:Georgia_(country)_topics"," 4.38% 166.561 1 Template:Country_topics"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.344","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":24387523,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAsatiani2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsmus2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAvalov1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBatiashvili2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaudouin2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBayer2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeacháinCoene2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBealby1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerglundEngvall2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerry2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoeder2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoeder2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChivers2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCivil.ge2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollin2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConstantine_Porphyrogenitus1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCyril_Toumanoff1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDarrell_Slider1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_Braund1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_Marshall_Lang1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_Marshall_Lang1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavitaia\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDinersteinOlsonJoshiVynne2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoce2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEastmond2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFähnrichSardzhveladze2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGamkrelidze1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldstein1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoltz2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGorshkov2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGranthamDuncanEvansJones2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrech2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGvosdev2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHakkert2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHansford2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarding2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHauotmann2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHockZgusta1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorovitz2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoward_AronsonDodona_Kiziria1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoweLang\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHughey2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIvana_MarkováAlex_Gillespie2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJavakhishvili1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJavakhishvili1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJean-Rodrigue_Paré2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJorge_Liboreiro2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKajaia2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennan2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlimov1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKot2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLang1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLavole2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLichell2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLomsadze2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuke_Harding2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuke_Harding_in_Moscow_and_agencies2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacFarlaneRelations1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarc_ChampionAndrew_Osborn2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMark_McDonald,_Knight_Ridder_Newspapers\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMikaberidze2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMikaberidze2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMikheil_Saakashvili2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiquel_HudinDaria_Kholodolina2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMisha2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOstroska2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPavel_Felgenhauer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_Finn2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRachel_Denber2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRapp2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRapp2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRayfield2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRekhviashvili2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRené_Grousset,_Rene1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRitchie2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoebroeks1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy_Allison2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussian_Review1925\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFService\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShota_Kincha2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithVivien_Law1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpillingWong2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuny1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuny1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTiko_Tuskadze2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToumanoff1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsotskolauri2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWayne2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitmore2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Bank2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFШироковТарасов2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFჯაოშვილი1984\"] = 1,\n [\"Etymology\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 5,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 4,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 3,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 5,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 48,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 76,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 169,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 25,\n [\"Coord\"] = 2,\n [\"Council of Europe\"] = 1,\n [\"Countries of Asia\"] = 1,\n [\"Countries of Europe\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Georgia Country\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 5,\n [\"DecreaseNeutral\"] = 2,\n [\"Eastern Europe\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 14,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Georgia (country) topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 4,\n [\"IPA-ka\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 14,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"Increase\"] = 4,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 16,\n [\"Lang-ka\"] = 2,\n [\"Largest cities\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 26,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Native name\"] = 2,\n [\"Native phrase\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Note\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 5,\n [\"OSCE\"] = 1,\n [\"Osmrelation-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Parabr\"] = 1,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Ref label\"] = 8,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Regions of Georgia\"] = 1,\n [\"Request quotation\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 32,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Switcher\"] = 1,\n [\"Table alignment\"] = 1,\n [\"To USD\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 3,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 1,\n [\"Ublist\"] = 2,\n [\"Use Oxford spelling\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 18,\n [\"Wikiatlas\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikt-lang\"] = 1,\n [\"•\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","580","23.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","280","11.2"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","220","8.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","200","8.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","160","6.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","140","5.6"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","4.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","100","4.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","60","2.4"],["makeMessage \u003Cmw.message.lua:76\u003E","40","1.6"],["[others]","600","24.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-6whj2","timestamp":"20241123104843","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Georgia (country)","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georgia_(country)","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q230","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q230","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-23T08:34:40Z","dateModified":"2024-11-20T06:13:57Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/0f\/Flag_of_Georgia.svg","headline":"country in the Caucasus"}</script> </body> </html>